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Testing Experiments
By
Dr. Tom. V. Mathew
IIT Bombay
Overview
Pavement materials
Gradation of soil
Production
The portion of bituminous material present in
petroleum may widely differ depending on the source
Fractional distillation:
2. In the fractional distillation the various volatile
constituents are separated at successively higher
temperatures without substantial chemical change
1. Gradation
2. Atterberg Limits and indices (LL, PL,PI, SL)
3. Laboratory Compaction (MDD and OMC)
4. Field density test
5. CBR Test (Demo)
6. Plate bearing test
Quality control tests: Aggregate
1. Sieve analysis
2. Aggregate crushing test
3. Aggregate impact test
4. Abrasion Test (L.A. abrasion test)
5. Shape test (FI, EI, Angul. No.)
6. Soundness Test
7. Specific gravity and Water absorption test
8. Stripping value test
Quality control tests: Bitumen
1. Penetration
2. Ductility
3. Softening point
4. Specific gravity
5. Loss on heating
6. Flash & Fire point
7. Viscosity (Demo)
8. Solubility
California bearing ratio (CBR)
A simple test that compares the bearing
capacity of a material with that of a well-graded
crushed stone
During World War II, the U.S. Corps of Engineers adopted the
test for use in airfield construction
80
60
40
20
0
0 2.5 5 7.5 10 12.5
Penetration
Initial Concavity
80
60
40
20
0
0 2.5 2.5 5 5 7.5 10 12.5
Penetration, mm
Computation of CBR for Sample No.1
5-10 ±2
11-30 ±3
31 and above ±5
Design CBR
The average CBR values corresponding to 2.5 mm and
5 mm penetration values should be worked out
If the average CBR at 2.5 mm penetration is more than
that at 5 mm penetration, then the design CBR is the
average CBR at 2.5 mm penetration
If the CBR at 5mm penetration is more than that at 2.5
mm penetration, then the test should be repeated. Even
after the repetition, if CBR at 5mm is more than CBR at
2.5 mm, CBR at 5 mm could be adopted as the design
CBR.
Computation of Design CBR
CBR (%)
Penetration
1 2 3 Mean
Test No.
Observations Average
1 2 3
As per IRC:15
1970 30% Max for 45% Max for
And Surface Course Other Surfaces
IS: 2386:Part IV
Discussion
Indirect measure of crushing strength
W t. of Aggregate Sample
Filling in The Cylinder=
W 1(gms)
W t. of Aggregate
Sample
Passing 2.36 mm Sieve
After the Test= W 2
(gms)
Abrasive
Wt. in gms of each Sample in the Size Range, mm
Charge
Grading
80-63
63-50
50-40
40-25
25-20
20-12.5
12.5-10
10-6.3
6.3-4.75
4.75-
Spheres
No. of
Charge, g
Wt. of
2.36
125 125 125
A - - - 1250 0 0 0 - - - 12 5000±25
250 250
B - - - - - 0 0 - - - 11 5000±25
250
C - - - - - - - 2500 0 - 8 5000±25
500
D - - - - - - - - - 0 6 5000±25
250 500
E 2500 0 0 - - - - - - - 12 5000±25
500
F - - 0 5000 NA - - - - - 12 5000±25
500 5000
G - - - 5000 0 - - - - - 12 ±25
After 500 – 1000 revolutions
Contd….
L. A. Abrasion
Type of Pavement Layer
Value, Max, %
WBM Sub-base course 60
WBM Base course with bit.
50
Surfacing, BM Base course
WBM Surface course, BM binder
course 40
Bituminous Carpet, SD, Cement
Concrete surface course 35
Bituminous/Cement concrete
Wearing course 30
IS: 2386: Part IV; IRC:15 1970; IS: 383
Discussion
Select a grading close to the project for testing
Determination of:
a.Flakiness Index
b.Elongation Index
c.Angularity Number
Significance
Shape of crushed aggregates determined by the percentage of
flaky and elongated particles
sizes>= 6.3 mm
1.The sample is sieved through IS sieve sizes 63, 50, 40, 31.5, 25,
20, 16, 12.5, 10 and 6.3 mm
Flakiness Index
= (w1+w2+w3+….)*100
(W 1+W 2+W 3+….)
= 100*w percent
W
W here,
W = Total wt of material taken in gms
w = Total wt of material passing in gms
Observation sheet (Flakiness Index)
Size of aggregate
Wt. Of the Thickness Weight of
Passing Retained fraction gauge size, aggregate in each
through on I.S. consisting of at (0.6 times the fraction passing
I.S. Seive, Seive, least 200 mean sieve) thickness gauge
(mm) (mm) pieces (gm) (mm) (gms)
63 50 W1= 23.9 w1=
50 40 W2= 27 w2=
40 31.5 W3= 19.5 w3=
31.5 25 W4= 16.95 w4=
25 20 W5= 13.5 w5=
20 16 W6= 10.8 w6=
16 12.5 W7= 8.55 w7=
12.5 10 W8= 6.75 w8=
10 6.3 W9= 4.89 w9=
Total W= w=
Elongation Index
Elongation Index: The percentage by weight of
particles whose greatest dimension is greater than one and
four fifth times (1.8 times) their mean dimension. Applicable
to sizes >=6.3 mm
Elongation Index
= (w1+w2+w3+….)*100
(W1+W2+W3+….)
= 100*w percent
W
Where,
W = Total wt of material taken in gms
w = Total wt of material retained in gms
Observation sheet (Elongation Index)
Size of aggregate
Weight of
Wt. Of the Length
Passing aggregate in
Retained fraction gauge size,
through each fraction
on I.S. consisting of (1.8 times
I.S. retained on
Seive, at least 200 the mean
Seive, length gauge
(mm) pieces (gm) sieve) (mm)
(mm) (gms)
50 40 W1= 81 w1=
40 25 W2= 58 w2=
25 20 W3= 40.5 w3=
20 16 W4= 32.4 w4=
16 12.5 W5= 25.5 w5=
12.5 10 W6= 20.2 w6=
10 6.3 W7= 14.7 w7=
Total W= w=
Specifications
Type of pavement Limit of Flakiness Index
construction (%)
Bituminous carpet 30(Combined FI and EI)
7. After the third layer is tamped, the aggregates are struck off
level with the help of tamping rod and surface finished
Too soft for penetration, too hard for orifice then perform float
test
Significance
Basic principle of penetration test:
measurement of penetration in units of 1/10th of a mm
of a standard needle of 100 gm in a bitumen sample
kept at 25°C for 5 seconds
Purpose is classification
Figure
Penetrometere Water Bath
Dial
Temperature Controller
Weight
Needle
Mould
Procedure
Heat the bitumen to softening point +900 C
Fill the transfer dish with water from the water bath to cover the
container completely
Continue. . . .
Briquette Number
Test Property Mean Value
a b c
Ductility (cm)
Repeatability %
Reproducibility
%
IS Specification
Repeatability
5%
Reproducibility 10%
Mechanical Stirrer
Thermometer
Temp Controlled
Heating Plate Glass Beaker
Metallic Support
Brass Rings
Steel Balls ø = 9.5 mm (2.5g)
(In Ø=15.9 Mm & Out Ø=17.5mm
Procedure
Heat the bitumen to a temperature between 125oC to
150oC
Softening point is very critical for thick films like joint and crack
fillers, to ensure they will not flow
Other tests
Viscosity of bitumen
Common demo
Brook field viscometer
Traffic studies:
Volume, density, speed
field study