Asian J. Pharm. Tech. 2013; Vol. 3: Issue 4, Pg 218-222 [AJPTech.

ISSN- 2231–5705 (Print) www.asianpharmaonline.org

ISSN- 2231–5713 (Online)

REVIEW ARTICLE

A Review on Curcumin Nanoparticles and Its Controlled Delivery to Treat

Degenerative Diseases
Sweetha G.1, Sangeetha B.1, Prabhu S.2*
1
Final Year B. Tech. Students, Department of Biotechnology, Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering,
Irungattukottai, Sriperumbudur -602117
2
Associate Professor, Department of Biotechnology, Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Pennalur Irungattukottai,
Sriperumbudur -602117
*Corresponding Author E-mail:- sprabhu@svce.ac.in

ABSTRACT:
Curcumin is the principle component found in turmeric. It is a well reputed anti-oxidant. It also exhibits anti-
cancerous, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor activities. However their introduction into the clinical setting is hindered
largely due to their poor solubility and rapid metabolism, which ultimately results in poor bioavailability upon oral
administration. Therefore green nanotechnology provides a solution towards increased bioavailability of curcumin.
Drug delivery systems such as nanoparticles, micro emulsions, liposomes and blocking the degradable sites sustains
the efficacy of curcumin. This article focuses on the different forms of nanoparticle drug delivery system carried out
on curcumin and its potential uses in treating degenerative diseases.

INTRODUCTION: Curcumin is an unsaturated diketone, that can exist in

Curcumin (diferuloylmethane) is a light weighted molecule
found in turmeric at a concentration of 2-8% and it is
always been an active compound in Asian diet playing its
role in food coloring and as a spice. This correlates with the
fact that Asian population suffers lesser occurrences of
inflammatory bowel diseases as reported by Glen R.B. et al
(2011)[1]. An average Asian consumes around 1.5g of
turmeric daily and it has been demonstrated no toxicity
event up to 8 grams/day[2].
Biochemistry of Curcumin
In clinical trials of Curcumin, it has been shown that
diphenolic curcuminoids have potent antioxidant, anti-
inflammatory, and anti-carcinogenic activity. The curcumin
complex collectively referred as curcuminoids and
composed of compounds like curcuminoids,
demethoxycurcumin and bidemethoxycurcumin.
equilibrium with its enol tautomer (Fig 1). In acidic or
neutral pH the curcumin compound exists in a keto form.
The keto form acts as a potent hydrogen donor, the central –
CH2- group of the compound loses hydrogen easily because
the C-H carbon bonds on the central group carbon are very
weak due to its localization of the unpaired electron on the
adjacent oxygens. Above pH 8, the enol form of curcumin
enables its heptadienone chain to both donate and accept
hydrogen bond contributing to its antioxidant property. In
addition, enol form of curcumin behaves as an ideal
chelating agent that binds to the positively charged metals
found in the active sites of target proteins. The direct
interaction between curcumin and biological
macromolecules such as protein occurs via nucleophilic
addition (Michael addition) and are therefore likely direct
targets. The complex kinetics of pH dependent degradation
of curcumin in aqueous solution were first reported by
Tonnesen and Karlsen [3], suggested that the compound
possesses antimicrobial activity with the help of
photosensitization.

Received on 06.09.2013 Accepted on 01.10.2013

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Asian J. Pharm. Tech. 2013; Vol. 3: Issue 4, Pg 218-222

