Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
I. ECOLOGY
Whale Clouds
Nitrogen
Clock Corpse
Pipe
Water Snail
Cotton Fabric
Fish Steak
Wool
Paper Pork Chops
Gold
Glass Salad
Plastic
Aluminum Bread
Grapes
Wooden Ruler Gumamela
Air
Sand Mouse
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11. What eats secondary consumers?
12. Make a food chain with a producer and 3
consumers.
The arrows in a food chain show the flow of energy, from the sun or hydrothermal vent to a top predator. As the energy
flows from organism to organism, energy is lost at each step. A network of many food chains is called a food web.
Trophic Levels:
The trophic level of an organism is the position it holds in a food chain.
1. Primary producers (organisms that make their own food from sunlight and/or chemical energy from deep sea
vents) are the base of every food chain - these organisms are called autotrophs.
2. Primary consumers are animals that eat primary producers; they are also called herbivores (plant-eaters).
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3. Secondary consumers eat primary consumers. They are carnivores (meat-eaters) and omnivores (animals that
eat both animals and plants).
4. Tertiary consumers eat secondary consumers.
5. Quaternary consumers eat tertiary consumers.
6. Food chains "end" with top predators, animals that have little or no natural enemies.
When any organism dies, it is eventually eaten by detrivores (like vultures, worms and crabs) and broken down
by decomposers (mostly bacteria and fungi), and the exchange of energy continues. Some organisms' position in the food
chain can vary as their diet differs. For example, when a bear eats berries, the bear is functioning as a primary consumer.
When a bear eats a plant-eating rodent, the bear is functioning as a secondary consumer. When the bear eats salmon,
the bear is functioning as a tertiary consumer (this is because salmon is a secondary consumer, since salmon eat herring
that eat zooplankton that eat phytoplankton, that make their own energy from sunlight). Think about how people's place in
the food chain varies - often within a single meal!
5. Define autotroph
Numbers of Organisms:
In any food web, energy is lost each time one organism eats another. Because of this, there have to be many
more plants than there are plant-eaters. There are more autotrophs than heterotrophs, and more plant-eaters than meat-
eaters. Each level has about 10% less energy available to it because some of the energy is lost as heat at each level.
Although there is intense competition between animals, there is also interdependence. When one species goes extinct, it
can affect an entire chain of other species and have unpredictable consequences.
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Answer each of the following questions below.
3. Male bull sea lions fighting for beach master dominance and the first pick of female cows during mating season is an
example of which symbiotic relationship?
A. Competition
B. Mutualism
C. Predation
D. Decomposition
II. CYTOLOGY
Complete the following table by writing the name of the cell part or organelle in the right column that matches the
structure/function in the left column. A cell part may be used more than once.
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The sites of protein synthesis
Organelle that manages or controls all the cell functions in a eukaryotic cell
Contains chlorophyll, a green pigment that traps energy from sunlight and gives plants
their green color
Digests excess or worn-out cell parts, food particles and invading viruses or bacteria
Firm, protective structure that gives the cell its shape in plants, fungi, most bacteria
and some protests
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Put a check in the appropriate column(s) to indicate whether the following organelles are found in plant cells, animal cells
or both.
Plant Animal
Organelle
Cells Cells
Cell Wall
Vesicle
Chloroplast
Chromatin
Cytoplasm
Cytoskeleton
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Lysosome
Mitochondria
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Plasma membrane
Central vacuole
Ribosome
Vacuole
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The labels represent:
A: ___________________________
B: ___________________________
C: ___________________________
D: ___________________________
Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1. Who used a compound microscope to see chambers within cork and named them “cells”?
A. Anton van Leeuwenhoek
B. Robert Hooke
C. Matthias Schleiden
D. Rudolf Virchow
3. Looking at a cell under a microscope, you note that it is a prokaryote. How do you know?
A. The cell lacks cytoplasm.
B. The cell lacks a cell membrane.
C. The cell lacks a nucleus.
D. The cell lacks genetic material.
5. Not all cells are alike. Which of the following is NOT a true statement about differences between cells?
A. Cells come in many different shapes.
B. Different kinds of cells are different sizes.
C. Some cells have a nucleus, but others do not.
D. Most cells have a membrane, but some do not.
6. Which organelle would you expect to find in plant cells but not animal cells?
A. mitochondrion
B. ribosome
C. chloroplast
D. smooth endoplasmic reticulum
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____24. W8. 8. Which of the following structures serves as the cell’s boundary from its environment?
A. mitochondrion
B. cell membrane
C. chloroplast
D. channel protein
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8. Differentiate between a voluntary and involuntary muscle movement.
a. Voluntary muscles _________________________________
b. Involuntary muscles ________________________________
9. Identify the muscle movement for each of the types of muscle.
Skeletal – _______________
Smooth - ________________
Cardiac - ________________
10. What muscles tire easily? ______________
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