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CE320 Highway Materials

Testing Experiments

By
Dr. Tom. V. Mathew
IIT Bombay
Overview

Pavement materials

Soil (sub-grade, embankment)


Aggregates (coarse, fine)
Binders (Bitumen, cement)
Soil

 Soil is all unindurated mineral material lying above rock strata


including air, water, and organic matter
 It is non-homogeneous and porous
 Properties greatly influenced by moisture, density and
compaction
Soil

 Soil is a very essential highway material

1. Soil sub grade is part of the pavement


structure; the design and
 behaviour of
pavement depends to a great extent on the sub
grade properties

2. Soil is one of the principal materials of


construction in stabilized soil base and sub
base and also in embankment construction
Properties of soil

 Shape of soil particles (bulky, flaky)

 Particle size classification (clay, silt, sand, gravel)

 Gradation of soil

 Porosity and void ratio

 Soil density (dry and wet density)


Properties of soil

 Moisture-density relationship (Proctor density, OMC)

 Chemical properties (Organic matter, minerals, pH)

 Soil-water (Capillary water, water table)

 Physical properties (Permeability, compressibility, shear


resistance)
Properties of soil
 Atterberg limits (Index properties)

 Liquid limit : Moisture content at which state changes from


viscous liquid to plastic solid

 Plastic limit : Moisture content at which state changes from


plastic solid to semi solid state

 Plasticity index : Range during which it acts as plastic


PI = LL – PL

 Liquidity index : (NMC – PL) / PI


Desirable Properties of soil

Stability: Adequate stability to resist permanent


deformation under loads

Incompressibility: Minimum variation in volume


ensures minimum differential expansion and
strength values

Permanency of Strength: Should retain desired


subgrade support i.e. resistance to weathering
Desirable Properties of soil
Minimum changes in volume and stability
under adverse conditions of weather
and ground water

Good drainage: Essential to avoid


excessive moisture retention and to
reduce the potential
frost action

Ease of compaction: Ensures higher dry


density and strength under particular
type and amount of compaction
Bitumen
Bitumen is a petroleum product obtained by the
distillation of petroleum crude

Bitumen is a hydrocarbon material of either natural or


pyrogenous origin, found in gaseous, liquid, semisolid or
solid form

Highway construction: hydrocarbon material which are


cementitious in character
Bitumen

1. Natural product (lake asphalt, rock asphalt)

2. Fractional distillation of petroleum


a. Asphalt cement (Penetration grade)
b. Oxidised asphalt (softening point grade)
c. Liquid asphalt

3. Tar: destructive distillation of coal


Liquid Bitumen

Cutback: the viscosity of bitumen reduced by


volatile diluents: slow, medium, rapid curing

Emulsion: bitumen is suspended in finely divided


condition in an aqueous medium and stabilized
with an emulsifier : slow, medium, rapid setting
1. Normal Bitumen

Production
 The portion of bituminous material present in
petroleum may widely differ depending on the source

 Almost all the crude petroleum's contain considerable


amounts of water along with crude oil

 Hence the petroleum should be dehydrated before the


distillation
Petroleum Bitumen Flow Chart
Types of Distillation Processes

 Fractional distillation:
2. In the fractional distillation the various volatile
constituents are separated at successively higher
temperatures without substantial chemical change

4. The fractions obtained yield gasoline, naphtha,


kerosene and lubricating oil

3. The residue would be petroleum bitumen

4. In destructive distillation material undergoes chemical


changes under the application of extreme heat and
pressure
Steam distillation:
2. Steam distillation is employed to produce steam
refined petroleum bitumen without causing
chemical change

4. When the residue is distilled to a definite


consistency without further treatment it is called
as Straight-run Bitumen
Desirable Properties of Bitumen
 It should be fluid enough at the time of mixing to
coat the aggregate evenly by a thin film

 It should have low temperature susceptibility

 It should show uniform viscosity characteristics

 Bitumen should have good amount of volatiles in


it, and it should not lose them excessively when
subjected to higher temperature
Desirable Properties of Bitumen
The bitumen should be ductile and not brittle

The bitumen should be capable of being heated to the


temperature at which it can be easily mixed without any
fire hazards

The bitumen should have good affinity to the aggregate


and should not be stripped off in the continued presence
off water
Aggregate

 Aggregate is the major component of all


materials used in road construction

 It is used in granular bases and sub base,


bituminous courses and in cement concrete
pavements
Desirable properties of Aggregate

 Strength:The aggregate should be sufficiently strong to


withstand the stresses due to traffic wheel load

 Hardness: Aggregate should have hard enough to resist


the wear due to abrasive action of traffic

 Toughness: Aggregate should have resistance to impact


or toughness
Continue….

