Community Needs Assessment

Community Needs Assessment:
Child Food Insecurity in Ypsilanti Township, Michigan
Julie Colbath
NUTR 642
Fall 2017
Background
Food is a basic human necessity. Without it, we are unable to obtain nutrients that are
fundamental for us to survive, grow, and function, affecting our physical, mental, and emotional
wellbeing. Fortunately, many Americans are food secure, defined by the United States
Department of Agriculture as “access by all people at all times to enough food for an active,
healthy life.”1 In 2016, 87.7 percent of households in the United States fell into this category.
This, however, still leaves 12.3 percent of the population, a staggering 41.2 million people, food
insecure – about one in every eight Americans.2 Food insecurity is defined as households that
were “uncertain of having, or unable to acquire, enough food to meet the needs of all their
members because they had insufficient money or other resources for food.”2
Food insecurity has many faces. At minimum, it can look like reduced quality or variety
of one’s diet.1 At maximum, it can look like extreme hunger and a lack of resources to obtain
food of any kind. In between, it may look like making a choice between buying groceries and
paying the electric bill or trying to stretch one’s budget through federal nutrition programs just to
meet basic needs. Food insecurity is dependent on a multitude of factors,1 but it ultimately comes
down to lacking access to enough nutritious food to maintain an active, healthy life. It often can
be invisible and unspoken, but can have deleterious effects.
A vulnerable subset of individuals with inadequate food access is children. The national
rates of food insecurity in households with children are over 50 percent higher than those without
children (16.5 percent and 10.5 percent, respectively).2 An astonishing 12.9 million children had
inadequate food access in 2016, nearly one in five youths.3 Not having enough nutritious food is
damaging at any age, but it is especially harmful for children because it starts them on a cycle of
poor health.
Studies have shown that children who are food insecure are more likely to have health
problems. In terms of physical health, children may have a higher risk of chronic conditions such
as anemia, due to poor iron consumption4, and asthma.5 They are also more likely to have poor
health and be hospitalized.6 In terms of mental and emotional health, children experiencing food
insecurity were more likely to experience internalizing problems, like anxiety, depression, and
withdrawal, and externalizing problems, like aggression, hyperactivity, and non-compliance.7
These consequences, while potentially crippling on their own, affect children’s abilities to learn
and engage at school. Poor physical, mental, and emotional health can lead to poor attendance,
and studies have shown that children who are food insecure are more likely to be absent or
tardy.8 When students do show up, if they have empty stomachs, they may be unable to focus,
and therefore less likely to learn. All of these factors can convalesce into negative lifelong
implications that may prevent youth from reaching their full potential and leading healthy,
successful lives.
Michigan is no stranger to food insecurity. In 2015, approximately 1.5 million people, or
15.1 percent, experienced food insecurity9, slightly above the national average of 13 percent at
the time.10 Data taken from the same year shows that the rate of children experiencing food
insecurity was 18 percent, similar to the national average3, meaning nearly 400,000, or about one
in five, children do not know where their next meal will come from.11
In order to help our future generations succeed, child food insecurity needs to be
researched and analyzed at the community level to better understand current conditions of
families and individuals. The purpose of this needs assessment is to evaluate child food
insecurity in Ypsilanti Township, a community in southeast Michigan.
Ypsilanti is a suburban township located in east Washtenaw County with a population of
53,362 people. It has a diverse racial makeup, with 58.4 percent identifying as white, 32.8
percent identifying as black or African American, 4.6 percent identifying as two or more races,
2.1 percent identifying as Asian, and 2.1 percent identifying as American Indian, Pacific
Islander, or some other race.12 A vast majority of the population (90.6 percent) are high school
graduates, and 30.1 percent have completed a bachelor’s degree or higher.13 In 2016, Ypsilanti
Community Schools had a graduation rate of 66 percent and a free/reduced lunch rate of 15
percent.14 The median household income is $45,517. Approximately 18.5 percent of the
population is experiencing poverty.13
There are many key community stakeholders in Ypsilanti involved in tackling child food
insecurity. Non-profits like United Way of Washtenaw County try to decrease food insecurity by
donating money to hunger relief organizations and implementing nutrition education programs.15
Ypsilanti Community Schools is invested in student health through their food service program,
offering free meals to all students.16 The Department of Health and Human Services and
Washtenaw County Public Health provide and connect families to services like the Supplemental
Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) and Women, Infants, and Children (WIC). Food
assistance is provided by organizations like the Community Action Network17 and Food
Gatherers.18 Organizations that provide youth-centered care, like Ozone House’s drop-in center
with a food pantry and hot meal19, the Corner Health Center’s health coach20, and Growing
Hope’s youth and schools programming21 are helping bridge the food gap.
Community Profile Data
Ypsilanti has a population of 53,362 people.12 The following characterizes the
community’s demographics, health statistics, and nutrition data, with a special emphasis on
families and children.
Demographic and Economic Data

