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Part three Modifications to the mix design method 8 Design of air-entrained mixes Concrete that 1s exposed in service to temperatures below freezing point whilst in a saturated condition may be susceptible 10 surface spalling, cracking and general deterioration, The types and characteristics of damage are numerous and are collectively refer: red to a5 frost damage, The extent of this type of damage is markedly increased when de-icing salts are used The incorporation of entrained air into a mix tenables the concrete better to withstand the action of frost and de-icing salts and is consequently specified where concrete is particularly subject 10 such damage. ¢.¢. in aitfield and road pavements Guidance is given in this part of the publication for making allowance for the effects of entrained ait ‘on the strength, the workability and the density of the concrete, The effects of entrained air vary ac- cording to the mix proportions, the type and ‘grading of aggregate, the cement and the actual air entraining agent™, The following allowances should therefore be considered only as an approximation ‘over the range of air contents of 3 to 7% normally specified and consequently adjustments to the trial mix proportions are more likely to be necessary. 8.1 Effect of entrained air on strength In general, the strength of concrete is reduced by the addition of entrained air. The amount of the reduction varies according to a number of factors as mentioned above. However, for the range of air contents that is likely to be required in the mixes covered by this publication, it may be assumed that 2 loss of 5.5% in compressive strength will result for each 1% by volume of air entrained in the mix. In order to estimate the water/cement ratio re- quired for an air-entrained concrete an allowance for stcength reduction is incorporated by aiming for an appropriately higher target mean strength. ‘The appropriate target mean strength for an air- entrained mix is therefore given by’ f+M 005s where specified characteristic strength the margin (see 4.4) percentage by volume of air entrained This modified target mean strength is then used in Figure 4 8.2 Effect of entrained air on workability Basically, the introduction of entrained air into 2 mia increases the workability of a concrete, although, as for strength, the size of the effect depends on a number of factors ofthe ranges of workability and aie contents used 1a this publication the effect in the majority of cases isto produce a mix with # workability n the next more-workable category (e.that shown in Table * Lor 8 particular water con- at This means that when designing an air-entrained mix for example, which is required (0 have a slump in range 30-60 mm, a water content should be chosen from Table 310 aive-a slump of 10:30 mm In addition to affecting the workability of the con: crete in terms of its slump or Vebe time, the entrain. ment of air modifies the character of the fresh con: crete, making it more plastic and cohesive. It may sometimes be possible, therefore, to reduce the pro portion of fine aggregate by up to $M of the total aggregate, thereby permitting a further small reduc tion in the water content 8.3 Density of air-entrained mixes Estimation of the density of air-entrained mixes may be made by the use of Figure 5. The correct value of the wet density of air-entrained concrete is obtained by subtracting from the wer density shown in Figure 5, an amount 10 x a x RD, where @ he required percentage by volume of entrained air RD, = the relative density of the aggregate calculated on a saturated surface-dry basis. (When unknown an approximation ccan be made by assuming a value of 2.6 (of 2.7 as appropriate). 8.4 Modifications to the design process The design process is basically unchanged from the normal method. However. it is necessary (0 allow for the factors discussed in 8,1 10 8.3 by making the following modifications and substitutions 10 the items enumerated in Table I and Figure 2: 1 Mem 1.4 Target mean stre The target mean sirengih derived from the specified characteristic strength and the appropriate margin. rom lem 1.3 i modified as shown in 8 1 Concrete mix desiga form for air-entrained concrete Job title 3.4 Modified free-water/eement 1210 C1] Teferace sperm tr cateutaion Values ee 111 Characicenne tenth Speed - - ete ee, Propornon dtecive . 1.2. Standurd deviation Figs Némmtornodata__ N/mm? 13) Maren a poe Nem! Species Simm! 1.4 Target mean svensth ~ C2 Para 8.1" Nn “142 Modi tang mean stength 00x) = Neo (3 Come ype Species OPC/SRPCRHPC : 1.6 Ageregaie tyne coarse Crushed iunciashed Absa type. fine Erashed unravbed ee ee ee — ' 1 Manon fe oe = teen l ee + Eg 2 24 Stumpor Vebe time Specified Slump mmor Vebe time . 1 BE 22 Maximum aggregate sie Specified co SE 25 Freesater conten CPE ker! Qo eeeens By ; : = ) 3 a3 3.2 Meximum cement 1 oa cone Soeciied heim! | Ze 3.3 Minimum cement io coment Specified keem! 1 g3 we 310 23.2 | | tse meaaits 3 elm seereeue ® ee 5.3. Fine agaresate conten a cs — 54 Coarse aggregate content 441 Relative density of knowa/assumes agaregate (SSD) 42 Concrete density Fig $8 Para 83° = (Wx de ky 4.3 Total ageregate commen Ce a ker SSL Grading of fine Percentage passing 600 um sieve % ageregate 5.2 Proportion of fine 6 % Cement Water Fine aggregate Coarse aggregate (he) ‘Quantities el hg oF 2) ire Wm 20mm 0mm perm? ig neeress 5 48) 2 a per tral ms of m = a — Concrete mix desig form for air-entrained concrete Job title aaa one a 7 ves - os . 1.2 Standard deviation Fig Oo 1 a : Speciied ae 4 Tage meanseenth c2& Pant _ ee | “12. Moda tre mean sng = = 1. Cemen pe Species OPC/SRPC RHP : 1.6 Aggregate type coarse Crushed sancsashed Ate ie: he oe pee aoe oS) a ! 18 Mum ee wo Lf vienetoneravel ' 2 21. Slampor Vebe ime Specified slump mm or Vebe time : ' 2.2 Maximum aggregate ste Specified cm i Free-water content Table 3 & Para 82° kg/m! 33 Cement content oa = kero 32 ecm cement — ee oe 33 Minimum cement content Specified harm? seat sta [ wn! aera 3.6 Modified freewater/cement ratio S441 Relative densiy of Se 7 saasregse (SSD) £5 42 Concrere density Figs & Para 83° = (10 x x d= ty 252 43 Total agpregare conten: Ca . 7 hem? 35 51 Grading of fine Percentage passing 600 jm sieve % 7 aggregate = 32. Proportion of fine Fes % aasrenste 53 Fie aegezatecomen: | f . : wal cs re 54 Coarse aggregate contem ) c term! Cement Water Fine agucegate Coarse agaresate (ke) Qvanties ie agora 10mm 20mm 0mm perm (10 neues) § bY) er etal mis of

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