An introduction to English Phonetics ‫مقدمة لعلم الصوتيات‬

The alphabet consists of 26 letters. They have two forms:

Capital letters and Small letters.
Capital letters: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Small letters: a b c d e f g h I j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
They are divided into two groups:
.1- Consonant letters: They're 21 letters. Each consonant letter normally denotes one
sound and sometimes more. Thus consonant letters are quite stable not changeable.
bcdfghjklmnpqrstvwxyz

.2- Vowel letters: They're 5 letters. They're changeable as their sounds change
according to their position. Vowels are the basic form of any syllable. Each vowel sound
can produce more than two sounds. That's why the number of vowel sounds is 20 while
the number of vowel letters is 5.
Vowel letters are a e i ou

‫ تنمسم هذه الحروف الى حروف كبٌرة وحروف‬, ‫ حرف‬66 ‫تتكون الحروف الهجائية فى اللغة االنجليزية من‬
‫ وحروف متحركة‬,‫ حرف‬62 ‫ اما من حٌث االستخدام فتنمسم الى حروف ساكنة وعددها‬,‫صغٌرة من حٌث الشكل‬
‫ الحروف الساكنة نطمها الى حد ما ثابت اما الحروف المتحركة نطمها متغٌر حسب مكانها لذا‬,‫ حروف‬5 ‫وعددها‬
‫الحروف المتحركة لها اكثر من نطك‬

We use capital letters:

.1- At the beginning of every sentence.
.2- Names of people , famous places , countries, nationalities, cities, streets and
languages. .3- Days of the week and months of the year.

‫ المدن‬,‫ العواصم‬,‫ البالد‬, ‫ االماكن المشهورة‬, ‫ السماء الناس‬,‫تستخدم الحروف الكبٌرة عندما نبدا اى جملة‬
‫ وشهور السنة‬, ‫ واٌام االسبوع‬, )‫ واللغات ( اسماء العلم‬,‫الجنسٌات‬
For example:
My name is Ramy. I'm from Alexandria but I live in Giza. I study at Cairo University. I was
born in July. I go to college on Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday. Friday is my day off.
I wanna travel to Spain, Brazil, Canada, England and Hong Kong. I'm Egyptian. I can
speak Arabic, English, German and Hebrew.

Why names are spelled in different ways? Do we have rules for spelling names?
Basically, we have two main forms of any language:
Formal language & informal language
Logically, our pronunciation varies according to the form of the language we use. This
means highly educated people who speak formal Arabic are quite different from those

Page 1
‫‪who use slang/colloquial Arabic. Accordingly, names can be pronounced in two different‬‬
‫‪ways or more depending on whether is it formal or informal.‬‬
‫‪Thus, people who study at Azhar University speak formal Arabic which is different from‬‬
‫‪people who speak slang/informal Arabic which is commonly used in everyday‬‬
‫‪communications.‬‬
‫لماذا تكتب االسماء بأكثر من طريقة؟؟ هل هناك قواعد لكتابة االسماء؟‬
‫هنان نوعان ‪ /‬شكلٌن الى لغة (( اللغة الرسمٌة‪ /‬الفصحى)) و (( اللغة غٌر الرسمٌة‪ /‬العامٌة ))‬
‫وبالتالى نطمنا للغة ٌختلف باختالف شكل اللغة المستخدم‪ ,‬فالرجل المتعلم ٌتحدث بشكل مختلف عن االمى‪ ,‬وبالتالى‬
‫ٌمكن ان ٌكتب االسم باكثر من طرٌمة الن كتابة االسم تعكس شكل اللغة سواء كان رسمى او عامً ‪ ,‬لذا استاذة‬
‫االزهر ٌتحدثون باللغة العربٌة الفصحى بٌنما هذا النوع‪ /‬الشكل من اللغة غٌر مستخدم فى المحادثات الٌومٌة فى‬
‫الشارع الن الناس ٌتحدثون باللغة العامٌة‪.‬‬
‫)‪The spelling reflects the pronunciation (either formal or informal‬‬
‫‪So, our prophet's name can be written in two different spellings according to the‬‬
‫‪speaker's form of language (formal or slang).‬‬
‫)‪Muhammad ( formal‬‬ ‫)‪Mohamed ( less formal‬‬
‫)‪Islam ( formal‬‬ ‫)‪Eslam ( informal‬‬
‫)‪Iman ( formal‬‬ ‫)‪Eman ( informal‬‬

