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In communications and electronic engineering, a transmission

line is a specialized cable or other structure designed to


conduct alternating current of radio frequency, that is, currents with
a frequency high enough that their wave nature must be taken into
account. Transmission lines are used for purposes such as
connecting radio transmitters and receivers with their antennas (they
are then called feed lines or feeders), distributing cable
television signals, trunklines routing calls between telephone switching
centres, computer network connections and high speed computer data
buses.
There are two-conductor transmission line which are parallel line
(ladder line), coaxial cable, stripline, and microstrip.
Waveguide, dielectric waveguide, and even optical fiber are also
considered as transmission lines.
Ordinary electrical cables suffice to carry low
frequency alternating current (AC), such as mains power, which
reverses direction 100 to 120 times per second, and audio signals.
However, they cannot be used to carry currents in the radio
frequency range,[1] above about 30 kHz, because the energy tends to
radiate off the cable as radio waves, causing power losses. Radio
frequency currents also tend to reflect from discontinuities in the cable
such as connectors and joints, and travel back down the cable toward
the source. These reflections act as bottlenecks, preventing the signal
power from reaching the destination. Transmission lines use
specialized construction, and impedance matching, to carry
electromagnetic signals with minimal reflections and power losses. The
distinguishing feature of most transmission lines is that they have
uniform cross sectional dimensions along their length, giving them a
uniform impedance, called the characteristic impedance, to prevent
reflections. Types of transmission line include parallel line (ladder
line, twisted pair), coaxial cable, and planar transmission lines such
as stripline and microstrip. The higher the frequency of
electromagnetic waves moving through a given cable or medium, the
shorter the wavelength of the waves. Transmission lines become
necessary when the transmitted frequency's wavelength is sufficiently
short that the length of the cable becomes a significant part of a
wavelength.
At microwave frequencies and above, power losses in
transmission lines become excessive, and waveguides are used
instead,[1] which function as "pipes" to confine and guide the
electromagnetic waves. Some sources define waveguides as a type of
transmission line; however, this article will not include them. At even
higher frequencies, in the terahertz, infrared and visible ranges,
waveguides in turn become lossy, and optical methods, (such as lenses
and mirrors), are used to guide electromagnetic waves.
The theory of sound wave propagation is very similar
mathematically to that of electromagnetic waves, so techniques from
transmission line theory are also used to build structures to conduct
acoustic waves; and these are called acoustic transmission lines.
SIGNAL PROPAGATION:
A. Propagation Speed
Transmission Dielectric Dieletric Velocity Propagation
line type Material Constant Factor Speed
Polyethylene
Twin Lead 2.27 0.664 199.12 x 106
foam
Polyethylene
Thick Coax 2.27 0.664 199.12 x 106
foam
Polyethylene
Thin Coax 2.27 0.664 199.12 x 106
foam
B. DC Signal Propagation

Input Twin Lead Thick Coax Thin Coax


Voltage,
Vin = 10V
10m 1m 10m 1m 1m 1m
Output
9.99V 9.97V 10V 9.98V 10V 9.94V
Voltage
Voltage
0.01V 0.03V 0V 0.02V 0V 0.06V
Difference
Loss in dB 0.0087dB 0.03dB 0dB 0.02dB 0dB 0.05dB
C. Length of the Line
Signal Signal 10m Twin 10m Thick 10m Thick
Frequency Wavelength Lead Coax Coax
10 kHz 19.91 km Short Short Short
20 MHz 9.96 m Long Long Long
3 GHz 0.066 m Long Long Long
30 GHz 0.0066 m Long Long Long

D. Wave Propagation
Input Voltage,
Vin = 1.25V Twin Lead Thick Coax Thin Coax
Freq =
889.3kHz 10m 1m 10m 1m 1m 1m
Output
1.40V 9.97V 10V 9.98V 10V 9.94V
Voltage
Voltage
0.15V 0.03V 0V 0.02V 0V 0.06V
Difference
Loss in dB -0.98dB -1.05dB -0.25dB -0.92dB -0.42dB -0.98dB

E. Phase Shift in Wave Propagation


10m Twin Lead 10m Thick Coax 10m Thin Coax
Vin = 1.25V
Vout Phase Shift Vout Phase Shift Vout Phase Shift

Freq = 899.3KHz 3.03V 19.42° 1.54V 16.17° 1.48V 0°

Freq = 1.3MHz 1.39V 18.72° 2.96V 14.04° 2.64V 23.4°

Freq =1.96 MHz 1.39V 21.17° 2.56V 28.22° 1.75V 19.76°


This experiment is all about signal propagation in transmission line.
Transmission line is a conductor or conductors designed to carry electricity
or an electrical signal over large distances with minimum losses and
distortion.

To start the experiment, we gather all the equipment needed and


perform the procedures. For the first part of the experiment, we computed
the velocity factor and propagation speed of signal of the twin lead, thick
coax, and thin coax. We observed that the propagation speed and the velocity
factor of the twin lead, thick coax, and thin coax are the same which has a
value of 0.664 and 199.12 x 106.

For the second part of the experiment, we observed the DC voltage in


the other end of the 10m and 1m transmission lines with a 10V input voltage.
We observed that the output voltages of the transmission lines measures
nearly 10V.

For the third part of the experiment, we computed for the signal
frequency and signal wavelength of the transmission and proceeded to the
next part.

For the fourth part of the experiment, we observed the signal in both
end of the transmission lines using the oscilloscope and record the DC
voltages with a 1.25V input voltage and 883.3 kHz frequency. We observed
that the output voltages of the transmission lines used ranges from 1.05V –
1.41V.

For the last part of the experiment, we varied the frequency and
observed the signal in both ends of the transmission lines and recorded the
phase shift angle. While doing these, we observed that the phase shift angles
and the output voltages of the transmission lines are also varying.
In this experiment, we have been able to know and understand
the propagation of signals in a transmission line. We also learned
about the different types of transmission lines used in signal
propagation.

We have concluded that when transmitting a signal in a


transmission line there are minimum losses and distortion. We also
concluded that phase shift of the transmission line depends on the
given frequency and length of the line.

Lastly, we have concluded that it is better to use coaxial cables


in signal transmission because coaxial cable is highly resistant to
signal interference, supports greater cable lengths, and can be shielded
in a variety of ways with a foil shield on each conductor, a foil or braid
inside the jacket or a combination of individual conductor and jacket
shielding.

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