AREA COMPARATIVE CHART

FUNCTION I.H.C I.I.C H.I.C.C INFERENCES

SITE AREA 9.6 ACRE/38,867 4.6 ACRE/18,600 SQMT 15 ACRE/60,705
SQMT SQMT
TYPOLOGY COURTYARD PLANNING IT IS CONCEIVED AS ADESIGN LARGE MUTI- COURTYARD PLANNING
OF INTERRELATED INTERIOR PURPOSE HALLS PERMITS HIGHER
AND SPACES,COURTYARD ARE PROVISED IN FLEXIBILITY IN SOLVING
AND GARDENS. THE CENTRE WITH LIGHTING AND
THE ENTRANCE VENTILATION PROBLEM.
FOYER.
APPROACH THE MAIN GATES ON 3 THE COMPLEX HAS TWO THE ENTRANCE IS ENTRANCES SHOULD BE
ROADS,TWO FOR ENTRANCE/EXIT THROUGH HITEX PROMINENT AND
DELEGATES AND STAFF ROAD. VISIBLE WITH PROPER
SIGNAGE.
CIRCULATION THE REMARKABLE THE USE OF COURTS & SEPERAT ENTRY PROPER CIRCULATION
FEATURE OF IHC IS ITS OPENINGS THROUGH THE FOR PROVIDES FEASIBILITY IN
TRAFFICE FREE BUILDING CREATES LIVELY DELEGATES,EXHIBIT MOVEMENT AND GIVES
ENVOIREMENT. VISUAL LINK FROM ORS,STAFF AND GUIDANCE TO THE
APPROACH TO ENTRY,TO VIP’S ARE VISITOR’S.
EXIT PROVIDED.
PARKING IT HAS DOUBLE ONLY PARKING FOR STAFF IS PARKING FOR PARKING FACILITIES
BASEMENT PARKING OF PROVIDED ON SITE. 1000+CARS ARE ENSURE NO
18,000 SQM.IN AREA MADE FOR CHAOS,PROVIDES
TO ACCOMMODATE PARKING. PROPER CO-
933 CARS ORDINATION DURING
HECTIC SCHEDULE
945 SQM 350 SQM 27,000 SQM

AUDITORIUM CAPACITY – 537 PPL. CAPACITY - 240 4000 PPL.

28
 AREA COMPARATIVE CHART

FUNCTION I.H.C I.I.C H.I.C.C INFERENCES

GUEST ROOMS 57 NO. 51 NO.
-

POSITIVE SHADING DEVICE OPEN SPACES,LANDSCAPE FLEXIBILITY OF SPACES SHOULD BE

FEATURES REJECTS THE MERGES WITH SPACES.DESIGN FLEXIBLE TO MEET
UNWANTED SOLAR SURROUNDING.CONSIDERATI FOR DIFFERENT
ENERGY. ON FOR HANDICAPPED ARE HANDICAPPED.LAR REQUIREMENT.ON SITE
PROVIDED GE COLUMN FREE WASTE MANAGEMENT
SPACE. FACILITY SHOULD BE
PROVIDED.
MATERIALS EXPOSED BRICKWORK JALIS IN BLUE CERAMIC TILES STEEL,GLASS,ALUMI IT HELPS TO DEFINE THE
ON FAÇADE.RED NIUM PANELS ARE BUILDING ELEVATIONAL
SANDSTONE AND RED USED. WISE
TILES ARE USED
ARCHITECTURAL THE EXTERIOR AND THE FAÇADE IS MADE BY .IT IS A MODERN THE BUILDING SHOULD
CHARACTER INTERIOR COURT KEEPING IN MIND NEAR BY BUILDING WHICH IS COMPLIMENT THE AREA
FACING FAÇADE ARE MONUMENTS. CHARACTERIZED BT OF THE CITY
THOUGHTFULLY BOLD USE OF
ARCTICULATED MATERIALS LIKE
STEEL,GLASS,ALUMI
NIUM PANELS

29
 STANDARDS

ACC. TO STANDARDS-
Unlike most theatres , cinemas and even lecture theatres , a convention or confrence hall has to cater for a wide range of different sizes of
meetings , together with their particular platform arrangements, audio visual aid equipment and display . the extent to which other functions will
need to be accommodated will depend on the primary role of the premises .

