PROCEEDINGS, The 6th Indonesia International Geothermal Convention & Exhibition (IIGCE) 2018

Cendrawasih Hall - Jakarta Convention Center Indonesia, September 5th - 8th, 2018

GEOPHYSICAL ANALYSIS TO INVESTIGATE UNGARAN’S SCHEMATIC

GEOTHERMAL SYSTEM

Aditya Pratama Dandika, Lanang Surya Mahadhika

Universitas Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran” Yogyakarta

Jl. SWK 104 Condongcatur, Yogyakarta
e-mail: adityapratamadandika@gmail.com

ABSTRACT the geomagnetic method. The structure of the study

Geothermal energy is the energy that generated and
stored in the earth. Geothermal exploration
activities in Indonesia is necessary due to the large
geothermal potential that exist in Indonesia. Based
on data from the Ministry of Energy and Mineral
Resources of Indonesia (Ministry of Energy and
Mineral Resources, 2014), Indonesia has a large
geothermal potential, with an estimated 28.807
Mwe at 299 location. With the potential that exist
in Indonesia, the government announced the
program for 9500 Mwe in 2025. Mount Ungaran
has a geothermal potential characterized by the
emergence of manifestations of fumarole, steaming
ground, and hot springs.
area is illustrated by the contrast of anomaly values
that exist both in gravity and magnetic data that
extend north-south relative. 3D modeling is used to
visusalize the existence of target anomalies.
1. INTRODUCTION
Geothermal is energy derived from a heat source
generated by the plate tectonic activities then heat
the fluid in the area. Mount Ungaran located in
Ungaran, Semarang, Central Java, is one of the
volcanoes in Indonesia which hold the potential of
geothermal underneath, because it shows the
goethermal manifestations such as fumarole,
steaming ground and hot springs.

