Part three
Modifications to the mix
design method
8 Design of air-entrained mixes
Concrete that 1s exposed in service to temperatures
below freezing point whilst in a saturated condition
may be susceptible 10 surface spalling, cracking and
general deterioration, The types and characteristics
of damage are numerous and are collectively refer:
red to a5 frost damage, The extent of this type of
damage is markedly increased when de-icing salts
are used
The incorporation of entrained air into a mix
tenables the concrete better to withstand the action
of frost and de-icing salts and is consequently
specified where concrete is particularly subject 10
such damage. ¢.¢. in aitfield and road pavements
Guidance is given in this part of the publication for
making allowance for the effects of entrained ait
‘on the strength, the workability and the density of
the concrete, The effects of entrained air vary ac-
cording to the mix proportions, the type and
‘grading of aggregate, the cement and the actual air
entraining agent™, The following allowances should
therefore be considered only as an approximation
‘over the range of air contents of 3 to 7% normally
specified and consequently adjustments to the trial
mix proportions are more likely to be necessary.
8.1 Effect of entrained air on strength
In general, the strength of concrete is reduced by
the addition of entrained air. The amount of the
reduction varies according to a number of factors
as mentioned above. However, for the range of air
contents that is likely to be required in the mixes
covered by this publication, it may be assumed that
2 loss of 5.5% in compressive strength will result
for each 1% by volume of air entrained in the mix.
In order to estimate the water/cement ratio re-
quired for an air-entrained concrete an allowance
for stcength reduction is incorporated by aiming
for an appropriately higher target mean strength.
‘The appropriate target mean strength for an air-
entrained mix is therefore given by’
f+M
005s
where specified characteristic strength
the margin (see 4.4)
percentage by volume of air
entrained
This modified target mean strength is then used in
Figure 4
8.2 Effect of entrained air on workability
Basically, the introduction of entrained air into 2 mia
increases the workability of a concrete, although, as
for strength, the size of the effect depends on a
number of factors ofthe ranges of
workability and aie contents used 1a this publication
the effect in the majority of cases isto produce a mix
with # workability n the next more-workable category
(e.that shown in Table * Lor 8 particular water con-
at
This means that when designing an air-entrained mix
for example, which is required (0 have a slump in
range 30-60 mm, a water content should be chosen
from Table 310 aive-a slump of 10:30 mm
In addition to affecting the workability of the con:
crete in terms of its slump or Vebe time, the entrain.
ment of air modifies the character of the fresh con:
crete, making it more plastic and cohesive. It may
sometimes be possible, therefore, to reduce the pro
portion of fine aggregate by up to $M of the total
aggregate, thereby permitting a further small reduc
tion in the water content
8.3 Density of air-entrained mixes
Estimation of the density of air-entrained mixes may
be made by the use of Figure 5. The correct value of
the wet density of air-entrained concrete is obtained
by subtracting from the wer density shown in Figure
5, an amount
10 x a x RD,
where @
he required percentage by volume of
entrained air
RD, = the relative density of the aggregate
calculated on a saturated surface-dry
basis. (When unknown an approximation
ccan be made by assuming a value of 2.6
(of 2.7 as appropriate).
8.4 Modifications to the design process
The design process is basically unchanged from the
normal method. However. it is necessary (0 allow for
the factors discussed in 8,1 10 8.3 by making the
following modifications and substitutions 10 the items
enumerated in Table I and Figure 2:
1 Mem 1.4 Target mean stre
The target mean sirengih derived from the specified
characteristic strength and the appropriate margin.
rom lem 1.3 i modified as shown in 8 1Concrete mix desiga form for air-entrained concrete Job title
3.4 Modified free-water/eement 1210
C1]
Teferace
sperm tr cateutaion Values ee
111 Characicenne tenth Speed - - ete ee,
Propornon dtecive
. 1.2. Standurd deviation Figs Némmtornodata__ N/mm?
13) Maren a poe Nem!
Species Simm!
1.4 Target mean svensth ~ C2 Para 8.1" Nn
“142 Modi tang mean stength 00x) = Neo
(3 Come ype Species OPC/SRPCRHPC
: 1.6 Ageregaie tyne coarse Crushed iunciashed
Absa type. fine Erashed unravbed
ee ee ee —
' 1 Manon fe oe = teen l ee
+ Eg 2 24 Stumpor Vebe time Specified Slump mmor Vebe time .
1 BE 22 Maximum aggregate sie Specified co
SE 25 Freesater conten CPE ker!
Qo eeeens By ; : =
) 3 a3 3.2 Meximum cement
1 oa cone Soeciied heim!
| Ze 3.3 Minimum cement
io coment Specified keem!
1 g3 we 310 23.2 |
| tse meaaits 3 elm
seereeue
® ee
5.3. Fine agaresate conten a
cs —
54 Coarse aggregate content
441 Relative density of knowa/assumes
agaregate (SSD)
42 Concrete density Fig $8 Para 83° = (Wx de ky
4.3 Total ageregate commen Ce a ker
SSL Grading of fine Percentage passing 600 um sieve %
ageregate
5.2 Proportion of fine 6 %
Cement Water Fine aggregate Coarse aggregate (he)
‘Quantities el hg oF 2) ire Wm 20mm 0mm
perm? ig neeress 5 48) 2 a
per tral ms of m = a —Concrete mix desig form for air-entrained concrete Job title
aaa
one a 7 ves -
os
. 1.2 Standard deviation Fig
Oo 1 a
: Speciied ae
4 Tage meanseenth c2& Pant _ ee |
“12. Moda tre mean sng = =
1. Cemen pe Species OPC/SRPC RHP
: 1.6 Aggregate type coarse Crushed sancsashed
Ate ie: he oe
pee aoe oS) a
! 18 Mum ee wo Lf vienetoneravel
' 2 21. Slampor Vebe ime Specified slump mm or Vebe time :
' 2.2 Maximum aggregate ste Specified cm
i Free-water content Table 3 & Para 82° kg/m!
33 Cement content oa = kero
32 ecm cement
— ee oe
33 Minimum cement
content Specified harm?
seat sta [ wn!
aera
3.6 Modified freewater/cement ratio
S441 Relative densiy of Se
7 saasregse (SSD)
£5 42 Concrere density Figs & Para 83° = (10 x x d= ty
252 43 Total agpregare conten: Ca . 7 hem?
35 51 Grading of fine Percentage passing 600 jm sieve %
7 aggregate
= 32. Proportion of fine Fes %
aasrenste
53 Fie aegezatecomen: | f . : wal
cs re
54 Coarse aggregate contem ) c term!
Cement Water Fine agucegate Coarse agaresate (ke)
Qvanties ie agora 10mm 20mm 0mm
perm (10 neues) § bY)
er etal mis of