‫الحظ عند كتابة اسم مثل ( طه ) على الرغم من ان االسم ٌتكون من حرفٌن ‪ ,‬اال ان عندما ننطمه نجده مكون من‬
‫اربع اصوات ( ط ا ه ا ) ونظرا الن كتابة االسماء تعكس نطمنا لالسم لذا سنكتب ما نطك من اصوات ولٌس ما‬
‫كتب من حرف‬
‫)‪ Th ( x‬طه‬ ‫)√( ‪ Taha‬طه= طا ها‬
‫االسم ( مكى ) مكون من ثالثة حروف اال انه ٌنطك خمس اصوات ( م ي ن ن ى ) لوجود شدة على الكاف‬
‫وكسرة بعد المٌم‬
‫مكى )‪Mky ( x‬‬ ‫مكى )√( ‪Mekky‬‬

‫الحظ هنان حروف فى اللغة العربٌة ال توجود فى اللغة االنجلٌزٌة والعكس صحٌح‪ .‬فمثال‪ .‬حرف ح خ ص ض ط‬
‫ظ ع غ ق ‪..‬وكذلن هنان حروف فى اللغة االنجلٌزٌة ال توجد فى اللغة العربٌة مثل ال ‪ p v‬وهذا ٌفسر كل‬
‫تلن االحطاء فى النطك‪.‬‬

‫الحظ ان اختالف نطك حرف واحد ممكن ان ٌغٌر طرٌمة كتابته وهذا ٌفسر ان كتابة االسماء تعكس طرٌمة نطمنا له‬
‫‪..‬وهذه لاعدة مهمة فى كتابة االسماء‪ .‬كثال حرف ال ع ‪..‬اذا كان مضموم ( بالضمة) او مفتوح ( بالفتحة ) او‬
‫مكسور ( بالكسرة) ٌمكن ان ٌتٌغٌر نطمه وبالتالى طرٌمة كتابته‬

‫عمر ‪ Omar‬عثمان ‪ ( Othman‬بالضمة)‬ ‫مثال‪ :‬عمرو ‪ Amr‬عمار ‪( Ammar‬بالفتحة)‬

‫عٌد ‪ Eid‬عٌسى ‪ ( Eissa‬بالكسرة)‬
‫خالد ‪ Khaled /Khalid‬حمدى ‪ Hamdy/Hamdi‬صادق ‪ Sadiq‬ضاحى ‪ Dahy‬غادة ‪Ghada‬‬
‫طاهر ‪ Taher‬عامر ‪ Amer‬أمٌر ‪ Abu Dhabi Amir‬أبو ظبى‬

‫‪Page 2‬‬
 American English & British English ((What's the difference?))
As you remember days of school, we used to study British English curriculums
(Hello English).However; nowadays American English has become more common, more
widespread not to mention that it's also easier and faster. That's why we teach
American English in many different academies and language institutes.

‫ما هى االختالفات بين األنجليزية االمريكية و االنجليزية البريطانية؟‬

‫ بٌنما الٌوم االنجلٌزٌة االمرٌكٌة اصبحت اكثر انتشارا‬,‫ كنا ندرس المناهج البرٌطانٌة‬,‫كما تتذكر من اٌام المدرسة‬
‫ لذا فاننا ندرس االنجلٌزٌة االمرٌكٌة فى العدٌد من المراكز واالكادٌمٌات ومعاهد‬,‫ كما انها اسهل واسرع‬, ‫واستخدما‬
‫ تنمسم االختالفات بٌن االنجلٌزٌة االمرٌكٌة و االنجلٌزٌة البرٌطانٌة الى ثالث فئات‬,‫اللغات‬
Differences between Am.E & Br.E are divided into three different categories:

.1- Difference in pronunciation:

Some words are pronounced differently in each accent.
Ex: .1- class /klɑːs/ Br.E /klæs/ Am.E glass past fast chance last grass
.2- Job /dʒɒb/ Br.E /dʒɑːb/ Am.E dog shop not got a lot pot hot
.3- Dictionary /ˈdɪk.ʃən.ər.i/ Br.E /ˈdɪk.ʃən.er.i/ Am.E ordinary January primary
elementary military
.4- Law /lɔː/ Br.E /lɑː/ Am.E saw draw flaw claw / ball tall call automatic
.5- Bought /bɔːt/ Br.E /bɑːt/ Am.E caught thought brought taught daughter author

