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By Kiran Daware DC Machines

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Generally, following three characteristics of

DC generators are taken into
considerations: (i) Open Circuit
Characteristic (O.C.C.), (ii) Internal or Total
Characteristic and (iii) External
Characteristic. These characteristics of DC
generators are explained below.

1. Open Circuit Characteristic

(O.C.C.) (E0/If)

Open circuit characteristic is also known as

magnetic characteristic or no-load
saturation characteristic. This characteristic
shows the relation between generated emf
at no load (E0) and the eld current (If) at a
given xed speed. The O.C.C. curve is just
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the magnetization curve and it is practically Index Labels Popular posts

similar for all type of generators. The data
for O.C.C. curve is obtained by operating the DC
AC Machines
Basic
Machines
construction and
generator at no load and keeping a constant Classi
working cation of generator
of a dc DC machines
DC Machines
speed. Field current is gradually increased DC Generator
Construction
Transformersand working of
and the corresponding terminal voltage is DC Motor
an AC generator or alternator
recorded. The connection arrangement to Induction motors
Starting of DC motor
Transformers
obtain O.C.C. curve is as shown in the gure Synchronous machines
below. For shunt or series excited Speed
How DC control
motor works?
Power System
generators, the eld winding is disconnected Electric
Workingbraking
principle and types
Power System Economics
from the machine and connected across an of an Induction motor
More...
Renewable Energy
external supply. Transformer
AC Machineslosses and
Electrical Laws
e ciencyof induction motors
Working
Basics
Di erence
3 phase between
induction motor
Miscellaneous machines
synchronous motor and
Starting of 3 phase IM
Miscellaneous
induction motor
Speed control of IM
Overhead lines of DC motors
Characteristics
Induction generator
Now, from the emf equation of dc Underground
Speed control cables
methods of DC
generator, we know that Eg = kɸ. Hence, the Synchronous generator
motor
generated emf should be directly More...
Basic construction and
proportional to eld ux (and hence, also
Transformers
working of transformers
directly proportional to the eld current).
Working of transformer
Characteristics of DC
However, even when the eld current is
Ideal transformer
t
zero, some amount of emf is generated
(represented by OA in the gure below). This
initially induced emf is due to the fact that
there exists some residual magnetism in the Popular Posts
eld poles. Due to the residual magnetism, a
small initial emf is induced in the armature. Basic construction and working
This initially induced emf aids the existing of a DC Generator.
residual ux, and hence, increasing the
overall eld ux. This consequently
increases the induced emf. Thus, O.C.C. How a DC motor works?
follows a straight line. However, as the ux
density increases, the poles get saturated AC generator (alternator) -
and the ɸ becomes practically constant. construction and working
Thus, even we increase the If further, ɸ
remains constant and hence, Eg also
remains constant. Hence, the O.C.C. curve
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e a s co sta t. e ce, t e O.C.C. cu e
looks like the B-H characteristic.
Working principle and types of
an Induction Motor

Characteristics of DC motors

Basics of electricity
The above gure shows a typical no-load
saturation curve or open circuit
characteristics for all types of DC
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generators.

2. Internal Or Total
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Characteristic (E/Ia)
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An internal characteristic curve shows the
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relation between the on-load generated emf
(Eg) and the armature current (Ia). The on-
load generated emf Eg is always less than E0
due to the armature reaction. Eg can be
determined by subtracting the drop due to
demagnetizing e ect of armature reaction
from no-load voltage E0. Therefore, internal
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characteristic curve lies below the O.C.C.
curve. Home Write for us
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3. External Characteristic (V/IL)
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An external characteristic curve shows the
relation between terminal voltage (V) and
the load current (IL). Terminal voltage V is
less than the generated emf Eg due to
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voltage drop in the armature circuit.

Therefore, external characteristic curve lies
below the internal characteristic curve.
External characteristics are very important
to determine the suitability of a generator
for a given purpose. Therefore, this type of
characteristic is sometimes also called as
performance characteristic or load
characteristic.

Internal and external characteristic curves

are shown below for each type of generator.

Characteristics Of Separately
Excited DC Generator

If there is no armature reaction and

armature voltage drop, the voltage will
remain constant for any load current. Thus,
the straight line AB in above gure
represents the no-load voltage vs. load
current IL. Due to the  demagnetizing e ect
of armature reaction, the on-load generated
emf is less than the no-load voltage. The
curve AC represents the on-load generated
emf Eg vs. load current IL i.e. internal
characteristic (as Ia = IL for a separately
excited dc generator). Also, the terminal
voltage is lesser due to ohmic drop
occurring in the armature and brushes The
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occurring in the armature and brushes. The
curve AD represents the terminal voltage vs.
load current i.e. external characteristic.

Characteristics Of DC Shunt
Generator
To determine the internal and external load
characteristics of a DC shunt generator the
machine is allowed to build up its voltage
before applying any external load. To build
up voltage of a shunt generator, the
generator is driven at the rated speed by a
prime mover. Initial voltage is induced due
to residual magnetism in the eld poles. The
generator builds up its voltage as explained
by the O.C.C. curve. When the generator has
built up the voltage, it is gradually loaded
with resistive load and readings are taken at
suitable intervals. Connection arrangement
is as shown in the gure below.

Unlike, separately excited DC generator,

here, IL≠Ia. For a shunt generator, Ia=IL+If.
Hence, the internal characteristic can be
easily transmitted to Eg vs. IL by subtracting
the correct value of If from Ia.

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During a normal running condition, when

load resistance is decreased, the load
current increases. But, as we go on
decreasing the load resistance, terminal
voltage also falls. So, load resistance can be
decreased up to a certain limit, after which
the terminal voltage drastically decreases
due to excessive armature reaction at very
high armature current and increased I2R
losses. Hence, beyond this limit any further
decrease in load resistance results in
decreasing load current. Consequently, the
external characteristic curve turns back as
shown by dotted line in the above gure.

Characteristics Of DC Series
Generator

The curve AB in above gure identical to

open circuit characteristic (O.C.C.) curve.
This is because in DC series generators eld
winding is connected in series with
armature and load. Hence, here load
current is similar to eld current (i.e. IL=If).
The curve OC and OD represent internal and
external characteristic respectively. In a DC
series generator, terminal voltage increases
with the load current. This is because, as the
load current increases eld current also
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load current increases, eld current also
increases. However, beyond a certain limit,
terminal voltage starts decreasing with
increase in load. This is due to excessive
demagnetizing e ects of the armature
reaction.

Characteristics Of DC
Compound Generator

The above gure shows the external

characteristics of DC compound generators.
If series winding amp-turns are adjusted so
that, increase in load current causes
increase in terminal voltage then the
generator is called to be over compounded.
The external characteristic for over
compounded generator is shown by the
curve AB in above gure.
If series winding amp-turns are adjusted so
that, the  terminal voltage remains constant
even the load current is increased, then the
generator is called to be at compounded.
The external characteristic for a at
compounded generator is shown by the
curve AC.
If the series winding has lesser number of
turns than that would be required to be at
compounded, then the generator is called to
be under compounded. The external
characteristics for an under compounded
generator are shown by the curve AD
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generator are shown by the curve AD.

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