DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING SCIENCE

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND AGRO-INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY

UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES LOS BAÑOS

ENSC 21
Mathematical Methods in Engineering
Linear Algebra
Solutions to Systems of Linear Equations
An example of a system of linear equations:

𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 𝑧 = 𝑑1
𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 𝑧 = 𝑑2
𝑎3 𝑥 + 𝑏3 𝑦 + 𝑐3 𝑧 = 𝑑3

Augmented matrix form:

𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 𝑑1
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 𝑑2
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3 𝑑3

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Solutions to Systems of Linear Equations
Row echelon form:
𝑒1 𝑓1 𝑔1 ℎ1
0 𝑓2 𝑔2 ℎ2
0 0 𝑔3 ℎ3
Reduced row echelon form (identity matrix):

𝑖1 0 0 𝑙1
0 𝑗2 0 𝑙2
0 0 𝑘3 𝑙3

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Solutions to Systems of Linear Equations

The transition from the augmented matrix to the row echelon and then to the reduced
row echelon form or identity matrix is performed by applying elementary row operations
such as:

 Interchanging two rows

 Adding or subtracting rows
 Multiplying a row by any integer except zero

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Solving Systems of Equations using Matrices
BASIC OPERATIONS
1. ADDITION/SUBTRACTION:
a b  e f
Let A B
 c d 
 g h 

a b   e f  a  e b  f 
A B     
c d   g h  c  g d  h 


2. MULTIPLICATION:
a b  e f i 
A  B C 
c d  g h   j

a b   e f  ae  bg af  bh a b   i  ai  bj 

AB   g  AC   
h  ce  dg cf  dh
    
 c d   c d   j  ci  dj 
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Solving Systems of Equations using Matrices
BASIC OPERATIONS
3. DETERMINANTS:
a b c
• 2 x 2 matrix: • 3 x 3 matrix: Let B  d e f
a b c g h i
a b 
Let A    B  d e f 
 c d  Method 1. Expansion by minors
 g h i 
e f d f d e
det B  B  a b c
a b h i g i g h
det A  A   ad  bc
c d Method 2. Using diagonals
a b c a b
d e f d e
g h i g h

det B  B  aei  bfg  cdh  gec  hfa  idb

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Solving Systems of Equations using Matrices
BASIC OPERATIONS
a b   d  b
4. ADJOINT: Let A  c d  The adjoint of A is adj A   
   c a 

a b c
Let B  d e f 
 g h i 
The matrix of minors of B is The adjoint of B is
 e f d f d e  e f  b c  b c 
   h i   

i
 g i
 g h

 h i 
  
e
 f 

 h     
 b  d f   a c a c 
c a c a b adjA      
min B        i  g  d f 
 h i
g
 i

g
 h

 g   i   
 
   d e  a b a b 
 b c a c a b 
 
 

  h d e
f d f d e  g    
g h 
 e     

Note the pattern of signs beginning with positive in the upper-left corner of the matrix. DES, UPLB
Solving Systems of Equations using Matrices
BASIC OPERATIONS
5. INVERSE MATRIX, A-1
A. Inverse of a 2x2 matrix

a b 
Let A   
 c d 
−1 1
𝑎 𝑏 𝑑 −𝑏
𝐴−1 = =
𝑐 𝑑 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐 −𝑐 𝑎

B. Inverse of a 3x3 matrix; A-1= (adjoint A/determinant A)

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Solving Systems of Equations using Matrices
CRAMER’S RULE
Steps:

1. Write the coefficient matrix of the system (A); if it is square, you may
continue, otherwise Cramer's rule is not applicable.
2. Compute the determinant of the coefficient matrix, |A|; if |A| is not zero
you may continue, otherwise Cramer's rule is not applicable.
3. Suppose the first variable of the system is x. Then write the matrix Ax
as follows: substitute the column of numbers to the right of the equal
signs instead of the first (from the left) column of A. Now compute the
determinant of Ax, that is |Ax|.
4. The value of x in the solution is now |Ax| / |A|.