 Durability: The aggregate used in pavement


should resistance to disintegration due to the
action of weather

 Shape of aggregate: Should not be Flaky


and elongated

 Adhesion with Bitumen: Should have good


affinity to bitumen
Quality Control Tests: Soil

1. Gradation
2. Atterberg Limits and indices (LL, PL,PI, SL)
3. Laboratory Compaction (MDD and OMC)
4. Field density test
5. CBR Test (Demo)
6. Plate bearing test
Quality control tests: Aggregate

1. Sieve analysis
2. Aggregate crushing test
3. Aggregate impact test
4. Abrasion Test (L.A. abrasion test)
5. Shape test (FI, EI, Angul. No.)
6. Soundness Test
7. Specific gravity and Water absorption test
8. Stripping value test
Quality control tests: Bitumen

1. Penetration
2. Ductility
3. Softening point
4. Specific gravity
5. Loss on heating
6. Flash & Fire point
7. Viscosity (Demo)
8. Solubility
California bearing ratio (CBR)
A simple test that compares the bearing
capacity of a material with that of a well-graded
crushed stone

A high quality crushed stone material should


have a CBR of about 100%

CBR is basically a measure of strength


CBR
 The California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test was developed by the
California Division of Highways in 1929 as a method of
classifying the suitability of a soil for use as a subgrade or base
course materials in highway construction

 During World War II, the U.S. Corps of Engineers adopted the
test for use in airfield construction

 The test is empirical and results cannot be related accurately


with any fundamental property of the material.
CBR
CBR value is the measure of resistance of
material to the penetration of standard plunger
under controlled density and moisture
condition.
The CBR test can be made in the laboratory on
undisturbed or remoulded soil samples.
The CBR value of sub grade is normally
evaluated on a soaked sample compacted at
optimum moisture content to maximum dry
density.
Basic Test
 This consists of causing a plunger of 50 mm
diameter to penetrate a soil sample at the rate of
1.25 mm/min.
 The force (load) required to cause the penetration is
plotted against measured penetration.
 The loads at 2.5 mm and 5 mm penetration are
recorded.
 This load corresponding to 2.5 mm or 5 mm
penetration is expressed as a percentage of
standard load sustained by the crushed aggregates
at the same penetration to obtain CBR value.
Definition of CBR
California bearing ratio is defined as the
ratio (expressed as percentage) between
the load sustained by the soil sample at a
specified penetration of a standard
plunger (50 mm diameter) and the load
sustained by the standard crushed stones
at the same penetration.
Standard Load values on Crushed Stones for
Different Penetration Values

Penetration, Standard Unit Standard


mm Load, kg Load, kg/cm2
2.5 1370 70

5.0 2055 105


7.5 2630 134
10.0 3180 162
12.5 3600 183
Apparatus
 Loading frame
 Cylindrical mould, Collar, Base Plate and
spacer Disc
 Compaction hammer
 Expansion Measuring Apparatus - Perforated
plate with adjustable stem, tripod and dial
gauge reading to 0.01 mm
 Annular Surcharge Weights
Loading Machine
 With a capacity of at least
5000 kg and equipped
with a movable head or
base that travels at an
uniform rate of 1.25
mm/min.
Cylindrical Mould
 Cylindrical mould with
inside diameter 150 mm
and height 175 mm,
provided with a
detachable extension
collar 50 mm height and
a detachable perforated
base plate 10 mm thick.
Compaction Rammer
 Weight 2.6 kg with a
drop of 310 mm
 (or) Weight 4.89 kg a
drop 450 mm.
Adjustable stem, perforated plate, tripod
and dial gauge
Annular Weights
 One annular metal weight
and several slotted
weights weighing 2.5 kg
each, 147 mm in
diameter, with a central
hole 53 mm in diameter.
Preparation of Test Specimen

Prepare the remoulded specimen at Proctor’s


maximum dry density or any other density at
which C.B.R is required. Maintain the
specimen at optimum moisture content or the
field moisture as required. The material used
should pass 20 mm I.S. sieve. Prepare the
specimen either by dynamic compaction or by
static compaction.
Dynamic Compaction

