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I.

Introduction
Pressure, which is a force exerted upon an object over a given area of space, affects
buoyancy when the object is submerged. An object submerged in water will
experience a buoyant force equal to the weight of the water that is being displaced by
the submersion. In other words, a solid object put into water displaces a weight equal
to the water that covers it.
The upward force of rising water is the buoyant force, exerted upon the object by the
fluid; this is true whether the object floats or sinks. As the object's depth increases, so the
fluid pressure increases. This pressure is always greater at the bottom than the top, hence
the force that creates the displacement, the rising water. Pressure therefore increases
buoyant force, which is equal to the weight of the water being dispersed.
II. Methodology

We determined the hydrostatic pressure (part 1) in this experiment by filling some


water in two pipes, 1ft and 2ft diameter pipes. The water is filled up to 1 ft and 2 ft
elevation, and then the mass of the system was scaled.

For the buoyant force (part 2) we used a 6” diameter pipe filled with water up to 7”
level of elevation, then we put a thing into the water until it was half submerged and
fully submerged, and then we record the volume and level increase.

Objectives:

- Understand the unit weight of water typically for CENE design


- Interpret the amount of force created from some elevated volume of water
- Explain the role of energy from elevation head in water system distribution
- Understand and explain the effects of buoyancy has on a submerged object

Resources:

- Unit weight of water = 62.4 lb/ft3


- 1 gram of water = 1 cm3
- Elev Head Pressure = 0.433 lbs/in2/ft of elev.
- 1” = 2.54 cm
- Buoyancy Equation
Fb = ρgV
Where
Fb is the buoyant force
ρ is the density of the fluid
g i gravitational acceleration
V is the volume of fluid displaced

III. Results and Analysis

- Part 1 (Hydrostatic Pressure)


1 inch diameter pipe:

Table 1. Hydrostatic calculation for pipe 1

Water Level in Mass Max Hydrostatic Pressure


Trial Water Volume (cm^3)
Pipe (ft) Measured (g) (at bot) (lb/in^2)

1 2 299 308.89 10.39


2 4 592 617.78 20.78
2 inches diameter pipe:

Table 2 Hydrostatic calculation for pipe 2

Water Level in Mass Max Hydrostatic Pressure


Trial Water Volume (cm^3)
Pipe (ft) Measured (g) (at bot) (lb/in^2)

1 1 618 617.78 5.20


2 2 1194 1235.56 10.39
3 4 2382 2471.11 20.78

- Part 2 (Buoyant Force)

Table 3. Buoyant force calculation for each case

Water Unsubmerged
Trial Buoyancy Force (Newton)
Volume (in^3) Weight (lb) Height (inch)
1 197.9 20 7 0
2 197.9 20 7 0
3 197.9 20 7 0
4 197.9 20 7 0

Water Half Submerged


Trial Buoyancy Force (Newton)
Volume (in^3) Weight (lb) Height (inch)
1 254.5 18 9 91.06
2 226.2 19 8 45.53
3 233.3 19.5 8.25 56.95
4 250.9 19.1 8.88 85.27
Water Full Submerged
Trial Buoyancy Force (Newton)
Volume (in^3) Weight (lb) Height (inch)
1 268.61 18 9.9 113.76
2 273.51 18 9.69 121.64
3 275.67 17 9.75 125.12
4 272.14 18 9.63 119.44

IV. Discussion
- There is a slight difference between measured mass of water and water volume.
For example, since the weight for 1 cm3 water is 1 g, the volume must be 299 cm3
for trial 1 in 1 inch diameter pipe. This might have been caused by the operational
mistakes such as less accuracy when filling the water up to a certain level,
limitation of level scale or other minor mistakes.
- The diameter of the pipes has nothing to do with the hydrostatic pressure. Only
the water level affects. This is according to the hydrostatic pressure formula P static
= ρgh, where Pstatic is the hydrostatic pressure, ρ is the fluid density, g is the
gravitational acceleration, h is the head elevation of the fluid.
- Maximum buoyant force is when the object is fully submerged. This is according
to the formula where Fbuoyant = ρgV, where Fbuoyant is the buoyant force, ρ is the
fluid density, g is the gravitational acceleration, and V is the displaced volume by
the object.
- Buoyant force is not affected by water elevation. It only depends on the object of
how much it is submerged.
- Buoyant force is the result of the difference of hydrostatic pressure. While the
hydrostatic pressure is higher at bottom than at the top of the object, therefore it
causes force as buoyant force.

V. Conclusion

- Maximum hydrostatic pressure is at the bottom of the pipe, and 0 at the top of
water level.
- Only water level affects the hydrostatic pressure.
- Buoyant force is not affected by water level. It is affected by how much is the
object submerged as it is experienced by the object in the water.
-

VI. References

[1] CENE 333L Lab 1 - Force and Bouyancy

[2] https://webhome.phy.duke.edu/~schol/phy151/faqs/faq11/node4.html

[3] https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/fluids/buoyant-force-and-
archimedes-principle/a/buoyant-force-and-archimedes-principle-article

[4] http://physics.bu.edu/~duffy/py105/Pressure.html

VII. Appendices

1. Hand Calculation

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