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This study presented a flood estimation models for Pahang River, Malaysia using
Hydrologic Engineering Center’s River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) software Floods have
always been natural disaster which are associated with human and financial losses and also
have influenced human’s life. We must accept the fact that flood is not fully controlled but its
losses can be reduced by floodplain management. Behaviour survey of river events by its
simulator models which accurately predict the flow of the river, and its result leads to
produce flood zoning maps which are among the useful tools in the management of
floodplain. This project is about to develop a model for river flow at Sungai Pahang
tributaries. We have been instructed to develop this model to analysis the effectiveness of
drain for CH-16. This software allows us to perform one dimensional steady, one and two
requires less time consuming for simulations. These are sufficient reasons why HEC-RAS is
selected to use to primarily understand flood parameters and characteristics. This software
also used for modelling water flowing through systems of open channels and computing
water surface profiles. In addition, HEC-RAS also finds particular commercial application in
the additional uses are, bridge and culvert design and analysis, levee studies and channel
modification.
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PROBLEM STATEMENT
4000mm a year. With the exception of extreme events, the annual average may exceed the
above average. Flood has always been the major natural catastrophe causing tremendous
losses. Generally, losses can be due to tidal floods, monsoon floods, flash floods and it is not
impossible resulting from a combination of all three. Heavy downpours when combined with
the increasing number of impervious lands and poor drainage systems have reduce the
amount of water to infiltrating into the ground thus increase surface run off, and as the rivers
or drainages are not able to endure the sudden water capacity, therefore the water spills and
flood happens.
The flood risk in Malaysia which has increased alarmingly in recent decades largely
flood-prone areas, destruction of forests and hill slopes development. The flood losses are
quite high but the disastrous flood events which occurred in the past as a consequence of
rapid development and environmental degradation are being forgotten quickly. This is
because people are choosing to see only the positive benefits of a booming economy while
The flood estimation that involves the development of hydrologic models is one of the
non-structural measures that may help to reduce the amount of damages incurred. This is very
necessary for the identification of possible inundated areas, so that a timely warning can be
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OBJECTIVES
To recommend a suitable measures to assure safe flood conveyance for the study
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LITERATURE REVIEW
Water is the crucial element to life. No human, animal or plant will be able to live
without water. However, excessive water can causes havoc and create a terror in the form of
floods. Floods washes away everything that comes in its way, destroying crops, livestock,
houses and other properties. The events floods are responsive to the intricate hydrological
system and the aggressive changes caused by continuous human interventions in nature’s
processes. Furthermore, floods also do not only cause immediate damage but also leave
extensive problems that occur during and after the water receded such as health problems.
Floods are still will occur in the future, therefore people all over the world have learned to
adapt with floods. Nevertheless, the communities sometimes are taken completely by surprise
when flood happened because they are unaware of what can happen and have no single idea
Definition Of Flood
It is a natural event or occurrence where a piece of land or area that is usually dry land,
suddenly gets submerged under water. Some floods can occur suddenly and recede quickly.
Others take days or even moths to build and discharge. When floods happen in an area that
people live, the water carries along subjects like houses, cars, furniture and even people. It
can wipe away farms, trees and many more heavy items. Floods occur at irregular intervals
and vary in size, duration and the affected area. It is important to note that water naturally
flows high areas to low areas which means low areas may flood quickly before it begins to
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The Cause of Floods
Rains
- Each time there are more rains than the drainage system can take, there can be
floods. Sometimes, there is heavy rain for a very short period that can result in
floods. In other times, there may be light rain for many days and weeks which can
- Depending on the rainfall distribution, the amount of rain and soil moisture
content, short rainfall period can also result in flooding. The rain water erosive
force can weaken the foundations of buildings, causing tumbles and cracks.
River overflow
- Rivers can overflow their banks to cause flooding. This happens when there is
more water upstream than usual and as it flows downstream to the adjacent low
areas which can also called as a floodplain, there is a burst and water gets into the
land. Dams in rivers may also at times overwhelm rivers when the carriage
capacity is exceeded, causing the water to burst and get into the floodplains. Flood
caused by river overflow has the potential of sweeping everything in its path
downstream.
