Fundamental of Environmental Engineering

Emenda Sembiring, ST, MT, M.Eng.Sc, PhD

The law of conservation of mass states :
Mass can neither be produced nor destroyed.

Mass balance :
(Mass at time t + Δ t ) =
(Mass at time t ) + (mass that entered from t
to t + Δ t ) –
(mass that exited from t to t + Δ t ) + (net
mass of chemical produced from other
compounds by reaction between t + Δ t )
 The rate at which mass enters and leaves a system.
 Clear beginning and end to the balance period Δ t
 Divided by Δ t

Δ m/ Δ t = mass accumulation rate

m= mass flux (mass/time)

Mass accumulation rate = {Mass at time (t + Δ t ) – mass at

time (t ) }/ Δ t

Mass accumulation rate= mass flux in- mass flux out + net
rate of chemical production

If Δ t 0
dm/dt=min – mout + mreaction
A mass balance is only meaningful in term of a
specific region of space, which has
boundaries across which the term min and
mout are determined.

control volume (e.g : lake, reactor , river and

others )
1. CMFR ( Completely Mixed Flow
Reactor)/CSTR (Continuously Stirred Tank
Reactor)
2. Batch Reactor
3. PFRs (Plug Flow Reactors)
 CSTR (Continuously Stirred Tank Reactor)
 Concentration of compound is the same throughout
the control volume and mass in control volume is
equal to product of that concentration and the volume.
 If C= mass/volume, V= volume
dm/dt= d(VC)/dt
dm/dt=VdC/dt
Once a sufficient time has passed condition will
approach STEADY STATE, no longer change with
time. The mass within the control volume remain
constant.
dm/dt= 0
 min =Qin x Cin
m= Q x C
[Mass/time]=[volume/time ]x [mass/volume]
If the volumetric flow rate is not known, it can be
calculated from fluid velocity v and the cross-
sectional area A.
Q= v x A

Flux density (J) = mass / time / area

 mout =Qout x Cout
[Mass/time]=[volume/time ]x [mass/volume]
If the volumetric flow rate is not known, it can be
calculated from fluid velocity v and the cross-
sectional area A
Q= v x A
 mrxn =V x (dC/dt)reaction only
Is obtained from rate of law for reaction and is equal to rate of change in
concentration that would occur if the reaction took place in isolation.
Possible forms for mass flux due to reaction :
 Conservative compound ( compound with no chemical formation or
loss within the control volume)
(dC/dt)reaction only = mrxn =0
 Zero order decay, the rate of lost of compound is constant.
dC/dt)reaction only = -k, so mrxn = -Vk
 First order decay
dC/dt)reaction only = -kC, so mrxn = -VkC
 Production at a rate dependent on the concentrations of other
compounds in CMFR. If the chemical produces by reaction involving
other compounds in the CMFR
(dC/dt)reaction only > 0
1. Drawn a schematic diagram of the situation,
identify the control volume, all influent and
effluents.

1. Write the mass balance equation in general

form
dm/dt=min – mout + mreaction
3. Determine whether the problem is steady
state or non steady state
4. Deterimine whether the compound being
balanced is conservative (mrxn = 0) or non
conservative.If non conservative then mrxn
based on reaction kinetics.
5. Replace min & mout with known and
required value.
6. Finally solve the problem, this will require
solution of differential equation in non
steady state problem ad solution of an
algebraic equation if steady state problem.
 dm/dt=min – mout + mreaksi
 Steady state dm/dt=0
 Conservative mreaction = 0
 0= min – mout+0
 = ρ Qin – ρ Qout
 F the density is constant, then
 Qin = Qout
 A pipe from industrial waste water treatment plant
discharge 1 m3/s efluent containing 5 mg/l
phosphorous compound. Upstream flow is 25 m3/s
and background of Phosphorous is 0,01 mg/l.
What is the concentration of Phosphorous in the
downstream of plant outfall?
 dm/dt=min – mout + mreaksi

 0 = min – mout+0
 0 =(CuQu+CeQe )-CdQd
 Cd = (CuQu+CeQe )/Qd
 =(0.01mg/l. 25 m3/s + 5 mg/l. 1 m3/s )/(25+1) m3/s
 = 0.2 mg/L
 dm/dt=min – mout + mreaction
 Steady state dm/dt=0

 Non-Conservative mreaction ≠ 0
 Zero order decay
(dC/dt)reaction only = -k, so mrxn = -Vk
 First order decay
(dC/dt)reaction only = -kC, so mrxn = -VkC
 A reactor volume of 500 m3 is used to treat
industrial waste using areaction that destroys
the pollutant according t 1st order kinetics,with
k=0,216 per day. The volumetric flow of single
inlet and outlet is 50 m3/day. The consentration
of polutant in inlet is 100 mg/l. What is the
concentration of outlet?
 dm/dt=min – mout + mreaksi
 0=min – mout + mreaksi
 0= Q x Cin - QC- VkC
 C= Cin / 1+Vk/Q
 C= 100 mg/L : (1+500 m3 . 0,216/day/ 50 m3/day
 C=31,64 mg/l
 dm/dt=min – mout + mreaction
 V dC/dt = Qin x Cin - Qout x C - kCV