As shown in figure 1 below, the largest age group is 20-29 years old, closely followed by
30-39 years old, making the median age is 33.3. The community is split almost evenly between
women and mean, with 51.7 percent being women and 48.3 percent being men. About 26 percent
of the population is 17 years old or younger12, which is the subpopulation of interest for this
needs assessment.
Age by Percentage
18
16
14
12
10
8 Ypsilanti
6
4 Michigan
2
0
Under 5 to 9 10 to 15 to 20 to 30 to 40 to 50 to 60 to 70 to 80 and
5 years 14 19 29 39 49 59 69 79 over
years years years years years years years years years
Figure 1 (Adapted from U.S. Census Bureau, American Fact Finder 2015; data available at
https://factfinder.census.gov/)
Ypsilanti has a diverse racial make-up, with 58.4 percent identifying as white, 32.8
percent identifying as African American, 0.4 percent as American Indian/Alaska Native, 2.1
percent identifying as Asian, 1.7 percent identifying as some other race (including Native
Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander), and 4.6 percent identifying as two or more races. As figure
2 shows, this is different than the make-up of the state of Michigan. Of note in Michigan, 78.9
percent identify as white, over thirty percent more than Ypsilanti, and 14.2 percent identify as
African American, over fifty percent less than Ypsilanti.12
Race by Percentage
90 78.9
80
70 58.4
60
50
40 32.8 Ypsilanti
30
14.2 Michigan
20
10 2.1 2.4 1.7 1.5 4.6 2.3
0.4 0.6
0
White African American Asian Other Two or More
American Indian &
Alaska Native
For the population aged 25 years and older, 3.1 percent have not completed high school,
23.3 percent are high school graduates, 27.8 percent have some college, 9.4 percent have an
associate’s degree, 19.5 percent have a bachelor’s degree, and 10.6 percent have a graduate or
professional degree. While percentages for less than high school education, associate’s degrees,
and graduate/professional degrees are similar to state percentages, there is a significant
difference in the amount of high school graduates - 23.3 percent in Ypsilanti verses 29.9 percent
in Michigan12, as seen in figure 3. In 2016, Ypsilanti Community Schools had a graduation rate
of 66 percent.14
Education Level by Percentage

35
30
25
20
15 Ypsilanti
10
Michigan
5
0
Less than High school Some college Associate's Bachelor's Graduate or
high school graduate degree degree professional
degree
In Ypsilanti, the unemployment rate is 10.1 percent, higher than the state rate of 9.8
percent and the national rate of 8.3 percent. Of the civilian labor force, majority of workers have
occupations in management, business, science, and the arts (32.7 percent); sales and office (25.8
percent); and service (22.2 percent), highlighted in table 1. This closely parallels Michigan’s
occupation trends, with 34.9 percent in management, business, science, and arts; 23.7 percent in
sakes and office; 18.2 percent in service; 15.4 percent in production, transportation, and material
moving; and 7.8 percent in natural resources, construction, and maintenance. The main industry
in Ypsilanti and Michigan is educational services, health care, and social assistance.12 Ypsilanti
Township is home to Eastern Michigan University and St. Joseph Mercy Hospital, and a close
neighbor to the University of Michigan and Washtenaw Community College, located in Ann
Arbor.
Top Occupations Percentages