- Lake and coastal flooding occurs when large storms or tsunami causes the water
body to surge inland. These overflows have destructive power since they can
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- In coastal areas, strong and massive winds and hurricanes drive water onto dry
coastal lands and give rise to flooding. This situation is even worsened when the
winds blowing from the ocean carry rains in them. Sea waters from the tsunami or
Clogged drainages
- Flooding also takes place when snowmelt or rainfall runoff cannot be channelled
appropriately into the drainage systems forcing the water to flow overland.
Clogged or lack of proper drainage system is usually the cause of this type of
flooding.
Dam breakage
- The potential energy stored in the dam water is used to generate electricity. At
times, the walls can become weak and break because o overwhelming carriage
capacity. Due to this reason, breakage of the dam can cause extensive flooding in
- Flooding occurs when the embankment built along the sides of the river to stop
high water from flowing onto the land breaks. Sometimes, excess water from the
dam is deliberately released from the dam to prevent it from breaking thereby
causing floods.
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Ice and snow melts
- Heavy snow over the winter usually stays un-melted for sometime. There are also
mountains that have ice on top of them. When the ice suddenly melts because of
Types Of Floods
1) Flash floods
- This kind occurs within a very short time and is usually as a result of heavy rain,
dam breaks or snow melt. Sometimes, intense rainfall from slow moving
thunderstorms can cause it. Flash floods are the most destructive and can be fatal
- This type takes slightly longer to develop and the flood can last for a day or two
only. With this type, people can quickly put a few things right and escape before it
- This kind is usually as a result of water bodies over flooding their banks. They
tend to develop slowly and can last for days and weeks. They usually spread over
from tributary catchments. From that, we can conduct the modification of the channel
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METHODOLOGY
Step 3: Enter the project title, ensure the project File Name has the extension “.prj”.
i) Profiles:
-Enter number of profiles
-Each profile were given the name
ii) Flow data
-The flow data for each river station were entered.
- Necessary to establish the starting water surface at the ends of the river system.
-Four types of boundary conditions:
Known water surface elevation
Critical depth
Normal depth
Rating curve
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RESULT AND DISCUSSION
1. Channel 0 m (Downstream)
i. 10 years
Figure 1: Before
Figure 2: After
ii. 25 years
Figure 3: Before
Figure 4: After
iii. 50 years
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2. Channel 100 m
i. 10 years
ii. 25 years
iii. 50 years
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3. Channel 300 m
i. 10 years
ii. 25 years
iii. 50 years
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4. Channel 600 m
i. 10 years
ii. 25 years
iii. 50 years
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5. Channel 800 m
i. 10 years
ii. 25 years
iii. 50 years
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6. Channel 850 m
i. 10 years
ii. 25 years
iii. 50 years
ii. 25 years
iii. 50 years
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1. Channel 1000 m
i. 10 years
ii. 25 years
iii. 50 years
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Total cut area = 28.24 m2
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CONCLUSION
This project is attempted to apply the HEC-RAS model to compute the water surface
profile through steady flow analysis. It can be stated that this software while using relatively
little input data can predict the water level and flood affected areas, for extreme hydrological
events, with a high degree of precision. Thus the outcome was generated into flood extent
and flood depth. The data that have been analysed by the HEC-RAS software can be easily
created and the estimation of flood risk analysis could be done. After that, the modification of
the channels can be conducted to prevent the channel from the floods. All results are able to
conclude that HEC-RAS is a great hydraulic tool for primary flood prediction in Sungai
Pahang. It is strongly recommended that the sections which water overtops over the existing
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REFERENCES
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HEC-RAS
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275648572_THE_USE_OF_HEC-
RAS_MODELLING_IN_FLOOD_RISK_ANALYSIS
http://www.ijirae.com/volumes/vol1/issue7/AUCE10085.17.pdf
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280627215_Flood_Zoning_Simulation_by_
HEC-RAS_Model_Case_Study_Johor_River-Kota_Tinggi_Region
https://scialert.net/fulltextmobile/?doi=jas.2010.930.939
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