The architectural program for salable conference and meeting spaces is essential to defining the convention centre product. This can be best be
done in three steps :
Consider the types of general and special purpose rooms that are required.
determine the optimum and maximum capacity of each.
Establish the no. of each type.
The convention centers provide conference rooms,
Amphitheatres , auditoriums, and computer facilities.

Auditorium
The auditorium is a sloped floor , theatre like room for formal presentations, sometimes with additional balcony seating . it generally includes a
stage and front screen projection capabilities.

Amphitheater
The amphitheatre is a tiered room incorporating built-in work surfaces , which are often curved to focus seating on the speaker or horseshoe –
shaped to allow better eye contact with the attendees. Space requirement is 25 sqft per seat or 2.25 sqm per seat.

Multipurpose conference room

This is a large , flexible meeting room often with subdivisible partitions ,a flat floor , and a 200 to 500 seat capacity. The character of this room
can vary greatly , depending upon the type of conference centre , with some more resembling a junior ballroom and others little different from
standard conference room.most incorporate either front or rear seat or 1.35 to 2.2 sqm per seat for executive theatre and classroom setups.

30
 STANDARDS

Conference Rooms
These dedicated conference rooms for 20 to 50 ppl form the majority of the meeting facilities. The have simple flat floors ,simple built –in
systems, including writing and tackable surface ,projection screens and presentation rails , some include front – seat projection , space
requirements : 18 to 26 sqft or 1.6 to 2.3 sqm per seat for executive theatre and classroom setups: 34 to 42 sqft or 3 to 3.8 sqm per seat for
hollow square and u-shaped arrangements.

Breakout Rooms
Breakout rooms are small conference rooms for upto 12 people with limited features ,usually including tackable walls ,a white boared ,and a
projection screen ,space requirements: 25 sqm per seat:larger rooms are often used but still for not more than 10 to 12 people.

Boardroom
The boardroom is special upgraded conference room with a fixed table , executive chairs , high level finishes ,front and /or rear seat projection ,
and a private lounge or anteroom. Usual capacity is about 16 to 24.space requirements:40sqft or 3.6 sqm per seat ,increased ,by 50 percent
when providing a projection room ,pantry ,or anteroom.

Computer Room
This special training room, incorporates several rows of works stations ,each with the capability of exchanging information .many of these
rooms are part of a large building or campus network, space requirement 30 to 40 sqft or 2.7 to 3.6 sqm per seat.

The Assembly and Support areas program

In addition to determining the necessary conference and training spaces, the prefunction areas and such support functions must be established.
The assembly spaces are of various types, from a seprate lobby for day attendees , to major prefunction areas outside the larger rooms, to
smaller refreshment areas . The assembly areas should total between 15 to 50 percent of the salable conference space.
The principal component include :
Conference services: space is needed for offices for the conference conclerge, the conference service manager, and A.V planners, and a
lounge for meeting with clients: some operators include a audiovisual room and work areas adjacent or nearby.
Audiovisuals: Rear and front screen projection rooms, offices and workroom and the audiovisual technicians, a central distribution room.
Storage areas: Space is needed for conference room furnishing, including tables, chairs, lectems, and riser; portable audio visual equipment ;
food service supplies; and client material sent in advance of meetings.
Coffee pantry: Include a service area for brewing coffee and tea, holding cold drinks,pastries and fruit, storing soiled dishes so on.

31
 STANDARDS

AUDITORIUM
The auditorium is the container for the audience focused on the stage upon which the performances occur. The three dimensional
volume of the auditorium is characterized by the limitations set by all the members of the audience able to see and hear the
performances and the performers to be able to command the audience.
•The relationship between the stage and the back stage
areas should be dealt according to the convenience of the
performers.
TYPES OF LAYOUTS
Minimum radius foe the curved rows due to seat
construction is 20’ centre for radii of rows and centre of
screen or stage need not coincide , although this is a ideal
case.

