ISSN: 2014-1130

n .º3 | otoño 2011 | 75-84 Anabel Gutiérrez León 75

"#$%&'$ (#) *+,-+.&/01

20#3%4 30/4)560,4 +73+8+ 7 ,0#9,0+ :0,,059

!"!#$% '()*+,,$- %$."

("*/$,0*1!1 1$ -!,!'2-!

*8#$#9/+,059
$3 45 67389585:5 ;< 45 37=<45 !" $%&'() "' $%&'() *&+%,'-'& ;< !4>?73 0:<;;>3@ ?<
5A>9B5 CD< E?85 <? 45 F45 :9>B<95 37=<45 ;< 6><36>5 A>66>G3 79>@>359>5 <?69>85 <3
65?8<44537 53;>37H 5IB595 I ?:53@4>?JKL %5 37=<45 35995 F45 =>;5 I B>45@97?K ;<
058D93>35 M5B53> 'D5956J<H BN? 67376>;5 67B7 45 058DO5H 35=<@5;795 <?:56>54 I
568>=>?85 :74P8>65H CD< ?< J>Q7 A5B7?5 5 3>=<4 >38<9:453<859>7 ;<?:DE? ;< ?D 8<B<959>5
:598>6>:56>G3 <3 45 ;<?89D66>G3 ;< 45 4D35 B596>535 ;< R7S7? TU48>B7 9<;D687 ;<
?D:9<B56P5 S45365V <3 <4 WXYZL 17? 5[7? BN? 859;<H <3 WX\]H 058DO5 9<5:59<6>G <3 47?
B<;>7? I AD< ;<8<3>;5 <3 <4 ^<9UH >;<38>A>65;5 67B7 65S<6>445 ;<4 F_7B53;7 R4795
)9>?8N3KH D3 @9D:7 ?DS=<9?>=7 535967 A<B>3>?85L %5 ;<8<36>G3 ?< :97;D`7 ;<?:DE? ;<
CD< <4 @9D:7H <3 D3 58<385;7 8<9979>?85H ;<?89DI<95 <4 9<6>E3 9<?85D95;7 8<B:47 ;<
_79>6536J5H 538>@D7 )<B:47 ;<4 074 >365>67 <3 _D?67L !?P :D<?H :79 B<;>7 ;< 45?
;<4>9538<? 5=<38D95? ;< <?8< :<9?735`<H ?< :D<;< 566<;<9 54 >38<9>79 ;< D3 BD3;7 CD<
J5?85 <38736<? J5SP5 :<9B53<6>;7 =<;5;7 :595 7`7? <a8953`<97?b 45 J>?879>5 ;<4
.%//&0%1% 2&,3&H 673A79B5;7 :79 45 B5I79 :598< ;< 45 <ac#74>=>5 I <4 ;<:5985B<387
:<9D537 ;< ^D37L
!4 B>?B7 8><B:7H <3 45 37=<45 <? :7?>S4< 4<<9 D35 9<568D54>Q56>G3 ;< 47? B>87?
53;>37? :9<J>?:N3>67? <3 D3 6738<a87 853 37=<;7?7 67B7 <? 45 6><36>5 A>66>G3L 1<?;<
<4 5[7 WXWWH #74>=>5 I5 37 <a>?8< 67B7 :5P?L 1<?:DE? ;< D35 ?<9>< ;< <3A9<385B><387?
SE4>67? ;< 659N68<9 956>54H 87;7? 47? 45&,&0 TS45367?V AD<973 <a:D4?5;7? 7 S><3 JDI<973
:79 ?D? :97:>7? B<;>7? 5 7897? :5P?<?H I <4 .%//&0%1% 2&,3& ?< ;<6459G -735 %>S<95;5L
)9<? 5[7? ;<?:DE? ;< <?85 9<=74D6>G3 53;>35H 45 -735H CD< I5 J5SP5 ;<?89D>;7 ?D?
 ISSN: 2014-1130
n .º3 | otoño 2011 | 75-84 Anabel Gutiérrez León 76

B<;>7? B5?>=7? ;< 67BD3>656>G3H ;<6>;>G 6<9959 ?D? A9738<95? :595 6<38959?< <3 45
9<673?89D66>G3 ;<4 :5P? I 45 9<6D:<956>G3 ;< 45 A79B5 ;< =>;5 79>@>359>5H 538<9>79 5 45
67473>Q56>G3 <?:5[745b FdJ5? =>?87 67B7 J53 9<6D:<95;7 45? 8E63>65? ;< 8<`>;7e
0D:<953 5 47? B<`79<? <`<B:47? 59CD<74G@>67?K T0:<;;>3@H WXXfb ]WfVH 67B<385 D3
:<9?735`<L %7? U3>67? B><BS97? ;<4 .%//&0%1% CD< 8><3<3 566<?7 5 895?:5?59 ?D
A9738<95H I ?G47 5 :598>9 ;<4 5[7 WXg\H ?73 47? B><BS97? ;<4 0>3;>6587] CD><3<? 5;<BN?
;< ?<9 67376>;7? :79 45 5485 654>;5; ;< ?D? ?<9=>6>7?H 47 ?73 85BS>E3 :79 ?D B5965;7
659N68<9 ?<:5958>?85 I :79 37 <?85S4<6<9 9<456>73<? 673 35;>< 5`<37 5 ?D 6D48D95L
$3 <4 .%//&0%1) 37 <a>?8< @7S><937 67B7 854L $3 ?D 4D@59H 67B7 76D99P5 538<? ;<
45 67473>5H ?D? :>459<? ?76>54<? I :74P8>67? ?< S5?53 <3 45 9<4>@>7?>;5; I :79 85387 ?73 47?
&6&7+5&0 T?56<9;78<?V CD><3<? 7?8<3853 47? :D<?87? 673 B5I79 :7;<9 ?76>54L )5B:767
6D<385 673 D35 B73<;5 356>7354 IH ?54=7 47? (_(h?W :595 8953?566>73<?
>38<9356>7354<?H <4 >38<965BS>7 ;<3897 ;< 45 -735 ?< S5?5 <3 <4 89D<CD< ;< :97;D687? I
?<9=>6>7?L "> 45 <6737BP5 5D8N9CD>65 3> 45 5D?<36>5 ;< :598>;7? :74P8>67?H SD976956>5 7
:74>6P5H 8><3<3 67B7 9<?D485;7 D3 BD3;7 ?>3 :4><@D<? D 7?6D97? 9<67=<67?L !" $%&'()
"' $%&'() *&+%,'-'& <? D35 7:798D3>;5; U3>65 :595 B>959 ;<?;< ;<3897 6GB7 JDS><95
?>;7H 5CD<447 CD< D35 =<Q AD<L %5? <3895[5? ;< <?8< D8G:>67 BD3;7 9<897cAD8D9>?85H
47@953 9<A4<`59 47? <67? ;< D3 9<B787 :5?5;7 BP8>67H ?7S9< D3 5U3 BN? 9<B787H AD8D97L
(3 599><?@5;7 ?5487 ;<?;< %7? !3;<? J5?85 47? !?8<97>;<?L