Geophysics is used to determine the image below
the surface of the earth by using a physical
approach. This research uses two geophysical
methods namely gravity method that utilizes the
specific gravity as its parameter and geomagnetic
method that utilizes suseptibility as its parameter.
The target of this research is to determine the
zonation of the heat source, the structure that
controls the out flow of manifestation, and the
schematic model of geothermal system of Mount
Ungaran. This research takes place in the area of
Mount Ungaran, Gedongsongo area, Ungaran,
Central Java. The research of prospecting
Ungaran’s potential has been done in July 26th –
August 1st 2017. Geophysical instruments used in
this research are gravitymeter Lacoste & Romberg
G118 and GPS Geodetic Trimble for gravity
method, and Proton Precision Magnetometer
(PPM) G-856 for geomagnetic methods.
Acquisition for Gravity method using looping
method, and for geomagnetic method using base
rover method. Magnetic research area is around 3,5
km x 4 km and Gravity research area is around 2
km x 3,8 km.
From the research conducted, the indication of the
existence heat source is in the northern of the
research area based on high anomalous values
(24.3 mGal - 24.7 mGal) on gravity method, and
low anomalous values (-552.6 nT - 189.4 nT) on
The occurrence of geothermal energy source in
Indonesia and its characteristics described by
Budihardi (1998) as follows. There are three plates
interact to each other in Indonesia, the Pacific
Plate, the Indian-Australian Plate and the Eurasian
Plate. The collision between these three tectonic
plates has provided a very important role in the
formation of geothermal energy sources in
Indonesia.
Geophysical studies are used to get the subsurface
imaging of the earth by using a physical approach.
Geophysical methods used in this research are
gravity method, geomagnetic method. The gravity
method is a geophysical method which utilizes the
density as its parameter, geomagnetic method is a
geophysical method which utilizes susceptibility as
its parameter. From the magnetic method can
describes the area affected by the heat source
underneath the surface and also gravity and
magnetic method can provide a better imaging of
the structures in the area of Mount Ungaran.
This research aims to determine the condition of
heat source and structures within the area using
geophysical data to strengthen the schematic model
of geothermal system of Mount Ungaran.
1
2. GEOLOGY
Magmatism in Java and Sumatra are the result of
the Kenozoic subduction to the north of the Indo -
Australia Plate and to the west of the Pacific Plate
under the Eurasian Plate moving about 6 cm / year.
The magmatic arc system is divided into two
segments, the Sunda Arc and the Banda Arc
(Hamilton, 1979).
Mount Ungaran, is a complex of volcanoes formed
by tectonic-volcanic depression (volcano-tectonic
depressions). The depression is a large and
elongated indentation which is affected by tectonic
and volcanic processes in highland areas with
volcanic product material (Bemmelen, 1970).
The Stratigraphic Order
According to Budiardjo et al. (1997), the
stratigraphic of Ungaran area from the old to the
young is as follows:
1. The volcanic limestone (if according to the
geological map of Thanden et al., 1996,
including the Kerek Formation, Tmk)
2. Volcanic Breccia I (included in the Panyatan
Formation, QTp)
3. Volcanic sandstone (included in Kaligetas
Formation, Qpkg)
4. Volcanic clay (included in Kerek Formation)
5. Lava andesite I (volcanic rock of
Gajahmungkur, Qhg)
6. Andesite porphyry I (included in the Panyatan
Formation, QTp)
7. Volcanic Breccia II (volcanic rocks of
Kaligesik, Qpk)
8. Volcanic Breccia III
9. Andesite porphyry II (andesite igneous rock,
Tma)
10. Lava andesite II (Lava flow of Mount Sumbing,
Qls)
11. Alluvium
Figure 1: Geology Map of Ungaran Mountain
(Budiardjo et al, 1997)
Geology Structures
Geological structures in the area around the peak of
Mount Ungaran (map scale 1: 100.000, Thanden et
al., 1996) there is only a shear fault sinistral (left)
2
in the area around Ungaran, the rest orientation has
directed north-south direction.
Figure 2: Geology Map of Ungaran Mountain
(Thanden et al, 1996)
Local Geology of Research Areas
Mount Ungaran is composed mainly by igneous
rocks or volcanic eruptions and sedimentary rocks,
the oldest is in Middle Miocene (11.8 - 16 million
years old) to the youngest of the Quaternary (less
than 1.8 million years). Locally, to the south to the
southeast, around Ambarawa, and to the north,
around Ungaran, is exposed to andesite igneous
rock (Tma) that formed small mountains, as in
Mount Turun, Mount Kendalisodo, Mount
Siwakul, Mount Mabang, and Mount Pertapan
which attain the age of Middle Miocen (Figure 2,
Thanden et al., 1996).
Other than that, basal igneous rock (Tmb) Central
Miocene aged is also exposed locally at Mount
Sitapel, Mount Klesem and Mount Mergi in the
east. In the arounding of Mount Ungaran, on the
slopes, is also exposed the Formation Kerek (Tmk)
which is composed by claystone, napal, tuff-
sandstone, conglomerate, volcanic breccia and
limestone. Inconsistently the igneous rocks and
Miocene Middle-aged formations are boarded by
the formation and the results of Pliocene volcano
activity, namely: Panyatan Formation (QTp)
consisted by tuff-sandstone, volcanic breccia, tuff,
claystone and lava flows; Kaligetas Formation
(Qpkg) consisted of volcanic breccias, tuff, lava
flows, tuff-sandstone and claystone; Jongkong
Formation (Qpj) consisted of andesite hornblende-
augite breccia; Kaligesik Volcano Rocks (Qpk)
consisted of olivine augite basal flow olivine
augite; Gajahmungkur Volcano rocks (Qhg)
consisted of andesite hornblende-augite lava,
Holocene-aged. The lava flow of Mount Sumbing
(Qls) which on Ungaran Mountain is composed by
hornblende augit andesite flow from the peak and
on the slope are lava and early volcanic sediment.
 Figure 4: Schematic Model of Ungaran’s
Geothermal System (Phuong et al, 2005)