 Take about 4.5 to 5.5 kg of


soil and mix thoroughly with
the required water.
 Just before making the
compacted mould of soil, take
representative sample for
determining water content.
 Fix the extension collar and
the base plate to the mould.
Insert the spacer disc over
the base. Place the filter
paper on the top of the
spacer disc.
Dynamic Compaction

 Compact the soil in the


mould using either light
compaction or heavy
compaction. For light
compaction, compact the
soil in 3 equal layers,
each layer being given 55
blows by the 2.6 kg
rammer. For heavy
compaction compact the
soil in 5 layers, by giving
56 blows to each layer by
the 4.89 kg rammer.
Dynamic Compaction

Remove the collar and trim the specimen


smooth and flush with the mould.
Remove the base plate and the displacer disc,
weigh the mould with compacted soil, and
determine the wet unit weight.
Place a filter paper on the base plate, invert
the specimen (5 cm gap is on the top) and
attach the base plate so that the soil is in
contact with the filter paper on the base.
Static Compaction
 Calculate the weight of the wet soil at the required water
content to give the desired density when occupying the
standard specimen volume in the mould from the
expression.
 W = (1+w)*V*d
 Where,
W = Weight of the wet soil, gm
 w = desired water content
 V = volume of the specimen in the mould, cc
= 2209 cc
d = required dry density in gm/cc
Static Compaction
 Place correct weight (W) of the soil in the mould.
 Place a filter paper and the spacer disc on the top of
soil.
 Keep the mould assembly in static loading frame and
compact by pressing the spacer disc till the level of disc
reaches the top of the mould.
 Keep the load for some time and then release the load.
Remove the spacer disc.
 The test may be conducted for both soaked as well as
unsoaked conditions.
Penetration Test
 Place the mould assembly with the surcharge weights on the
penetration test machine.
 Seat the penetration piston at the center of the specimen with
the smallest possible load, but in no case in excess of 4 kg so
that full contact of the piston on the sample is established.
 Set the stress and strain dial gauge to read zero. Apply the load
on the piston so that the penetration rate is about 1.25 mm/min.
 Record the load readings at penetrations of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0,
2.5, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 7.5, 10 and 12.5 mm. Note the maximum load
and corresponding penetration if it occurs for a penetration less
than 12.5 mm.
 Detach the mould from the loading equipment. Take about 20 to
50 g of soil from the top 3 cm layer and determine the moisture
content.
Data from a Typical CBR Test for
Sample No.1
Proving Proving
Ring Ring
Penetratio Load Penetratio Readin Load
n Reading on n g on
(mm) (div) Plunger (mm) (div) Plunger
0 0 0 3 38 70.30
0.5 2 3.70 4 50 92.50
1 6 11.10 5 58 107.30
1.5 10 18.50 7.5 69 127.65
2 18 33.30 10 72 133.20
2.5 27 49.95 12.5 75 138.75
Load Vs Penetration Curve for
Sample No.1
160
140
120
100
Load

80
60
40
20
0
0 2.5 5 7.5 10 12.5
Penetration
Initial Concavity

The load – penetration curve may show


initial concavity due to the following
reasons:
The top layer of the sample might have become
too soft due to soaking in water
The surface of the plunger or the surface of the
sample might not be horizontal
Correction

Draw a tangent to the load-penetration curve


where it changes concavity to convexity
The point of intersection of this tangent line
with the x-axis is taken as the new origin
Shift the origin to this point (new origin) and
correct all the penetration values
Corrected Penetration Values for
Sample No.1
160
140
120
100
Load, kg

80
60
40
20
0
0 2.5 2.5 5 5 7.5 10 12.5
Penetration, mm
Computation of CBR for Sample No.1

Compute CBR at 2.5 mm penetration


CBR of Specimen at 2.5 mm penetration =
(80/1370)*100 = 5.84 %
Compute CBR at 5 mm penetration
CBR of Specimen at 5 mm penetration =
(117/2055)*100 = 5.69 %
Variation in CBR Values
At least three samples should be tested on
each type of soil at the same density and
moisture content to take care of the variation in
the values
This will enable a reliable average value to be
obtained in most cases
Where variation with in CBR values is more
than the permissible maximum variation the
design CBR value should be the average of six
samples and not three
Permissible Variation in CBR Value