;) /0#3%4 30/4)560,4
0<@U3 45 6736<:6>G3 <?:56>7 8<B:7954 ;< 45 B>8747@P5 53;>35H 65;5 ;>=>?>G3 8<B:7954
T7 8&$9&V <?8N 6>96D3?69>85 5 D3 ;<8<9B>35;7 <?:56>7L )JE9i?< #7D?I?<<H 87B53;7
67B7 9<A<9<36>5 5 47? 6973>?85? ;<4 ?>@47 j/*H J5S45 ;< 89<? <;5;<? CD< 673A79B53 D35
6973747@P5 <3 45 CD< ?< >38<99<456>7353 D35 ?<9>< ;< 8><B:7? I 4D@59<? 673
659568<9>Q56>73<? <?:<6PA>65?L %5 :9>B<95 <? 45 <;5; ;<4 +&18- CD< <=765 45 BD48>:4>6>;5;
I ;>=<9?>;5; 673<6853;7 5 47? J7BS9<? 673 ?D? 4D@59<? ;< 79>@<3k I 5 47? ;>7?<? 673 D3
6<3897 :9>B79;>54H <4 +&18-L $3 <?8< :56J5 <a>?8<3 ;7? A5?<?b D35 :9>B<95 ;<
6736<38956>G3H ?<@D>;5 :79 7895 ;< ;>?:<9?>G3 <?:56>54L #7DI?<< 45 9<456>735 673 D3

]
"7BS9< 6747CD>54 CD< ?< 4< ;5 54 0$!!_l:64 T0:56< $3@>3<<9>3@ 53; !::4><; !?89737BI _79:7958>73
FlD445?DIDK :46VL
W
(3>;5; _9<;>8>6>5 (3>=<9?54H <4 ;>3<97 <4<689G3>67 T0:<;;>3@H WXXfb ggmVL
 ISSN: 2014-1130
n .º3 | otoño 2011 | 75-84 Anabel Gutiérrez León 77

B>69767?B7? :78<36>54H 5 :598>9 ;< 6D54 67S959P53 ?<38>;7 <4 <?:56>7 I <4 8><B:7H <3 47?
CD< ?< >9P53 673A79B53;7 47? ;>A<9<38<? @9D:7? ?76>54<?L
)5I:> <? <4 4D@59 ;73;< :D<;<3 673=>=>9 45? ;>A<9<36>5?k <=765 <4 8><B:7
79>@>354 <3 <4 CD< 45? ;>?8>385? 356>73<? nCD< CD>QN ?<9P53 <3<B>@5? BN? 859;<c
?D9@P53 ;< D3 B>?B7 6<3897H 538<? ;< 9<5:59<6<9 <3 ?D? 4D@59<? ;< 79>@<3
:97:>7? I ;>A<9<36>5;7?L T#7DI?<<H ]Z\Yb ]ZoV

$3 ?<@D3;7 4D@59 <?8N 45 <;5; ;<4 8%,%6& CD< J56< 9<A<9<36>5 54 765?7b 8><995?
;<?><985?H =P9@<3<?H 4>S9<?H ?54=5`<?H ?>3 4<IL F0< 89585H 538< 87;7H ;< D3 B7B<387 ;< 4DQ
;>AD?5H 67B7 45 CD< 6799<?:73;< 54 5376J<6<9H 6D53;7 7?6D9<6< <4 6><47K T#7DI?<<b
]\XVL 0<@U3 45 =<9?>G3 ;< 'D5BN3 ^7B5H E?8< ?<9P5 <4 8><B:7 <3 <4 CD< 45? 67?5?
67B><3Q53L 0> <3 <4 +&18- ?< :97;D6P5 45 D3>G3 7 6736<38956>G3 <3 D3 6<3897k <3 <4
8%,%6& ?< :97;D6< D35 ;>=>?>G3 ;< 47 CD< <?8D=7 D3>;7 7 <95 >3;>A<9<36>5;7H D35
<a:53?>G3 J56>5 S79;<? ;>AD?7?L $4 8<96<9 :56J5H CD< <? <4 CD< BN? >38<9<?5 :595 45
4<68D95 !" $%&'() "' $%&'() *&+%,'-'&H <? 45 <;5; ;<4 &74&H 7 8&$9&3%+-L #<9873>7
895;D6< &74& 67B7 F<3<B>@7K I 8&$9&3%+- 67B7 F8><B:7 ;< 45? @D<995?K T#7DI??<H
]Z\Yb ]ZWVH 5D3CD< <?8< U48>B7 8E9B>37 8><3< D35 56<:6>G3 BD6J7 BN? S5?85L 0<
9<A><9< 5 87;7 5CD<447 CD< <? 6738959>7H 7:D<?87H CD< 37 :D<;< <?859 `D387 3> 67>36>;>9H
67B7 <4 ;P5 I 45 376J< 7 <4 5@D5 I <4 AD<@7L
$4 :<3?5B><387 5IB595 J5 <3673895;7 ;7? 65B>37? :595 9<6736>4>59 <?87?
<?85;7? 5385@G3>67?b D37H 5 895=E? ;<4 <36D<3897H +-'3%k I 7897H :79 B<;>7 ;< 45
548<93536>5H <4 3%+-L $4 +-'3% <? <4 37BS9< ;< D35 :<4<5 9>8D54 <389< ;7? S53;7?
7:D<?87?H I ?< :D<;< <a:9<?59 67B7 <4 <36D<3897 F;< 45? ;7? B>85;<? CD< 67B:73<3
65;5 @9D:7 ?76>54H I <4 ;< 45 :59<`5 J7BS9< I BD`<9K T#7DI??< I p599>?H ]Z\Yb gXVL
!D3CD< 8><3< 45 5:59><36>5 ;< D3 67BS58< @D<99<97H 54 ?<9 D3 9>87H ?D AD36>G3 <? 45 ;<
J56<9 D35 B<;>6>G3 ;< AD<9Q5? I 9<?85S4<6<9 <4 <CD>4>S9>7H :79CD< :<9B>8< D35
67>36>;<36>5H D3 B7B<387 ;< D3>G3 ?>BSG4>65L 2895 9<?:D<?85 :595 45 9<6736>4>56>G3 ;<
47? <4<B<387? &74& <? 45 548<93536>5H <a:9<?5;5 <3 8E9B>37? ;<4 3%+-H CD< J5S45 ;< D3
65BS>7 ;< 8D937H ;< D35 =D<485 67B:4<85L ^595 #7DI??< F45 >;<5 6<38954 ;< <?8<
6736<:87 <? CD< 65;5 <4<B<387 ?< 548<935 673 ?D 7:D<?87 <3 D3 6738>3D7
673895:D387K TWXXVL ^<97 <4 6736<:87 ;< 3%+-H :D<;< 8<3<9 546536<? S5?8538< BN?
5B:4>7? 6D53;7 ?< 9<A><9< 5 D3 =D<467 87854H D35 9<=74D6>G3k I ?> ?< <?8N J56><3;7
9<A<9<36>5 5 D3 :56J5H D35 <;5;H ?< <?8N J5S453;7 ;<4 8&$9&3%+-H CD< <3 <4 @47?59>7 ;<
 ISSN: 2014-1130
n .º3 | otoño 2011 | 75-84 Anabel Gutiérrez León 78