3. BASIC THEORY

Figure 3: Local Geology Map of Ungaran
(Miharna et al., 2017)
Ungaran’s Geothermal Prospect
The geothermal prospect area of Ungaran is a
system dominated by hot springs associated with
quarter volcanic activity (Budiardjo et al. 1997).
Gedongsongo is the main area of geothermal
manifestations. Gedongsongo area has a lithology
of quaternary volcanic andesite rocks of Mountain
Ungaran. The geothermal reservoir in this area is
covered by caprock in the form of quarter volcanic
impermeable rocks formed on post-caldera. The
reservoir in this area has a composition of high-
temperature sodium chloride water, which is stored
in the pre-caldera quarter volcanic rock fracture.
The rocks that has the role of being the heat source
of Ungaran are in the form of andesite and dioritic
intrusive rock body. This intrusive rock heats up
the reservoir system above it, to a temperature ±
220 ° C, based on the calculations using
geothermometer measurements of the
Gedongsongo fumarole manifestations. The
shallow depth of the reservoir at the Ungaran’s
geothermal prospect area is approximately ± 2000
m (Phuong et al. 2005). Ungaran’s geothermal
prospect manifestations in the surface are fumarole,
hot springs, and hydrothermal alteration (Phuong et
al, 2005). The temperature of these manifestations
ranges from ± 36-38 ° C for the hot springs, while
for fumaroles the temperatures ranges ± 80 ° C.
Fumarole manifestation can only be found in
Gedongsongo area, while the hot springs, can be
found in several places, which are Banaran,
Kendalisono, Diwak and Kaliulo.
Gravity Method
The Gravity Method is an exploratory method that
measures the gravitational field in point groups at
different locations within a given area. The purpose
of this exploration is to associate variations of mass
distribution differences as well as rock types. The
main purpose of detailed study of gravity data is to
provide a better understanding of the geologic
undercoat. This method is classified as passive, in
the sense that there is no need to put energy into the
soil to get data as a general measurement.
Newton's Gravity Law
Newton's law of gravity states that the force
(in Newton) between two mass points 𝑚1 and 𝑚2
equal to 𝐺𝑚1 𝑚2 /𝑟 2 where r represents the distance
between the mass and 𝐺 = 6.673 ×
10−11 𝑚3 𝑘𝑔−1 𝑠 −2 . The Force that exist applied
along the distance that connecting the two masses.
The masa 𝑚2 is in the force field (gravitational
field) cause by 𝑚1 . Because ‘Force = mass ×
acceleration’, the acceleration of 𝑚2 is 𝐺𝑚1 /𝑟 2 . It
can be said that this is evidence that the
acceleration of any mass point due to the influence
of 𝑚1 will be 𝐺𝑚1 /𝑟 2 on 𝑚1 (D.S. Parasnis
1997)[9].
𝑚1 𝑚2
𝐹=𝐺 𝑟̂ (1)
𝑟2
Newton's law of motion states that force is the
magnitude of the multiplication of mass and its
acceleration.
𝐹 = 𝑚𝑔 (2)
Equations (1) and (2) are combined to be obtained
as follows:
𝑀
𝑔=𝐺 2 (3)
𝑅
Information:
F = force (N)
G = universal gravitational constant = 6.67 x
10-11 Nm2 / kg2
3
 M = mass of object M (kg)
m = mass of m (kg)
R = distance between centers of mass of
objects (m)
g = acceleration (m / s2)
A mass point placed on a plane will be in the
gravitational field of the plane and will accelerate if
the mass is free to move. The total force on the
mass to the plane where the mass is in any desired
direction can be calculated by applying Newton's
law. We can define the gravitational potential of
the point of mass m with distance r to that point as
𝐺𝑚
𝑉= (4)
𝑟
By this definition, the acceleration from any point
of mass to m or called by 𝐺𝑚1 /𝑟 is obtained from,
−𝑑𝑉/𝑑𝑟, where
𝑑𝑉 𝐺𝑚
=− (5)
𝑑𝑟 𝑟2
Represents the acceleration in the direction r.
Generally from this definition, the derivative of V
in any direction provides acceleration at the point
of mass in that direction. V here has a unit 𝑚2 𝑠 −2
and represents a force acting on a field per
kilogram from the point of mass 𝑚0 when 𝑚0
moves from any point by a distance r from m (D.S.
Parasnis., 1997).
Geomagnetic Method
Geomagnetic method is a method that can be used
as a preliminary stage or preliminary survey in
geothermal exploration that utilize the magnetic
properties of rocks to know the state of the
subsurface based on anomaly magnetic field. The
result indicated from this method is residual
anomaly in the form of variation in magnetic fields
containing magnetic minerals in rocks near the
surface. The basis of the geomagnetic method is the
Coulomb force between two magnetic poles m1 and
m2 (e.m.u) spaced r (cm) in the equation form of:
𝑚 .𝑚
𝐹⃗ = 1 22 𝑟⃗ (6)
𝜇0 𝑟
With F is the force of Coulomb (N), m1 and m2 are
the magnetic pole strength (A/m), r is the distance
of the two poles (m), and the constant o is the
permeability of the medium in a vacuum,
dimensionless, in SI unit is 4 x 10-7 w/A.m.F. A
magnetic material is in the influence of the external
magnetic field strength, the material will be
magnetized. The scale of this magnetization is
proportional to the magnetic moment per volume or
expressed in the equation as follows:
𝑀 = 𝑘 .𝐻 (7)
4
Where M is the magnetic moment per volume unit
(A.m2/m3), k is susceptibility and H is magnetic
field strength (A/m). A number of magnetic objects
can be views as a collection of magnetic objects. If
the magnetic object is placed in the outer fields, the
object becomes magnetized due to induction. Thus,
the intensity of magnetism can be defined as the
level of ability to rectify the magnetic moments in
the external magnetic field, can also be expresses
as follows:
⃗⃗⃗
𝑀 𝑚𝑙𝑟⃗
𝐼⃗ = = (8)
𝑉 𝑉
The unit of magnetization in the cgs is gauss or
emu (Cm-3) and in SI is Am-1. (Telford, 1990)
3 Dimensional Modeling
Process after gravity data and geomagnetic data
have been corrected and separated between local
anomalies and regional anomalies are called
modeling. In the modeling stage, the data is
interpreted to get an idea of the subsurface
structure based on the distribution of the rock mass
density
4. RESEARCH METODOLOGY
The research of prospecting Ungaran’s potential
has been done in July 26th – August 1st, 2017,
using Gravity and Magnetic. This research were to
prospecting the schematic geothermal system of
Ungaran. Geophysical instrumentations that has
been used in this research were Lacoste &
Romberg G118 Gravitymeter and GPS Geodetic
Trimbel for gravity method, Proton Precision
Magnetometer (PPM) G-856 for geomagnetic
method.
Figure 5: Survey design of: (1) Gravity Method; (2)
Geomagnetic Method.
Measurements on the gravity method used 71
measurement points and geomagnetic measurement
method with 194 measurement points
5. DISCUSSION AND RESULT