CBR (per cent) Maximum variation


in CBR value
5 ±1

5-10 ±2

11-30 ±3

31 and above ±5
Design CBR
 The average CBR values corresponding to 2.5 mm and
5 mm penetration values should be worked out
 If the average CBR at 2.5 mm penetration is more than
that at 5 mm penetration, then the design CBR is the
average CBR at 2.5 mm penetration
 If the CBR at 5mm penetration is more than that at 2.5
mm penetration, then the test should be repeated. Even
after the repetition, if CBR at 5mm is more than CBR at
2.5 mm, CBR at 5 mm could be adopted as the design
CBR.
Computation of Design CBR

CBR (%)
Penetration
1 2 3 Mean

2.5 mm 5.84 5.54 5.76 5.71

5.0 mm 5.69 5.44 5.56 5.56

Design CBR 5.71 %


1. Sieve Analysis
Significance of Test
 Each type of aggregate test
requires a specified
aggregate size
(E.g. 10-12.5 mm for crushing
test)

 Each bituminous mix type


has a recommended
aggregate gradation
(% passing 26.5 mm in 55-90
for GSB1)
 So aggregate is passed
through a set of sieves to get
material of various sizes
Sieves and Sieve-shaker
Procedure

 Bring the sample to an air dry condition either by drying at


room temperature or in oven at a temperature of 100oC to
110oC.Take the weight of the sample.

 Clean all the sieves and sieve the sample successively on


the appropriate sieves starting with the largest.

 Shake each sieve separately over a clean tray.

 On completion of sieving note down the weight of


material retained on each sieve.

 Report the results as cumulative percentage by weight of


sample passing each of the sieves.
Observation Sheet

Weight of Percent of Cumulative Percentage


I.S. Sieve
sample weight retainedpercent of weight passing
designation
retained (gm) (%) retained (%) (%)
63 mm
40 mm
20 mm
12.5 mm
10 mm
4.75 mm

IS:2386 Part I; IS: 383


2. Aggregate Crushing Test
Significance
 Aggregate crushing value provides a relative
measure of resistance to crushing under a gradually
applied compressive load

 Aggregates subjected to high stresses during rolling


and severe abrasion under traffic

 Also in India very severe stresses come on


pavements due to rigid tyre rims of heavily loaded
animal drawn vehicles
Test Set-up
Procedure
 Surface dry aggregates passing 12.5 mm and
retained on 10 mm selected

 3.25 kg aggregate required for one test sample

 Cylindrical measure filled with aggregates in 3 layers,


tamping each layer 25 times

 After leveling the aggregates at the top surface the


test sample is weighed

 The cylinder is now placed on the base plate


Contd….

 The cylinder with the test sample and plunger in


position is placed on compression machine

 Load is applied at a rate of 4 tonnes per minute upto


40 tonnes

 The crushed aggregate is taken out, sieved through


2.36 mm IS sieve and weighed to get material
passing

 Aggregate crushing value = W2*100/W1


W2= Weight of crushed material
W1=Total weight of sample
Load Application

 Sample being loaded


in the compression
machine at 4 T per
minute for 10 minutes
(upto 40 T)
Observation Sheet

Test No.
Observations Average
1 2 3

Wt. of Aggregate Sample


Filling in The Cylinder=
W1(gms)
Wt. of Aggregate
Sample
Passing 2.36 mm
Sieve
After the Test= W2
(gms)
Aggregate Crushing
Value= W1/W2*100
Note: Value recorded up to first decimal place
Specifications

Aggregate Crushing Value for


Specified By
Cement Concrete Pavements

As per IRC:15
1970 30% Max for 45% Max for
And Surface Course Other Surfaces
IS: 2386:Part IV
Discussion
 Indirect measure of crushing strength

 Low value indicate strong aggregates

 Surface course need more strength than base course

 Should not exceed 30% for cement concrete surface ,


and 45% for others
3. Aggregate Impact Test
Significance
 This test assesses the suitability of aggregate as
regards the toughness for use in pavement
construction

 Road aggregates subjected to pounding action due


to traffic loads- so possibility of breaking

 Should be tough enough- so proper aggregates to


be used

 Suitability to be checked by laboratory tests


Test Set-up
Procedure

1. Aggregate passing through 12.5 mm IS sieve and retained on


10 mm sieve is filled in the cylindrical measure in 3 layers by
tamping each layer by 25 blows. Determine the net weight of
aggregate in the measure(W 1)

2. Sample is transferred from the measure to the cup of


aggregate impact testing machine and compacted by tamping
25 times

3. The hammer is raised to height of 38 cm above the upper


surface of the aggregates in the cup and is allowed to fall
freely on the specimen
Test In progress
Contd….

