A T R E AT I S E O N T H E

T H E O RY OF
B E S SE L F U N CT I ON S

BY
G G
55 23>
G N W AT S O N
G
,
F R S
. . .

P R O FE S SO R O F M AT H E M AT I CS I I
I N T H E U N I V E R S IT Y O F B R M N G H AM
LAT ELY I I
F E L L OW O F T R N T Y C O L LE G E , C AM B R I D G E

C AM B R I D G E
AT T H E U N I VE RS IT Y P RE S S
1 92 2
 P R EFACE

H IS b k
b e e n d e i gn e d w i th tw o bj e t s i n i w T h fi t i t h
oo h as s o c v e . e rs s e

d e e l p m e nt o f pp l i c t i o ns f t h f nd m n t l p e ss s f th th e y f
v o a a o e u a e a roc e o e or o

f nc t i on s o f co m p l e x i bl e s F t h i p p os e B l f n ti ns ad m i bly
u v ar a . or s ur esse u c o ar e ra

a d p t e d ; w h i l e th e y o ffe t th s m e t i m
a a th wid p fo t h p p l i
r a e a e a r er e r s co e r e a

c a t i on o f p t o f th e th e o y o f f nct i ons f
ar s l i bl th n i p id e d by r u o a rea v ar a e a s r ov

t i g n o m e t i ca l f nc ti ons i n th e th e o y f F i s e i e s
r o r u r o o u r er r .

T h e s e n d bj c t i t h e co m p i l t i o n o f
co o c ll e c t i o n
e f e s lt w h i c h w
s ld a a o o r u s ou

b e f o l e t t h i nc e s i ng n u m b e f M at h m t i i ns nd P hy i i t w h
va u o e r a r o e a c a a s c s s o

e nc u n t eo B s e l f n t i on s i n t h e
r es e f th e i
u e sec h e T h e i t n of c ou rs o r r arc s . e x s e ce

s uch o ll c t i o n s e e m s t b e d e m a n d e d by th e g e t
a c e b s t se n es f p p ti e
o r a er a ru s o ro er s

o f B ss l fu n t i n s (e s p e i lly f f n t i n
e e c o f l ge de ) wh i h ha b n
c a o u c o s o ar or r c ve ee

r e q i e d i n e ce n t y e
u r s in ri s p bl m f M th m a t i l P hy i s
ar v ar o u ro e s o a e ca s c .

Wh i l e m y e nd e o h b n t g i e n c n t f th th y o f B av ur as l
ee o v a a co u o e e or esse

f n t i ns w h i h P
u c o M th e m ti i n w o ld e g d s f i ly m p l e t e I h e
c a u re a a c a u r ar a a r co ,
av

c n s q e n tly
o e u l e n d e o e d to i n c l d e l l fo m l e w h e th g e n l o
a so av ur u a r u a ,
er e ra r

s p ci l w h i h
e a ,
lth ugh w i th ut th e o ti a l i n t e e t e l i k ly to b e q i d
c ,
a o o re c r s ,
ar e re u re

i n p c t i l pp l i t i n ; nd
ra ca a h e l ts a g i e n s f as p os si bl i n
ca o s a su c r su re v ,
o ar e, a

f m pp o p i t f t h e e p p
or a r r a e T h b e dth f th
or im
s om b i n d ur os es . e r a o ese a s, c e

w i th t h e n ece ss i ty fo k e p i n g t h e s i f th b k w i th i n b o n d h as m d
r e ze o e oo u s, a e

i t n e ce ss y t b e s con ci s e a i s o m p t i bl w i th i nt ll i g i b i l i ty
ar o a s c a e e .