45 37=<45H <?8N ;<A>3>;7 67B7 F<4 BD3;7 CD< ?< ;5 45 =D<485H A>3 ;< D3 BD3;7 < >3>6>7
;< 7897 3D<=7K T0:<;;>3@H WXXfb gg]VL
%5? 9<A<9<36>5? ;< 47? 6973>?85? 53;>37? 54 8&$9&3%+-H ?D<4<3 <=7659 <4 BD3;7 54
9<=E?L _D53;7 BD<9< D3 >365H :79 <`<B:47H ?< :97;D6< D3 8&$9&3%+-k 7 BN?
978D3;5B<38<H 6D53;7 44<@5973 47? <?:5[74<?H <4 BD3;7 53;>37 ?< >3=>98>G :595 ;59
4D@59 5 45 <a>?8<36>5 ;< D3 79;<3 67B:4<85B<38< ;>A<9<38<L %5 359956>G3 !" $%&'() "'
$%&'() *&+%,'-'& ?< 6<3895 <389< 47? 5[7? WXYX I WX\mH :<97 85BS>E3 ?< 6D<385 673
>3A79B56>G3 ;< :9>B<95 B537 ?7S9< 45 J>?879>5 538<9>79 5 45 673?8>8D6>G3 ;<4 .%//&0%1%L
%5 >3A79B538< <? 45 5SD<45 ;< 058DO5H !46>95 M5B53>H CD><3 J5SP5 4D6J5;7 <3 45 @D<995
;< 45 4>S<956>G3 I :79 85387 J5SP5 =>=>;7 47? U48>B7? ;P5? ;< 45 <ac#74>=>5L !D3CD< 45
5SD<45 44<=5 I5 D37? 5[7? BD<985H ?D 3><85 8><3< 45? J5S>4>;5;<? :595 67BD3>659?< 673
<445 5 895=E? ;< D35? ?<?>73<? ;< $95&6&3&'-gL
_D<385 45 5SD<45 45? B<;>;5? CD< 44<@5973 673 <4 3D<=7 8&$9&3%+- <4 5[7 WXWWb
>3?8>8D6>7354>Q56>G3 ;< D35 <6737BP5 5D8N9CD>65 S5?5;5 <3 <4 89D<CD< ;< :97;D687? I
?<9=>6>7?H ;<?89D66>G3 ;< 47? B<;>7? ;< 67BD3>656>G3H 5S74>6>G3 ;<4 @7S><937 I 45
:74>6P5H <86L (3 3D<=7 79;<3 ?D:453859P5 54 CD< J5?85 <38736<? J5SP5 9<@>;7 <3 <?<
B>?B7 8<99>879>7L $4 BD3;7 =74=>G 5 ;59?< 45 =D<485 7H 67B7 45 B>?B5 5SD<45
5?<@D95HFqCDE 379B54r s5 37 >S5 5 J5S<9 379B54 3D365 BN?H 5 47 B<37? 379B54 67B7
<95 538<?K T0:<;;>3@H WXXfb W\VL ! ;>A<9<36>5 ;< 45 6736<:6>G3 4>3<54 ;<4 8><B:7
766>;<3854H <3 45 67?B7=>?>G3 5IB595 <4 8><B:7 <? 6>96D459L )7;7 9<87935L !?P 67B7 47?
53>B54<?H 45? :45385? I 45 358D954<Q5 ?73 6P64>67?H 45? 6D48D95? 85BS>E3 8><3<3 D3 6>647L $4
8&$9&3%+- <? 45 ;<B7?8956>G3 ;< <?85 658<@79P5 8<B:7954L $4 :5?5;7 <?8N ;<4538<
:79CD< <? 47 67376>;7H 47 I5 =>?87k <3 65BS>7 <4 AD8D97H CD< <? 54@7 CD< 37 ?< =<H <?8N
;<89N?L
$3 45 <?89D68D95 ;< 45 37=<45 :D<;<3 <389<=<9?< <?87? ;>A<9<38<? :56J5?L
!;<BN? ;< 45 ?<6D<36>5 359958>=5 ;<?;< <4 :9>B<9 T0]V 54 U48>B7 T0gfV 65:P8D47H CD< ?<
9>@< ?<@U3 <4 79;<3 ;< 45? <389<=>?85? 5 45? >3A79B538<?H ?< 7A9<6< D35 ?<6D<36>5
548<9358>=5H 673A79B5;5 5 :598>9 ;< 45 6973747@P5 ;< 47? J<6J7? 35995;7?L $?8< ?<@D3;7
79;<3 8><3< ;7? :598<?L %5 :9>B<95 T^V 6D<385 47? 56738<6>B><387? J>?8G9>67? ;<4

g
%>8<954B<38<H ;D<[7 ;< 45 7?6D9>;5;k <?:>9>8>?85H CD< 445B5 I J56< J5S459 5 47? N3>B7? ;< 47? =>=7?H 45?
54B5? ;< 47? BD<987?H 47? <?:P9>8D? ;< 47? 6<997?H 9P7?H I 5 6DN387 ?<9 <?:>9>8D54 ?< ;<?<< 673?D4859
T0:<;;>3@H WXXfb gWgVL
 ISSN: 2014-1130
n .º3 | otoño 2011 | 75-84 Anabel Gutiérrez León 79