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Asian J. Pharm. Tech. 2013; Vol. 3: Issue 4, Pg 218-222
Fig 1: Tautomeric form of curcumin
Reference : Bo Yuan, Masahiko Ohyama et al (2012)[4]
THERAPEUTIC USES OF CURCUMIN
Curcumin shows enormous potential to combat
degenerative diseases due to its potential inhibition of
intracellular cell signaling and induction of apoptosis. It
intercepts various check points of metabolic pathway hence
brings about significant changes physiologically.
Curcumin's diverse mechanisms of action affects cellular
enzymes like cyclooxygenase and Glutathione-S
transferase. They exhibit immuno-modulation, cell-cell
adhesion, gene transcription, inhibit angiogenesis and
eventually induce apoptosis. Curcumin actively influences
various compounds present in the cellular apoptotic
pathway like FLIP, Caspase 8, Caspase 10, NF-kB, p53,
PKC, Erk1/2, Cdc2, P13K which ultimately trigger
apoptosis of the cell[5]. p53 is a tumor suppressor protein in
regulating the cell cycle and functions as a tumor
suppressor in preventing cancer. Curcumin induces p53-
dependent apoptosis in various cancers of colon, breast,
bladder, neuron, lung, ovary, etc[6]. Curcumin particularly
aims at the G2/M phase of the cell cycle and arrests cell
division in oesophageal cancer[7]. In addition, curcumin has
shown growth inhibitory effects in vitro in cancer cell lines
derived from human prostate, large intestine, bone and
leukaemia[8]. Curcumin is found to inhibits skin squamous
cell carcinoma growth and suppresses tumor progression.
Curcumin suppresses β-catenin activity, additionally,
deregulation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in ovarian
cancer[9]. In a study conducted by Anupama E Gururaj et al
(2002)[10], curcumin proved to be a potent angio inhibitory
compound while tested with the help of in vivo
angiogenesis assay systems namely peritoneal angiogenesis
and chorioallantoic membrane assay. Curcumin highlights
its anti-inflammatory potential[11]. Curcumin increases the
levels of endogenous antioxidants and strengthen body's
defenses against ROS. Various cell culture studies with
curcumin have shown that it can inhibit secondary
messengers and inhibit various types f cancers[12]. Despite
these advantages, the compound exhibits low intrinsic
activity, poor absorption rate, fast rate of metabolism,
inactivity of metabolic products, low retention time and
poor water solubility as shown in Table 1[13]
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Table 1. Examples of some preclinical studies reported with
curcumin
Animal Route Dose Findings
Rats Oral 1g/kg Poorly absorbed
75% excreted in feces
Rats Oral 2% 12nmol/L in plasma
Diet
Mice Intraperitoneal 100 2.25 µg/ml in 15 minutes
mg/kg Disappeared within 3 hour
Rats Intravenous 40 Disappeared within 1 hour
mg/kg
Reference taken from Shyam S. Bansal, Mehak Goel et al (2011)13
In order to overcome the problem of limiting
bioavailability, several methods of encapsulating the drug
like Liposomes, Micelles, Phospholipid Complexes and
Nanoparticles can be used. Other methods include co-
administration of curcumin with piperine (20mg/ kg) which
significantly increases the curcumin bioavailability by 20-
fold in humans. Piperine causes effective inhibition of
glucuronidation. Most of therapeutic potential of curcumin
is lost due to glucuronidation that happens in liver and
gastrointestinal tract. Usage of bio-conjugates like BCM-95
along with turmeric oil can promote enhanced
bioavailability[14] and the use of curcumin analogues like
chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, oregonin to tailor according
to specific needs[15].
NANOTECHNOLOGY A PROMISING POTENTIAL
Benefits of nanotechnology depend on the fact that it is
possible to tailor the essential structures of materials at the
Nano scale to achieve specific properties. Using
nanotechnology, materials can effectively be made to be
stronger, lighter, durable, reactive, and specific. Thus the
idea of incorporating curcumin and nanoparticles came into
existence. Moreover, Cum-NPs showed little toxicity to
normal tissues including bone marrow, liver and kidney at
its therapeutic dose. Being lipophilic, curcumin
partitions/encapsulated into the hydrophobic core of
amphiphilic polymers or phospholipids of NPs, which
enhances its bioavailability and stability by automatically
separating them from the influence of degrading enzymes.
When orally administered nanoparticles are easily absorbed
by the lympho-epithelial M cells without damage to the
Asian J. Pharm. Tech. 2013; Vol. 3: Issue 4, Pg 218-222 [AJPTech.]