S i n ce th b oo k i s f t h m os t p t e d e e l p m e n t f th e th e o y f f n
,
or e ar ,
a v o o r o u c

t i o ns s e x p o n d e d i n t h e Co
a s e o M o d e n A n l g/ i
u
f by P fe s W h i t t k
ur e r
'

a s s ro s or a r

a nd m y e lf i t h as b e n c n e n i n t t o
s ,
g d t h t t t is s s t nd d w k
e o v e re ar a rea e a a a ar or

of e fe e n ce fo
r r g e ne l th e e m s th e t h n to e fe th
r ra d e t igin l
or ,
ra r a r r e r ea r o or a

s o u r ce s .

It is d
bl e t d w tt e n t i n h e e to th f n ti n wh i h I h
e s i ra o ra eg d da o r e u c o c ave r ar e

as th e c n ni l f n ti n f th
a o n d k i n d n m ly th
ca u f n ti n w h i h w s
c o o e s eco ,
a e e u c o c a

d e fi n d by We b e nd s e d b s que n t ly by S h l afi i by (l f nd G bl nd
e r a u su e c ,
ra a u er a

by N i e l e n F h i s t i l nd s n t i m e n t l
s . or n it w l d h b n p l i ng
or ca a e a r e as o s ou a ve ee e as

t h f l t j s t i fi d i n i n g H nk l f n t i n f t h n d k i nd ; b t t h
’
o av e e u e us a e s u c o o e s e co u re e

co ns i d t i on p e n t d t h i T h e f t i th ne e i ty f t nd d i i ng t h
e ra s re v e s . i rs s e c ss or s a ar z e

f n t i n o f th e s e n d k i n d ; nd i n m y p i ni n t h
u c o co th i ty f t h g p a ,
o o ,
e au or o e ro u

o f m th m t i c i na wh
e s We b e f n t i n h g t w igh t th n t h
a a s o u e r s
’
u c o as re a e r e a e

a thu i t y o f t h m t h m t i ci n w h
or n e t h e n f n ti n f t h
a e a nd a s o use a o r o e u c o o e s eco
y
k i nd T h e se nd i t h p ll e l i m w h ic h t h
. co f \V b
s f n ti n h i b i t
e ara s e u se o e er s
’
u c o ex s

b tw e n t h tw k i nd f B l f n ti n nd th t w k ind ( i n nd i n )
e e e o s o esse u c o s a e o s co s e a s e
 P R E FACE

g i fu
o no m e tr i ca l
n ti o ns T h e t h i d i s t h e i t e n ce o f t h e d e i e by w h i h
c . r e x s v c c

o l ti n i s m a d e p os s i bl e i n T bl es I and I II
a t t h e nd o f C h p t XX
p r o a a e a er ,

i c h se e m t m k e th e s e o f We b e s fu nc t i o n i n e i t abl e i n n m e i c l w k
’
. s o a u r v u r a or .

I t h s b e n m y p l i c y to g i
a e in n n x i o n w i th
o h s e c ti on e fe nc e s
ve, co e e ac ,
r re

to n
y a m e m oi s t t i s s i n w h i c h th e
r or e s ult s o f t h e
rea e e c ti o n h e b e en r s av

p r e vi ou ly e n ncia t e d ; b t i t i s no t t b e i n fe e d th t p oo f g i n i n th i s
s u u o rr a r s ve

b ook e nece s s i ly th os e gi v e n in any o f t h e s c s ci t e d T h e b i bl i g p hy

ar ar ou r e . o ra

a t t h e e nd o f th b o k h s b e e n m d e s co m p l e t
e o s p s s i bl e th
a gh d o btl s
a a e a o ,
ou u e s

om i s s i on s w i ll b e fo u nd i n i t Wh i l e I d n t p fe s s t h i ns e t e d e e y
. o o ro o av e r v r

m e m o i i n w h i c h B e ss e l fu n c t i o ns a e m e n t i n e d I h
r e n o t c n s c i o u s ly o m i tt e d
r o ,
av o

a ny m e m o i n t ini n g r con o i g i n l c n t i but i o n h o w e e s l i ght t o t h e th e o y

a a r a o r ,
v r , r

o f t h e fu n c t i o ns ; w i t h e ga d to t h e l a t e d t o p i c o f Ri c c t i s e q ti n I h e ’
r r e r a ua o , av

b e e n e l e c t i t th e t e nt o f i n s e ti ng o nly th os e m m o i s w h i c h s e e m e d to
c c o ex r e r

b e r e l e an t t t h e g n e a l sc h e m e
v o e r .