:5?5;7b 6GB7 I :79 CDE AD< 45 @D<995 ;< 45 4>S<956>G3L s 45 ?<@D3;5 :598< T)V ;< <?85
B>?B5 ?<6D<36>5H CD< 5@4D8>35 47? J<6J7? ;<4 :9<?<38< 359958>=7 ;< 45 37=<45H ?>@D<
697374G@>65B<38< 47? 56738<6>B><387? ;<?;< CD< R798D3585H 45 >3A79B538< :9>36>:54 ;<
45 37=<45H 67376< 5 058DO5H 45 :9785@73>?85L
$3 45 :9>B<95 :598< ;< 45 ?<6D<36>5H <?859P53 673;<3?5;5? 45 <;5; ("/ +&18-H ;<4
8%,%6& I <4 >3>6>7 ;< 45 <;5; &74&H J5?85 <4 53D36>7 ;<4 8&$9&3%+-H CD< ?<9N 67385;7
5B:4>5B<38< <3 45 ?<@D3;5L 0< :D<;< >;<38>A>659 <4 +&18- 5 47 CD< 45 37=<45 445B5 <4
45&,& +-68%H D3 8><B:7 538<9>79 5 45 %>S<956>G3H @7S<935;7 ?<@U3 45? A79B5? I 4<I<? ;<
47? S45367?H 5CD<445? CD< 9>@<3 <4 BD3;7 766>;<3854 I AD<973 >B:D<?85? 895? 45
67473>Q56>G3L !" $%&'() "' $%&'() *&+%,'-'& J56< D35 S9<=< ;<?69>:6>G3 ?7S9< 6GB7
673=>=P53H <3 D3 B>?B7 <?:56>7H 45 <a8>385 #74>=>5 I 45? ;>A<9<38<? 356>73<? CD<
;<?:DE? >9P53 5 ?<:5959?<L )7B53;7 <3 6D<385 <4 :9<?<38< ;< 45 37=<45H <?8< 8><B:7
:D<;< ?<9 673?>;<95;7 67B7 <4 ;<4 79>@<3 ;<4 79;<3 CD< ?< >3?85D959N ;<?:DE? <3 <4
.%//&0%1%k <3 85387H D3 459@7 :9>36>:>7H <3 <4 CD< 45 673=>=<36>5 ;< <?:56>7? I 8><B:7?
;>=<9?7? 673;<3?5;7? >36GB7;5B<38< <3 D3 B>?B7 6<3897 T#74>=>5VH ;59P5 4D@59 5 45
@<9B>356>G3 I 9<:97;D66>G3 ;< 45? 673;>6>73<? CD< BN? 859;< :97=7659P53 45 AD<9Q5
B78795 ;< 45 9<=74D6>G3 53;>35L
%5 673?<6D<36>5 <? D35 ?53@9><385 ?<9>< ;< <3A9<385B><387? SE4>67? <389<
>3;>7? I S45367?b 45 <;5; ;<4 8%,%6&H D3 :56J5 ?54=5`<H ?>3 4<IL (3 8><B:7 <3 <4 CD< ?<
;>=>;>9N I <a:53;>9N <3 <4 <?:56>7 47 CD< 538<? <?8D=7 `D387L _D53;7 47? @9D:7? ;<
>3;P@<35? ?DS=<9?>=7? ;<997853 5 45 ;<A<3?5 ;<4 @7S><937 I 67B><3Q53 5 87B59 47?
:D387? <?8958E@>67? ;<4 :5P?H 47? 45&,&0H =><3;7 CD< I5 37 :7;9P53 ;<8<3<9 <4 5=536< ;<
45? AD<9Q5? >3;P@<35?H JDI<3 ;<?:5=79>;7? AD<95 ;< 45? A9738<95? ;< 47 CD< ?<
673?8>8D>9P5 67B7 45 -735 %>S<95;5L 1<3897 ;< <?5? B>?B5? A9738<95?H Ft<u4 !3;9E?
_JDCD>B5B53>H <4 CD< ?<9P5 <4 :9>B<9 :-//3&4&6&'-; <?85S5 <3 <4 5687 ;< 59953659 =>=7
<4 6795QG3 ;<4 67973<4 I 67BE9?<47 69D;7K B><3895? 85387H 7897 @9D:7 F:>385;7? ;<
?53@9< <3895973 5 _76J5S5BS5H 673 45? 65S<Q5? ;< 87;7? 47? 7A>6>54<? 54Q5;7? <3
:547?K T0:<;;>3@H WXXfb WYVL
_7B7 <3 <4 +-'3%H 45? ;7? AD<9Q5? 5385@G3>65? ?< B>;<3 <3 D3 <3A9<385B><387
6D<9:7 5 6D<9:7H 6DI5 :9<8<3?>G3 <? 9<?85S4<6<9 <4 <CD>4>S9>7 ?76>54 :<9;>;7H I5
B53>A<?85;7 <3 <4 8%,%6&L _7B7 6D54CD><9 67BS58<H 37 ?< :D<;< <38<3;<9 <4 +-'3% ?>3
 ISSN: 2014-1130
n .º3 | otoño 2011 | 75-84 Anabel Gutiérrez León 80