‫ اختالفات فى الكلمات المستخدمة فى كل‬-6. ,‫ هنان اختالفات فى نطك بعض الكلمات‬, ‫ اختالف فى النطق‬-2.
‫ وكذلن فى كتابة وتهجى بعض الكلمات و نهاٌتها‬, ‫ اختالفات فى بعض القواعد اللغوية البسٌطة جدا‬-3. ,‫لهجة‬

.2- Difference in vocabulary: some words used in USA are not commonly used in UK
British English American English

Film ‫فٌلم‬ Movie

Flat ‫شمة سكنٌة‬ Apartment
Pavement ‫رصٌف‬ Sidewalk
Fridge ‫ثالجة‬ Refrigerator
Autumn ‫فصل الخرٌف‬ Fall
Sweets ‫حلوى‬ Candy
Supermarket ‫سوبر ماركت‬ Grocery store
Term ‫فصل دراسى‬ Semester
Football ‫كرة المدم‬ Soccer
Lift ‫اسانسٌر‬/ ‫مصعد‬ Elevator
The cinema ‫السٌنٌما‬ The movies
Rubbish ‫الممامة‬ Garbage / Trash
Holiday ‫عطلة‬/‫أجازة‬ Vacation

Page 3
Lorry ‫سٌارة نمل‬ Truck
Motorbike ‫ موتوسٌكل‬/‫دراجة نارٌة‬ Motorcycle
Petrol ‫بنزٌن‬ Gas
Nappy ‫حفاضة لالطفال‬ Diaper
Postman ‫ساعى البرٌد‬ Mailman
Pocket money ‫مصروف الجٌب‬ Allowance
Pub ‫ بار‬/‫حانة‬ Bar
Rubber ‫ استٌكه‬/‫ممحاه‬ Eraser
Trousers ‫بنطلون‬ Pants
The underground ‫مترو االنفاق‬ The subway
Torch ‫كشاف‬ Flash light
Taxi ‫ تاكسى‬/‫سٌارة اجرة‬ cab
Post code ‫الكود البرٌدى‬ Zip code
C.V. ‫السٌرة الذاتٌة‬ Résumé
Trainers ‫ كوتشى‬/‫حذاء رٌاضى‬ Sneakers
Car park ‫مولف للسٌارات‬ Parking lot
Chips ‫بطاطس محمرة‬ French fries
Queue ‫طابور‬ Line
Mobile phone ‫هاتف محمول‬ Cell phone
Aero plane ‫طائرة‬ Airplane
Biscuit ‫كعن‬/‫بسكوٌت‬ cookie
Chemist's ‫صٌدلٌة‬ Drugstore/pharmacy
Cooker ‫مولد‬/‫بوتجاز‬ stove
Dustbin ‫سلة مهمالت‬ Trashcan
Garden ‫حدٌمة‬ Yard
Parcel ‫طرد برٌدى‬ Package
Aluminium ‫المونٌوم‬ Aluminum
Aubergine ‫بازنجان‬ Eggplant
Barman ‫سالى الحانة‬ Bartender
Courgette ‫كوسة‬ Zucchini
Jumper / Pullover ‫سوٌتر‬/‫بلوفر‬ Sweater
Tap ‫حنفٌة‬/‫صنبور‬ Faucet
Timetable ‫جدول مواعٌد‬ schedule
City centre ‫وسط المدٌنة‬ Downtown
High street ‫الشارع الرئٌسى‬ Main street
Coffee shop ‫ممهى‬ Café
Cross roads ‫مفترق الطرق‬/‫تماطع‬ Intersection
Booking ‫حجز‬ Reservation
Wardrobe ‫دوالب المالبس‬ Closet
Motorway ‫اوتوستراد‬/‫الطرٌك السرٌع‬ Freeway

Page 4
Luggage ‫حمائب السفر‬/‫امتعة‬ Baggage
.3- Difference in Grammar and spelling:
British English American English
Dream<< dreamt Dream <<dreamed
Learn<< learnt learn<< learned
Have you got a car? Yes, I've got one. Do you have a car? Yes, I have one.
I shall be home in a minute. I will be home in a minute.
Civilisation /realise Civilization/ realize
Dialogue / programme/catalogue Dialog/Program/catalog
Favourite /colour /honour Favorite/ color/ honor
Travelling / centre/ metre/theatre Traveling / center/meter/theater
She's already taken a shower. She already took a shower.

