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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Experiment 1: Determination of 6
an unknown compound
Experiment 5: Stoichiometry of 13
precipitation reaction
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INTRODUCTION
The primal goal of the laboratory course is to correlate experimental observations with the
principles and fundamental concepts in chemistry. Furthermore, the laboratory component of
the subject features experiments that will provide due chance for the students to make careful
observation (qualitative) and quantitative measurements under specified laboratory conditions
in lieu that they will depict and discover patterns of regularity and cross-examine these by
inductive and deductive methods of reasoning with the fundamental concepts given in the
lecture.
The program flow consists of three phases: the pre-lab, the actual experimentation and post-
lab.
Pre-lab phase: This phase involves the careful planning of the experiment to be performed
beforehand. Formulation and conversion of methods into schematic diagrams, firm
understanding of the objectives of the experiment, anticipation to the type of data that may be
gathered and background knowledge of the chemicals to be used are expected in this phase.
Actual experimentation (Lab-phase): This phase involves the execution of the specified method
for the experiment to be performed. Data gathering, establishment of experimental set-ups and
actual observations are expected to be seen in this phase.
Post lab (Analysis and Examination): A laboratory investigation doesn’t end with the
completion of the procedure and observation of the experimental results. After all the
substantial data has been compiled, these should be analyzed and evaluated if it successfully
answers and reflects the objectives and correlated with the fundamental principles of chemistry.
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Basic Laboratory safety and guidelines
Laboratory safety principle: It should be reiterated that the laboratory is considered as an
unsafe place to begin with. Moreover, it is a place where the theoretical underpinnings are
concretized into a directly observable material in order to supplement and facilitate the sound
grasp of scientific principles. As such, the use of this significant facility in the university is
structured under certain norms and regulations.
The following precautions and safety regulations will be strictly enforced throughout the course
of the experimentations for General chemistry 1 intended for Senior High School of the De La
Salle University Dasmarinas campus.
1. Never perform or begin touching any tool, reagent (chemical) you see in the laboratory
without the direction, supervision and authority of your instructors.
2. Observe proper laboratory outfit which includes the laboratory gown, protective eye goggles,
and closed toe shoes. Likewise, for those sporting considerably long hair, it is advised that they
bring and wear a hairnet during the course of experimentation.
3. Observer proper decorum. The laboratory is neither a park nor a playground where you could
loiter, hang with your friends and perform actions which are very unlikely of its context.
5. Keep open flames away from highly volatile and flammable solvents. Examples of these are
acetone, chloroform,
7. Know by heart the location of the following: the eyewash, shower, first aid kit, fire
extinguishers and fire exits.
10. Wearing of contact lens, metal accessories and make-up is highly discouraged in the course
of experimentation.
13. Golden rule: Safety in the lab is a communal responsibility. Let us work hand in hand
towards a safe but effectual conduct of experimentations.
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Definition of terms:
2. Risk- could be defined as the probability that a substance used will cause harm. Compared to
hazards, risk can be minimized by ways such as using smaller or reducing the amounts used and
taking appropriate precautionary measures in handling (e.g. transferring acids or reactions
involving caustic substances should be performed in the fume hood).
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Experiment 1
Determination of an unknown compound
Objectives:
1. Determine the physical properties and some chemical properties of the unknown compound
that will be assigned to the learners.
2. Compare the physical and chemical properties of the known compound with the respective
assigned unknown.
3. Identify the unknown compound by comparing its physicochemical properties with the set or
known compounds.
Procedure:
1. Note the appearance, color and characteristic odor of the compounds that will be given.
2. Place a micro-spatulaful of baking soda, sodium chloride, table sugar, corn starch and your
assigned unknown into 5 separate test tubes. Observe proper labeling.
3. In each test tube containing their designated and known compounds, add in separate set ups
the following: 5 mL each of 1 M NaOH solution, 1M CH3COOH, KI solution and H2O.