I n th e c s e o f an analy ti ca l t e t i s e s u c h as th i s i t i s p o b bly u s e l es s t o
a r a , r a

h o p e th a t n o m i s t k e s l e i c l o th e a h e m i n e d nd e t e ct e d ; b t t h e
,
c r a or r, av re a u u

um be f s c h m i tak e s h s b e n co n i d e bly d i m i n i s h e d by t h e
r o u s a e i t i ci s m s s ra cr

t h e Vi g i l nce f m y co ll g e M C T P e c
a o nd M T A L u m s d e n
ea u s r . . re e a r . .
,

wh e l bo os s t a em o e ur o s nd o b r i ti h e b een o f th g e test
v e rr r a o sc ur es av e r a

va ul e T th e s e ge n tl e m e n nd to t h e s t ff o f th e U n i e s i ty P e ss w h o h v e
. o a a v r r ,
a

gi e n e y a i tan e w i t h u n f i l i n g p t i e n ce i n w o k f g e t ty p g p h i a l
v ver ss s c ,
a a ,
a r o r a o ra c

co m p l e xi ty I o ff m y g a t f l th n k s
,
er r e u a .

Aug ust 2 1 , 1 92 2 .
 CONTENTS
C H AP .

I . B ESSEL F UN CTIO N S B E FO RE 1 8 2 6
II . T H E B ESS E L COEFFICIENTS

III . B ESSEL FUN CTIO N S

IV . D IFFE RE N T IAL E Q UATIONS
V . M ISCE LLA N EOU S P RO P E RTIES OF B ESSEL FUN C T IO N S
VI . I N T E G RAL RE P R ESE N T AT IO N S O F B ESSEL FUN CTIO NS
V II . AS YM PT OTIC E X P A N SIO N S OF BESSEL FU N CT IO N S
V III . B ESSEL FUN C T IO N S OF LARGE O R D E R
IX . P OL Y N O M IALS ASSOCIATE D WI T H B ESSEL FU N C T IONS

X . FUN C T IO N S ASSOCIAT E D WIT H BESSEL FUN CT IONS

XI . A DD I T IO N T H EO RE M S
XII . D EFINIT E INTEG RALS
X III . I N FI N IT E INT E G RALS
X IV . M U LTI P LE I N T EG RALS
XV . T H E ZEROS O F B E SSEL FUN C T IONS

XVI .
N E U M A NN SE RIES A N D LOM M E L S FUN CT IO N S OF T WO
’

VA R IA B LE S

X VII . K APT E YN SE RIES

XVIII .
SE RIES OF FO U RIE R B ESSEL A N D D I N I
-

XIX . S C H LOM I LCH SE RIES

XX . T H E T A B U LATIO N O F B E SSEL F UN C T IO N S

T A B LE S O F B ESS E L F UN C T IO N S

BI B LIOG RAP H Y
I N D E X O F S YM B OLS
LIST OF A UT HO R S Q U O T E D
G E N E R AL I N D E X
 C O R RI G E N D A

77 fi l n 3 77
m’
(é y
.

r ea d 2m
P ag e 6 2 , l i n e 1 1 , z
’
2 (% )
Z
m =o 7 1 2, I

Pag e 9 1 , l i ne 5 fro m th e foo t o f th e p ag e ,

for B r as s i ne r ea d B ras s i nne .