nano-particles. Shann.S.Yu et al (2012)[16], have with an encapsulation efficiency of 97.5% upon application,
demonstrated that nanoparticles can also be purposefully it is found to have increased the half-life of curcumin[12].
targeted for uptake by macrophages. The research findings
conducted by Savita Bisht et al (2011)[17] have suggested Solid lipid nanoparticles
that NanoCurc™ shows increased intrahepatic Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) are solid lipid particles in
bioavailability alias non-parenchymal cells (NPCs), emulsion. They can be administered parenterally, and LNs
although mechanism is unclear. In vivo pharmacokinetics can be stabilized by other surfactants or polymers and their
demonstrated that there is at least nine-fold increase in oralmixtures. A distinct advantage of SLN compared to
bioavailability of NP curcumin when compared to curcumin polymeric nanoparticle that they can be produced by high
administered with piperine as absorption enhancer [14, 15]. pressure homogenization[22]. Furthermore, they can be
stated as less toxic because of the biological origin of lipid
PREPARATION METHODS OF NANOCURCUMIN component of these SLNs while compared against
Solvent evaporation method polymeric NPs. Having such novel characteristics SLNs
As stated by S.K.Gupta et al 2004[18], the drug substance make as suitable drug delivery carriers for curcumin which
(curcumin) is either dispersed or dissolved in the owing to their lipophilic tendencies gets localized in the
polymer/solvent system and is subsequently, added to the bilayer membrane of NPs easily.
aqueous phase by continuous agitation. Agitation of the
system is continued until the solvent partitions into the NANO CURCUMIN TO TREAT DEGENERATIVE
aqueous phase and is removed by evaporation. This process DISEASES
results in hardened microsphere which contains the active Alzheimer's disease
drug. Neurodegenerative diseases involve the misfolding of
proteins which results in deposition of plaques, these
Using solvent evaporation method, Mulik et al (2009)[19] plaques are insoluble clumps of beta sheet fibrils that
coated, Poly (butyl) cyanoacrylate (PBCA) nanoparticles disrupt tissue structure and cause disease. The precursor to
with poloxamer 188 containing curcuminoids. The PBCA the plaque formation is aluminium ions, it has been shown
nanoparticles exhibited controlled drug release over a long that nano-curc binds with aluminium and inhibits the
period of time and the release was seen higher in cases of fibrillation of neurodegenerative proteins[23]. Alzheimer’s
acidic environment. disease is characterized by the presence of extracellular
deposition of aggregated amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide and
Micelle Aggregation intraneuronal accumulation of hyper phosphorylated Tau
Micelle is an aggregate of surfactant molecules dispersed in protein[24]. Curcumin promotes amyloid fibril conversion
a liquid colloid. Savita Bisht et al (2007)[17] have resulting in a reduced neurotoxicity in Drosophila[25].
formulated Curcumin-NPs that can be synthesized with the Curcumin suppressed oxidative tissue damage and reduced
help of polymerization brought about by copolymers like amyloid-β deposit in mice. Nps-Cur could be a promising
N-isopropyl acrylamide (NIPAAM),N vinyl-2- drug delivery strategy to protect neurons against oxidative
pyrrolidone(VP) and polyethylene glycol monoacrylate. damage in Alzheimer’s disease[26].
These three active compounds together spontaneously
forms micelles when synthesized in water. The hydrophobic Parkinson’s disease
NIPAAM forms the core while the other two effectively Parkinson’s disease is a disorder that affects the central
stabilize the emulsion in aqueous media[20]. The use of a co- nervous system. It is caused by the abnormal accumulation
organic solvent allows for quantitative loading of the of aggregated α-synuclein (αS) which happens due to
curcumin into the nanoparticle, minimizing drug loss during genetic mutations and exposure to neurotoxins[27] and
formulation. Additionally, this system provides a protective intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) that affects the
coating for the curcumin from serum proteins by mitochondria that leads to mitiochndrial disfunction. It is
enveloping it in the center of the micelle while the PEG found that curcumin can mitigate αS-induced cytotoxicity
shell provides stealth character to the formulation. These provided with the advantage that curcumin can cross the
NPs possess very low disparity with an average particle size blood barrier system in neuron degeneration [27]. In
of 50nm that enables them to freely permeate into different parkinson’s disease curcumin reduced ROS levels that has
pancreatic cancer cell lines. been generated by oligomeric α-synuclein [28,29].

Nano Precipitation Cancer

Nano precipitation can be regarded as the shaping of bulk
materials into nanostructures and also a mild and sensitive
procedure at low energy costs as no solvents or no modest
equipment are needed[21]. The most commonly used
polymers for Nano precipitation research is poly(lactic acid)
(PLA) and its copolymer poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)
(PLGA)[21]. It involves the combination PLGA and PEG
through parenteral administration with a size of 80-90 nm
Ovarian cancer
Upon pre-treatment of test subjects with curcumin, it
dramatically inhibits proliferation and clonogenic potential
of cisplatin resistant cells (A2780CP) in the presence of low
levels of cisplatin or radiation. Curcumin has been found to
completely inhibit the effect of C-reactive protein (CRP)
which has a tendency to damage the vascular endothelial
cells[30].