BD<987? 7 J<9>;7?H :79CD< ?73 `D?85B<38< 47? @74:<? 9<6>S>;7? :79 65;5 673895:598<
47? CD< :<9B>8<3 D35 9<@D456>G3 ;< 45? 8<3?>73<? >38<935? 5 65;5 @9D:7k 5;<BN?H F5
895=E? ;< <?85 7:7?>6>G3 673 D3 6738959>7 ?< 47@95 CD< 45 >;<38>;5; :D<;5 ?<9
AP?>65B<38< <a:9<?5;5H 65BS>5;5 I 8953?A79B5;5K T#7DI?<<H ]Z\Yb ]ZZVL !?P :D<?H
CD><3<? :<9B53<6<3 <3 <4 .%//&0%1%H 9<5A>9B53 ?D >;<38>;5; 5IB595H 9<;<A>3<3 D3
3D<=7 79;<3 >38<937 CD< 8><3< CD< =<9 37 ?G47 673 45 9<6D:<956>G3 ;< 9>87?H 69<<36>5?
I 67?8DBS9<? 536<?8954<?H ?>37 85BS>E3 673 45 79@53>Q56>G3 :74P8>65H ?76>54 I <673GB>65
;<3897 ;<4 8<99>879>7 ;< 45 <ac#74>=>5k 54 >@D54 CD< 87;7? 47? CD< JDI<3H 9<5A>9B53 ?D
>;<38>;5; I B7;7 ;< =>;5 766>;<3854<?H :7?8<9>79<? 5 45 67473>5 I 538<9>79<? 5 45 @D<995
;< 45 4>S<956>G3H 67B7 6D<385 45 5SD<45 !46>95 ;<?;< <4 BD3;7 ;< 47? BD<987?L
(35 =<Q <3A9<385;7? 47? ;7? <4<B<387? &74& <3 <4 +-'3% 673 45 673?<6D<38<
9<;<A>3>6>G3 I 8953?A79B56>G3 ;< >;<38>;5;<?H ?< ;5 4D@59 5 45 548<93536>5 CD< <? 7895
9<?:D<?85 ;< 45 67?B7=>?>G3 53;>35 5 45 9<6736>4>56>G3 ;< 6738959>7?L $38736<? ?<
:D<;< :97;D6>9 <4 8&$9&3%+-b <4 BD3;7 ;5 D3 =D<467L %5 9<=74D6>G3 8953?A79B5 <4 79;<3
<?85S4<6>;7 < >3?85D95 D37 3D<=7L 0< 9<;<A>3<3 47? :5:<4<? ;< 65;5 B>85;H ;< B53<95
CD< <4 9<87937 ;< D3 538>@D7 79;<3 ;< 67?5? ?<5 :7?>S4<L $4 8><B:7 6P64>67 =D<4=< 5
<a:9<?59?< 673 <4 65BS>7 ;< 8D937L ,<679;<B7? CD< I5 ?< J5SP5 >3@9<?5;7 5 45 <;5;
;<4 &74&H D3 8><B:7 <3 <4 CD< 47? 6738959>7? 37 :D<;<3 :<9B53<6<9 D3>;7?L 1<?:DE?
;<4 <3A9<385B><387H ?> 45 B<;>6>G3 ;< AD<9Q5? A5=79<6< D35 9<5?>@356>G3 ;< :7?>6>73<?H
47? S53;7? 6738959>7? ?< 548<9353L $?87 76D99< <3 45 37=<45L %5 ?<@D3;5 :598< ;< 45
?<6D<36>5 548<9358>=5 7A9<6< 45 ;<?69>:6>G3 ;< <?< BD3;7 54 9<=E?L
^767 538<? ;<4 A>354 ;< 45 @D<995 ;< 45 4>S<956>G3H J5I D35 <?6<35 CD< :D<;<
9<?D4859 BDI @9NA>65 ;< 45 >3=<9?>G3 ;<4 79;<3 ;< 67?5?L %7? :<9?735`<? <?8N3 J5S453;7
;< D35 BD95445 673?89D>;5 <3 45 6>D;5; ;< $4 !487H 673?>;<95;5 B73DB<387 ;< 45
%>S<956>G3b

%5 BD95445 ;< 45 A7?5 ;>6<3 CD< 47 J>6><973 673?89D>9 <3 :4<35 @D<995H ;<?:DE?
;< 45 87B5 ;<4 ^5945B<387L 0D? 54S5[>4<? <953 :D97? ;>:D85;7? I 5487? B53;7?
;<4 $`E96>87H ;< 45 :74>6P5 tLLLu I D35 =<Q 8<9B>35;7 <4 895S5`7 <4 :9>B<9
:-//3&4&6&'- 4<? J>Q7 5997;>4459?<H 6595? 54 <?8<H 54 5B53<6<9H I <3 85387 CD< <4
?74 ;<?:D385S5 895? <4 *44>B53> 47? 7-/&'$9&,)' 87;7? <3 D37L ,<@5973 <4 BD97
673 ?D ?53@9< I 8>95973 47? 65;N=<9<? 5;<3897L T0:<;;>3@H WXXfb WgV
 ISSN: 2014-1130
n .º3 | otoño 2011 | 75-84 Anabel Gutiérrez León 81

M>3>?897?H ;>:D85;7? I `<A<? ;< :74>6P5H CD><3<? 538<? ;>9>@P53 <4 :5P?H 5J795
J56<3 ;< 54S5[>4<? :595 47? >3;>7? ?DS4<=5;7?H 47? B>?B7? CD< ?<@U3 <4 ;<?:45Q5;7
79;<3 ;< 67?5?H J5S9P53 76D:5;7 5CD<4 :D<?87k I 5 :598>9 ;<4 65BS>7 ;< 8D937H <?8N3
<3 D35 :7?>6>G3 ;< :7;<9L $4 ?56<9;78< ;<4 ?74 7 :-//3&4&6&'-; <? <4 BNa>B7 659@7 <3
45 3D<=5 ?76><;5;H 6DI5 >;<38>;5; 85BS>E3 ?< 9<A4<`5 <3 45 9<5?>@356>G3 ;< 974<?
?76>54<?L _7B7 ?< ;<?69>S< <3 45? 69G3>65? ;<4 ;<?6DS9>B><387 ;< !BE9>65H 47?
?56<9;78<? 7 @DP5? <?:>9>8D54<? <953 47? >38<9B<;>59>7? <389< <4 BD3;7 ;< 47? =>=7? I <4
BD3;7 ;< 47? BD<987?H 5 45 =<Q CD< >38<9476D879<? ;< 47? ;>7?<?L F0D? >3;D;5S4<?
67376>B><387? :79 <36>B5 ;<4 9<?87 ;<4 :D<S47 4< ;<:5953 D3 :9<?8>@>7 I <4
673?>@D><38< :7;<9 8<99<354 7 :74P8>67K >3;>65 ,>659;7 M738<? TM738<? I M<3@D54H
]ZZWb ]YVk :79 47 6D54 85BS>E3 <`<96P53 67B7 5ID;538<? ;<4 ?7S<9537 <3 87;5? 45?
6<4<S956>73<?L
$3 45 -735 F37 8<3<B7? @7S><937H 65;5 @9<B>7 ?< 76D:5 ;< ?D 3<@76>7 I 4>?87K
T0:<;;>3@b ]WfVH ;>6< D35 ;< 45? >3A79B538<? ;< 45 37=<45L 0>3 <BS59@7 <? <4 @9<B>7 ;<
47? &6&7+5&0 F<4 CD< ?< 76D:5 ;<4 6D487 I ;<4 S><3<?859 <?:>9>8D54K T0:<;;>3@H WXXfb
]X\VH <4 CD< 85BS>E3 7?8<385 <4 :7;<9 :74P8>67L
t0u> 37 J5I $?85;7 3> *@4<?>5H 85B:767 :D<;< J5S<9 ?<:5956>G3 <389< <447? tLLLuL
s 67B7 37 J5I <=<387 CD< 37 <B:><6< 673 54 B<37? D35? @785? ;< $95&//&; I
87;5 D35 7-/&'$9& ?> <? D3 <=<387 >B:798538<H ?><B:9< <?8N3 :9<?<38<? <3
87;7 47 CD< J56<3 47? ;<BN?L T>SP;Lb ]WmV