How to improve your English??

That's a very common question asked by many learners of English who have a problem
with acquiring some language skills.
But why there's a problem with learning English?
There are many different possibilities such as
.1- Fear of learning a new language due to bad experiences of others affected their
impression about the language.
.2- Stereotypical and spoon feeding methods of teaching in many governmental schools
which have resulted in lack of self-confidence and creativity. ( Learning for EXAMS)
.3- Exam oriented students, and focusing on studying for the exam regardless of
understanding and practice.
.4- Many teachers are unqualified with lots of mispronunciation problems that
influenced students' pronunciation.

‫كيف أنمى وأطور اللغة االنجليزية؟؟‬

‫ ولكن لبل ان‬,‫كثٌر من الطالب الذٌن ٌعانون من صعوبة فى اكتساب وتعلم اللغة االنجلٌزٌة ٌسالون هذا السؤال‬
‫ هنان سؤال أهم وهو (( لماذا هنان مشكلة اساسا فى تعلم اللغة االنجلٌزٌة؟؟ )) هنان الكثٌر‬, ‫اجٌب على هذا السؤال‬
‫من االحتماالت‬
.‫ الخوف من تعلم لغة جدٌدة نظرا لتجارب االخرٌن الفاشلة والتى اثرت على انطباعه عن اللغة‬-2.
‫ الطرٌمة النمطٌة فى التدرٌس والتلمٌن كما ٌحدث فى الكثٌر من المدارس الحكومٌة والتى أدت الى انعدام الثمة‬-6.
)) ‫بالنفس عن الطالب ولتل االبداع لدٌهم (( التعلٌم من اجل االمتحان‬
.‫ عملٌة الطالب المتمركزة حول االمتحان بصرف النظر عن الفهم والممارسة‬-3.
‫ هنان الكثٌر من المعلمٌن غٌر المؤهلٌن للتدرٌس ولدٌهم اخطاء لاتلة فى نطك اللغة االنجلٌزٌة والذى انعكس‬-4.
.‫على مستوى الطالب المتدنى‬

How to improve your English?

Before answering this question, you need to know that there are six language skills you
need to enhance to master the American accent and develop your level quickly.
Page 5
Language skills
.1- Listening skill ( The key to learn any language)
.2- Pronunciation skill
.3- Speaking skill
.4- Reading skill
.5- Structure skill
.6- Writing skill
There's a very effective way to accelerate your progress by practicing English for two
hours a day by covering all the language skills.
30 min. ( Listening+ pronunciation)
30 min. ( Speaking + practice)
30 min. ( Reading+ vocabulary)
30 min. ( Grammar + Writing)
By doing this, you will cover all the language skills and your progress will be accelerated.

‫ مهارات للغة تحتاج ان تنمٌهم لتحسٌن اللهجة‬6 ‫كيف انمى اللغة االنجليزية؟ لبل ان اجٌب البد ان تعرف ان هنان‬
.‫االمرٌكٌة و لتطوٌر مستوان بشكل سرٌع‬
‫ مهارة المراءة‬-4. ‫ مهارة التحدث‬-3. ‫ مهارة النطك‬-2. ) ‫ مهارة االستماع ( مفتاح تعلم اى لغة‬-1.
) ‫ مهارة لواعد اللغة ( بٌنة الجملة‬-6. ‫ مهارة الكتابة‬-5.
: ‫هنان طرٌمة مبتكرة وفعالة جدا لتسرٌع مستوى تمدمن فى اللغة وهى بمارسة اللغة االنجلٌزٌة لمدة ساعتٌن ٌومٌا‬
)) ‫ دلٌمة (( للتحدث والممارسة‬33 )) ‫ دلٌمة (( لالستماع والنطك‬33
)) ‫ دلٌمة (( لمواعد اللغة والتدرٌب على الكتابة‬33 )) ‫ دلٌمة (( للمراءة و الحصٌلة اللغوٌة‬33
.‫وبهذا فستكون لد لمت بتغطٌة كل مهارات اللغة وبالتالى ستكون النتائج مبهرة‬

Tips to improve your English

.1- Watch English movies with English subtitles. Try to listen and repeat. It's okay if you don't
understand 100% but at least you practice to improve yourself.