Fan shaped
It is ideally best and is
Recommended for comfort,
Ease of vision and safety.
Relationship between groups of spaces

32
 STANDARDS
DIFFERENT WAYS OF LIGHTING- ACOUSTICAL DEFECT-
Echoes –
• Indirect light reflected from ceiling gives a Reflection of huge plane surfaces risk being heard as
pleasant soft light but insufficient to emphasize. echoes. Particularly troublesome
echoes can result from
reflection of concave curved
surfaces even if the focal
point is not at the position
of audience Acoustical
focusing and troublesome
non uniformity will result
and such echo. surfaces
should be avoided in
• Lamps can be arranged economically to give auditorium.
direct light to exhibits and also general light from
ceiling reflection.

Poor Ceiling Design Causin

Flutter – echoes-
If a sound is made between
Two parallel surfaces the
regular reflections between
the two surfaces are head
as highly metallic ‘ring.
Elimination of flutter echoes
require a small amount of
•Spotlight on ceiling may create dramatic effect diffusing treatment on the
but madequate general lighting. offending surfaces, inclination
of a little as 5 degree of
one surface relative to the
other or application
of a little

lateral reflection situation

for the stalls in plan absorbent.

33
 STANDARDS
SPACE REQUIREMENT:
• Area of auditorium6mt.per person
• Farthest seat from stage front2.0mt.
• Volume of auditorium3mt. cube per person
• Acting area 9x9 mt. or 9mt. diameter
• If the stage has to have wings, they should be at least
same size as the acting area with two wings the full
stage widths therefore be least 2.7mt. wide.
AUDITORIUM STAGE RELATIONSHIP-
• Relationship between group of spaces
• Relationship between the actor and the audience is the basis
of the theatre. If the performance is to remain at the focus of
the audience attention, some degree of encirclement of the
stage area by the seating can be expected.
PERFORMANCE SPACES-
• Lighting and sound control rooms are located at the near of
the stage manager’s office should lead directly to the stage,
close to the prompt corner.
• The scenery dock should be planned at stage level and
accessible from the stage and loading door.

AUDITORIUM SEATING-

Back to back distance

between rows of seats
with back:760mm(min)
back to back distance
between rows of seats
without back:610mm(min)
width of seats with arms
510mm(min)width of seats
without arms 460mm(min)
unobstructed vertical space
between rows
(seaway 305mm min.)
maximum width of
gangway 1070

34
 STANDARDS

Curved
Uncomfortable for spectators and poor
visibility.

The seating layout in an auditorium depends mainly on

selection of format - the relationship between audience
and performers and the visual & aural limitations
associated with a particular type of production as well as Sitting arrangement on a Balcony.
the number of levels and Sightlines.

•For best visibility, staggered seating arrangement should be

provided.
•Max area per seat = 8 sq. ft- 10 sq. ft.
•Max width of seats = 1’-10”
•Width of seats with arms = 1’-8”
•Width without arms = 1’-6”
•Back to back distance between rows of seats without back =
2’-0”
•Min. width of gangway 3’-6”

Sitting arrangement on a Ramped Floor

35
 STANDARDS

NUMBER OF SEATS IN A ROW

•With traditional seating the maximum number in a row is
limited to 22 if there are gangways at both ends of the row and
11 if a gangway is on one side only.

ROW TO ROW SPACING

• For traditional seating the minimum is 300 mm and this
dimension increases with the number of seats in a row.
•For continental seating the clearway is to be not less than 400
mm and not more than 500 mm.

GANGWAYS
The minimum width is 1100 mm. Gangways can be ramped up to
a ratio of 1:10 to 1:12

SEATING GEOMETRY
Seating is usually laid out in straight or curved rows focused
towards the performance. Stagger arrangement of seats is the
best arrangement which is accomplished by the non uniform
placement seats in succeeding rows.

STAGE LIGHTING
• The provision for stage lighting should be such that any part of the
stage can be lit
from as many different angles as possible.
• The main sources are the overhead within the stage and the
auditorium, from side slots and less frequently
from the footlights.
Spacing in rows

36
 STANDARDS

• Overhead lighting is particularly important and should be

arranged to strike the actor’s face at about 45o above
horizontal.

