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ABSTRACT
Advancements in recent wireless technology, Requirements of IEEE 802.15.6 standard are listed
integrated circuit, electronic devices and autonomous below [2]:
sensing of physiological parameters, gave the birth of i. Packet error rate (PER) should be less than 10%
human monitoring system or short range wireless for 256 octet payload for a majority (95%) of
communication network, called Wireless Body Area the best performing links based on PER.
Networks (WBANs). It is one of the major ii. Nodes should ld be capable of being removed and
applications of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), added to the network in less than 3 seconds.
used in medical and as well as non-medical
medical field. In iii. Jitter, latency and reliability should be
WBAN, various tiny, intelligent, low powered and supported for WBAN applications that require
invasive/non-invasive sensorr nodes are placed inside them. Latency should be less than 125 ms in
or outside the human body to collect the data. These medical applications and less than 250 ms in
sensor nodes are referred to as independent device non-medical
medical application, while latency should
with limited communication capabilities. Deployed be less than 50 ms.
sensor nodes are intended to early detection of various iv. On-body and in-body body WBANs should be
types of life threatening
atening diseases viz. cancer, asthma capable of coexisting within range.
etc., using different types of biomedical sensor nodes v. Maximum radiation transmission power should
like ECG (Electrocardiogram), EEG be less than 1 mW (0 dBm).
(Electroencephalogram), pulse rate, temperature, vi. WBANs should be capable of operating in
blood pressure etc. heterogeneous
eneous environment.
vii. WBANs must incorporate QoS management
Keyword: WBAN, patient monitoring, routing, WBAN features to be self-healing
healing and secure as well as
applications allowing priority services.
viii. Transmission range of WBANs is up to 3
1. INTRODUCTION meters.
According to IEEE 802.15.6, WBAN is defined as “a ix. Range of data rates of sensor nodes is from
communication standard optimized for low power 1Kbit/s to 10 Mbit/s.
devices and operation on, in or around the human
body to serve a variety of applications including 2. ROUTING G PROTOCOL DESIGN ISSUES
medical and non-medical
medical field”. It adopted the Since, WBAN is a subset of Wireless Sensor network,
WBANs as the next generation of wireless technology in spite of that protocols used in WSNs are not
for Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs). A directly used by WBANs due to its some specific
Task group of WPANs has worked since November, circumstances like architecture, density, data rate,
2007 to standardize the WBANs technology [1]. The latency and mobility requirements
requireme [3]. Precise
transmission rate of WBANs is 10 Kbps to 10 Mbps, requirement of WBANs impose certain constraints on
whichh distinguish the WBANs from the existing the design of their routing protocol. Each protocol
WPANs. that is designed for WBANs only tries to satisfy a
9. Diabetes Control: Glucose level monitor require not considered independent but do not need around
bit rate of less than 1 kbps and automatic drug the clock medical care, as in retirement homes.
delivery requires a bit rate of approximate
approximately less
than 16 kbps. WBANs have been enabled with 4.2.1 Real Time Streaming: It involves video
diffusion based molecular communication, which streaming such as capturing a video clip by the
can be used in developing automatic drug delivery camera in a cellular phone, trading shows for sport
systems. In case of this, system will automatically goods along with the latest fashion design and 3D
analyze the user’s data based on different videos. This category also includes stream transfer,
parameters, and automatically prescribed the which is used for remote control of entertainment
medicine in case of emergency [11]. devices, body gesture recognition or motion capture,
vital sign and body information-based
information entertainment
4.2 Non-Medical Application service, identification, emotion detection and to
The aging population, increasing cost in formal health monitor forgotten things by sending an alert o the
care and the most important thing is, the individual owner [12].
place on living independently, all motivate the
development of innovative-assisted
assisted living 4.2.2 Entertainmentt Applications: It consists of
technologies for safe and independent aging [11]. gaming application and social networking. Appliances
Non-medicalical applications of WBANs, improve the such as microphones, MP3-players,
players, cameras, head-
head
quality of life in order to maintain a more independent mounted displays and advanced computer appliances
lifestyle using home automation and other. Assisted can be used as devices integrated in WBANs. They
livings facilities have emerged have an alternative can be used for gaming purpose
urpose (game control with
facility for people with disability and elderly, who ar
are hand gesture, mobile body motion game and virtual
world game), personnel item tracking, exchanging