.2- Listen to English songs with lyrics and memorize them. Yes, it's one of the best ways to speak
English quickly and a very interesting way.

.3- Read Short stories so you can get new vocab, be familiar with the style of writing and understand
grammar in context.

.4- Download applications on your cell phone to improve and practice English.

.5- Subscribe in English Channels on YouTube to make English as a lifestyle not a subject for studying
for the exam.

.6- Surround yourself with English. Read English, listen to English, watch English, speak
with foreigners, Listen to short American conversations and record them with your
voice and compare their accent with yours. It's okay to make mistakes. None is perfect,
but you should learn from your mistakes and never give up. Practice makes perfect.

Page 6
 ‫نصائح لتحسين اللغة االنجليزية‬
‫‪ -2.‬اتفرج على افالم اجنبٌة وٌكون اللى بٌتمال مكتوب على الشاشة ( مش ترجمة بالعربى) ومش مهم تكون فاهم‬
‫بنسبة ‪ %133‬بس عود نفسن تسمع وتنطك صح ‪ ,‬وتملدهم فى طرٌمة نطمهم الصحٌحة‪ ,‬وبالممارسة هتتعود‬

‫‪ -6.‬اسمع اغانى انجلش سهلة وٌكون كلمات االغنٌة مكتوب على الشاشة ‪ ,‬وحاول تغنى مع االغنٌة وتحفظها ‪ ,‬دى‬
‫طرٌمة رائعة وممتعة وهتتعلم انجلش بسرعة وبدون مجهود‬

‫‪ -3.‬ألرأ لصص انجلٌزٌة لصٌرة عشان ٌدخلن حصٌلة لغوٌة وفى نفس الولت تتعوض على اسلوب الكتابة و‬
‫استخدام الجرامر فى السٌاق بشكل صحٌح‪ .‬اتعلم كلمات جدٌدة فى جمل مش تحفظها لوحدها‬

‫‪ -4.‬لم بتحمٌل بعض التطبٌمات المهمة والمفٌدة لتعلٌم وتطوٌر الللغة االنجلٌزٌة على هاتفن المحمول‪.‬‬

‫‪ -5.‬حاول تسترن فى لنوات لتعلٌم اللغة االنجلٌزٌة على الٌوتٌوب ‪ ,‬خلى االنجلش اسلوب حٌاة وهواٌة ممتعة ‪,‬‬
‫مش مادة دراسٌة بتذاكرها عشان فٌه امتحان‪ (( .‬ستجد هنا بعض المنوات الشٌمة على الٌوتٌوب لتعلم االنجلٌزٌة))‬

‫‪ -6.‬خلى كل حاجة جوالٌن انجلش‪ ,‬اسمع انجلش ‪ ,‬الرى انجلش ‪ ,‬اتكلم انجلش‪ ,‬صاحب اجانب واتكلم معاهم ‪,‬‬
‫اسمع محادثات لصٌرة وحاول ترددها وتسجلها بصوتن وتملد النطك واللهجة ‪ ,‬حتى لو بتعمل اخطاء بس الشاطر‬
‫بٌتعلم من اخطائه ‪ ,‬ومفٌش حد مابٌعملش اخطاء‪ ,‬الممارسة هتخلٌن ممتاز‪.‬‬
‫‪Applications on Google Play‬‬ ‫‪English Channels on YouTube‬‬
‫‪Dict.Box.Arabic‬‬ ‫‪Learn English with Jennifer‬‬
‫‪Learn English by listening‬‬ ‫‪Rachel American English‬‬
‫‪English study‬‬ ‫‪Learn English with Steve Ford‬‬
‫‪Hello English‬‬ ‫‪Elemental English‬‬
‫‪English grammar for beginners‬‬ ‫‪English Anyone‬‬
‫‪English conversation for beginners‬‬ ‫‪American English conversation‬‬
‫تعلم االنجلٌزٌة حتى األحتراف‬ ‫‪Side by side ESL‬‬
‫‪English pronunciation‬‬ ‫‪Easy Dialogue for kids‬‬
‫‪English idioms and proverbs‬‬ ‫‪Learn English with Mark‬‬

