13 February 2014

Anchor blocks and Support Piers

Expansion joint

Support Piers

-Rigidly hold the Penstock pipe. Support Piers supports the

-Normally provided at every bend and at penstock vertically and prevent
every 30m span of straight sections of penstock from sagging
Penstock line. -It allows axial movement of
- To be provided immediately upstream of PH Penstock
to minimize the Penstock load on Turbine. - Generally provided at the span
of 3m interval in MHP.
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A/B Design Procedure

Forces in Direction of Potential movement Remarks

(kN) of A/B & S/P
F1u (V )  F1u  sin  F1d (V )  F1d  sin 
F1 F1= Weight of Water and Pipe.
F1u ( H )  F1u  cos F1d ( H )  F1d  cos 

F1u and F1d are component of

α Combine Weight of Pipe and Water
_
β perpendicular to pipe.
F1u  (Wp  Ww )  L1u  Cosα _ F1d
+
F1u + Applies for both support piers and
F1d  (Wp  Ww )  L1d  Cos  anchor block
Applies to both support piers and anchor block
F (V )  (F  sin  )
_
F2 2u 1u F2=Frictional forces due to the pipe
F2u ( H )  (F1u  cos ) _ sliding on the support.
F2 +
+
F2u   f  (W p  Ww )  L4u  cos α
The force acting on anchor block is
sum of the forces acting on support
piers between expansion join and the
Applies for both support piers and anchor block anchor blocks.
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 13 February 2014

Forces in Direction of Potential movement Remarks

(kN) of A/B & S/P
    _
F3 (V )  F3  cos  
F3  2  _ F3=Hydrostatic Pressure on
   +
 β α  F3 ( H )  F3  sin

 + bend
F3  2  ρ  g  htotal  A  sin   2   αβ  F3
 2  
 2 


α Applies on Anchor block that

 β α  have horizontal & vertical bends.
F3  15.4  htotal  d 2  sin  β
 2 

F4u (V )  F4u  sin  F4 d (V )  F4 d  sin  _

F4 F4u ( H )  F4u  cos F4 d ( H )  F4 d  cos 
_
F4=Component of Pipe weight
α + acting parallel to pipe
+
F4u  Wp  L4u  sinα β
F4d  Wp  L4d  sin F4u F4d0=~ Applies on Anchor block that
F4d is insignificant if expansion joint near downstream of A/B is used. have (α & 𝛽) larger than 200.
F5 (V )  (F5  sin  )
_
F5 F5  E *  T    (d  t )  t F5= Thermally induced force
F5 ( H )  (F5  cos ) _
+ restrained by Anchor block, in
+
F5  7540  ΔT  (d  t)  t for steel α
F5 the absent of expansion joint.
β
Applies on Anchor block only if
F5
no expansion joint installed.
_
F6 F6 (V )  (F6  (sin   sin  ))
_ F6=Frictional force in the
F6 ( H )  (F6  (cos  cos  )) F6d + expansion joint. (depend on
α +
F6  100  d β tightness of bolts etc.)

F6u Applies to Anchor block only

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Forces in Direction of Potential Remarks

(kN) movement of A/B & S/P
F7u (V )  F7u  sin  F7d (V )  F7d  sin  _
F7 F7  ρ  g  h total    (d  t )  t F7=Hydrostatic force on exposed
F7u ( H )  F7u  cos F7d ( H )  F7d  cos
F7  31 h total  (d  t )  t _
+ ends of pipe within expansion joint
F7u  31 (h total  L4u sin  )  (d  t )  t
α F7d +

β Applies to Anchor block only

F7d  31 h total  (d  t )  t F7u (Usually insignificant)
   
_
F8  8  Q2 
F8 (V )  F8  sin   F8=Dynamic force on bend due to
  sin   - α 
 2  _
F8       + change in direction.
  d2   2 
F8 ( H )  F8  cos 
F8 +
   2 

 Q2  α
F8  2.5     sin   - α  β
Applies to Anchor block only
 d2   2  (Usually insignificant)
 

F9 F9=Force due to reduction in

F9   water  htotal 

d 2  dsmall
4 big
2  F9 diameter of pipe.

F9 Applies to Anchor block only

(Usually "0" "as same dia. is used in penstock")
_
F10 F10 (V )  F10  sin 
F10 ( H )  F10  cos _ F10= Force due to soil pressure
+
F10   soil  h 2  cos(i)  K a Width +
Applies to Anchorblock and support pier

Wb Wb  Vblock   concrete Wb= Weight of bolck

cos(i )  cos2 (i )  cos2 ( )
Wb  Vblock  22 Ka 
cos(i )  cos2 (i )  cos2 ( ) Applies to Anchorblock and support pier
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 13 February 2014

Checking for stability

Resolve all forces on horizontal (FH) and vertical(FV) direction
 F 
Find the Resultant of Forces. R  FV2  FH2   tan 1 v 
F  H 
Checking for sliding stability φ FH
  Fv
 FoS  1.5
FH   tan() (from type of soil but not exceeding0.5 is recommended) e
FV R
Checking for Overturning
Resisting moment M R F r
  V  FoS  2 FH
Driving moment M a FH  a L
a
Checking for Bearing failure M
FH
M  L L r
d e  d   e  eallowable
 FV  2 6 FV d
F  6e
Max. bearing pressure Pf  V 1  L/2
e
A  L  R
FV
bearing capacityof soil f
 b  FoS  1.5 Thumb Rule (for small scale plant)
max.bearing pressure on soil Pf
-A/B for straight section at every 30m & at
Unit Weight Friction angle Allowable Bearing Pressure every bend
Soil Type
(kN/m3) (φ) (kN/m2) - S/P at every 3m
Soft Clay and Silts 16 22 50  penstock dia.(mm) 
Concrete volume(m3 )  1*    for straight section
Firm clays 17 25 100  300 
Stiff clays 20 30 200  penstock dia.(mm) 
Very stiff boulder clays 20 32 350 Concrete volume  2 *    for ( -  ) less than 450
 300 
 