(35 ?76><;5; 67B7 45 5IB595H 673?89D>;5 ?7S9< 45 S5?< ;< D35 67?B7=>?>G3
9<4>@>7?5H <?859N ;>9>@>;5 :79 47? B>?B7? <3659@5;7? ;< 47? 7A>6>7? ;<4 6D487L %5 $95&//&;
:79 <`<B:47H CD< <? D3 Ft9u>87 5IB595 ;<?8>35;7 5 9<3;>9 6D487 5 45 ;>7?5 8><995H
5997`53;7 54 ?D<47 :598< ;< 45 S<S>;5 5467JG4>65K TM738<? I M<3@D54H ]ZZWb ZZVH
:9<6<;< 6D54CD><9 <=<387 >B:798538< <3 <4 .%//&0%1% 2&,3&L s ?G47 47? &6&7+5&0
<?8N3 5D879>Q5;7? :595 ;>9>@>9 45? 568>=>;5;<? 9>8D54<?L
2897 ;< 47? B78>=7? CD< 673A><9<3 :7;<9 I 9<?:<87 5 47? &6&7+5&0 <? 45
<a64D?>=>;5; CD< 8><3<3 <3 <4 B53<`7 ;< 45? 598<? BN@>65?H 7 <4 <`<96>6>7 67B7
$95&6&3&'-H ;<A>3>;7H <3 <4 @47?59>7 ;< 45 37=<45 F4>8<954B<38<H t67B7u ;D<[7 ;< 45
7?6D9>;5;k <?:>9>8>?85H CD< 445B5 I J56< J5S459 5 47? N3>B7? ;< 47? =>=7?H 45? 54B5? ;<
47? BD<987?H 47? <?:P9>8D? ;< 47? 6<997?H 9P7?H I 5 6DN387 ?<9 <?:>9>8D54 ?< ;<?<<
673?D4859K T0:<;;>3@H WXXfb gWgVL _7B7 ;>6< 45 B5;9< ;< 058DO5 <3 45 37=<45H ;<3897
 ISSN: 2014-1130
n .º3 | otoño 2011 | 75-84 Anabel Gutiérrez León 82

;<4 .%//&0%1%H Ft4u5 @<38< 67BU3 8><3< B><;7 ;< 47 CD< 4<? :D<;5 J56<9 D3 &6&7+5&<
T>SP;Lb W]]VL $3 <4 B>?B7 8<99>879>7 ;73;< D35 =<Q <a>?8>G D3 :5P? 445B5;7 #74>=>5H ;73;<
673=>=P53 c37 ?>3 976<?c B7;7? ;< =>;5 :97:>7? ;< 766>;<38<H `D387 673 47? ;<
;>A<9<38<? 67BD3>;5;<? >3;P@<35?H 37 87854B<38< 5?>B>45;5? 5 <?< <?8>47k ;<?:DE? ;<
45 9<=74D6>G3 5IB595H 45 67?B7=>?>G3 CD< 79;<35 45 =>;5 678>;>535H 65BS>5
67B:4<85B<38<L %7? CD< 538<? J5SP53 <?85;7 5S5`7H 5J795 <?8N3 599>S5H I =>6<=<9?5L
2897? 4P;<9<?H 7897? ;>7?<?H 7897 B7;7 ;< 673;D6>9?< ?7S9< D3 B>?B7 <?:56>7L

;) %4(#8
058DO5 :<98<3<6P5 54 @9<B>7 ;<4 0>3;>6587 :79 47 CD< ?D 67B:<8<36>5 ?< ;<S<9P5 4>B>859
5 45 35=<@56>G3 <?:56>54k :<97 67B7 ;< `7=<3 J5SP5 ?>;7 8765;5 :79 <4 95I7fH :7?<P5 <4
;73 CD< 4< :<9B>8P5 67BD3>659?< 673 ;>7?<? I N3>B7? ;< :<9?735? BD<985? 7 =>=5?k
:<97 54 J5S<9?< 3<@5;7 5 >3@9<?59 <3 <4 @9<B>7 &6&7+5&H <4 D?7 ;< <?85? J5S>4>;5;<?H
<`<96>;5? >4P6>85B<38< :595 67BD3>659?< 673 ?D 5SD<45H 45 673=<98P53 <3 D35 ?<9>5
5B<35Q5 A9<38< 54 :7;<9= !A>9B5 978D3;5B<38< 45 :9785@73>?85 CD< <3 45 -735 F<4
6738974 :74>6>567 tLLLuH ;<:<3;< ;< 47? &6&7+5&0L "7 <? :595 35;5 CD< 45 U3>65 6N96<4
CD< J5I ;<:<3;< ;<447? t?>6uK T0:<;;>3@H WXXfb ]XYVH CD><3<? 5:97=<6J53 <4 :9>B<9
:9<8<a87 :595 <36<9959 5 058DO5 <3 _J736J76797oH 45 U3>65 6N96<4 <a>?8<38< <3 <4
.%//&0%1%L
1<?:DE? ;<4 58<385;7 CD< ;<?89DIG <4 8<B:47 ;< _79>6536J5 <3 _DQ67H
>;<38>A>65973 5 058DO5 67B7 D35 ;< 45? 65S<6>445? ;<4 _7B53;7 R4795 )9>?8N3H 65D?538<
;< 45 <a:47?>G3L %5 67BD3>;5; >38<9356>7354 >3B<;>585B<38< 56D?G 5 45 -735 ;<
:97B7=<9 566>73<? ?DS=<9?>=5? I 4< >B:D?><973 D3 S47CD<7 <673GB>67 CD< 4< >B:<;P5
45 5;CD>?>6>G3 ;< 9<:D<?87? 5D87B7=>4P?8>67?k 47 CD< ?< 673=>98>G <3 45 <a6D?5 7A>6>54
:595 <36596<459 5 058DO5L #5`7 <?8< ;<4>87 ?< <?673;P5 <4 =<9;5;<97 B78>=7 ;< ?D
<36><997b 45 :7?<?>G3 >4<@54 ;<4 69N3<7 ;< ?D 5SD<45 CD><3H 54 ?<9 $95&6&' +&13&>H
;<S<9P5 <?859 <3 )>5vD535OD 9<?>;<36>5 ;< 47? &6&7+5&0= ^595 ?74D6>7359 <4 ;>AP6>4
:97S4<B5 <3 <4 CD< ?< J5SP5 B<8>;7H 058DO5 9<6D99< >3;>?8>385B<38< 5 ?D? J5S>4>;5;<?