 After subjecting the test specimen to 15


blows, the crushed aggregate is sieved
through IS 2.36 mm sieve

 Weigh the fraction passing through IS 2.36


mm sieve(w2)

 Aggregate impact value = w2/w1*100

w2 = Weight of fines passing 2.36 mm


w1 = Weight of sample

 Mean of the two values reported


Observation Sheet
Test No.
Observations Avg
1 2 3

W t. of Aggregate Sample
Filling in The Cylinder=
W 1(gms)
W t. of Aggregate
Sample
Passing 2.36 mm Sieve
After the Test= W 2
(gms)

Aggregate Impact Value=


W 2/W 1*100

Note: Value Recorded to the Nearest W hole Number


Specifications
Type of Pavement Aggregate Impact
Material/Layer Value, Max, %

WBM Sub-base course 50



Cement Concrete Base course 45
Bituminous Macadam, Base
course 35
WBM Surface course 30
Bituminous Wearing Surfaces 30
IS: 2386: Part IV and IRC:15 1970; MORTH: 2001
4. Los Angeles Abrasion Test
Significance
 It is resistance to wear or hardness of
aggregates

 Road aggregates at the top subjected to


wearing action

 Under traffic loads abrasion/attrition action


within the layers as well

 To determine suitability, tests have to be


carried out
Test Set-up
Procedure
1. Aggregates dried in oven at 105 -110 ° C. to constant
weight conforming to any one of the gradings

E.g. 1250 gm of 40-25 mm, 1250 gm of 25-20 mm,


1250 gm of 20-12.5 mm, 1250 gm of 12.5-10 mm,
with 12 steel balls

2. Aggregate weighing 5 kg or 10 kg is placed in cylinder


of the machine(W 1gms)

3. Machine is rotated at 30-33 rpm for 500 revolutions

12. Machine is stopped and complete material is taken


out including dust
Grading Requirement

Abrasive
Wt. in gms of each Sample in the Size Range, mm
Charge
Grading

80-63

63-50

50-40

40-25

25-20

20-12.5

12.5-10

10-6.3

6.3-4.75

4.75-
Spheres
No. of

Charge, g
Wt. of
2.36
125 125 125
A - - - 1250 0 0 0 - - - 12 5000±25
250 250
B - - - - - 0 0 - - - 11 5000±25
250
C - - - - - - - 2500 0 - 8 5000±25
500
D - - - - - - - - - 0 6 5000±25
250 500
E 2500 0 0 - - - - - - - 12 5000±25
500
F - - 0 5000 NA - - - - - 12 5000±25
500 5000
G - - - 5000 0 - - - - - 12 ±25
After 500 – 1000 revolutions
Contd….

6. Sieved through 1.7 mm sieve

7. Weight passing is determined by washing the


portion retained, oven drying and weighing (W2
gms)

8. Aggregate abrasion value is determined


A.A.V. = W2/W1*100
W2 = Weight of fines passing 1.7 mm
W1 = Weight of the sample
Specifications

L. A. Abrasion
Type of Pavement Layer
Value, Max, %
WBM Sub-base course 60
WBM Base course with bit.
50
Surfacing, BM Base course
WBM Surface course, BM binder
course 40
Bituminous Carpet, SD, Cement
Concrete surface course 35
Bituminous/Cement concrete
Wearing course 30
IS: 2386: Part IV; IRC:15 1970; IS: 383
Discussion
 Select a grading close to the project for testing

 Simulate both abrasion and impact due to wheel loads

 It determines the hardness of the stone


7. Shape Tests

Determination of:
a.Flakiness Index
b.Elongation Index
c.Angularity Number
Significance
 Shape of crushed aggregates determined by the percentage of
flaky and elongated particles

 Shape of gravel determined by its angularity number

 Flaky and elongated aggregate particles tend to break under


heavy traffic loads

 Rounded aggregates preferred in cement concrete pavements


as more workability at less water cement ratio

 Angular shape preferred for granular courses/flexible pavement


layers due to better interlocking and hence more stability
Test Set-up

Length Gauge for Elongation Index

Thickness Gauge for Flakiness Index


Procedure (Flakiness)
(a). Flakiness Index: The flakiness index of aggregates is the

percentage by weight of particles whose least dimension is less

than three-fifths (0.6) of their mean dimension. Applicable to

sizes>= 6.3 mm

1.The sample is sieved through IS sieve sizes 63, 50, 40, 31.5, 25,
20, 16, 12.5, 10 and 6.3 mm