Geomagnetic Method

Figure 7: Upward Continuation 300 Map

Upward Continuation map with continuity value

200 (Figure 7) provides information in the form of
Figure 6: Total Magnetic Intensity Map
magnetic anomaly data which have been filtered
with regional upward continuation filter spread in
Magnetic anomaly maps (Figure 6) provides the
the research area. This regional Upward
information in the form of magnetic anomaly data
Continuation process is a process that allows high
scattered in the research area obtained based on
frequencies to pass or is called the High Pass filter
data processing from the geomagnetic acquisition
process. The high frequency passed is aimed to get
results in the field. Anomaly values ranges from -
an image of the magnetism value that exists in this
1203.4 nT represented by blue, to 919.4 nT
research area widely or regionally. Its purpose to
represented by purple. This magnetic value
detect whether the magnetic anomaly value
variation is caused by the differences of magnetic
considered to be the anomaly found only on the
mineral in the research area. For the higher
surface or continuously to the subsurface. If the
magnetic anomaly values of the surrounding area is
anomaly values only appeared on the surface, after
caused by the type of material that contains more
experiencing data processing with this filtering
magnetic minerals. The higher magnetic minerals
process, the existing value will be lost, but if the
present in a rock, the magnetism of the rock will be
material continuously to the subsurface, it will
higher, causing the magnetic anomaly values to be
apply otherwise. The choice of continuity 300 is
different to its surrounding area, which will be
considered to be the most representative among
higher in the value comparison.
another data obtained in the field of the study area.