f
0<@U3 45 B>8747@P5 53;>35 F87;5? 45? 69<<36>5? CD< 567B:5[53 5 47? 8765;7? :79 <4 95I7 47? ;<?>@353
67B7 ?<9<? A9738<9>Q7?H I <? BDI :97S5S4< CD< ;< <?85 ?>8D56>G3 4>B>354 :97=<3@53 ?D? :7;<9<? :595
67BD3>659?< 673 47? BD<987?K T#7DI??<H ]Z\Yb ]\YVL
o
_N96<4 ;< BNa>B5 ?<@D9>;5; <a>?8<38< <3 #74>=>5L
m
M5;9< :7;<97?5H CD< 67BS58>G <3 45 %>S<956>G3 ;< .%//&0%1% 2&,3& T0:<;;>3@H WXXfb gWgV T@47?59>7VL
 ISSN: 2014-1130
n .º3 | otoño 2011 | 75-84 Anabel Gutiérrez León 83

>3A79BN8>65? I BN@>65?L '956>5? 5 45? :9>B<95?H 673?>@D< CD< ?< 4<=538< <4 <BS59@7
<673GB>67 >B:D<?87 54 .%//&0%1%L ^5954<45B<38<H 45 5SD<45 !46>95H ;<?;< 2&'49&
?&$9&@H >38<9=><3< 85387 ;>9<685 67B7 >3;>9<685B<38< 5 A5=79 ;< ?D 3><85H J5?85
673?<@D>9 <389< 5BS5?H 45 4>S<985;L
%7? :D<S47? 53;>37?H 895;>6>7354B<38< ?< A79B5S53 5 :598>9 ;< D35 5D879>;5;
;D54 CD< 9<A4<`5S5 <4 <?:56>7 ?76>7<673GB>67 F673?8>8D>;7 :79 ;7? :596>54>;5;<?
67B:4<B<3859>5?K T_J7CD< _53CD>H ]ZZWb mWVb <4 A,4%0%1%; ?>BS74>Q5;7 :79 <4 =59G3 I
;73;< <?8N3 47654>Q5;5? 45? ;>=>3>;5;<? 8D8<459<? 67B7 47? &$9&$9-/&0 I &8%0k I <4
A6&0%1%H ?>BS74>Q5;7 :79 45 BD`<9 I <?:56>7 ;73;< ?< 47654>Q5 45 ?&$9&6&6&L $3 <4
:4537 ?>BSG4>67H <?85? B>85;<? <?:56>54<? <?8N3 9<:9<?<385;5? :79 7895 :59<`5 ;D54H
2&'49&0&1&; CD< <? F45 B>85; w;< 5S5`7hH 6DI7 `<A< ?< ?><385 54 45;7 >QCD><9;7 I 5:598<
;< @7S<9359 ?D B>85;H ?< 76D:5 ;< 5?D387? 9>8D54<? 54 >38<9>79 ;<4 @9D:7K T0:<;;>3@H
WXXfb gWZVH I CD< <3 45 37=<45 :7;9P5 >;<38>A>6N9?<45 673 <4 @9<B>7 ;< 47? B6&7+5&0L %5
B>85; F;< 599>S5KH <? B/&&0&1&H F6DI7 `<A< 8<3P5 ?D:<9>79>;5; A79B54H 76D:53;7 <4 45;7
;<9<6J7 <3 45? 765?>73<? :US4>65?H I 5:598< ;< @7S<9359 ?D :97:>5 B>85;H ?< 76D:5S5
;< 45? 9<456>73<? <a8<9>79<? ;< 87;7 <4 @9D:7K T>SP;Lb gW]VH 9<:9<?<385;5 5 ?D =<Q :79 <4
0>3;>6587H 6DI7? B><BS97?H 5;<BN? ;< :5?59 45 B5I79 :598< ;<4 8><B:7H BN? 6<965 ;<
45? <?89<445? CD< ;< 45 8><995H ?73 47? U3>67? CD< ?< 9<456>7353 n<3 85387 B><BS97? ;<4
.%//&0%1%n 673 :<9?735? CD< 37 :<98<3<6<3 5 ?D B>?B5 6D48D95L
058DO5 J5S9P5 <?85;7 J5S>853;7 :5954<45B<38< <?85? ;7? B>85;<? 5385@G3>65?H
CD< 8><3<3 67B7 AD36>G3 67B:4<B<3859?<k I 6DI5 9<D3>G3 n:7?>S4< ?G47 <3 <4 +&18-n
:976D95 D35 F6736<38956>G3 ;< AD<9Q5?K T#7DI??<H ]Z\Yb ]ZoVH CD< <?85 5?8D85
35=<@538< >38<9<?:56>54 D?G :595 ;<?B538<459 5BS5? :598<?L ^595 4D6J59 673895 <4
956>?B7 I <4 >B:<9>54>?B7 B56J>?85H 766>;<3854 7 >3;P@<35H 058DO5 8953?>85 853
4>S9<B<38< <389< 45? <?89<445?H 67B7 <389< <4 BD3;7 ;< 47? =>=7? I <4 ;< 47? BD<987?L %5
S9D`<9P5H 45 :>958<9P5 >3A79BN8>65H 45? S7BS5? <a:47?>=5? 7 47? <?:P9>8D? ;< 47? 6<997?L
_D54CD><9 59B5 <? U8>4 <3 ?D? B537?L 058DO5 37 >@3795 CD< <3 45 -735 <4 8><B:7
8953?6D99< ;< A79B5 6P64>65b <4 :5?5;7H F8><B:7 >3B<B79>54K Ts535:595H ]ZZWb WWfVH