2. Minimum 200 pieces of each fraction to be tested are taken and


weighed (W 1 gm)

3. Separate the flaky material by using the standard thickness


gauge
Flakiness Index Test in Progress
Flakiness

4. The amount of flaky material is weighed to an accuracy of


0.1 percent of the test sample

5. If W 1,W 2,W 3,…. are the total weights of each size of


aggregates taken and w1,w2,w3,….. are the weights of
material passing the different thickness gauges then:

Flakiness Index
= (w1+w2+w3+….)*100
(W 1+W 2+W 3+….)
= 100*w percent
W
W here,
W = Total wt of material taken in gms
w = Total wt of material passing in gms
Observation sheet (Flakiness Index)
Size of aggregate
Wt. Of the Thickness Weight of
Passing Retained fraction gauge size, aggregate in each
through on I.S. consisting of at (0.6 times the fraction passing
I.S. Seive, Seive, least 200 mean sieve) thickness gauge
(mm) (mm) pieces (gm) (mm) (gms)
63 50 W1= 23.9 w1=
50 40 W2= 27 w2=
40 31.5 W3= 19.5 w3=
31.5 25 W4= 16.95 w4=
25 20 W5= 13.5 w5=
20 16 W6= 10.8 w6=
16 12.5 W7= 8.55 w7=
12.5 10 W8= 6.75 w8=
10 6.3 W9= 4.89 w9=
Total W= w=
Elongation Index
Elongation Index: The percentage by weight of
particles whose greatest dimension is greater than one and
four fifth times (1.8 times) their mean dimension. Applicable
to sizes >=6.3 mm

1. The sample is sieved through sieve sizes, 50, 40, 25,


20, 16, 12.5, 10 and 6.3

2. Minimum 200 pieces of each fraction to be tested are


taken and weighed (W 1 gm)

3. Separate the elongated


material by using the standard length gauge
Elongation Index Test in Progress
Elongation Index
4. The amount of elongated material is weighed to an accuracy of
0.1 percent of the test sample

5. If W1,W2,W3,…. are the total weights of each size of


aggregates taken and w1,w2,w3,….. are the weights of material
retained on the different length gauge slots then:

Elongation Index

= (w1+w2+w3+….)*100
(W1+W2+W3+….)
= 100*w percent
W

Where,
W = Total wt of material taken in gms
w = Total wt of material retained in gms
Observation sheet (Elongation Index)
Size of aggregate
Weight of
Wt. Of the Length
Passing aggregate in
Retained fraction gauge size,
through each fraction
on I.S. consisting of (1.8 times
I.S. retained on
Seive, at least 200 the mean
Seive, length gauge
(mm) pieces (gm) sieve) (mm)
(mm) (gms)

50 40 W1= 81 w1=
40 25 W2= 58 w2=
25 20 W3= 40.5 w3=
20 16 W4= 32.4 w4=
16 12.5 W5= 25.5 w5=
12.5 10 W6= 20.2 w6=
10 6.3 W7= 14.7 w7=
Total W= w=
Specifications
Type of pavement Limit of Flakiness Index
construction (%)
Bituminous carpet 30(Combined FI and EI)

Asphaltic concrete 25(do)


Penetration macadam
Bit. Surface dressing
Bit. Macadam, W BM base 15(do)
& surfacing
course
Cement Concrete 35

IS: 2386, Part I; IRC: 14-48 ; MORTH: 2001


Angularity number

The angularity number measures the percent


voids in excess of 33 percent which is obtained in
the case of the most rounded gravel particles.
Ranges from 0-11 (rounded gravel-crushed
angular)

1. The cylinder is calibrated by determining the


weight of water at 27oC required to fill it
2. Aggregate is sieved through 20, 16, 12.5, 10,
6.3 and 4.75 mm IS sieves
3. About 10 kg of the predominant size should
be available
Test in Progress
Contd….
4. The sample of single-size aggregate is dried in an oven at
100o to 110oC for 24 hours and then cooled

