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Lecture 4
Kinematics of
Fluid Motion
Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223
Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 4: Kinematics of Fluid Motion
Chapter Summary
n Introduction
n Velocity Field - Lagrangian Vs Eulerian Viewpoint
n Acceleration Field
n Steady and Unsteady Flows
n Pathline, Streakline and Streamline
n Real and Ideal Fluids
n Laminar and Turbulent Flows
n Flow Dimensionality
n Frame of Reference
Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223
Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 4: Kinematics of Fluid Motion
4.1 Introduction
n The use of fluids normally involve motions of
some type
n The slightest of shear stress and/or imbalance
in normal stress (pressure) cause the fluid to
move
n Kinematics – consider the motion without
reference to the forces that cause the motion.
n Basic concepts will be introduced as a basis
for analyzing fluid motion
Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223
Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 4: Kinematics of Fluid Motion
LAGRANGIAN
APPROACH
Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223
Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 4: Kinematics of Fluid Motion
§ EULERIAN Viewpoint : -
Focus on certain point in space and describe the motion of fluid
particles that pass this point as time goes on.
Control Volume Approach (as in Thermodynamics 1)
velocity description : u = u(x,y,z,t) = function of position along
a streamline and time
EULERIAN
APPROACH
Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223
Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 4: Kinematics of Fluid Motion
Probe
u u
Time, t Time, t
Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223
Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 4: Kinematics of Fluid Motion
Streaklines
Fluid Flow
Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223
Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 4: Kinematics of Fluid Motion
Streaklines : -
Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223
Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 4: Kinematics of Fluid Motion
Uniform flow
Non-uniform flow
Tangent = velocity
Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223
Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 4: Kinematics of Fluid Motion
Flow Dimensionality : -
the minimum number of space coordinates required to
specify it
One-Dimensional Flow - Velocity profile is uniform at any
station - e.g. Ideal fluid flow in pipe or duct.
Two-Dimensional Flow - Flow of real fluid in duct with
infinite width in cartesian x-y coordinates - Axi-symmetric
flow in circular pipe in cylindrical x-r coordinates
Three-Dimensional Flow - Flow of real fluid in duct with end
effects in x-y-z cartesian coordinates
Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223
Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 4: Kinematics of Fluid Motion
Flow Dimensionality : -
Frame of Reference –
The laws of mechanics are still applicable if the frame of
reference is moving at a constant velocity in straight line
It is easier to analyze Steady flow cf. Unsteady flow
Sometimes convenient to change frame of reference from a fixed
coordinates to moving coordinates (relative frame)
UNSTEADY STEADY
Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223
Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 4: Kinematics of Fluid Motion
End of Lecture 4