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Solving Systems of Equations using Matrices
CRAMER’S RULE
Steps:

5. Repeat steps 3, and 4 with the remaining variables. In each case

substitute the column of numbers instead of the column of A that
corresponds to the variable you are using. If the variables are x, y, and
z, then the values will now be:

x = |Ax| / |A| y = |Ay| / |A| z = |Az| / |A|

And the solution is

(x, y, z) = ( |Ax| / |A| , |Ay| / |A| , |Az| / |A| )

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Solving Systems of Equations using Matrices
INVERSE MATRIX METHOD
Steps:

1. Rewrite the system using matrix multiplication and write the

coefficient matrix, A.
2. Find the inverse of the coefficient matrix, A. Multiply both sides of the
equation by the matrix A-1 where

1adj ( A)
A 
det( A)

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Solving Systems of Equations using Matrices
ROW REDUCTION : Gaussian/ Gauss-Jordan Elimination
Steps:
1. Interchange two rows.
2. Multiply one row by a nonzero number.
3. Add a multiple of one row to a different row.

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Sample Problem:
Determine the value of 𝑥, 𝑦, and 𝑧 using:
a. Cramer’s rule
b. inverse matrix
c. using Gaussian elimination
d. using Gauss-Jordan elimination

8𝑥 − 7𝑦 + 10𝑧 = 15
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 8𝑧 = 7
-4𝑥 + 5𝑦 − 2𝑧 = −9

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Sample Problems:
Solution:

The augmented matrix form of the equations is

8 −7 10 15
2 3 8 7
−4 5 −2 −9

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Sample Problems:
Determine the value of 𝑥, 𝑦, and 𝑧 using:
a. using Cramer’s rule
The determinant of the coefficient matrix is
8 −7 10
𝐴 = 2 3 8 = 8 ∙ 3 ∙ −2 + −7 ∙ 8 ∙ −4 + 10 ∙ 2 ∙ 5
−4 5 −2 − −4 ∙ 3 ∙ 10 − 5 ∙ 8 ∙ 8 − (−2 ∙ 2 ∙ −7)

= 48

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Sample Problems:
Determine the value of 𝑥, 𝑦, and 𝑧 using:
a. using Cramer’s rule
The determinant of 𝐴𝑥 is
15 −7 10
𝐴𝑥 = 7 3 8 = 15 ∙ 3 ∙ −2 + −7 ∙ 8 ∙ −9 + 10 ∙ 7 ∙ 5
−9 5 −2 − −9 ∙ 3 ∙ 10 − 5 ∙ 8 ∙ 15 − (−2 ∙ 7 ∙ −7)
= 336

𝐴𝑥 336
𝑥= = =7
𝐴 48
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Sample Problems:
Determine the value of 𝑥, 𝑦, and 𝑧 using:
a. using Cramer’s rule
The determinant of 𝐴𝑦 is
8 15 10
𝐴𝑦 = 2 7 8 = 8 ∙ 7 ∙ −2 + 15 ∙ 8 ∙ −4 + 10 ∙ 2 ∙ −9
−4 −9 −2 − −4 ∙ 7 ∙ 10 − −9 ∙ 8 ∙ 8 − (−2 ∙ 2 ∙ 15)
= 144

𝐴𝑦 144
𝑦= = =3
𝐴 48 DES, UPLB
Sample Problems:
Determine the value of 𝑥, 𝑦, and 𝑧 using:
a. using Cramer’s rule
The determinant of 𝐴𝑧 is
8 −7 15
𝐴𝑧 = 2 3 7 = 8 ∙ 3 ∙ −9 + −7 ∙ 7 ∙ −4 + 15 ∙ 2 ∙ 5
−4 5 −9 − −4 ∙ 3 ∙ 15 − 5 ∙ 7 ∙ 8 − (−9 ∙ 2 ∙ −7)
= −96

𝐴𝑧 −96
𝑧= = = −2
𝐴 48 DES, UPLB
Sample Problems:
Determine the value of 𝑥, 𝑦, and 𝑧 using:
b. using inverse matrix
Let
8 −7 10 15
𝐴= 2 3 8 𝐵= 7
−4 5 −2 −9

DES, UPLB
 Sample Problems:
Determine the value of 𝑥, 𝑦, and 𝑧 using:
b. using inverse matrix
The matrix of minors of A is The adjoint of 𝐴 is
3 8 2 8 2 3
− −46 36 −86
5 −2 −4 −2 −4 5 −46 −28 22
−7 10 8 10 8 −7
𝑚𝑖𝑛𝐴 = −
5 −2 −4 −2
−
−4 5
= 36 24 −12 a𝑑𝑗 A = −28 24 −44
−7 10 8 10 8 −7 −86 −44 38 22 −12 38
−
3 8 2 8 2 3

𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 1 −46 36 −86

−1
𝐴 = = −28 24 −44
𝐴 48
22 −12 38 DES, UPLB
Sample Problems:
Determine the value of 𝑥, 𝑦, and 𝑧 using:
b. using inverse matrix
𝑥 1 −46 36 −86 15
𝑦 = 𝐴−1 𝐵 = −28 24 −44 7
𝑧 48
22 −12 38 −9
−46(15) +36(7) −86(−9)
1 1 336
= −28(15) +24(7) −44(−9) = 144
48 48
22(15) −12(7) +38(−9) −96
𝑥 7
𝑦 = 3
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𝑧 −2
Sample Problems:
Determine the value of 𝑥, 𝑦, and 𝑧 using:
c. using Gaussian elimination

𝑅1 8 −7 10 15
𝑅2 2 3 8 7 𝑅2 - 𝑅2 /𝑅1 𝑐1 ∗ 𝑅1
𝑅3 −4 5 −2 −9 𝑅3 - 𝑅3 /𝑅1 𝑐1 ∗ 𝑅1

𝑅1 8 −7 10 15 8 −7 10 15
𝑅2 2 3 8 7 𝑅2 - 2/8 𝑐1 ∗ 𝑅1 0 19/4 11/2 13/4
𝑅3 −4 5 −2 −9 𝑅3 - −4 /8 𝑐1 ∗ 𝑅1 0 3/2 3 −3/2
 Sample Problems:
Determine the value of 𝑥, 𝑦, and 𝑧 using:
c. using Gaussian elimination

𝑅1 8 −7 10 15 𝑅1 - 𝑅1 /𝑅2 𝑐2 ∗ 𝑅2
𝑅2 0 19/4 11/2 13/4
𝑅3 0 3/2 3 −3/2 𝑅3 - 𝑅3 /𝑅2 𝑐2 ∗ 𝑅2

𝑅1 8 −7 10 15 𝑅1 - −7 /194 𝑐2 ∗ 𝑅2 8 0 344/19 376/19

𝑅2 0 19/4 11/2 13/4 0 19/4 11/2 13/4
𝑅3 0 3/2 3 −3/2 𝑅3 - 32/194 𝑐 ∗ 𝑅2 0 0 24/19 −48/19
2
Sample Problems:
Determine the value of 𝑥, 𝑦, and 𝑧 using:
c. using Gaussian elimination

𝑅1 8 0 344/19 376/19 Row

𝑅2∗ 0 19/4 11/2 13/4 Echelon
Form
𝑅3∗ 0 0 24/19 −48/19

24 𝑧 = −48 𝑧 = −2
19 19
19 𝑦 + 11 𝑧 = 13 𝑦=3
4 2 4
8𝑥 + 344 19 𝑧 = 376 19 𝑥=7 DES, UPLB
 Sample Problems:
Determine the value of 𝑥, 𝑦, and 𝑧 using:
d. using Gauss-Jordan elimination
Continuing from the row echelon form to reduced row echelon form
𝑅1 8 0 344/19 376/19 𝑅1 - 𝑅1 /𝑅3 𝑐3 ∗ 𝑅3
𝑅2 0 19/4 11/2 13/4 𝑅2 - 𝑅2 /𝑅3 𝑐3 ∗ 𝑅3
𝑅3 0 0 24/19 −48/19

24
𝑅1 8 0 344/19 376/19 𝑅1 - (344 /
19 19 𝑐3
) ∗ 𝑅3 8 0 0 56
𝑅2 0 19/4 11/2 13/4 𝑅 - (11/24)𝑐 ∗ 𝑅 0 19/4 0 57/4
2 2 19 3 3
𝑅3 0 0 24/19 −48/19 0 0 24/19 −48/19
Sample Problems:
Determine the value of 𝑥, 𝑦, and 𝑧 using:
d. using Gauss-Jordan elimination
From the identity matrix, solve for the unknowns
𝑅1 8 0 0 56 Reduced
Row
𝑅2 0 19/4 0 57/4 Echelon
𝑅3 0 0 24/19 −48/19 Form

𝑅1 8 0 0 56 𝑅1 /8 1 0 0 7
19
𝑅2 0 19/4 0 57/4 𝑅 /
2 4 0 1 0 3
24
𝑅3 0 0 24/19 −48/19 𝑅 /
3 19 0 0 1 −2
Sample Problems:
Determine the value of 𝑥, 𝑦, and 𝑧 using:
d. using Gauss-Jordan elimination
From the identity matrix, solve for the unknowns

1 0 0 7 𝑥=7
0 1 0 3 𝑦=3
0 0 1 −2 𝑧 = −2

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