5

Example
L1u= 2m γWater= 9.81 kN/m3
γconcretre= 22kN/m3
L1d= 2m
γsoil= 20kN/m3 (Stiff Clay)
L4u= 30 m
Wp = 0.44 kN/m
L4d= ~ 0
Ww = 1.56 kN/m
d=450 mm
hg=60 m
Block size (Assumed)
hs= 48
Length, L= 3 m
α & β = 130 & 250
Height, H= 3 m
h1= 1.8 m
Width, W=2m
h2= ~0 Height at bend center = 2,15m
No. of support=8

Forces in Direction of Potential Fh Fv

(kN) movement of A/B & S/P
F1 F1u=-0.88 F1u=3.8
F1u  (Wp  Ww )  L1u  Cosα α
β
F1u  (0.44  1.56)  2  Cos(13)  3.9 F1d=-1.53 F1d=3.29
3.63
F1d  (Wp  Ww )  L1d  Cos 
3.9

F1d  (0.44  1.56)  2  Cos (25)  3.63 Applies to both support piers and anchor
block

F2 F1u
± 14.6
F1uper S/P 
No. of S/P α ± 14.2 ± 3.28
F2u  f  (W p  Ww )  L4u  cos

F2u  0.25  (2)  30  cos(13)  14.6

Applies for both support piers and anchor block
F2d = ~ 0, as expansion joint used just
downstream of A/B
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 13 February 2014

Forces in Direction of Potential movement Fh FV

(kN) of A/B & S/P
F3  β α  F3= 11.46 F3=-33.28
F3  2  ρ  g  htotal  A  sin  35.2
 2   αβ 

 2 


 β α  α
F3  15.4  htotal  d 2  sin  β
 2 
 25  13  Only applies to A/B
F3  15.4 108  0.452  sin    35.2
 2 

F4u  Wp  L4u  sinα

F4 α
F4=2.89 F4=0.67
F4u  0.44  30  sin(13)  2.97 β
F4d  Wp  L4d  sin 2.97 ~0
F4d  0.44  ( 0)  sin (25)  0
Only applies to A/B

F5 0 F5=0 F5=0
F5  E *  T    (d  t )  t α
β
F5  7540  ΔT  (d  t)  t for steel 0
As expansion joint are used, F5=0)

F6 F6  100  0.45  45 45 F6=± 3.06 F6=±8.96

α
F6u  (100  d * (cos  cos  )) β
45
F6d  (100  d * (sin   sin  ))
Only applies to A/B
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Forces in Direction of Potential Fh Fv

(kN) movement of A/B & S/P
F7 F7  ρ  g  h total    (d  t )  t F7u=5.55 F7u=1.28
F7  31 h total  (d  t )  t α 6.08
F7u  31 (108  30  sin 13)  (0.45  0.004)  0.004  5.7 β F7d= -5.51 F7d= -2.57
5.7
F7d  31108  (0.45  0.004)  0.004  6.08 Only applies to A/B
 8  Q2 
F8 F8     sin   - α  F8=0.08 F8=-0.25
  d2 
   2  0.26
 Q2 
F8  2.5     sin   - α  α
 d2   2 
  β
 0.452 
F8  2.5     sin  25 - 13   0.26 Only applies to A/B (Usually insignificant)
 0.452   2 
 

F9 0 F9=0 F9=0
F9   water  htotal  d 2  d small
4 big
2 
 
0
F9=0 (Usually, no change in diameter)
 soil  h 2 F10=22.76 F10=5.25
F10 F10 
2
 cos(i )  K a  Width
20 1.82
i
F10   cos(13)  0.37  2  23.36
2
Ka 
cos(i )  cos2 (i )  cos2 ( )

cos2 (i )  cos2 ( )

cos(13)  cos2 (13)  cos2 (30)
 0.37 Wb=0 Wb=354.6
cos(i )  cos(13)  cos2 (13)  cos2 (30)
F10=23.3676
Wblock Wb  Vblock   concrete
Wb  Vblock  22

∑FH=52.1 ∑FV= 345.5

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 13 February 2014

Checking for stability 1.2 m

Resolve all forces on horizontal (FH) and vertical(FV) direction 1.2 m

Find the Resultant of Forces. R  345.52  52.12  349.4 52.1

3m
Checking for sliding stability x
  tan(30) 0.57
0.57  345.5
 3.77  FoS  1.5
52.1  1.2   2 345.5 349.4
(3* 3) *1.5 -  *1.2  * 1.8  1.2 * 
cg( x)   2   3
 1.4 (neglectin g pipe)
  1.2 
3 * 3   *1.2 
  2 
Checking for Overturning 52.1
Resisting moment M R (345.5 1.6  5.25 * 3) 22.76
   4.52  FoS  2 a 2.15
Driving moment M a (52.1* 2.15  22.76 * 0.6) 5.25 0.6 M

1.4 1.6
L
Checking for Bearing failure e  eallowable e  0.24  0.5 345.5
6
M  L
d  1.72 e   d    (1.72 - 1.5)  0.22
 FV  2 L=3m
Max. bearing pressure 52.1
F  6  e  345.5  (6  0.22) 
Pf  V 1   1   82.92
A  L  (3 * 2)  3  d

bearing capacityof soil f 200 L/2 e

 b   2.41  FoS  1.5
max.bearing pressure on soil Pf 82.92 345.5 349.4
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