5. The scoop is filled with aggregate which is allowed to slide


gently into the cylinder from the lowest possible height

6. The aggregate is filled in three layers, tamping each layer


evenly 100 times with a tamping rod

7. After the third layer is tamped, the aggregates are struck off
level with the help of tamping rod and surface finished

8. The aggregate with cylinder is now weighed to the nearest 5 g.


The mean weight of aggregate is found
Calculations and Observation Sheet
Angularity number = 67-100*W
C*G

where, W = mean weight of aggregates in the cylinder,g


C = W eight of water required to fill the cylinder,g
G = Specific gravity of aggregate
W eight of water filling the cylinder = C g =
Specific gravity of the aggregate = G =
Trial number
Particulars Mean
1 2 3
W eight of aggregate filling the
cylinder to the nearest five
grams, g
Mean weight of aggregate filling the cylinder, W t =
Angularity Number = 67 - 100*W /C*G =
Discussion
 Elongated, flaky and angular materials decreases the workability
of the mix, and not preferred in cement concrete

 Angular aggregates are preferred in flexible pavement at WBM /


WMM

 Angularity number ranges from zero for perfectly rounded


aggregate (rounded pebbles) to about 11 percent for freshly
crushed aggregates

 But for DBM & BC mix design may be modified to incorporate


high angularity number
Penetration test for Bitumen
Significance

 The penetration test determine the


hardness or softness of bitumen

 The bitumen grade is specified in terms of


the penetration value

 30/40 and 80/100 grade bitumen are


commonly used

 In hot climates a lower penetration grade


bitumen is preferred and vise versa
Significance
 Consistency of bitumen varies with temperature, constituents,
refining process, etc.

 Viscosity is an absolute property, but could not be determined


easily

 Viscosity of cutback bitumen by indirect method (orifice


viscometer)

 Too soft for penetration, too hard for orifice then perform float
test
Significance
 Basic principle of penetration test:
measurement of penetration in units of 1/10th of a mm
of a standard needle of 100 gm in a bitumen sample
kept at 25°C for 5 seconds

 Higher penetration implies softer grade

 Purpose is classification
Figure
Penetrometere Water Bath

Dial

Temperature Controller

Weight
Needle
Mould
Procedure
 Heat the bitumen to softening point +900 C

 Pour the bitumen into the container at least 10 mm above the


expected penetration

 Place all the sample containers to cool in atmospheric temperature


for 1 hour 

 Place the sample containers in temperature controlled water bath at


a temperature of 250 C ± 1o C for a period of 1 hour

 Fill the transfer dish with water from the water bath to cover the
container completely
Continue. . . .

 Take off the sample container from the water bath,


place in transfer dish and place under the middle of
penetrometer
 Adjust the needle to make a contact with surface of
the sample
 See the dial reading and release the needle exactly
for 5 seconds
 Note the final reading
 Difference between the initial and final readings is
taken as the penetration value in 1/10th of mm
Observation Sheet
(i) Pouring temperature =

(ii) Period of cooling in atmosphere, minutes =


(iii) Room temperature =
(iv) Period of cooling in water bath, minutes =
(v) Actual test temperature =

Penetro- Sample No 1 Sample No 2


meter dial Test Test Test Mean Test Test Test Mean
readings 1 2 3 value 1 2 3 value
Initial
Final
Average Value =
IS Specifications
Penetration
Repeatability
Grade
0-80 4%
80-225 5%
Above 225 7%
Bitumen A35 & A45 & A65 & A90 & A200 &
A25
Grade S35 S45 S65 S90 S200
Penetration
20-30 30-40 40-50 60-70 80-100 175-225
Value
Discussion
 Test is highly influenced by the pouring temperature, size of
needle, weight of needle, test temperature, duration of release of
needle

 IRC suggests 30/40, 60/70, 80/100 for BM

 High penetration grade is desirable in colder regions

 Penetration below 20 will result in cracking

 For lower penetration, bonding is difficult, but once achieved will


remain for a long time
Ductility Test
Ductility Machine
Significance
 The ductility of bitumen improves the physical
interlocking of the aggregate bitumen mixes

 Under traffic loads the pavement layer is subjected to


repeated deformation. The binder material of low
ductility would crack and thus provide pervious
pavement surface

 The test is believed to measure the adhesive property of


bitumen and its ability to stretch
Significance
 Ductility and penetration go together, in general, but exception
can happen

