UNIT – III

WIND TUNNEL MEASUREMENTS

PART - A

·0 What are the pressure measuring devices?

Manometers and pressure transducers are the main pressure measuring
devices.
·1 What is the purpose of Pitot- static tube?
Pitot-Static tubes, which are also called Prandtl tubes, are used on aircraft
as speedometers. The actual tube on the aircraft is around 10 inches (25
centimeters) long with a 1/2 inch (1 centimeter) diameter. Several small holes are
drilled around the outside of the tube and a center hole is drilled down the axis of
the tube.
·2 What do you mean by LVDT?
The linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) is a type of
electrical transformer used for measuring linear displacement. The transformer
has three solenoidal coils placed end-to-end around a tube. The center coil is the
primary, and the two outer coils are the secondaries. A cylindrical ferromagnetic
core, attached to the object whose position is to be measured, slides along the axis
of the tube.
·3 What is a pressure transducer?
A pressure transducer is a transducer that converts pressure into an analog
electrical signal. Although there are various types of pressure transducers, one of
the most common is the strain-gage base transducer. The conversion of pressure
into an electrical signal is achieved by the physical deformation of strain gages
which are bonded into the diaphragm of the pressure transducer and wired into a
Wheatstone bridge configuration.
·4 Explain about hot wire anemometer?
A hot-wire probe is nothing more than a very thin wire that is inserted into
the flow at the end of a probe. The diameter of the wire is approximately 10-4 cm.
Electricity is applied to the wire which generates heat due to the resistance in the
wire according to Ohm's law. The heat is carried away from the probe by the flow
of air and the heat transfer is proportional to the velocity of the flow.
·5 What is force balance?
The most basic type of instrument used in this type of testing is the force
 balance. We must measure six components, three forces (lift, drag, and side) and
three moments (pitch, roll, and yaw), to completely describe the conditions on the
model. For some tests, only three components (lift, drag, and pitch) are measured.
·6 What do you mean by internal force balance?
In some wind tunnels, the measuring devices are located external to the
model. The location of the device affects the choice of mounting system for the
model and the data reduction necessary to determine the aerodynamic forces.
·7 What is a Thermocouple?
Thermocouples are devices that operate on the principle that a flow of
current in a metal accompanies a flow of heat.
·8 State the principle of hot wire Anemometer?
The principle of operation of hot- wire anemometer is the heat transfer
from the filament varies as the flow rate varies. This in turn causes
variation in the heat balance of the filament.
·9 Classify hot wire anemometers?
·10 The constant wire anemometer
·11 The constant current anemometer
·12 The pulsed-wire anemometer.

PART - B

·13 Write the process to calibrate pressure gauge for a supersonic wind tunnel?
·14 Write the process to calibrate supersonic wind tunnel?
·15 What is turbulence and what are turbulence effects in wind tunnel and how can
we measure that?
·16 Explain hot wire anemometer in detail?
·17 Explain pressure and temperature measurement techniques?
·18 Explain in detail six component balance system?