Pag e 2 2 8, i n for m u l a f or 98 7 2 0 s ec
2
B r ea d 7 87 2 0 s ec
2

Pag e 3 2 7 , l i ne 7 f
rom th e fo o t of th e p ag e ,
f or B ru h ns r ea d B r u ns .
 C H AP T E R I

B ESSEL FUNCTIO N S B EFO RE 1 82 6

R i cca ti d ifi er enti a l
’
11 . s eq u a ti on .

th e y f B e ss e l f n t i ns i s i n ti m t e ly onn t e d w i t h t h e th e y f
Th e or o u c o a c ec or o

c e t i n ty p e o f d i ff n ti l q t i n o f th e fi s t d e k n wn s Ri ti s ’
a r a er e a e ua o r or r, o a cca

e q a ti n
u In f t
o B e ss e l f n t i o n i s s lly d fi n e d
. ac a p ti c l l ti n u c u ua e as a ar u ar so u o

f l in d i ffe e n t i l e q t i n f th e nd o d (k B l q ’
o a e ar r n w n a e s s ti o n )
ua o o s e co r er o as se e ua

w h i c h i s d e i e d f o m Ri ca ti s q t i n by n e l e m n t a y t n f m t i n ’
r v r c e ua o a e r ra s or a o .

Th e e a l i e s t pp e n e i n An ly i f n e q t i n o f Ri cc ti s ty p e cc s
’
r a ara c a s s o a ua o a o ur

in a p pe *
a on c u s w h i c h w as p ubl i s h e d by J h n B e n
r r ve ll i i n 1 694 I n o r ou .

t h i s p p e B e n ull i g i e s
a r s n e m pler n q ati n o f t h is ty p e and t te s
o v ,
a a xa ,
a e u o s a

th t h e h s n o t s l e d i t f
a a o v
‘‘
.

In i o u s l e tt e s ; t Le i b ni w i tt e n b e t w e n 1 6 97
’
v ar rnd 1 7 0 4 J m s o z, r e a , a e

B e n o ll i e f s t o t h e e qu t i on w h i h h gi es i n t h e fo m
r u r er a ,
c e v r

dy d x xx d x ,
yy
an d t t
s a es , m or e th an o n c e , h i s i na i i b l ty to so v e l it . T h us h e w r i te s (J an . 27 ,

Ve l l e m p o rr o e x Te s ci r e nu m e t h
t e n tav e r i s d y g yd a + x x d x
a nc .

Eg o in m i ll f e or m as t r a ns m u t a v i , s ed o p e r am m e a m i m r o bu m Pr o
p e m a
p er bl
p e tu o l u sit .u cce d e d i n
”
Fi v e d i ye
n g th e e q l te
t
ar s i on t l i ne
a r he s e re uc ua o a ar

e qu t i n of th e se c
a o nd w o t e
§ t L e i b ni
(N o o 1nd
5 de orQ r a r o z v .
,
“
ua

oc ac si n e e o do e u ti on s
q r l i as m e m
cor t e dy r a
yy d d i n a
q n n e a ora a ay x ua u

qu m s p r e p ot i i nd e t m i n t s s i n i ce m s i t e q ti m n e t
a e a ar u er a a a e v ,
eu a ua o a re

si m p l i i t e d iff
c n ti l i s s d sep
r i i ll s d e nd
er e e u ti ne m ad h n
q a : e a r av a re uc o a a o a c

d i ffe e n ti o d i ffe e n ti l e m [Id d y y

r -
d r a a
?
ay
? ”

Wh e n th i s d i sco e y h d b e e n m d e i t w s im p l e s t e p t o
v r l th e l t a a ,
as a so v e as

e qu ti n i n s e i s
a o nd s t bt i n th e s l t i on f t h e q t i n f th fi t
r e ,
a o o o a o u o e ua o o e rs

o der s th e q o ti e n t
r a f two p owe s ie s u o r -
er .

Ac ta E r u d i to r u m p u bl ic a ta L i p s i a e , 1 694 , 43 5 — 43 7 pp . .

“
p p
1 E s to r o o s i ta ae q u ati o d i ff er e n ti al i s ae c h q u ae a n p er s ep a r a ti o ne m

i nd e te r m i n atar u m co n s tr u i p o s s i t n o n d u m te n tav i
”
( p .