‫قواعد النطق ‪Rules of pronunciation‬‬

‫‪Letter‬‬ ‫‪Pronunciation & Examples‬‬
‫‪B‬‬ ‫ب ‪/b/‬‬ ‫‪barber lab bob bulb bad bite double robbed‬‬
‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪ cat cry clock comic clown cut account occur logic rock‬ن ‪.1- /k/‬‬

‫‪ cinema city cell center cyber cycle coincidence‬س ‪.2- C + i , e , y = /S/‬‬

‫ش ‪.3- cia , cio , cie = / ʃ /‬‬

‫‪special social financial delicious precious Suspicious ancient efficient‬‬

‫‪ accept accent accelerate access accident‬اكس ‪.4- cc+ i , e , y = / Ks /‬‬

‫‪Page 7‬‬
D .1- /d/ ‫د‬ dad deed middle did dead red decided dude

.2- d+ ua/ur = / dʒ / ‫دج‬ gradual procedure soldier graduate individual

F / f/ ‫ ف‬fifth fluffy leaf proof fast flower thief /v/ ‫ ف‬of

G .1- / g/ ‫ ج‬Google glad leg dog gram logged dragged guide guilty game

.2- G + i , e , y = / dʒ / ‫دج‬ vowel + g + i , e , y = / dʒ / ‫دج‬

Gem giant Egypt geology image magic cage large college tragic general

H /h/ ‫ه‬ hope hello rehab Manhattan

J / dʒ / ‫ دج‬jeans job majestic major enjoy join jealous
K /k/ ‫ ن‬kill kite make break freak kangaroo karaoke keep took
L .1- light L << It occurs in two cases: at the beginning of a word and if it's
followed by a vowel.
Ex: light lemon flash black umbrella lollipop lifeless lab LaLa Land
‫ االم المرققة ( المفتوحة) تاتى فى اول الكلمة او اذا جاء بعدها صوت متحرن‬-2.

.2- Dark L << it occurs in two cases: at the end of a word ( The final
sound) and if it's followed by a consonant.
Ex: help milk film child result kill feel uncle Google general formal will
‫ الالم المفخمة ( المضغمة) تاتى دائما فى اخر الكلمة ( اخر صوت) او اذا جاء بعدها‬-6.
‫صوت ساكن‬
M /m/ ‫ م‬mum memory remember mask room drummer comment
N /n/ ‫ ن‬noon nun rainy nine nap runny ten nice nanny sun new win fun
P /p/ )‫ به ( بنفخة ودفعة هواء‬people peep shop stopped dropped top purple

Q .1- Q + u = / kw/ ‫كو‬ ( The common sound )

queen quick question quiet quality liquid equal quiz
.2- Q+ u = / k / ‫ن‬ ( Not very common )
Boutique antique technique unique conquer mosque / Qatar
R /r/ ‫ ر‬rewrite represent reporter regular mirror repair rearrange

S .1- / S/ ‫ س‬semester assume Mississippi confess mask last stress slap so

.2- / Z/ ‫ ز‬lose rose wise desert disease rise disaster please

T .1- / t / ‫ ت‬Title rotten bottle tight treat try trainer matter letter fat tart
.2- vowel + T + vowel = fast / d / )‫د ( خفٌفة‬
Water computer better automatic letter meeting about it got it
V / v/ ‫ ف‬van vampire value revolve move improve stove

Page 8
W / W / ‫ و‬wallet twelve win west wave twist dwell awake when

X .1- At the beginning, it makes the sound / z / and it exists in some words.
Xerox xenophobia xenon xylem xylophone anxiety
‫ اذا جاء فى اول الكلمة ٌنطك ز‬-1.