 Ductility is the distance in cm to which a standard briquette of


bitumen can be stretched before the thread breaks

 Ductile materials is one which elongates when held in tension


Procedure
 The bitumen sample is melted to temperature of 75oC to
100oC above the approx. softening point until it is fluid

 It is strained through IS sieve 30, poured in mould


assembly and placed on a brass plate, after a solution of
glycerine or dextrine is applied over all surfaces of the
mould exposed to bitumen

 Thirty to forty minutes after the sample is poured into


the moulds, the plate assembly along with the sample is
placed in water bath maintained at 27oC for 30 minutes
Briquette Moulds
Continue. . . .
 The sample and mould assembly are removed
from water bath and excess bitumen material is
cut off by leveling the surface using hot knife

 After trimming the specimen, the mould assembly


containing sample is replaced in water bath
maintained at 27oC for 85 to 95 minutes

 The slides of the mould are then removed and the


clips are carefully hooked on the machine without
causing any initial strain

 The pointer is set to read zero


Ductilometer In Operation
Continue. . . .

 The machine is started and the two clips are thus


pulled apart horizontally

 While the test is in operation, it is checked whether


the sample is immersed in water up to a depth of at
least 10mm

 The distance at which the bitumen thread breaks is


recorded (in cm) and reported as ductility value
Breaking of Thread
Observation sheet
(i) Grade of bitumen =
(ii) Pouring temperature °C =
(iii) Test temperature =
(iv) Period of cooling (minutes) in Air =
In water bath before trimming =
In water bath after trimming =

Briquette Number
Test Property Mean Value
a b c
Ductility (cm)
Repeatability %
Reproducibility
%
IS Specification
Repeatability
5%

Reproducibility 10%

Source of Paving Bitumen Minimum


& Penetration Grade Ductility (cm)
S 35 50
S 45,S 65 & S 90 75
Note: S denotes sources other than Assam
petroleum
Discussion
 Ductility of bitumen is affected by the pouring temperature,
briquette size, placement of briquette, test temperature, rate of
pulling

 Ductility value ranges from 5-100. Low value implies cracking.


Some minimum ductility is needed for flexural strength

 The lack of ductility does not necessarily indicate poor quality.


Softening Point
Significance

 Bitumen does not melt, but change gradually from solid


to liquid

 Softening point is the temperature at which the bitumen


attains particular degree of softening under specified
test conditions

 Ring and ball apparatus is used for the test


Ring & Ball Test Set-up

Mechanical Stirrer

Thermometer
Temp Controlled
Heating Plate Glass Beaker

Metallic Support

Brass Rings
Steel Balls ø = 9.5 mm (2.5g)
(In Ø=15.9 Mm & Out Ø=17.5mm
Procedure
 Heat the bitumen to a temperature between 125oC to
150oC

 Heat the rings at the same temperature on a hot plate


& place on glass plate coated with glycerin

 Fill up the rings with bitumen

 Cool for 30 minutes in air and level the surface with


a hot knife

 Set the rings in the assembly and place in the bath


containing distilled water at 5oC and maintain that
temperature for 15 minutes
Continue….

 Place the balls on the rings

 Raise the temperature uniformly at 5oC per minute till


the ball passes trough the rings

 Note the temperature at which each of the ball and


sample touches the bottom plate of the support

 Temperature shall be recorded as the softening point


of the bitumen
Observation table
(i) Grade of bitumen =
(ii) Approximate softening point =
(iii) Liquid used in water bath(water/Glycerin) =
(iv) Period of air cooling (minutes) =
(v) Period of cooling in water bath(minutes) =
IS Specifications
Reproducibility
Softening Point Repeatability ( C)
o
(oC)
<30oC 2 4
30oC- 80oC 1 2
>80oC 2 4

Bitumen Grades Softening Point (oc)


S 35 55-65
A 45, S 45 & A 65 45-60
S 65 40-55
A 90 & S 90 35-50
A 200 & S 200 30-45
Note: S denotes sources other than Assam
petroleum
Discussion
 Test is affected by quality of liquid, weight of ball, rate of heating
etc

 It gives an idea of the temperature at which the bituminous


material attains a certain viscosity

 Bitumen with higher softening point is used in warmer places

 Softening point is very critical for thick films like joint and crack
fillers, to ensure they will not flow
Other tests

Viscosity of bitumen
Common demo
Brook field viscometer

Marshall mix design


Theory + lab

Traffic studies:
Volume, density, speed
field study

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