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Published in IET Communications
Received on 21st March 2013
Revised on 3rd October 2013
Accepted on 31st October 2013
doi: 10.1049/iet-com.2013.0226

ISSN 1751-8628

Parameter-adjustable piecewise exponential

companding scheme for peak-to-average power ratio
reduction in orthogonal frequency division
multiplexing systems
Meixia Hu, Yongzhao Li, Yi Liu, Hailin Zhang
State Key Laboratory of Integrated Service Network, Xidian University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
E-mail: mxhu@mail.xidian.edu.cn

Abstract: High peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) is a major drawback of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)
systems. A new companding scheme is proposed to reduce PAPR by transforming the statistics of the companded signal into
exponential distribution with adjustable parameters. The proposed scheme can enhance the bit error rate (BER) performance
significantly by minimising the companding distortion in the reduction of PAPR. Moreover, with the introduction of an
inflexion point and transform parameters, the proposed scheme can offer more flexibility in the PAPR reduction, and
therefore achieves a better tradeoff among the PAPR reduction, BER and power spectral density (PSD) performance. With a
theoretical analysis presented, the parameter selection criteria are derived. Simulation results verify that the proposed scheme
can significantly improve the BER and PSD performance while reducing PAPR effectively.

1 Introduction bit-error-rate (BER) and the power spectral density (PSD)

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) [1–3] is
one of the most popular technologies in high-speed wireless
communication systems since the past few decades, because
of the advantages of high spectral efficiency, robustness to
frequency-selective fading channel, good design flexibility
and compatibility. The rapidly growing applications of
OFDM include WiMAX, DVB/DAB and 4G wireless
communication systems.
However, the drawback of high peak-to-average power ratio
(PAPR) of OFDM systems may cause serious performance
degradation for non-linear high power amplifier (HPA) with
limited linear region. Inspired by this problem, many PAPR
reduction solutions [4, 5] have been proposed, such as
selective mapping [6, 7], partial transmit sequence [8–10],
tone reservation [11–13], tone injection [11], active
constellation extension [14], clipping [15] and companding
[16–25]. Among these techniques, clipping and companding
techniques have gained great attentions owing to their low
complexity and high bandwidth efficiency.
Clipping reduces the PAPR by setting the amplitudes of the
samples which exceed the saturation level of the HPA to a
preset value. However, the resulting power loss will degrade
the PAPR reduction to some extent. Different from clipping,
which only compresses large signals, companding techniques
[18–25] expand the small signals simultaneously. As a result,
the average signal power can be maintained constant and a
better PAPR reduction performance can be achieved.
However, the manipulated expansion will cause extra
distortion which will result in a degradation of the
performance. Hence, a favourable tradeoff between the PAPR
reduction and the BER and PSD performance is a key issue
in the design of companding techniques.
Various companding schemes with uniform transform
[18–22] have been proposed. The well-known exponential
companding (EC) scheme in [18] was developed to
achieve an efficient performance tradeoff by transforming
the Rayleigh distributed OFDM signal into a uniformly
distributed signal. With an adjustable parameter in
determining the distribution of the companded signals, the
EC scheme can offer freedom in the PAPR reduction, and
achieve different PAPR reduction performance. However,
for certain value of the parameter, some unnecessary
compression is operated on small signals, which will
definitely degrade the BER and PSD performance. Recently,
many schemes with piecewise transform [23–25] have been
proposed. In [23], a two-piecewise companding (TPWC)
scheme is proposed. As a linear companding scheme, TPWC
has low computational complexity, but it has a worse BER
performance without exploiting the statistical characteristics
of OFDM signal. The piecewise companding (PC) scheme
[24] can offer an improved overall performance by focusing
on transforming the distribution of large signals, but it cannot
provide flexibility in the companding function design. In [25],
a piecewise non-linear companding scheme was developed
with more design flexibility to achieve a better tradeoff of the
PAPR reduction, BER and PSD performance.
In this paper, a parameter-adjustable piecewise exponential
companding (PEC) scheme is proposed motivated by the EC
and PC schemes. The proposed scheme treats the small and