.2- / kʃ / sexual luxury anxious complexion crucifixion

.3- / Iks / at the beginning/end ( The common sound)
X-ray X- factor relax mix fix complex exercise exclusive maximum

Y .1- / j / ‫ ي‬yellow young yesterday yard yawn yogurt yoyo yes

Z / z / zoo zebra lazy puzzle snooze size realize dizzy crazy

C+ a +C = /æ/ ‫اذا جاء بٌن حرفٌن سواكن ٌنطك اه‬
A apple animal anger add actor can van fat rat hat chat man ran sad mad

E .1- C + e + C = / e / ‫اذا جاء بٌن حرفٌن سواكن‬

Get wet bet let set net met yet nest best send end lend sell well tell shell

I .1- C + I + C = / I /
Win tin bin sin spin thin will drill dig wing sing spring fix mix slim hit list

O .1- C + o + C = /ɒ/ Br.E /ɑː/ Am.E

Hot not dot top dog cost boss loss rock clock block strong comedy polish

U .1- C + u + C = /ʊ/
Put pull bull bullet butcher full push pullover

.2- U + C + V = / uː / ‫أووه‬
Rule rude cruel June prune clue glue blue truth salute include pollute

Letters blend
Cc = / K / account accurate accompany accuse accommodation accomplish
Cc + I / e/ y=/ KS/ accept access accelerate accent success accident accessory
Ck = / K / clock cock track black pick sick duck snack luck sack crack reckless
Ch .1-/ tʃ ‫ تش‬cheese chat church change cheap march switch search
.2- / k/ ‫ ن‬technique technology chemistry Christ Christmas

Page 9
 .3- / ʃ / ‫ ( ش‬French words) chef chauffer chalet chemise chic cache
ious /iəs / ‫ ٌاس‬envious obvious curious serious devious
Th .1- / θ / ‫ = ث‬Th + consonant
Three threat throw think thanks mouth death south north earth

.2- / ð / ‫ ظ‬/‫ذ‬
This that these those father mother brother weather another other

ugh Cough tough enough rough laugh draught clough =/ F /

Ough/ augh thought caught taught brought daughter fought sought naughty
Ee / ea / iː/ ‫ يي‬eat meat see read eagle east eel repeat treat agree tree
sh / ʃ / ‫ ش‬shush shop shine flash trash mushroom clash finish hashish
ph / f / ‫ ف‬photo elephant phantom phobia alphabet paragraph
Ei /ie / iː/ thief deceive receive believe relief perceive conceit
Ou / ow / aʊ / ‫ أو‬out downtown around shout couch cow now how aloud

Tia /tie/ tio / ʃ / ‫ ش‬essential partial patience patient information action

sion .1- Consonant + sion = / ʃn / ‫شن‬

Permission mission compulsion admission confession expansion

.2- vowel + sion = / ʒn / ‫جن‬

Vision television revision decision confusion illusion fusion
ex .1- ex + consonant = / Iks / ‫اكس‬
Excellent exchange extend expert

.2- ex + vowel ( h ) = / Igz / ‫اجز‬

Example exam exist exhausted exhibit exact exert

dge / dʒ / fridge bridge knowledge grudge pledge judge

ture / tʃər / picture furniture future nature adventure lecture culture

tu /tʃ/ statue virtue actual century mutual fortune punctual

sure .1- consonant + sure = / ʃər /
Pressure assure ensure insurance sure sensual tissue issue

.2- vowel + sure = /ʒər /

Page 10
 Treasure pleasure measure leisure casual usual closure visual
igh /aɪ/ high sigh sight might fight light bright night right
cious /ʃəs/ ‫ شاس‬delicious precious curvaceous malicious suspicious
Oy /oi /ɔɪ/ ‫ اوى‬boy toy enjoy oil soil coin point voice noise oyster
Ay / ey /eɪ/ ‫ ايه‬say day sway lay pray delay tray may way slay gray
Consonant+ Y /aɪ/ ‫ اى‬shy try why fly dry deny justify identify clarify verify my
Silent letters in English

Silent letter Examples

bomb tomb comb thumb lamb dumb plumber doubt debt
B
C Muscle scissors scene scent indict indictment ascent,

Handsome sandwich grandmother Wednesday Handkerchief

D
G Sign campaign champagne align resign design gnat gnaw

H White why where when what whole which whether while

Honest heir hour honor Savannah Hannah cheetah
ghoul, , echo, , rhythm ghost, , exhausted , exhibit, vehicle,

k Knife knight knit know knowledge knock knee

L Walk talk chalk calm palm salmon half could should would

N Damn condemn column solemn autumn hymn

P Psychology psycho psychiatrist pneumonia cupboard receipt

S Island aisle debris Arkansas Illinois apropos, bourgeois

T Fasten hasten soften listen nestle rustle wrestle whistle

castle hustle bustle mortgage chalet buffet ballet bouquet

U Colleague guess technique tongue guard guitar unique

W Who whose whom whole Wrong Write wreck wrap sword
answer wrist two wring

x faux pas ( French word means social mistake)

Page 11
M Mnemonic
z rendezvous

How to pronounce the final (ED) sounds?

