ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM

EE-352
Common Primary Distribution System
• Distribution primary systems come in a variety of
shapes and sizes
Urban, Suburban and Rural
Distribution System
• The identification of the system as rural, urban and
suburban is important
• The system reliability characteristics of individual utilities
differ due to diversities in service areas, load densities,
circuit ratios, weather and service standards
• Some distribution systems are routed through dense
populated area while others are routed through open
fields
Urban Distribution System
• An urban area is the region surrounding a city.
• Most inhabitants of urban areas have non-agricultural
jobs.
• Urban sys usually have short supply feeders ,
underground circuits and alternative power supplies.
• Urban distribution is mainly underground, sometimes in
common utility ducts.
• Urban distribution is done with 3 phase systems to serve
both residential , commercial and industrial loads.
Sub-Urban Distribution System
• A suburb is a residential area or a mixed use area,
either existing as part of a city or urban area or as a
separate residential community within commuting
distance of a city.
• suburban distribution is done with 3 phase systems to
serve both residential , commercial and industrial loads
Rural Distribution System
• A rural area is an open land that has few homes or
other buildings, and less populated
• They have long supply feeders, overhead circuits and
dedicated power supplies
• Rural distribution is mostly above ground with utility
poles
• Distribution in rural areas may be of single phase if it is
not economical to install 3 phase power for relatively
few and small consumers
Common Primary Distribution System
• All these arrangements depend on street layouts, the
shape of the area covered by the circuit, obstacles
(like lakes).
Sub-Urban and Rural Distribution System
• A common suburban layout has the main feeder along
a street with laterals tapped down side streets or into
developments.

• Radial distribution feeders may also have extensive

branching — whatever it takes to get to the loads.
• An express feeder serves load concentrations some
distance from the substation
Sub-Urban and Rural Distribution System
• A three-phase mainline runs a distance before tapping
loads off to customers.
• With many circuits coming from one substation, a
number of the circuits may have express feeders.
• Some feeders cover areas close to the substation, and
express feeders serve areas farther from the substation.
Sub-Urban and Rural Distribution System
• For improved reliability, radial circuits are often provided
with normally open tie points to other circuits as shown in
Figure.
• The circuits are still operated radially, but if a fault occurs
on one of the circuits, the tie switches allow some
portion of the faulted circuit to be restored quickly.
• Normally, these switches are manually operated, but
some utilities use automated switches or reclosers to
perform these operations automatically.
Sub-Urban and Rural Distribution System
• Two radial circuits
with normally open ties
to each other
Sub-Urban and Rural Distribution System
• Distribution substations come in many sizes and configurations.
• A small rural substation may have a nominal rating of 5 MVA
while an urban station may be over 200 MVA.
• As much as possible, many utilities have standardized
substation layouts, transformer sizes, relaying systems, and
automation and SCADA (supervisory control and data
acquisition) facilities.
Sub-Urban and Rural Distribution System

• Suburban distribution substation • Rural Distribution Substation

Urban Distribution Substation