Fourier series Engineering Math

 Fourier series→ representing any periodic signal as a sum of infinite sines and cosines are
known as Fourier series representation.
∞

f(t) = a0 + ∑{an cos(nω0 t) + bn sin(nωo t)}

n=1
1
Where, a0 = ∫ f(t) dt
T
T
Where, ω0 → frequency
2π
ω0 =
T
2 f(t) cos(nω0 t)dt
an = ∫
T T
2
bn = ∫ f(t) sin(nω0 t)dt
T T
Where, T → fundamental time period of periodic signal
 Periodic signal → Every periodic signal repeats itself after a certain interval called
fundamental time period T, It repeats itself from −∞ to + ∞.
For every periodic signal, f(t) = f(t ± T)
T → fundamental time period
For example
f(t)

+∞ +∞

−2T −T 0 T 2T t

For this signal, f(t) = f(t + T) = f(t + 2T) = f(t − T) = f(t − 2T)
So, f(t) = f(t ± kT)
Where, k is any Non-zero integer
 For Even Symmetry → when f(t) is an Even Signal. i.e. f(t) = f(−t) then −bn is zero always.
bn = 0
If f(t) = cos ωt, ⇒ bn = 0
 For odd symmetry → when f(t) is an odd signal.
i. e. f(−t) = −f(t)then an is zero always
an = 0
If f(t) = sin ωt ⇒ an = 0
1. The fourier series of the function
0 −π < x ≤ 0
f(x) = {
π−x 0<x ≤π
[CE-2016]
In the interval [−π, π]
π 2 cos x cos 3x cos 5x sin x sin 2x sin 3x
f(x) = + [ 2 + 2
+ 2
+ ⋯] + [ + + +⋯]
4 π 1 3 5 1 2 3

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 Fourier series Engineering Math

The convergence of the above Fourier series at x = 0 gives:

1 π2
(A) ∑∞
n=1 2 =
n 16
(−1)n+1 π2
(B) ∑∞
n=1 n2
= 12
1 π2
(C) ∑∞
n=1 (2n−1)2 = 8
(−1)2n+1 π
(D) ∑∞
n=1 2n−1 = 4
[𝐀𝐧𝐬. C]
π 2 1 1
f(0) = + [1 + 2 + 2 + ⋯ ]
4 π 3 5
f(0− ) + f(0+ ) π 2 1 1
= + [1 + 2 + 2 + ⋯ ]
2 4 π 3 5
0+π−0 π 2 1 1
= + [1 + 2 + 2 + ⋯ ]
2 4 π 3 5
π π 2 1 1
− = [1 + 2 + 2 + ⋯ ]
2 4 π 3 5
π 2 1 1
= [1 + 2 + 2 + ⋯ ]
4 π 3 5
2 ∞
π 1 1 1 π2
=1+ 2+ 2+⋯ ∞ ⇒ ∑ =
8 3 5 (2n − 1)2 8
n=1
 Types of Fourier series
There are 2 types of Fourier series
(1) Trigonometric Fourier series
(2) Exponential Fourier series
 Important points→
(i) Spectrum of trigonometric fourier series is one sided line spectrum (Discrete spectrum)
(ii) Spectrum of exponential fourier series is two sided line spectrum
(iii) Fourier series is applicable for periodic signals only
Example
2. Consider the periodic square wave form and write Fourier series for it.
f(t)

2A

−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 t

Fourier series of f(t) = a0 + ∑ an cos(nω0 t) + bn sin(nω0 t)

n=1
2π 2A 0 < t < 1
Where, ω0 = Given f(t) = {−A 1 < t < 2
T
So, time period of given signal (T) = 2

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 Fourier series Engineering Math

2π
∴ ω0 = =π
2
1
 𝐂𝐚𝐥𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐞 , 𝐚𝟎 → a0 = T ∫T f(t)dt
1 1 2
a0 = [∫ 2A dt + ∫ (−A) dt]
2 0 1
1 1 A
a0 = [2A (t)10 + (−A)(t)12 ] = [2A − A] =
2 2 2
2 f (t) cos(nω0 t)dt ω0 = π
 𝐂𝐚𝐥𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐞, 𝐚𝐧 → an = ∫T
T
2 1 2
∴ an = [∫ 2A cos(nπt)dt + ∫ (−A) sin(nπt)dt]
2 0 1
1 2
an = 2A ∫ cos(nπt) dt − A ∫ sin(nπt)dt
0 1
2A A
an = {sin(nπt)}10 − {sin(nπt)}12
nπ nπ
an = 0 Since, sin(2nπ) = sin (nπ) = sin(0) = 0
Note: Even, After looking at waveform only, we can say an = 0 because the waveform have
odd symmetry.
2
 𝐂𝐚𝐥𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐞, 𝐛𝐧 → bn = T ∫T f(t) sin(nω0 t)dt ω0 = π & T = 2
2 1 2
bn = [∫ 2A sin(nπt)dt + ∫ (−A) sin(nπt)dt]
2 0 1
1 2
1 −1
bn = 2A {− cos(nπt)} − A { cos(nπt)}
nπ 0 nπ 1
−2A A
bn = {cos(nπ) − cos 0} + {cos(2nπ) − cos(nπ)}
nπ nπ
−2A A
bn = {(−1)n − 1} + {1 − (−1)n }
nπ nπ
A
bn = [1 − (−1)n + 2 − 2(−1)n ]
nπ
A 3A
∴ bn = [3 − 3(−1)n ] = {1 − (−1)n }
nπ nπ
6A
So, bn = 0 when n is Even and bn = when n is odd.
nπ
A 6A
 Fourier series → f(t) = ∞
+ ∑n=1 0 + sin(nπt)
2 nπ
Only n is odd
∞
A 6A
f(t) = + ∑ sin(2n − 1)πt
2 (2n − 1)π
n=1

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