I S ee L ei bn i z ens g es a m e l l te Wer k e , D r i tte F o l g e (M a t h e m a ti k ) , III .

(H al l e , pp . 5 0—8 7 .

I bi d .
p 65 . . B er n o u l l i
’
s p r o ced u r e w as , e ff e c ti v e l y ,
to tak e a n ew v a r i a bl e a d e fi ned by th e
fo r m u l a
1 (l a
y
u d a:
i n th e e q u a ti o n d y/d x z r
c
2
+ an d t h en to re pl ace i t by y .

II T h e co n n e xi o n b twe e en t ish e q u ati o n an d a S p e ci a l fo r m of B e s s el

’
s e q u at i o n wi l l be se e n

in

W . B . F .
2 THEO R Y or B ESSEL FUNCTIONS [C H AR I

An d i n fac t
, th i s fo m o f t h e s o l t i on was co m m u ni ca t e d to Le i b ni by
,
r u z

J a m e s B e r no u ll i w i t h i n y e a (O ct 3 1 7 03 ) i n t h e fo ll o w in g t e m s
a r .
, r
*
:

“
Re du ce au t e m ae q t i one m d y= yyd H x d d f a cti one m c uj u s u te q e
ua ay -
e aya r r u

t erm i n us
p er s e r i e m ex
p r i m i t u r i ta ,

e tc .

e tc .

qu ae s eri e s qu i d e m a tu l i d i i s i n e i n c a v o u na m co n fl ar i
p os s u nt , s ed in q u a
ati o o r es s i o n i s n o n t m f c i l e ate s t ca s ci l
r
p g r
p a a , .

56
3
a
?
2a ll

e tc .

Of co u
th a t ti m e m a th e m t i ci ns nce n t t e d th e i e ne gy s o f
r s e , at ,
a a co ra r r ,
ar

as d i ffe e n t i a l e q a t i o n s w e e
r o n e n e d o n o b t ai n i n g s l t i n s i n fi ni te te m s
u r c c r , o u o r ,

and co n s e qu e n tly J m e s B e n o ll i s e e m t o h a e e ce i e d h a dly th e f ll c e d i t

a r u s v r v r u r

t w h i c h h i s d i sco e y e n t i tl e d h i m T hu s t w e n ty t wo y e s l a te t h e p ap e l ''
o v r .
,
-
ar r, r ,

i n w h i c h C u n t R i ca t i fi s t e fe e d t o n e qu t i o n o f t h e ty p e w h i c h no w
o o r r rr a a

b e s h i s nam e w as fo ll ow e d by n o t e : by D an i e l B e rn o ull i i n w h i c h i t was

ar ,
a

s t t e d th a t t h e s l t i n o f t h e e q
a ti n § o u o ua o

“
aw dx au da "
bd a
was h i th e r t o u n s o l e d p o bl e m T h e no te e nd e d w i t h n a nno nce m en t i n
a v r . a u

n an g m o f t h e s lut i on S o l t i o p b l e m at i s a b I l l Ri oca t p p os i t o
“
a a ra o : u ro . o ro

ch a c t e i b u s occ l ti s i n
ra r lut 2 4 6c 8 d 3 3 eu 2 9 4 h 83 5 6 5 2 1 m
vo a a, , , , , , , , ,

2 6a 1 60 8p , 5 9
, , ,
1 63 ,
2 5 t 3 2 11,
,
Sy ,
4 2 , ,
1 .

Th e an a g ra m a pp
b e e n s l e d ; b t B e no ull i p ubl i s h e d
e ar s ne v e r to h av e o v u r

h i s s o lut i o n ”
of th e em p bl
b o t a y e a a ft e th e p bl i c t i on o f th e n g m
ro a u r r u a a a ra .