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Experiment 2
On the nature of physical and chemical change: Effects of heat on some solids
Reagents: Glassware/equipment:
Objectives:
2. Infer whether a physical or chemical change has occurred after heating the samples.
Procedure:
2. Place separately in clean dry test tubes a micro-spatulaful of the solids except the Mg ribbon.
Gently heat each solid. Then, subject the sample to more intense heat. Note all the changes
taking place.
3. For the Mg ribbon, place one to two pieces on top of the wire gauze. Heat it directly. Wear
eye goggles.
4. Allow the solids to cool. Note again their appearance after cooling.
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Experiment 3
Objectives:
A. Simple filtration
Procedure:
2. Add 20 mL water to the sand or soil contained in the beaker. Mix well.
3. Prepare a fluted filter paper. (This will be demonstrated by the course facilitator).
6. Poor gently the soil or sand mixture in the filtration set-up. Guide the mixture using the
stirring rod.
7. Don’t disturb the set-up and allow the filtration to proceed until all the liquid part is collected
or separated from the solid component of the mixture.
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B. Decantation
Procedure:
3. Carefully separate the liquid portion of the rice mixture and collect it to a separate beaker.
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Experiment 4
Relationship of mass to volume (density) and exercise on pipetting
Objectives:
1. To measure the mass and volume of an unknown solid or liquid at room temperature.
2. To determine the relationships that exists between the mass and volume of a substance.
Procedure:
3. Weigh the graduated cylinder containing the liquid sample. Record the mass.
2. Half fill the 10 mL graduated cylinder with water. Record the exact volume of water.
3. Drop slowly the assigned solid into the graduated cylinder. Record the new volume of the
system.
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Format for the data table:
Liquid Determination
1 2 3
Vol. of unknown liquid
Mass of empty cylinder
Mass of empty cylinder and
liquid
Mass of liquid
Mass to volume ratio
Ave. mass to volume ratio
Glassware/ equipment:
Pipet
Test tube
Test tube rack
Objectives:
3. To develop hand and eye coordination in relation to accuracy and precision in measurement.
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Procedure:
1. Draw the following volumes of the colored liquids (1, 5 and 10 mL) into separate test tubes.
2. Repeat step 1 5 times for each set test volume to be aspirated and transferred into
designated test tubes.
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Experiment 5
Stoichiometry of a precipitation reaction
Reagents Glassware/equipment
Objectives:
1. To determine the combining ratio of Ag+ and CrO4 using the mole ratio method
Procedure:
1. Add 5 drops of distilled H2O to each of the 5 wells of the microwell plate.
2. Place the appropriate drops of the reagents in the well accordant to the table below:
Well 1 2 3 4 5
Drops of AgNO3 2 4 6 8 10
Drops of K2CrO4 10 8 6 4 2
4. Allow the precipitate to settle and identity the well with the greatest depth of precipitate.
5. Write the formula for the reaction and calculate the moles of silver nitrate and potassium
chromate.
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Experiment 6
Different types of chemical reactions
Reagents: Glassware/equipment:
Objectives:
Procedure:
1. Place in a clean dry test tube a microspatulaful amount of Bi2(CO3)3 solid. Heat the test tube
gently first and then strongly. Observe the changes.
2. Place the Mg ribbon on top of the wire gauze. Heat it directly. Observe the changes. Use
forceps in placing the Mg ribbon on the wire gauze.
1. Place Mg ribbon in test tube and add O.1 M HCl solution dropwise until the Mg ribbon is fully
immersed. Note the changes taking place.
2. Place Mg ribbon in another test tube and add 1.0 M CuCl2 solution dropwise until the Mg
ribbon is fully immersed. Note the changes taking place.
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3. Perform steps 1 and 2 but replace the Mg ribbon with Aluminum foil.
4. Mix 1 ml each of 0.1 M BaCl2 and 0.1 M AgNO3 in a micro test tube. Observe the formation of
precipitate.