• The location of lighting bars over the stage and the lighting
bridges over the auditorium can be worked by arranging the
cone of light to fall between 55o to 400 so that whole stage
can be covered.
AISLE

For the
SIGHT LINES
purpose of
seeing radial •Good views of acting area are essential for all practical purposes
aisles are the the rake of the auditorium is therefore is worked out graphically.
Best as there •The lowest point which the whole audience should be able to c
is no wastage clearly is first established.
of space and a • The height allowed above every eye level to clear the head is
Clear picture normally 100mm.
is seen. • Maximum of the gradient for aisles without steps is 1:10

STAGE DIMENSIONS
Width: 18m Depth: 12m
Height: Normal stage height varies from 0.7 to 1.2m, optimum being
0.9m.
The stage must be below the eye level of seated audience in the first
row.
Width of Proscenium: Minimum width is 12m, 18m, usual and 24m
max.
Proscenium heights: The aspect ratio for proscenium heights varies
from 1:2
to 2:3 of the width. If the proscenium width is kept 60 degrees then
height
varies between 30’-0” to 40’-0”.

37
 STANDARDS

ARCHITECTURAL ACOUSTIC FOR AUDITORIUM

• For economic reason, most contemporary assembly hall are designed to cater to multiple functions.
• For instance, a hall may be used as a concert hall on one occasion or as a drama theatre or a lecture hall on other occasion.
• In such a situation a great deal of compromise is called in the acoustical design criteria.
• The design must determine the foremost function of the hall, design the hall for that use and allow adjustments to be made in
the hall to serve other uses.
•The best theatre have a noise level of about 30db.
•When sound passes at a low angle of incident over and audience, it is strongly attenuated because of absorptive property of an
audience.
•Reinforcement of sound by reflection from the sealing makes it reasonable to provide less step wake up to 35 degree.

BALCONY PARAPET TREATMENT

38
 STANDARDS

MUSEUMS AND ART GALLERIES

•The similarity among all the museums and art galleries is that no object on display were even designed to be there .they range in
size from general collection ,artifacts ,natural mineral objects ,stuffed animals ,coins and fabrics etc.
•In general the main concern of the museum and art galleries are collecting, documenting, persevering, researching and
exhibiting.
•The various activities that can be organized by a museum to supplement its permanent exhibitions are:

1. Temporary exhibitions: on subject to contemporary exhibition

2. Film and audio visual shows.
3. Mobile structure: instant popularity with general public.
4. Tableau with full size figures and animation.
5. Organizing popular lecture and demonstrations
6. Walk in panoramas
7. Three dimensional animations.

•The average ratio of gallery to non gallery spaces are 48.52 with permanent display taking up to
40%of the total area.

CIRCULATION
Internal circulation
External circulation

Internal circulation: internal circulation in a museum can be divided into three zones

1. Circulation of visitors:

• For lectures, film shows.

• For permanent displays.
• For special exhibitions.
• For students & scholars attending museum

39
 STANDARDS

External circulation:
It is essential to segregate the public movement from staff and goods
entrance. Aim should be to achieve a clear and defined circulation by
providing separate circulation paths for vehicular and pedestrian
movements.

FLEXIBILITY WITHIN CIRCULATION

Circulation cannot be in isolation .it is a part and parcel of the activity
area, but still be well defined so as to result probably in overlapping of
function making spaces which become multifunctional.

SEQUENTIAL CIRCULATION
Adequate space should be provided for people to view the exhibits and
also to pass between groups of people. More viewing space should be
provided for popular exhibits.

Chain type layout Twisting circuit Fan shaped layout

40
 STANDARDS

Different ways of dividing exhibition spaces

VISION AND VIEWING

•The two main aspect of viewing are the ease of viewing and lighting
•The normal limit of vision without moving the head is a cone of 40
degrees.
•A picture can therefore be conveniently viewed from a distance about
double the diagonal.

•It is generally accepted, though that distance equal to diagonal will enable
the viewer to appreciate the detail of the picture, but he will have to move
his head to compass it all.

41
 STANDARDS
LIGHTING
•Lighting in a museum has a two fold function:
•For the interpretation of objects and surroundings.
•Fulfill the physiological and psychological needs.
•The degree of visibility is determined by the amount, colour and the angle of illumination. The amount of light needed is
directly proportional to the details to be seen and the colour of the object.