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large signals differently, and transforms the distribution of the companding function can be expressed as
large signals into exponential distribution. By properly 
choosing the transform parameters, the BER performance x, |x| , Ai
yn = h( x) = (4)
can be improved significantly with reduced companding sgn(x)g(|x|), |x| ≥ Ai
distortion in the reduction of PAPR. In addition, with the
introduction of an inflexion point and transform parameters, where yn is the companded signal, sgn(·) denotes the sign
the scheme can offer more design freedom and flexibility to function and g(·) is a strictly monotonic increasing function.
satisfy various design requirements. With a theoretical Let |yn|d, the dth power of the amplitude of the companded
performance analysis of this scheme, some important results signal yn, have a uniform distribution in the interval |yn| ∈ [Ai,
in terms of the companding distortion and the parameter Ac]. Then, we obtain the PDF of the amplitude of the
selection criteria are derived. The analysis results are companded signals as
verified through numerical simulations.
⎧
The remainder of this paper is organised as follows:
⎪ 2y −(y2 /s2 )  
⎪
⎪ y [ 0, Ai
Section 2 presents a typical OFDM system model. Section ⎨ s2 e ,
3 shows the derivation of the formula for the proposed  
f|yn | (y) = 2 2 (5)
companding scheme, and then gives the corresponding ⎪
⎪ e− Ai /s d−1 
⎪
⎩d d y , y [ Ai , Ac
theoretical analysis. Simulation results are given in Section Ac − Adi
4. Finally, Section 5 draws a conclusion for this work.
Since h(·) in (4) is a strictly monotonic increasing function,
2 OFDM system model then
x h( x)
The OFDM signal with N subcarriers can be written as
f|xn | (x) dx = f|yn | (y) dy (6)
0 0
kn
1 N−1 j2p Thus, we obtain
xn = √


Xk e N , 0≤n,N (1)
N k=0  (1/d)
     2 2 2   
y  = Ad − Ad e− |xn | −Ai /s + C , yn  [ Ai , Ac
n i c
where {Xk}, 0 ≤ k ≤ N − 1 are the statistically independent
and identically distributed modulated symbols and belong (7)
to the constellation of M-quadrature amplitude modulation
(QAM). Based on the central limit theory, xn can be where C is a parameter to be determined.
approximated as a complex Gaussian process when the To avoid the abrupt jump of the amplitude of the
number of subcarriers N is large enough (e.g. N ≥ 64). companded signal which degrades the PSD performance
Consequently, the amplitude of xn has a Rayleigh [17], we let g(Ai) = Ai, then C = Adc . Thus, we obtain the
distribution with the probability distribution function (PDF) as companding function as

2x 2 2 x |x| , Ai
f|xn | (x) = 2 e−(x /s ) , x≥0 (2) h(x) =    2 2 2 
s sgn(x) Adi − Adc e− |xn | −Ai /s + Adc
(1/d)
|x| ≥ Ai
where σ 2 is the variance of xn. σ 2 = E[|Xk|2], where |·| denotes (8)
modulus and E[·] is the mathematical expectation.
Based on the above assumptions, the PAPR of the signal xn The de-companding function at the receiver is
is defined as ⎧
⎪
⎪ x, |x| , Ai
⎨ 

























 

 2 
max(xn  ) h−1 (x) =  | x|d
−A d
(9)
PAPR = 10 log10  2 (3) ⎪
⎪ sgn(x)A2i − s2 ln d c
, |x| ≥ Ai
E(x  ) ⎩ Ai − Adc
n