From the data above, there is low magnetic

anomaly values in the northwest area of the
research area which expected to be continuously to
the subsurface. This very low magnetic anomaly is
indicated to be associated with the hot zone of the
study area. It seems that this low magnetic anomaly
value is caused by a heat source causing a loss of
magnetism in the rock around the heat source. Heat
makes a material lose its magnetism, because when
material is heated to a critical temperature, a
ferromagnetic phase of a material will be changed
to paramagnetic (Kittle, 1996).

5
 Figure 8: Residual Map
There is a magnetic anomaly value pattern which
also relatively low from other areas extending
north-south relative from the residual data (Figure
8). First orde of the polynomial equation is used to
obtain the residual data. This pattern passes
through the areas of geothermal manifestations that
exist in Ungaran area. These facts indicates that
this magnetic anomaly value pattern is an
indication of a fault that controls the geothermal
system in the Ungaran area. This happens because
in the weak zone of the fault, the magnetism
anomaly that occur will be relatively low. The heat
produces by the fault will makes the surrounding
rocks loses their magnetic properties. The high
anomaly values that found in the surrounding of the
geothermal manifestation in the study area are due
to the influence of ongoing alteration processes in
the area.
Gravity Method
Complete Bouguer Anomaly map (Figure 9)
provides information in the form of bouguer
complete anomaly data scattered around in the
study area obtained based on data processing from
the data obtained in the field
6
Figure 9: Complete Bouguer Anomaly Map
The variations of bouguer anomaly values in the
study area, ranges from 20.9 mGal represented by
blue to 26 mGal represented by purple. This
variation in the gravity acceleration value is due to
differences in the material composer in the study
area. The higher gravity acceleration values of the
surrounding area is caused by the type of materials
which more compact than the other. This more
compact material has a larger mass that makes the
comparison of mass to material distance with the
earth's core as the center of gravity is greater. This
makes the gravity acceleration values of the
material becomes greater.
Upward Continuation map with continuity value
300 (Figure 10) provides information in the form of
complete bouguer anomaly data which have been
filtered with regional upward continuation filter
spread in the research area. This regional Upward
Continuation process is a process that allows high
frequencies to pass or is called the High Pass filter
process. The high frequency passed is aimed to get
an image of the gravity acceleration values that
exists in the study area widely or regionally. Its
purpose is to detect whether the gravity anomaly
value considered to be the anomaly found only on
the surface or continuously in the subsurface. If the
anomaly values only appeared on the surface, after
experiencing data processing with the filtering
process, then the existing value will be lost, but if
the material continuously to the subsurface, will
apply otherwise. The choice of continuity 300 is
considered to be the most representative among the
data obtained in the field of the study area.
Figure 10: Upward Continuation 300 Map
From the data above, can be seen that in the
northwest of the study area has a higher bouguer
anomaly values than the other area and indicated to
be continuously to the subsurface, moreover, the
value of magnetism in the area shows a low
anomaly values. This fact strengthened the
indication of the area as a compact zone which is a
heat source of the geothermal system in Ungaran
area.
Figure 11: Residual Map
The low bouguer anomaly values in the study area
stretching from the southwest to the northeast area
as seen on residual map (Figure 11). First orde of
the polynomial equation is used to obtain the
residual data. This pattern pass through the
Ungaran’s geothermal manifestation area. This
shows that there is a fault indication in the area
because, the existence of surface geothermal
manifestations is closely related to the fault zone
where the geothermal manifestation appeared, the
fault will reduce the rock density values in the fault
area compared to the surrounding area. In the area
around the geothermal manifestation, the bouguer
anomaly value becomes higher even in the fault
zone due to the influence of the vapor and
alteration contents that makes the density in the
area becomes larger than its surroundings.
7