.1- ( Voiced sound ) b , g, L , m, n , r, v, w, y, z , ee, th + Ed = / d /
Robbed dragged travelled claimed phoned remembered arrived allowed stayed realized
agreed breathed =/ d/

.2- t , d + ED = / Id /
Wanted started celebrated visited invited completed ended added decided guided
regarded needed= / Id /

.3-(Voiceless Sound) p, k, f, x , ss, sh, ch, se, ce, th, gh, + Ed = / t /

Stopped helped jumped worked walked liked stuffed fixed mixed missed kissed washed
finished watched increased bathed laughed=/ t /

How to pronounce the final ( S ) sounds?

.1- (Voiced Sound) b, d, g, L, m , n, o , r, v, w, y, ee, a + S = / Z /
Beds bags jobs malls rooms phones videos markers keys cameras moves ways agrees
menus windows hands friends things gives rulers girls tags labs=/Z/

.2- (Voiceless Sound) P , F , K , Th, T + S = / S /

Maps drops chefs proofs tickets baskets markets wants makes likes months stops
stamps students books rocks Desks risks bites = / S/

.3- SS, Sh, Ch, Se, Ce, ge, X, Z + S = / IZ /

Dresses kisses washes finishes brushes watches churches matches dances faces oranges
pages fixes faxes mixes Quizzes purses increases buzzes sentences practices
ages reaches changes prizes=/ IZ /

Flap T in American English

When the letter T comes between two vowels, it is pronounced as Fast D / Flapped T.
You may feel like it's R sound, but actually it's not R , it's a slight D sound. This is very
common in the American accent.
‫ عندما ٌأتى حرف التاء بٌن حرفٌن متحركٌن فٌتحول الى صوت دال‬,‫حرف التاء المرلمة فى اللجة االمرٌكٌة‬
‫ هذا الصوت شائع جدا فى اللهجة االمرٌكٌة‬, ‫ ربما تشعر انها راء ولكنها دال خفٌفة‬, ‫سرٌعة‬

Examples; ( Water ) is pronounced as ( Wader ) in the American accent.

Page 12
Letter better computer sweater elevator automatic meeting daughter invited city pretty
party bottle title
Examples: it is = ( I diz ) …. What about it = wa da bou dit
Meet at eight = ( Mee da deight ) Not at all = No da dall Got it = Go dit

Elision = Dropping / deleting sounds

If you have a cluster/ group of three consonants coming together with no vowel
between them and the middle sound is a Stop ( P B T D K G ), we drop this stop sound to
make our pronunciation easier and faster. This happens in both American and British
English.
‫حذف االصوات‬
‫ اصوات دائما ٌتم حذفهم اذا جاءوا بٌن حرفٌن سواكن ولٌس بٌنهم اى حرف متحرن‬6 ‫هنان‬
‫ حذف االصوات ٌحدث فى اللهجة‬,‫( بشرط اال ٌكونوا فى اول الكلمة ) اذا جاءوا فى منتصف او اخر الكلمة‬
.‫االمرٌكٌة واللهجة البرٌطانٌة‬

Stop Sounds ( P B T D K G ) ‫االصوات التى ٌتم حذفها تسمى اصوات تولفٌة وهى‬
Examples for dropping Stop Sounds
Students facts elements investments apartments reports subjects stamps shrimps
symptoms exempted empty restless pointless recently endless handbag friendship
Friends hands lands kinds depends brings greetings rings asked helped jumped

Last night first lesson next week trust me don't worry I don't know send me
different kinds best friends Fast driver Waste land second time I must go
he didn’t call she doesn’t speak you shouldn’t smoke you mustn’t say find me
just let me know

Note: in American English, if the letter T is preceded by the letter N, we normally drop
the T sound. N ‫ فى اللهجة االمرٌكٌة اذا كان مسبوق بحرف ال‬T ‫ٌمكن حذف حرف ال‬
Examples: Twenty seventy fantasy center unfortunately important internet interview
international interaction entertainment enterprise sentences counter Clinton

Page 13