•Lighting has to fulfill the three basic functions of visibility, decoration and mood creation. The visitors should be in
comparative darkness as compared to the exhibits. It is because of this relative brightness rather than the actual level of
illumination that a person can see at low light levels.

NATURAL LIGHTING
•As much possible daylight should be allowed inside, particularly so for corridors, toilets; conference rooms (which must have
blackout-facilities).
•The changing nature of light is one of the most important assets of natural light.

METHODS OF NATURAL LIGHTING

Overhead lighting provides the following advantage:
• Even illumination on walls.
•Less obstructed by lateral obstructions as trees, buildings.
•It is possible to regulate the amount of light coming in.
•Good visibility with minimum of distortion.
•Wall space remains free for exhibits.
•Fewer openings required in the walls thus less security problems.

The disadvantages are:

•Lots of maintenance is required.
•More lights fall on the floor.
•The monotony of the light causes a claustrophobic effect; it is continued over a large
distance.

42
 STANDARDS

LIBRARY
Library building may broadly be classified by their
size and their relationship to the communities or
organization they serve. However three broad
classification of library are

LIBRARY FOR EDUCATION

These vary greatly in size according to the type of

institution, e.g. university

PUBLIC LIBRARY

•These types of library vary considerably in size

depending on
the communities they serve.
•As well as lending and reference functions, in recent
years the
development of new media and technology has
brought great changes and
affects the basic planning of library building.

Public library can be divided into three parts:

1. Central Library (for large communities)

2. County libraries (also serve as administrative and
distribution centre)
3. Branch or local libraries

43
 STANDARDS

Libraries in research associations, learned institutions, Government departments, commercial and industrial firms.

Entrance lobby

Loans
QUE
T
Cloaks Control ARE
AS
LOW
Information Stac
NOIS
Catalogue k
E
Bibliography

Information

Open shelving browsing

Periodicals Reading Audio-

Visual

44
 STANDARDS

Recommended minimum allowance for one person reading area

STUDY READING AREAS:

•Study area is the most important part of a library.

•The recommended size of each individual table is 900 X 600 mm. if tables are arranged in rows this will have to be increased
to 900 X900 mm.
•Each reader allowance in reading area should be 2.3 m² giving him the share of circulation within the room.
•A long table can accommodate upto 12 readers: the width of such a table should be 1200mm.
•It is recommended that long tables should have central division

MATERIAL IN THE LIBRARY

Generally the books will be housed in two areas of the library

• Open area- those are accessible to the public and certain users of the library.
• Closed area- those which are not accessible by the public but only used by the staff.

45
 STANDARDS

The books used in the open areas could be very briefly divided
into the following:
1. Bibliographical 2. General reference
3. Special reference 4. Adult Lending
5. Children Lending 6. Local History
7. Music 8. Arts
9. Others
Books which are kept in closed areas and are accessible by staff, are the
surplus
books or stored books and may be divided as follows:

• General Stack
• Compact shelving stacks
• Special collection
• Extension services stacks

SPACE REQUIREMENTS
Book shelves
•Library could standardise on 230mm wide shelving, with special runs of shelving (limited number) 300mm wide for
books over 230mm wide.
• Wall shelving should never be higher than 2m (preferably 1.8 m).
• No shelf in public areas should be lower than 300 mm from the floor and preferably 400 mm in island shelving.

Open rack

•In open stack book storage more room must be provided for readers for browsing and cross traffic.
•Provision of cross aisles is important in this type of shelving

46
 STANDARDS
Reading areas
•The recommended size of each individual table is 900 X 600 mm. if
tables are arranged in rows this will have to be increased to 900 X900 mm.
•Each reader allowance in reading area should be 2.3 m² giving him the
share of circulation within the room.
• A long table can accommodate upto 12 readers: the width of such a table
should be 1200mm.
•Seating should not be allowed at the end of the table.
•It is recommended that long tables should have central division.

Closed rack
•The shelving should provide the maximum storage of books with minimum use
of space. This Means Island should be double sided stacks, with single sided
along the perimeter walls.