 dC/dt= (Qin x Cin )/V –(Qout /V + k)C

If Cin = 0 , then
dC/dt= –(Qout /V + k)C
∫dC/C= ∫-(Q/V+k)dt
ln(C)- ln (C0)= - (Q/V+k)t
Ct/ C0 = e –(Q/v+k)t
 problem 2, but the reactor has to be shut
down at t=0 and the concentration entering
the CMFR is set to zeroas a function of time
after the concentration is set to zero? How
long does it take the tank concentration to
reach 10% of its initial steady state value?
 dm/dt=min – mout + mreaction
 V dC/dt = Q x Cin - Q x C +0
 VdC/dt= (Q x Cin ) –(Q x C)
 dC/dt= - (Q/V) (C-Cin )
 If y = (C-Cin ) then dy/dt = dC/dt – d(Cin/dt)
 Because Cin = constant, then d(Cin/dt)=0
 So, dy/dt= dC/dt
 dy/dt= -(Q/V) y
 ∫ dy/y= ∫-Q/V dt
 y(t)/y(0)= e -(Q/V) t
 C-Cin /C0 – Cin = e -(Q/V) t
 A CMFR reactor is filled with clean water prior
being started. After start up, a waste stream
containing 100 mg/l conservative pollutant is
added to reactor at a flow rate 50 m3/ day. If
the volume of reactor 500 m3 , what is the
concentration of outlet as a function of time?
 No inlet or outlet flow
 Min = 0, mout =0
 If the length of PFR= l
 Each plug travel for a period=
 Next week
 Hukum pertama termodinamika : energi tidak
dapat diciptakan dan tidak dapat dimusnahkan
 Internal energy : energi yang merupakan bagian
dari struktur molekul
 External energy : hasil dari pergerakan dan
posisi suatu senyawa ( energi potensial gravitasi
dan energi kinetik
 Panas adalah bentuk dari internal enegi, sebagai
hasil dari gerakan acak atom.
 C= kapasitas panas atau panas spesifik (J/kg.C)
 Perubahan energi
Energi panas internal ∆E=m c ∆t
Energi kimia internal ∆E=∆Hreaksi pada volume konstan
Energi potensial gravitasi ∆E = m ∆ h
Energi kinetik E= mv2
Elekromagnetik E= P/f
Perubahan energi internal = massa H2O x c x Δ T
C = kapasitas panas / panas spesifik air
[energi massa -1 temp –1]
Cair = 4,184 J / kg oC
Energi internal kimia berbentuk :

Kekuatan ikatan atom di dalam suatu senyawa. Ikatan pada senyawa

produk akan lebih lemah daripada reaktannya sehingga kelebihan
energi dilepaskan sebagai panas.

Energi dari interaksi antar molekul . Interaksi antar molekul-molekul

berdekatan akan membentuk fasa liquid/padat. Ikatan ini lebih lemah
daripada iktan atom dalam suatu senyawa. Energi yang dibutuhkan
untuk melepaskan ikatan disebut panas laten.

Latent heat of condensation :

Panas yang dilepaskan bila suatu unit massa suatu senyawa
berkondensasi membentuk cairan = energi yang dibutuhkan untuk
proses evaporasi

Latent heat of fusion : energi yang dikeluarkan bila suatu unit mssa
menjadi padatan = energi yang dibutuhan untuk mencairkan suatu
senyawa
 (perubahan energi internal dan perubahan
energi eksternal per unit waktu )= fluks
energi masuk- fluks energi keluar
 dE/dt= Ein – Eout
Pemanas digunakan untuk memanaskan air
keran dengan temperatur 10oC
Pada temperatur max, air digunakan dengan
laju 5 L/menit menggunakan 5 KW listrik.
Berapa temperatur air yang keluar dari heater ?
Asumsi : kondisi steady state
heater 100% η
dE/dt= Ein – Eout
dE/dt = 0 karena steady state
Ein = mc tin + 5 KW - mc tout
0= mc (tin - tout ) + 5000 J/s
(tout- tin ) = (5000 J/s ) x 60 s/menit/ 5 L/menit
x 1kg/Lx 4184 J/kg. 0C
(tout- tin ) = 14,3 0C
(tout= 10 + 14,3 = 24,3 0C
 Sebuah pembangkit listrik batubara yang
memproduksi 1000 MW listrik dari batubara yg
memiliki kandungan energi 2800 MW. Sekitar
340 MW hilang untuk pemanasan, sehingga
hanya 2460 MW yang bersisa untuk dialirkan ke
turbin. Akan tetapi efisiensi turbin hanya 42%,
sehingga 58% energi panas terbuang dan harus
didinginkan dengan air pendingin. Bila air
pendingin dengan laju aliran 100 m3/s, tentukan
berapa peningkatan suhu sungai bila air
pendingin dibuang ke sungai?
dE/dt= Ein – Eout
dE/dt = 0 karena steady state
0 = mc tin + 1430 MW - mc tout
0= mc (tin - tout ) + 1430 106 J/s
(tout- tin ) = (1430 106 J/s )/100 m3/s x
1000kg/m3x 4184 J/kg. 0C
(tout- tin ) = 3,4 0C
 70% S ΠRe2 = 4 ΠRe2 σT4
 T4 = 0,7S/4 σ
 T= 255 0K atau -18 0C
 Dengan adanya GHGs maka nilai energi yang
keluar dari bumi harus dikoreksi dengan
penyerapan radiasi oleh GHGs
 Eout = 4 ΠRe2 σT4 - EGHGs

 Bila antrophogenic emission diperkirakan

meningkat antar 2 – 5 W/m2, maka untuk
menjaga keseimbangan energi maka, panas
dibumi akan meningkat.