Management, business, science, and arts 32.7%
Sales and office 25.8%
Service 22.2%
Production, transportation, and material moving 13.7%
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 5.6%
Table 1 (Adapted from U.S. Census Bureau, American Fact Finder 2015; data available at
In Ypsilanti, 55.7 percent of homes are owner-occupied and 44.3 percent are renter-
occupied. Only 7.6 percent do not have a vehicle available. Figure 5 shows Ypsilanti’s
distribution of income. The median household income is $45,517, lower than Michigan’s median
income of $49,576. The median income of families is $54,560, lower than Michigan’s median
income of $62,247.12
Income by Percentage
20
18
16
14
12
10
Ypsilanti
8
6 Michigan
4
2
0
Less than $10,000 $15,000 $25,000 $35,000 $50,000 $75,000 $100,000 $150,000 $200,000
$10,000 to to to to to to to to or more
$14,999 $24,999 $34,999 $49,999 $74,999 $99,999 $149,999 $199,999
Table 2 details the thresholds that define poverty level, dependent on household size. Overall,
Ypsilanti’s population experiencing poverty is 18.5 percent, higher than the state rate of 16.7
percent. The rate of poverty is even higher amongst children, at a rate of 28.2 percent, again,
higher than the state rate of 23.5 percent. For families, there is a 16.1 percent rate of poverty. The
highest percentages are households with children under 5, at 31.8 percent, and households with
children under 5 and children aged 5 to 17, at 39.9 percent. These rates are both higher than the
state rates of 22.9 percent and 29.3 percent, respectively, as shown in figure 6. In Ypsilanti, 21.0
percent of the population has received SNAP benefits in the past 12 months, higher than the 16.7
percent of Michiganders who have received benefits.12
Table 2 (Adapted from U.S. Census Bureau, Poverty Thresholds; data available at
https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/income-poverty/historical-poverty-
thresholds.html)
Percentage of Families Below Poverty Level

50
40
30
20 Ypsilanti
10 Michigan
0
With children under 5 With children under 5 With children 5 to 17
years and 5 to 17 years years
Health Statistic Data

The leading causes of death in Washtenaw County for 2015 are listed in table 3, with
comparisons to state and national data. It should be noted that the causes of death are ranked by
Michigan’s rates, which alters the ranking for county and national rates. Many of the causes of
death are chronic health conditions, including heart disease, cancer, and diabetes. Some of the
causes of death may be related to nutrition, like heart disease and diabetes.22
Table 3 (Adapted from Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Mortality
Characteristics; data available at https://www.mdch.state.mi.us/osr/chi/FullTableList.asp?
HealthCategory=*&Submit=Submit&RegionCode=48&RegionType=2)
The top cause of death, based on table 3, is heart disease. Heart disease is a range of
conditions that “involve narrowed or blocked blood vessels that can lead to a heart attack, chest
pain (angina) or stroke.”23 In Ypsilanti, 3.2 percent of the population have had a heart attack and
2.4 percent have had a stroke.24 High blood pressure and high cholesterol can also be precursors
for heart disease.25,26 Nearly 27.7 percent of the population have high blood pressure and 23
percent have high cholesterol.24
For Washtenaw County, chronic lower respiratory diseases are the fifth most common
cause of death (table 3). Chronic lower respiratory diseases are often caused by smoking.27 In
Ypsilanti, 21.4 percent currently smoke, 23.3 percent are former smokers, and 55.3 percent have
never smoked. The amount of current smokers is much higher than the 14.8 percent of current
smokers in Washtenaw County. Half of those who smoke have tried to stop smoking in the past
year.24
Body mass index (BMI) is a common tool, based on height and weight, used to decide if
one is at risk for health problems, such as heart disease, cancer, and diabetes, all in the top ten
causes of death. BMI is classified into four categories: underweight, normal weight, overweight,
and obese.28 Figure 7 showcases the BMI of Ypsilanti in comparison to Washtenaw County. The
majority of Ypsilanti’s population can be classified as overweight or obese. Notably, Ypsilanti’s
population is more than twenty percent more obese than Washtenaw County’s population.24
Adult Weight Status Based on BMI
45
40
35
30
25 Ypsilanti
20
15 Washtenaw
10
5
0
Underweight Normal weight Overweight Obese
Figure 7 (Adapted from Washtenaw County Public Health, Health Improvement Plan; data
available at https://healthsurveys.ewashtenaw.org/#/)
The vast majority (92.7 percent) of Ypsilanti has health insurance, with 18.7 percent on
Medicaid and 15.9 percent on Medicare, and has had a check-up in the last year (87.7 percent).
While 92.7 percent have insurance, only 82 percent have a doctor. Some of the top reasons for
not seeking needing medical care are cost, not having a doctor/clinic, and transportation issues.24
Access to health care can be crucial in preventing disease, especially the chronic diseases that are
the top causes of death in the county.
Nutrition Assessment Data

Nutrition and health are closely related. The change in lifestyle behaviors in the past few
decades, especially poor eating patterns and physical inactivity, have contributed to an increase
in chronic diet-related diseases.23 Washtenaw County Public Health has collected data to “help
the community better understand health need.”24 Their data asks important nutrition related
questions, which will be detailed below.
The dietary guidelines recommend at least 5 servings of fruits and vegetables per day.22
As shown in figure 8, only 10 percent of children in Ypsilanti actually meet those guidelines.
Majority (73 percent) consume two to four servings per day.24
Child Fruit/Vegetable Consumption