It can be concluded from (8) that the parameters Ac, Ai and d

3 Parameter-adjustable PEC scheme
In this section, a parameter-adjustable PEC scheme is
proposed to exploit the merits of the EC and PC scheme.
With a PC function, the scheme transforms the statistics
distribution of the small and large signal into different ones,
and the design criteria of the scheme are derived based on
performance analysis.
3.1 Proposed companding scheme
Assume Ai and Ac are the inflexion point and the cutoff point
of the proposed PC function, respectively; thus, the
provide the freedom in the design of the companding
function.
Since the average signal power should be maintained
constant in the companding operation, thus we have
1 Ac
x2 f|xn | (x) dx = y2 f|yn | (y) dy (10)
0 0
According to the PAPR definition in (3), it is obvious that
with a preset PAPR, the cutoff point Ac of the companded
signal yn can be determined directly by the preset PAPR
value, and Ac = s × 10(PAPRpreset /20) . Then with the
determined Ac, the parameters Ai and d can be obtained by
solving (10). The solving of Ai and d is shown in Appendix.

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With the solutions of Ai and d, it can be verified easily from Thus, the SNR at the receiver after de-companding operation
(8) that the EC scheme with d > 1 is just several special cases is
of the PEC scheme. Although with Ac = σ × 10(4.26/20) and
d = 1, the PEC scheme degenerates into the PC scheme. |a|2 s2
The profiles of the proposed companding function with SNR = (15)
s2v
various parameters are depicted in Fig. 1. It can be seen that
with the design flexibility of the parameters Ac, Ai and d, the
proposed scheme can achieve more PAPR reduction levels. It is obvious that larger α value corresponds to larger received
SNR, thus to an improved BER performance. By substituting
(2) and (8) into (12), the scale factor α of the proposed scheme
3.2 Theoretical performance analysis is calculated as
It is obvious that companding transform is an extra operation
Ai
applied to the OFDM signal, thus how to minimise the impact 1 2x − x22
of companding distortion on the BER performance is the key a= 2 x2e s dx
s 0 s2
point in choosing the optimal companding form and   (1/d)
parameters. In this section, we analyse the companding 1 1  d   2 2 2
+ 2 Ai − Adc e− |xn | −Ai /s + Adc
distortion of the proposed scheme. Based on the analysis s Ai
results, the parameters selection criteria are derived. 2x x2
Based on the analysis for the complex Gaussian signal in × x 2 e−s2 dx (16)
[26], the companded signal can be written as a scaled s
version of input signal plus an uncorrelated distortion,
which can be expressed as follows The theoretical result of α is depicted in Fig. 2 from which we
can see when Ac = σ × 10(4/20) or Ac = σ × 10(3/20), the value of
yn = axn + dn (11) α with d = 1 is much smaller than those with other d values.
It is because under that condition, the average signal power
cannot be maintained constant when d = 1. However, when
where α is the scale factor and dn is the uncorrelated
the average signal power can be maintained constant, α
distortion. α is defined by
gradually increases as Ac and d increase. So, to obtain an
1 improved BER performance with an expected PAPR
1 reduction, it may be preferable for this scheme to make α as
a= xh(x)f|xn | (x) dx (12)
s2 0 large as possible by choosing proper parameters.

After passing the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN)

channel, the received signal can be expressed as 4 Numerical results
To verify the performance of the proposed parameter-
zn = yn + vn = axn + dn + vn (13) adjustable PEC scheme with respect to the PAPR reduction,
BER and PSD performance, numerical simulation results
where ωn is the AWGN with the variance as s2v . are presented for OFDM system. According to IEEE 802.16
With the de-companding operation, the recovered signal WiMAX standards, the number of subcarrier N = 256 is
can be expressed as adopted for the uplink. Also, the proposed algorithm can be
applied in WiMAX base stations with a larger number of
zn − dn yn + vn − dn v
x′n = = = xn + n (14) OFDM subcarriers. The oversampling factor L is
a a a 4. Quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) and 16-QAM are

Fig. 1 Profiles of the proposed companding transform Fig. 2 Theoretical results of scale factor of the proposed scheme