Y
%5 8><995 ;< 5S5`7 <3 45 CD< <389< 7897? J5S>8538<? <?8N3 47? BD<987?L $4 2&'49& ?&$9&; `D387 54 B/&C
?&$9& T45 8><995 ;< 599>S5H ;73;< J5S>853 47? 56J56J>45? I 6D<9:7? 6<4<?8<?V I <4 B3& ?&$9& T<4 BD3;7 ;<
5CDP I ;< 5J795H ;73;< B7953 47? ?<9<? =>=7? I ?7S9< <4 6D54 <`<96<3 ?D >3A4D<36>5 47? 7897? ;7? BD3;7?VH
9<:9<?<3853 47? 89<? :56J5? CD< 673A79B53 45 ;>=>?>G3 <?:56>54 ;<4 8><B:7 5IB595L
 ISSN: 2014-1130
n .º3 | otoño 2011 | 75-84 Anabel Gutiérrez León 84

<?859N 5;<4538<H 9<645B53;7 ?><B:9< 45 B<B79>5L 2897 ?&$9&3%+-H <3 <4 CD< 45?
BD`<9<? CD<;53 599>S5H :7;9P5 ?<9 :7?>S4<L

#*#%*2',!Rx!

!%2"02 0!'!0$)!H !4>6>5 T]Z\\VL D/ "08&$-) E%'",&,-) "' /&0 $%/+%,&0 &'(-'&F %' "0+%(-)
&,4%")/GH-$) 1 "+')9-0+G,-$)= M5;9>;H $;>879>54 _7B:4D8<3?<L

#!y2H ,>659;7 TWXXfVL F!4>?73 0:<;;>3@ :9<?<385 <?8< B>E9674<? <3 <4 MD?<A 45 8<96<95
:598< ;< ?D 89>47@P5H 1< 6D53;7 <3 6D53;7 058D93>35L (35 J>?879>5 ;< 6><36>5 A>66>G3L
#74>=>5 37 <a>?8< I J5 ?>;7 ?D?8>8D>;5 :79 D3 9E@>B<3 5965>6>?85H 956>?85 I ?53@D>359>7KL
T$389<=>?85 5 !4>?73 0:<;;>3@VL $3 I)'() J"H,)L ?",-G(-$) K& ?,"'0&L %5 ^5QH WY ;<
`D3>7L

#2(s00$ _!00!'"$H )JE9i?< T]Z\YVL K& -("'+-(&( &16&,&= %5 ^5QH p>?S74L

#2(s00$ _!00!'"$H )JE9i?<k p599>?H 24>=>5 T]Z\YVL F^56J5b <3 87937 54 :<3?5B><387
5IB595KH <3 #7DI??< _5??5@3< )JE9i?< T<;LVH L,"0 ,"E/"C-)'"0 0)M," "/ 8"'0&6-"'+)
&'(-')= %5 ^5QH p>?S74L

_p2l($ _!"l(*H ,7S<987 T]ZZWVL Fp>?879>5K <3 /53 ;<9 #<9@H p53?k 06J>AA<9?H "79S<98
T67B:?LVH K& $)06)N-0-G' &16&,&L %5 ^5QH p>?S74L

M$yx! p(!M!"H M59>7 T]ZZZVL LD.*D= K& $)06)N-0-G' 1 /&0 $&+"H),O&0 4%"$9%&0 $)6)
E%'(&6"'+)0 8&,& %'& E-/)0)EO& 8",%&'& 1 (" B6P,-$& B'(-'&= %>B5H (3>=<9?>;5;
,>659;7 ^54B5L

M2")$0 #+,"!"1$-H ,>659;7k M$"'(!% ,2_!H $?B<954;5 T]ZZWVL 2-+)0 1 ,-+%&/"0 (" /&
B6P,-$& ?,"9-08Q'-$&= MD96>5H _74<66>G3 _595S<45?L

2#%*)!0H MG3>65 T?zAVL F$4 56<6J7 ;<4 O59> O59>KH <3 R"N-0+& S9T ^<9>G;>67 K)0 L-"68)0L

^!- 02%1{"H $;BD3;7 TWXXmVL F0:<;;>3@H 0<:;;>3@KH <3 L"'("'$-&0L ^<9>G;>67 K&
R&UG'L %5 ^5QH WW ;< <3<97L

0_p!,MH ,5>BD3; T]ZZWVL F*?8h5:a5Br $?6D6J<3r )95;>6>73<? BD?>654 I 7954 5IB595?KH

<3 /53 ;<9 #<9@H p53?k 06J>AA<9?H "79S<98 T67B:?LVH K& $)06)N-0-G' &16&,&L %5 ^5QH
p>?S74L

0^$11*"'H !4>?73 TWXXfVL !" $%&'() "' $%&'() *&+%,'-'& V *&+%,'-'& E,)6 +-6" +) +-6"=
%5 ^5QH M5B5 pD567L

/!" 1$, #$,'H p53?k 06J>AA<9?H "79S<98 T67B:?LV T]ZZWVL K& $)06)N-0-G' &16&,&L %5 ^5QH
p>?S74L
 ISSN: 2014-1130
n .º3 | otoño 2011 | 75-84 Anabel Gutiérrez León 85

s!"!^!,!H 0>BG3 T]ZZWVL F%5 ?76><;5; 5IB595 I <?89D68D95? ?76>54<? ;< 47? !3;<?KH <3
/!" ;<9 #$,'H p53?k 0_p*RR$,0H "79S<98 T67B:?LVH K& $)06)N-0-G' &16&,&L %5 ^5QH p>?S74L