80
60
40 Ypsilanti
20 Washtenaw
0
0-1 servings 2-4 servings 5+ servings
Sugar-sweetened beverages should be consumed in moderation because high
consumption has been associated with many chronic health issues, including weight gain,
obesity, diabetes, heart disease, and tooth decay. Sugar-sweetened beverages include soda, fruit
drinks, sweetened water and energy drinks.29 The rates for Ypsilanti hold promise, with nearly
85 percent of children consuming no servings of sugar sweetened beverages per day,24 seen in
figure 9. It should be noted that this may not be completely representative. Oftentimes when
asked about sugar-sweetened beverages, people think mostly of soda and forget about other
beverages, like juice, that may have added sugars but thought of as natural.
Child Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption

Per Day
100
80
60
Ypsilanti
40
Washtenaw
20
0
0 servings 1 serving 2+ servings
Research suggests that eating together as a family can have benefits on children’s dietary
intake, weight30, and eating patterns.31 In Ypsilanti, 17.7 percent of families eat meals together
zero to one time per week, 24.9 percent eat meals together two to four times per week, and 57.4
percent eat meals together five to seven times per week.24 Figure 10 shows that the rates in
Washtenaw County are slightly different. Ypsilanti families are fifty percent more likely to eat
meals together zero to one time per week and 12 percent less likely to eat meals together
majority (5 to 7 times) of the week.24
Meals Eaten Together

80
60
40 Ypsilanti
Washtenaw
20
0
0-1 times per week 2-4 times per week 5-7 times per week
Accessibility is a big contributing factor to food consumption. Food prices, availability of
healthy foods, and travel time to shopping influence nutritional choices made by consumers.32
About 10 percent of adults in Ypsilanti say that their fruit and vegetable consumption is limited
by distance to full service grocery stores; 20 percent say their consumption is sometimes or
rarely impacted, and 70 percent say their consumption is never impacted.24 These mirror rates in
Washtenaw County, as shown in figure 11.
Fruit/Vegetable Consumption Limited by

Distance to Full Service Grocery Store
80
60
40 Ypsilanti
20 Washtenaw
0
Always/Usually Sometimes/Rarely Never
However, reports have shown that parts of Ypsilanti can be considered a food desert. A
food desert is defined as “vapid of fresh fruit, vegetables, and other healthful whole foods.” This
means there is a lack of grocery stores and farmers’ markets.33 The large box in figure 12 shows
food deserts in Washtenaw County. The small box is Ypsilanti Township. Almost half of the
township can be considered a food desert. Table 4 shows the number of grocery stores per
100,000 people. There are only 62 grocery stores in Washtenaw County, resulting in 17.98 stores
per 100,000 people. This is lower than both state and national rates. For those who utilize SNAP,
there are 7.11 authorized retailers per 10,000, lower than the state rate of 10.11 and national rate
of 8.29. There are more authorized SNAP retailers than grocery stores because many
supercenters, specialty food stores, and convenience stores are also authorized, but may be
lacking fresh or healthy foods.34
Figure 12 (Adapted from Community Commons, Community Health Needs Assessment; data
available at https://www.communitycommons.org/chna/)
Table 4 (Adapted from Community Commons, Community Health Needs Assessment; data
Fast food restaurants are relevant measures of “healthy food access and environmental
influences on dietary behaviors.”34 In Washtenaw County, there are almost 20 percent more fast
food restaurants than the state average and 10 percent more than the national average, shown in
table 5. This means there are 82.08 fast food restaurants per 100,000 people34, influencing
nutritional choices. Figure 13 shows how frequently adults eat fast food in Ypsilanti. Nearly 40
percent of the population eats fast food at least one time per week, almost 20 percent more than
Washtenaw County as a whole.24
Frequency of Eating Fast Food

35
30
25
20
Ypsilanti
15
10 Washtenaw
5
0
2+ times 1 time per 1-3 times <1 time per Never
per week week per month month
Table 6 highlights the overall percent of the population in Washtenaw County with low
food access, affecting nearly a quarter of the population. This is higher than the state rate of
22.79 percent and the national rate of 22.43 percent. As shown in figure 14, nearly half of
Ypsilanti has a 50 percent rate of limited food access.34
Figure 14 (Adapted from Community Commons, Community Health Needs Assessment; data
Community Assets and Resources
There are many key community stakeholders in Ypsilanti involved in tackling child food
insecurity. Some of the top nutrition-related services and programs that are available include:
• United Way of Washtenaw County: decreasing food insecurity by donating money to