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the baseband modulation scheme adopted in the simulations.
Both the AWGN and multipath fading channels are applied.
The multipath fading channel model adopted is the Stanford
University Interim 4 (SUI-4). For the proposed PEC scheme,
with the consideration of the algorithm complexity and
system performance, the parameter d is set to be the smallest
value guaranteeing the average signal power constant for
each value of Ac. Since the PC scheme is just a special case
of the PEC scheme, the performance of the PC scheme can
be seen in the simulations results through the PEC scheme
with Ac = σ × 10(4.26/20) and d = 1. Three previous methods,
that is, the EC scheme (d = 1 and d = 2), the TPWC
scheme (m = 1.2) and the non-linear companding scheme
(k = −0.49) in [25] are also included in the simulations for
the purpose of performance comparisons. The non-linear
companding scheme in [25] is named as the ‘Wang scheme’
in the performance comparison.
To evaluate the BER performance of these companded
schemes, solid state power amplifier (SSPA), a memoryless
non-linear amplifier, is employed at the transmitter. The
SSPA model can be expressed as Fig. 4 BER performance of original OFDM signal and
companded signals over AWGN channel with QPSK modulation
|x(t)|
|y(t)| =  (1/2p) (17)
1 + ((|x(t)|/Asat ))2p The BER performance of the different companding
schemes over the AWGN channel are presented in Figs. 4
wy(t) = wx(t) and 5, respectively. It is observed that as value Ac increases,
the PEC scheme achieves better BER performance. The
proposed scheme with Ac = σ × 10(4/20) has almost the same
where Asat is the saturation level and determined by the IBO BER performance as the EC scheme with d = 1, which
IBO = 10 log ((A2sat /s2 )) . IBO is set to be 5 dB in the
simulation. p controls the smoothness of the transition from demonstrates that with a proper choice of the transform
the linear region to the saturation region, and is set to the parameters, the proposed scheme can produce less
typical value 2 in this paper. companding distortion which leads to a better tradeoff
Fig. 3 shows the complementary cumulative distribution between the PAPR reduction and BER performance.
function (CCDF) of PAPR of the different companding Figs. 6 and 7 depict the BER performance using QPSK
schemes. From that we can see the PEC scheme can reduce modulation with the SSPA over AWGN channel, and
the PAPR significantly. Moreover, with different choice of without the SSPA over SUI-4 channel. As observed, the
the transform parameters, the proposed scheme can achieve BER performance of the proposed scheme is also robust
more PAPR reduction levels than the EC and PC schemes, enough with SSPA model or in the wireless Rayleigh
which means the PEC scheme is more flexible than the EC fading channel.
and PC schemes. As can be seen from Fig. 3, the PEC The power spectrum comparisons among the companded
scheme with Ac = σ × 10(4.8/20) is roughly 0.1 dB inferior to schemes are plotted in Fig. 8. To have a clear PSD
the Wang scheme.

Fig. 5 BER performance of original OFDM signal and

Fig. 3 CCDFs of original OFDM signal and companded signals companded signals over AWGN channel with 16-QAM modulation

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Fig. 6 BER performance of original OFDM signal and
companded signals with SSPA over AWGN channel with QPSK
modulation
Fig. 7 BER performance of original OFDM signal and
companded signals over SUI-4 channel with QPSK modulation
Fig. 8 PSDs of the companded signals
comparison among these schemes, the PSDs are computed
by means of periodogram. As can be seen from
Fig. 8, the out-of-band emission of the PEC scheme with
Ac = σ × 10(4/20) declines much rapidly than that of the EC
scheme with d = 1 dose. The proposed scheme with Ac =
σ × 10(4.8/20) results in about 5, 2.4 and 0.7 dB lower
out-of-band emission than the TPWC, EC (d = 1) and Wang
scheme at the normalised frequency of 0.5, respectively.
To have comprehensive performance comparisons between
the different companding schemes, simulation results are
summarised in Table 1. It reveals that with the same PAPR
reduction, the PEC scheme may offer better BER and PSD
performance compared with the other referred scheme. On
the other hand, it shows that by adjusting the transform
parameters, more design flexibility can also be achieved by
the PEC scheme, which leads to a preferable tradeoff
among the PAPR reduction, BER and PSD performance.
Finally, a comparison of the computational efforts required
by the compared schemes is made in Table 2. The
computational complexities of the different companding
schemes are measured by the number of floating-point
operations for each scheme in terms of MATLAB flops.
Specifically, the flop count does not include signal
amplitude calculation, which is common to all these
compared schemes. From Table 2, we can see that as a
non-linear companding scheme, the PEC scheme has a