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Asian J. Pharm. Tech. 2013; Vol. 3: Issue 4, Pg 218-222
Breast cancer
Lvov et al (2009)[30] used gelatin layer coated nanoparticles
to deliver polyphenols effectively to breast cancer sites.
High uptake of curcumin from SF-coated nanoparticles
reduced viability of Her2/neu high-expressing breast cancer
cells.
Pancreatic cancer
As reported by Amarnath Maitra et al (2010) [17], Pancreatic
cell lines A549 were xenografted and parenteral NanoCurc
were given, NanoCurc significantly inhibits the growth of
subcutaneous pancreatic cancer and therapeutic efficacy
was further potentiated by the synergy with gemcitabine[17].
An experiment showing various combinatorial treatment of
pancreatic cancer was done in rat for over 3-weeks, it was
interpreted that the synergy of gemcitabine and nanocurc
showed good results and only the single residual hard
nubbin of the cancer tissue transplant remained. The
mechanism behind the synergy of the combinatorial therapy
(gemcitabine+NanoCurc) is the down-regulation of
cyclinD1 and MMP-9 pathways in orthotopic xenografts.
Furthermore, Nanoparticle-Encapsulated Curcumin
(NanoCurc) Blocks Tumor Growth and Metastases by
binding to NF-κB hence curbing the DNA-binding capacity
of cellular components[17].
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
COPD instigates lung inflammation. It is caused by
bacterial and viral infections and also due to smoking[31].
Reactive oxygen species play an important role in causing
inflammation through stress kinases and redox sensitive
transcription factors such as nuclear factor (NF)-κB and
activator protein. Activation of (NF)-κB increases
acetylation and inhibits deacetylation activity which leads
to inflammatory gene expression and attenuated
glucocorticoid sensitivity. The polyphenols present in
curcumin play a role in controlling the activation of NF-κB
and thus it can be used in lung epithelial cells to control the
expression of inflammatory gene[32].
Heart failure
Heart failure is generally caused by the increase in
thickness of cardiac muscle (hypertrophy). Hypertrophy is
aided with diastolic, systolic dysfunction of the heart and
activates hypertrophy-responsive transcriptional factors[33].
The activation of transcriptional factors is mediated through
acetylation by histone deacetylase and intrinsic histone
acetyl transferase (HAT), p300[34,35]. There is evidence that
overexpresion of p300 in mice induces acetylation in
GATA4[36,37] and myocardial hypertrophy and promotes
myocardial infarction. Curcumin, a natural therapeutic
agent for heart diseases possess a HAT inhibitory activity.
This has been proved by the test where the effect of
curcumin in two different heart failure models were
examined in vivo: one model was hypertensive heart
disease in salt-sensitive Dahl (DS) rats, and the other model
was MI in rats. And the result showed that inhibited activity
of HAT by curcumin prevented the heart failure in both
models[38]. NF-κB factor is also involved in cardiomyocyte
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hypertrophy[39]. So curcumin which has already been known
to inhibit NF-κB can also be used in preventing
myocarditis.
AIDS
Curcumin containing apotransferrin nanoparticles exhibit
effective inhibition of HIV-1 replication in vitro. The nano-
curcumin down regulates gag gene expression as a result
inhibits the synthesis of proviral genes. However the
cytotoxicity of the cell is less and the nanoparticle
effectivity is dependent on the cellular up take mediated by
transferrin receptor[40].
FUTURE STUDIES AND PROSPECTS
The targeted release of Cum-NPs together with
chemotherapy drugs towards cancer cells are still in
developmental stages. For example, Co-delivery of
Curcumin and Paclitaxel and Curcumin with Gemcitabine
causes significant synergy in curing cancer (Bharat B.
Aggarwal et al(2005)[41], Ajaikumar B.K. et al (2007)[42]).
Likewise many other combinational therapies are yet to be
experimented.. Moreover, specialized delivery of Cum-NPs
with the help of receptor-targeting peptides provides
grounds for further research. Lung cancer is rare and not
well researched as a consequence controlling the spread of
lung cancer becomes extraordinarily difficult, and therefore
nano-formulation of curcumin can provide solutions for
this. Nanocurcumin opens up avenues for systemic therapy
of human cancers, with special emphasis to the penetrative
capacity of nano-curcumin into blood brain barrier and
small pore sized vasculatures as well as enables localized
administration of therapy in cases of Alzheimer disease [43]
and cystic fibrosis[44] . The mechanism of Nano-Curc
targeting cancer stem cells are not yet fully understood and
will need in vivo studies to progress. Hence, this current
review concludes that curcumin nanoparticle would be a
new entertain in medical therapy to treat major types of
degenerative diseases based on various studies and
experiments conducted by many scientists and researchers.
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