hunger relief organizations and implementing nutrition education programs15
• Ypsilanti Community Schools: invested in student health through their food service
program, offering free meals to all students16
• Department of Health and Human Services and Washtenaw County Public Health:
provide and connect families to services like the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance
Program (SNAP) and Women, Infants, and Children (WIC), giving them extra resources
to extend their budget
• Community Action Network: provides food assistance through after school meal
programs and summer camps, as well as food distributions17
• Food Gatherers: provides produce distributions through the Healthy School Pantry
Program and free meals through the Summer Food Service Program18
• Ozone House: offers a drop-in center for teens with a food pantry and hot meals19
• Corner Health Center: a health coach is available to help teens develop plans to meet
fitness and healthy eating goals, as well as hold weekly cooking classes20
• Growing Hope: provides after-school and summer programs21
The most notable community asset is Ypsilanti Community Schools. Since 2013, they have
been offering free breakfast and lunch to all students in the district, regardless of income. No
application is required.16 Free breakfast and lunch for all students provides many benefits. The
most important benefit is that it guarantees children will get two healthy meals a day, five days a
week. It also allows families to stretch their budgets since they do not have to worry about
sending their children to school with meals every day and reduces the stigma that free meals are
only for “poor kids,” thus increasing the likelihood that students will take advantage of the
program.35
Recommendation of Priorities
Food insecurity is defined as households that were “uncertain of having, or unable to
acquire, enough food to meet the needs of all their members because they had insufficient money
or other resources for food.”2 Children are especially vulnerable because it starts them on a cycle
of poor health. While the issue of child food insecurity can be incredibly complex, it is vital to
tackle the complexities in order to help our future generations succeed. In Ypsilanti, 28.2 percent
of children are experiencing poverty12 and, as a result, are likely to be experiencing food
insecurity to some degree. Many people in Washtenaw County have low food access, and many
parts of Ypsilanti have rates of over 50 percent of the population with low food access. There are
many good initiatives in Ypsilanti trying to break down and improve the child food insecurity,
especially Ypsilanti Community Schools’ free breakfast and meal program.16 Based on the data
gathered in this needs assessment, there are three main recommendation of priorities to further
help bridge the food gap.
The first, and main, priority would be to increase food access in Ypsilanti. One of the
definitions of food insecurity was reduced quality or variety of one’s diet.1 Food access plays a
major role in quality and variety. There are more than four times as many fast food restaurants as
grocery stores, and nearly 40 percent of the population in Ypsilanti frequents these restaurants at
least once per week. For Washtenaw County as a whole, nearly a quarter of the population has
low food access, and many parts in Ypsilanti have rates of over 50 percent.34 This makes it easier
and more convenient for people to buy food from a fast food restaurant or convenience store than
from a grocery store, which often leads to poorer nutritional choices.
The second priority would be screening for food insecurity. Only 21 percent of the
population has used SNAP in the past 12 months12, but more may be eligible. Majority of the
population in Ypsilanti has health insurance and visits the doctor for a routine check-up at least
once per year.24 Health care providers could ask food insecurity screening questions to identify
families who may be experiencing food insecurity and connect them to resources, such as the
Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP); Women, Infants, and Children (WIC); and
food banks. Many people may be unaware of these programs or that they are eligible.
The third priority is to offer more nutrition education, especially with a focus on families.
There are some community organizations that host nutrition education and cooking classes for
teens, like Corner Health Center20 and Growing Hope21, but it would be beneficial to offer more
family-based classes since parents are the providers and buyers of food in the home. Family-
based nutrition education emphasizes the importance of eating meals together, having a positive
effect on dietary intake, weight30, and eating patterns31 and how to shop for and cook budget-
friendly healthy meals, offering the potential to decrease the frequency with which people eat at
fast food restaurants.
References
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https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/food-nutrition-assistance/food-security-in-the-us/.
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statistics-graphics/#foodsecure.
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Community Needs Assessment

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Community Needs Assessment:

Child Food Insecurity in Ypsilanti Township, Michigan

Demographic and Economic Data

Education Level by Percentage

Top Occupations Percentages

Percentage of Families Below Poverty Level

Health Statistic Data

Nutrition Assessment Data

Child Fruit/Vegetable Consumption

Child Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption

Meals Eaten Together

Fruit/Vegetable Consumption Limited by

Frequency of Eating Fast Food

Community Assets and Resources

• United Way of Washtenaw County: decreasing food insecurity by donating money to

1. United States Department of Agriculture. Food Security in the U.S: Overview.

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