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Structural Idealisation
This generally means breaking the complete structure down into single elements
that can be easily analyse and design. It is rarely possible to consider the three-
dimensional structure in its entirety. Consider a concrete beam carrying a water
tank as shown below. For analysis purpose we can neglect the thickness of the
members and assume the beam is simply supported. The idealized structure is
as shown below represented by line drawing for the beam and arrow for the
forces that acted on the beam. By applying the principle of structural analysis, if F
is known than we can calculate the reaction(R1 and R2) at the support and the
maximum shear force and bending moment in the beam. Eventually we can
design the suitable size of the beam that can safely carry the water tank.
F/2 F/2
R1 R2
Idealised Structure
Example
A reinforced concrete flat roof with a parapet wall at the end is as shown
below. Draw the idealised beam and name the forces that acts on the beam.
from parapet
Support reaction
2.0 m 6.0 m
EXAMPLE 1
A weight for the beam is assumed because at this stage in the design
process the size of the beam is not known.
Floor plan
EXAMPLE 2
Find the beam loads and the reactions transmitted to the walls
for the steelwork arrangement shown below using this design
data:
● reinforced concrete (RC) slab thickness 100 mm
● screed weight 1.0 kN/m2
● imposed load on slabs 3.0 kN/m2
● mass of steel beams 80 kg/m.
SOLUTION
Beam A isolated
Beam B
The diagram below shows the loads on beam B and the reactions
transmitted to the walls:
EXAMPLE 4
SOLUTION
Beam A
UD loads on beam A Dead loads (self-weight) Imposed loads
kN kN
Concrete slab + screed 6.5 x 8.0 x 2.5 130.0 -
Steel beam 1.18 x 8.0 9.4 -
Beam A isolated
Beam B
UD loads on beam B Dead loads (self-weight) Imposed loads
kN kN
Concrete slab + screed 6.5 x 8.0 x 5.0 260.0 -
Steel beam 1.18 x 8.0 9.4 -
Imposed load 4.5 x 8.0 x 5.0 - 180.0
Beam C
Beam C isolated
Column One
Column Two
Find the total UD load on one beam, the reaction to one column
and the loads from one column to its foundation.
The floor plan of a composite structure (concrete slab plus steel beam) is
below. The reinforced concrete slab has an overall thickness of 200 mm
and is to be designed to carry an imposed load of 3 kN/m2 including floor
finishes and ceiling loads of 1 kN/m2. Calculate the design load(kN/m)
acting on steel beam A2 – B2. Assume weight of steel beam is 70 kg/m.
3m
2 6m
3m
6m 3m
A B C
Floor Plan
Solution
Assume the shaded region as the tributary area to be supported by beam A2 – B2.
Loading
Exercise
Q1. What is the difference between dead and live load in a structure and
give two example for each type of load..
Q3. The floor of a classroom is made of 125 mm thick concrete. If the floor
is a slab having a length of 8 m and width of 6 m, determine the total
design load in kN for dead and live load. Use values in Table of dead
and imposed load given above.
Q4. Referring to the problem given above, calculate the design load of
(i) Beam A1-B1
(ii) Beam A1-A3
(iii) Column A1
(Assume all beams are simply supported)
Q5. Name the modes of failure that can occur on a reinforced concrete
(i) beam
(ii) column.
Lx
Lx
EXERCISE
Given the following floor plan, plot the distribution of loading of the floor
on the surrounding beams.
5500 mm 2750 mm 2750 mm
A B
3000 mm
3000 mm
D
C
Where n = kN/m2
EXAMPLE
The figure below shows the plan of a precast concrete building. Determine
the design load, bending moment and shear force for beam 1a/D-E and beam
E/1-2 (assume as simply supported) if the characteristics variable action on
the floor is 3.0 kN/m2 and the characteristics self weight of slab is 4.6
kN/m2. The beam E/1-2 also carries a brick wall of 3 m height. Also given:
Beam 1a/D-E
BEAM E/1-2
3.75m 3.75 m
EXERCISE
Q1 Rajah di bawah menunjukkan pelan lantai tingkat kedua sebuah bangunan pasang siap..
Data berikut diberi,
Ketebalan papak konkrit = 125 mm
Beban kenaan di atas papak = 3.0 kN/m2
Berat konkrit = 25 kN/m3
Berat dinding bata di atas rasuk = 2.0 kN/m
Kemasan lantai = 1.5 kN/m2
B Kirakan beban rekabentuk danm momen r/b rasuk B1-B4 dalam kN/m
125
450
300
All dimensions in mm
Beam D/1-3