•The distance between stack will be dictated by access of book trolley

•The bottom shelf in closed book shack can be as near to the floor as possible
(75mm) with top shelf not higher than 1.9m, thus preferred total height of stack
2.3m (7 shelves total).

Recommended minimum
clearance around tables

47
 STANDARDS

RESTAURANTS/CAFETERIA
•Restaurants should be planned so that variety of seating arrangement can be achieved.
•Ambience is an important part in restaurant design
•Decoration, lighting should be a integral part of restaurant design
•Large regular spaces should be broken up in small more intimate areas.
•Changes of level not usually favored by caterers but acceptable providing, they may positive contribution to design. Do not
involve more than 2 or 3 steps and main restaurant should be same level as kitchen

AREA REQUIREMENT:
•Per Seat: 1480mm-2150mm
•Ratio of service area to total area: 25-50%
•Net kitchen area: 15-25%
•Service aisles- not less than 900mm-1350mm

RESTAURANT AND KITCHEN

•While designing a restaurant there are several critical dimensions that the designer must consider;
•Aisle circulation must be adequate in width,
•Clearances to consider inclusion of chair depth from edge of table and clearances between chairs
•While laying out chair and table arrangements, a designer must anticipate the potential conflict
between a patron leaving a seat and a tray-carrying waiter.
•Cafeteria in a commercial area should be 16-18 sq.ft./per seat

DINNING AREA
•Space of dinning area is usually based upon number of square seated times the
•number of person seated per time.
•As a rule of thumb to eat comfortably, one person requires a
table area of around 60cm wide by 40cm deep.
Space requirements
•Space requirement may range from
• 0.07 sqm to 1.2 sqm

48
 STANDARDS
Type of operation square meter per person
Cafeteria, commercial 1.4 – 1.6
Counter service 1 – 1.3

AREAS REQUIRED

NET KITCHEN 15 TO 25%

•Kitchen and wash to be preferred at the same level as the
restaurant.
• Kitchen area divided into servery area, area for cooking,
frying, and grilling and preparation of soup and vegetables and
wash up area.

SPACE ALLOWANCE EXCLUDING COOKING AREA

Food is normally cooked within counter area but that for
preparation, wash-up required 1.50 to
2.20 sqm per person including counter.

CAFÉ SERVICE
0.83 sqm per person, usually family type of business with
separate kitchen for dinning designed on traditional lines

SELF SERVICE CAFÉ.

1.4 to 1.7 sqm per person. Long self-service counter providing
good circulation spaces with spaces for clearing trolleys

TABLE SIZES

49
 STANDARDS

square table-diagonal layout CIRCULATION THROUGH A RESTAURANT square table-square layout

50
 STANDARDS
PUBLIC TOILETS
•To ensure good working atmosphere it is essential to design sanitary facility, which are both functional and attractive.
•Toilets should be approximately 100m from each workstation.
• If ventilation is through windows on one side, only an area of 17000 cm2 is required.
•In toilet facilities with <250 men or<160 women a drainage point with smell seal and tap connections with stop cock and hose
union must be provided and a sink for cleaning purposes.
•Flooring should be non-slip, water resistant and easy to clean. Walls should be washable to >2m. Well-ventilated lobbies are
required in front of toilets and should have one washbasin per five WC.

REQUIREMENTS AS PER NUMBER OF USERS

•The minimum room height of toilet with four or fewer
WCs
can be 2.20m install washing facility for disabled people,
according to regulations recommended and type of
activity.

51
 STANDARDS

PARKING
STANDARD CAR DIMENSION

External height dimension External length External width dimension

PARKING CONFIGURATION
•Dimensions of vehicle parking spaces in parking bays range from 1.80x4.60 m to 2.50x 6.00m.
But slightly longer for longer parking.
•While the 90 degrees parking is more economical in space requirements

LOCATION

•Parking arrangements should be clear and organized, using road markings and signs, preferably
with one-way systems. Keep dead ends as short as possible so that the driver can view vacant spaces
•Staff car parking must be quite separate and entered from service areas and not from visitor’s access points.

RAMP SLOPES
The maximum ramp slopes should be 20 percent. For slopes over 10%, a transition at least 8 feet long should be
provided at each end of the ramp at one half of the slope of the ramp itself.