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Experiment 7
Hydrocarbons and Biomolecules
A. Analysis of hydrocarbons
Objectives:
Procedure:
1. Nitration test (reaction 1) - Mix 5 drops sample with 8 drops nitrating rgt. and shake well. If
no visible change appears within 2 mins, heat in a water bath for 8 mins and dilute or add 20
drops water. Positive result: yellow oil/precipitate
2. Bromine test (reaction 2) – Mix 5 drops of sample with 3 drops of bromine rgt. If
decolorization occurs, add more bromine rgt. until substantial no change is observed. Note the
total drops of bromine rgt. added. Positive result: reagent decolorizes
3. Basic oxidation (reaction 3) - Mix 5 drops sample with 3 drops 2% aq. KMnO4 and 2 drops 10%
NaOH. Warm the mixture for 2 mins in the water bath and note for change in color. Positive
result: brown ppt.
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B. Analysis of complex biological molecules (macromolecules)
Objectives:
1. To characterize the nature of oil or fat sample using simple grease spot test and
saponification test.
Reagents: Glassware/equipment:
Procedure:
1. Obtain a piece of filter paper. Divide it into four and label the 4 areas with “veg. oil”,
“lecithin”, H2O and DCM (dichloromethane) using a pencil.
2. Using Pasteur pipets, apply to each labeled area of the filter paper a drop of the
corresponding substance.
3. Warm the filter paper by placing it on a hot place that is set or adjusted to its lowest
temperature setting for 2-3 mins.
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B. 2 Saponification test
Reagents: Glassware/equipment:
Procedure:
1. Label three (3) medium sized test tubes with “oil”, “fat” and “H2O”.
4. Place the test tubes containing the reaction mixture in boiling water bath for 15-20 mins.
5. Remove the test tubes from the water bath, place them in a test rack and allow to coll at RT.
6. Add 5 mL of dist. Water to each test tube. Place a cork stopper to the tubes and mix to
facilitate chemical reaction.
8. Acidify with a few drops of conc. H2SO4 solution (Check with blue litmus paper).
9. Mix with a stirring rod and note the materials which collect on top of the solution.
10. Dip a piece of red and blue litmus paper separately and record the pH (is it acidic or basic?)
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B. 3 Specific tests for carbohydrates
Reagents: Glassware/equipment:
Procedure
1. Label 8 medium sized test tubes with the standard sugar solutions and your assigned
unknown.
4. Plug the tubes with cotton and then heat them in a boiling water bath for 1 hr.
5. Let stand until the next laboratory period. Place tubes in your locker or store them in
refrigerator.
B.3.2 Benedict’test
1. Label 8 medium sized test tubes with the standard sugar solutions and your assigned
unknown.
3. Add 5 drops of standard sugar solutions and unknown in their respective tubes.
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4. Heat the tubes in water bath until a muddy green suspension is observed which settles as
brick red precipitate.
5. Immediately remove the test tubes from the bath and cool them on rack
6. Record results. A negative result is obtained if no brick red precipitate is observed after >5
minutes of heating.
1. Label 8 medium sized test tubes with the standard sugar solutions and your assigned
unknown.
3. Add 5 drops of standard sugar solutions and unknown in their respective tubes.
4. Heat the tubes in water bath until a brick red precipitate is observed. Note the time when the
precipitate appears.
5. Immediately remove the test tubes from the bath and cool them on rack.
6. Record results. A negative result is obtained if no brick red precipitate is observed after >5
minutes of heating.
1. Label 8 medium sized test tubes with the standard sugar solutions and your assigned
unknown.
2. Add 5 drops of standard sugar solutions and unknown in their respective tubes.
4. Heat the tubes in water bath until a blue-green solution is observed. Note the time when the
blue green solution precipitate appears.
7. Record results
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B.3.5 Seliwanoff’s test
1. Label 8 medium sized test tubes with the standard sugar solutions and your assigned
unknown.
3. Add 5 drops of standard sugar solutions and unknown in their respective tubes.
5. Heat until cherry red solution is observed and then remove the tubes from the water bath
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