Figure 12: Structure Indication by Gravity Method
(Left) and Geomagnetic Method (Right)
The pattern indicated to be the fault structure that
controls the geothermal system of Ungaran
obtained from the gravity method and the
geomagnetic method resides in the same area
(Figure 12). This fact strengthened the indication of
the existence of a fault in a relatively northern-
southern area of the study area.
Figure 13: Gravity Method 3D Modelling of Heat
Source Zone
8
Based on 3D modelling of the gravity method
(Figure 13), the geometric shapes of the rock body
which indicated to be the heat induced rock from
the heat source underneath. Based on the inversion
result, the geometry is obtained with a density of
2.6 g/cc to 2.8 g/cc. From the obtained values and
the existing geological data, the rocks are indicated
as andesite rocks. Moreover, because the andesite
itself is a volcanic material from the main channel
of andesitic magma of Ungaran volcano. Hot
rock’s peak induced from the underneath heat
sources are located at a depth of 600 meters below
the surface.
Figure 14: Geomagnetic Method 3D Modelling of
Heat Source Zone
From the result of 3D modelling from geomagnetic
method (Figure 14), geometry shapes obtained
from the area that has a low susceptibility values,
ranges from 0.0013 emu to 0.0020 emu which
indicates the zone affected by heat so that the
magnetism value becomes very low. The
information above the strengthened the information
obtained from the gravity method, the fact that this
zone is also indicated as a hot zone affected by
induction from the underneath heat sources.
Anomalies with low susceptibility are found at
depths of about 900 meters to 1000 meters below
the surface.
Figure 15: Upward Continuation Map Slice of
Gravity Method.
From the west-east map slice (Figure 15) can be
seen the existence areas of heat-induced rocks, as
well as weak zones areas which considered as the
structure that control the geothermal system of the
Ungaran. The density values of the weak zones are
2.1 g/cc to 2.2 g/cc. Zones with a density value
with a range of 2.3 g/cc to 2.4 g/cc are indicated as
reservoir zones of the geothermal system where the
hot fluid is stored
From the obtained density values and geological
data, the reservoir of geothermal area is indicated
as pyroclastic flow material from deposition
process due to volcanic activity from Mount
Ungaran with high permeability. Its permeable
properties makes this layer suitable to play the role
of reservoir from Ungaran’s geothermal system.
The caprock of Ungaran's geothermal system is
suspected to be of hydrothermal alteration with low
permeability. The hydrothermal alteration found in
the form of clay mineral, kaolinite, which found
along the fault in the study area. Judging from the
local geological setting, the water recharge area of
the geothermal system in the Ungaran area is
located in the northern area of this Mount Ungaran.
The existence of volcanic limestone material
(Thanden, 1996) located in the northern area of
Mount Ungaran makes the water content of the
manifestation from Ungaran's geothermal contains
sulfate and carbonate.
6. CONCLUSION
Based on the investigation of Ungaran area using
integration of geophysical (Gravity and
Geomagnetic) methods, can be concluded that the
area indicated as the center of Ungaran's
geothermal system and its heat source zone based
on the geophysical data of gravity and geomagnetic
method is located in the northwest area of the study
area. Then the possibility of the structure that
controls the geothermal manifestation in the
Gedongsongo area extends relatively north-south of
the study area. Fractures in the structure make
rocks into weaker zones so that geothermal fluids
can rise to the surface in the form of fumarole, hot
springs, and steaming ground. Ungaran's
geothermal system consists of a heat source of
andesite intrusion from the main channel of the
andesitic magma in Mount Ungaran. While the
reservoir is indicated in the form of pyroclastic
materials and clastic sediments results from
volcanic activity of Mountain Ungaran. The cap
rock is indicated to have come from hydrothermal
alteration. From the results obtained, the schematic
model of geothermal system expressed by Phuong
becomes a schematic model that accurately
describes the Ungaran’s geothermal system based
on geophysical data field measurement and
processing which has been collected in this study.
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