52
 STANDARDS

PARKING LAYOUTS

•A central drive way with two rows of cars and 90 degree parking gives the best economy. Diagonal parking is easier for
the driver reduces driveway width but require more space.
•In designing parking spaces, end stalls should be about 1 ft. wider than usual.
•Parking spaces under building access drives should be 20 ft. wide for one-way traffic. If a restricted site frontage
requires a right angle turnoff, the drive way should be 25 ft. wide and the curb should have a 30 ft. radius.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF PARKING ARRANGEMENTS IN 90 DEGREE AND

DIAGONAL PARKING.

53
 STANDARDS

TURNING RADIUS

RAMPS

•Ramps may be straight, curved or a combination. No single ramp

system is best for all applications.
•The choice should be based on the site shape and dimensions and
parking demand characteristics. Ramps may be one-way or two-way.

RAMP BREAK OVER ANGLE

The ramps break over angle is the measure of the ability of a car to
break over a steep ramp. the society of automotive engine calls for a
minimum of 10 degrees as a design standard.

54
 STANDARDS
AIR CONDITIONING
OPEN-AIR THEATRE- PLANT-
• Good hearing and good sightlines for every part. Plant should be located
• Seat may be set on a rising parabolic curve or on two as near to the supply
different inclines a fairly mild slope for lower half of the zone as possible but
auditorium (near the main stage) and a steeper slope for positioned and designee
the upper half. to avoid transmission of
• The slope for the lower portion- 12 degree. noise and vibration
• For the upper – 24 degree. access is required for
maintenance and
• Stage should be at a level 3 ft. above the base of the eventual replacement.
lowest row of the seats in open- air theatre. Air conditioning plant is
practically limited to in
AIR-CONDITION SYSTEM- unit capacity to about
• Mono zone systems are normally used with plant 50000m cube/h normally
exclusive to the auditorium. In large halls two or three at least two sets of
separate air conditioning units may be installed to meet equipment to capable of
the operational requirements. supplying 60-70 percent
of the total load will be
• Mono zone systems are usually installed in large halls installed for flexibility in
and auditorium to enable the room conditions to be operation and
monitored and adjusted centrally. Directional air maintenance.
movement can be controlled.
• Ducts are normally formed from rectangular – section
galvanized steel sheets. NOISE AND VIBRATION-
Noise source- undesirable sound may arise from
DISTRIBUTION – •Central part
Movement of conditioned air through auditorium may be •Distribution noise- air velocity in the duct particularly
downwards, upwards or across the space this being through dampers, drumming from duct walls excessive
largely determined by the direction and movement fluid velocity in pipes and valves.
of the inlet air. •Noise rooms in occupied rooms
•Vibration in a building is an undesirable section. In
DOWNWARD MOVEMENT- most situations it is the vertical vibrations that are
This is created by the jet section/ displacement of important, since floor have the greatest flexibility in this
direction.
supply air discharged through high level grills in selected
walls. The air is usually exhausted through floor or wall •Layout consideration for sound and vibration.
grills. •Critical rooms for noise should be sited away from the
plant room.