Table 1 Performance comparisons between PAPR reduction, BER and PSD performance using QPSK with different companding
schemes

Companding schemes Eb/N0 (dB) at BER = 10−4 PAPR (dB) At CCDF = 10−4 PSD (dB/rad/sample) at
normalised frequency of 0.5
No SSPA With SSPA

original OFDM signal 8.4 8.4 11.8 < −300

EC d=1 9.6 10.9 5.07 −22.5
d=2 11.1 >12 3.3 −17.5
TPWC (m = 12) >12 >12 4.7 −19.9
Wang (k = −0.49) 9.92 10.15 5.0 −24.2
PC 9.3 10.3 4.55 −22.5
PEC Ac = σ × 104.8/20 8.7 10.03 5.1 −24.9
Ac = σ × 104.26/20 9.3 10.3 4.55 −22.5
Ac = σ × 104/20 9.6 10.5 4.24 −21.7
Ac = σ × 103/20 11.1 >12 3.3 −17.5

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& The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2014 doi: 10.1049/iet-com.2013.0226

Table 2 Computational complexity comparison
Companding schemes Flops/sample
Transmitter
EC d=1 8 7
d=2 11
TPWC (m = 1.2) 1 1
Wang (k = − 0.49) 35
PC 8 7
Ac = s × 10(4.8/20)
PEC 8 7
d =1
Ac = s × 10 (4/20)
11
d =2
larger complexity than the TPWC scheme. But, the overall
complexity of the PEC scheme is much lower than that of
the Wang scheme.
5 Conclusions
This paper presents a parameter-adjustable PEC scheme to
reduce the PAPR in OFDM systems. Considering
companding transform will cause non-linear distortion
which degrades the system performance, the proposed
companding function is carefully designed to minimise the
non-linear distortion in the reduction of the PAPR. With the
adoption of an inflexion point in the proposed companding
function, the proposed scheme can offer more design
flexibility to satisfy various design requirements.
Specifically, it is proven the EC scheme with d > 1 and the
PC scheme are several special cases of the proposed
scheme. With a theoretical performance analysis, the
parameter selection criteria are derived. Simulation results
show that by minimising the companding distortion, the
proposed scheme can provide a preferable tradeoff among
the PAPR reduction, BER and PSD performance.
6 Acknowledgment
The authors would like to thank the editor and the reviewers
for their valuable comments and suggestions, which have
improved the quality and presentation of this work. This
research was supported in part by the 111 Project
(B08038), the Important National Science and Technology
Specific Projects (2013ZX03003008–004), the Specialised
Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher
Education (SRFDP, 20120203110002), the Program for
New Century Excellent Talents in University
(NCET-12-0918, 72131855), the Fundamental Research
Funds for the Central Universities (72125377), and the
National Natural Science Foundation of China (nos.
61301169, 61371127 and 61201134).
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By making appropriate simplification, an equation about Ai
and d can be obtained as follows
8 Appendix
By substituting (2) and (5) into (10), we obtain
2Aid+2 + (d + 2)s2 Adi − (d + 2)Adc A2i + dAcd+2
  (20)
Ai Ac − A2i /s2
2y 2 2 e − (d + 2)s2 Adc = 0
y2 2 e−(y /s ) dy + y2 d 2 yd−1 dy
0 s Ai Ac − A2i
(18)
1
2x 2 2 According to (20), once d was selected, Ai may also be
= x2 2 e−(x /s ) dx
0 s determined.

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& The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2014 doi: 10.1049/iet-com.2013.0226