55

COFERENCE HALLS
Conference system
A basic system, suitable for a
conference chamber would include:
Delegates unit- Microphone
Loudspeaker
Request to speak
indicator
Lamp
Speaker button
Chairman`s unit- priority switch to
over-ride other inputs
Development of the basic system may
provide the following connections:
Simultaneous interpretation system
Interpreter`s desk interconnections to
allow contact during working period.
Relays of speeches to other rooms
and/or recording
Special facilities for the deaf
Conference voting
CONFERENCE ROOM
ACOUSTICS
Reverberation time- .6 - .8 sec
Volume – 2.8 cum/person
Floor area – 2 sqm/person
Sound reflecting ceiling to carry speech of the acting area of stage.
across the conference table
Sound absorptive edges on ceiling
Sound absorptive wall paneling/pin
board to at least 50% of wall surface
Carpet floor finishes
Seating layout for meeting
theatre style
classroom style
central conference table
Square groupings
STANDARDS
AUDITORIUM
Auditorium Requirements-
Public access separation from other
conference activity.
Stage/ performance access and back stage
provisions.
Noise entry shielded by outer meeting
room and double
skin construction vibrations-structure
design
in foyer and breakout areas.
Size and capacity:
Seating density should be more generous
than
minimal for theaters and vary from .55 to
.88 sqmts per person for self lighting
seats.
The vertical angle from horizontal eye
level to the
Top of the screen (from the seat) should
not exceed 35.
Sight lines
Height of focal point on platform – stage
height vary from 800 – 1100m. The focus
is taken as 50mm above the furthest point
Eye level when seated usually taken as
1120mm + 100 along the central line.
Vertical distance between the average
viewing eyes and top of the head –
125mm.
Max. vertical angle elevated view from
nearest seats must not exceed 30`
(discomfort) max angle down from
balcony 35` preferably 30`.
Seating min. Dimension-
Back to back distance between rows of
seats 800
Width of seats with arms
500
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AUDITORIUM ACOUSTICS
Max. audible distance from the
speaker – 20m.
Overhead ceiling panels should be
sound reflecting and angled to give
usefully early reflections to carry
sound to the rare seat.
Optimum reverberation time for
speech is generally between .75 to
1.0 seconds.
The volume of hall is 2.8 to 4 cubic
meters per person.
Floor area – 0.7 to 0.8 sqm per
person
Acoustical condition for speech
(and for small music ensembles
)may be improved by use the of
suspended reflectors over the
platform and adjacent body of hall.
Balcony front need to be modeled or
should have sound absorption
applied in order to avoid distracting
back reflection effect for
performance on stage.
s=1.4(h-4) seated
s=1.4(h-6) standing
s=dist. btw. loudspeakers
h=floor to ceiling ht.
deep balconies deprive some seats
from useful reflected sound
effect of surface/shape on reflected
sound
STAGE
Width of stage _> twice stage
opening
Stage height = 2.5 times stage
opening
Depth of stage (from fire curtain
)>_ ¾ times stage width
House curtains: immediately
behind the proscenium wall to
close off the main stage.
On stage curtains : to screen off
the main scenery area.
Others are edge masking
curtains and drapes and
background curtains.
Cyclorama: large plain sheets
used to form natural background
to the stage , it is a starched
cloth can also be used as cine or
slide back projection.
Edge masking is to hide off
stage areas , it consists
overlapping parallel lines of set
of curtains.
The backstage must also be
directly accessible to workshop ,
store, loading dock, green
rooms, office of manager,
specialist staff room.
Technical facilities in
auditorium-
Projection and control room
Lighting control room
Sound control and recording
room
Simultaneous interpretation
booth
 STANDARDS

Exit standards:
PROJECTION ROOM Mean for escape in fire
The projection room or booth should be An exit time of 2.5 to 3 minutes for
located in the rear of the auditorium and set evacuation of the audience from the
back as far as possible to give maximum auditorium is normally planned.
focal length Fire Exits
To minimize picture distortion centre line of No. of people at each level
the screen or plan should be symmetrical Min. Exits Min.width
with the axis of projector – if there are two
projectors it should be equidistant from 1200
each. 300 2

1300
SIMULTANEOUS INTERPRETATION 400 2
BOOTHS
Booths must be elevated and built at the 1500
back or side of the hall to allow an 500 2
unobstructed view of the persons speaking ,
the chairman blackboard and projection 1500
screen. 750 3
They should be grouped to enable
interpreters to communicate visually 1500
through side windows (at least 0.45 m wide) 1000 4
and have easy, quick and safe access
between booths. A.C Plant Rooms
Extra floor loading for machinery in
FIRE FIGHTING a plant room can be 750-1500 kg/sqm
Typical detection equipments like smoke or Space requirement:
heat detectors, alarm, etc and the fire Air supply (cu.mt.)
fighting equipments like extinguishers, width(m) height(m)
hydrants, wet riser, etc. should be provided. length(m)
Sprinklers <20000 3.0
They are provided on stage, screen docks, 3.0 10
trap room and various other areas. They are 20 – 40000 4.0
usually protected by beams from accidental 3.5 14
impact. 40 – 70000 4.75
Fire exit staircase 4.0 20
Maximum riser: 150mm
Minimum tread: 280mm
Minimum two staircase per floor

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