T h e s o lu ti o n c ns i s t s f t h e d e t e m i n t i o n f a s e t o f
o lu s o f n nam e ly
o r a o va e ,

4 m /(2 m _ w h e e m i s a ny i n t e g e
J
r f n
y o ne r f w h i c h t h e e qu t i o n i r, or a o a s

s o l bl e i n fi ni t e t e m s ; t h e d t i l s o f th i s s o lut i o n w i ll b e g i e n i n
u r 41 e a v ,

T h p o m i n e n e g i e n t o t h e w o k f Ri ccati by D a ni e l B e n o ull i co m b i n e d
e r c v r o r ,

w i th th e f t t h t R i cc ti s e qu t i o n w as o f
ac s l i ghtly m
a e ge ne
a l ty p e t h an
’
a a or ra

S e e L ei bni z ens g es a m e l l t e Wer k e ,

D r i tte F o l g e
(M a t h em a ti k ) , III .
(H a l l e , p . 75 .

T Acta E r u d i toru m , S up p l . vm . pp . 66— 7 3 . T h e for m i n w i c h h R i cc ati to o k th e

eq u ati o n w as
z
r
m
dq da nu d d? q ,

wh e re q x
"
.

I I bi d pp
. . 73 —7 5 . D ani el B er n o u l l i m e n ti on e d t h a t s o l u ti on s h ad b een o bt ai ne d by t h ree

o th er me mb er s o f h i s fa m i l y—J h o n, Ni c h o l a s an d th e yo u ng er Ni c h o l as .

Th e r ea d er s h o ul d o b s e rv e t h at th e su b ti t
s u ti o n

b dz
_
z d a:

g i v e s r i s e t o a n e u ati o n w i c i q
s ea s i l s o l u l e i n s er i es h h y b
—80 ;
.

E x er ci ta ti ones q u ae d a m m a th em a ti c ae (Ve ni ce, pp 77 Ac ta E r u d i tor u m, 1 7 2 5 ,

—4 7 3
.

pp . 4 65 .
 B E SSEL FUNCTIONS B EFO R E 18 2 6 3

J o h n B e r n o u ll i q a t i on h s l t d i n t h n m f Ri t i b e i ng i t d
*
’
s e u a re s u e e a e o cca as s oc a e

not n ly w i th t h e
o q t i n w h i c h h d i sc ss d w i t h o t s l i ng b t l s w i t h
e ua o e u e u o v , u a o

a s t i ll m o e g e n e l ty p e o f e q t i on
r ra ua .

I t i s now st m g i e t h e n am e
i R i cc ti s g ene l i s ed eq ti on t
’
t
‘
cu o ar o
y v a ra ua o

an
y qu et i on o f t h e fo m
a r

—P
da
Qy Ji g/ 2
,

w he re P , Q , R ar e gi ven f u nc t ions o f a:

It is su pp os ed t h a t ne i t h er P nor R i s i d ent i cal l y zero . If R = O, th e e q u at i o n i s l i ne a r ;

i f P = 0 , th e e q u a tio n is r e d u ci bl e t o th e l i ne a r for m by t k i a ng a s a n e w v a r ia bl e .

l t q t i n w s s t d i e d by E l i ; i t i s d i bl e to t h g e n l
The as e ua o a u u er re uc e e ra

l i ne e q a t i n f th s cond d
ar u nd t h i s
o q t i on i s s o m e t i m s e d i bl
o e e or er, a e ua e r uc e

to B s s l s e q t i on by n e l m e n t y t ns f m t i n ( f 3 1 4 3
’
e e ua a e ar ra or a o o , ,

M n ti n h o uld b e m d e h
e o f t w m m i s by E l e
s In th e fi t § i t a e re o o e o r u r . rs

i s p o e d th a t w h e n p ti ul i n t e g l y o f Ri cc ti s g e ne l i d q ti n ’
r v ,
a ar c ar ra , a ra se e ua o

is k no w n th e e q t i n i s d i bl e t o l in e q t i on f th fi s t d by
, ua o re uc a e ar ua o e r or er

r epl i n g y by y + 1 / an d so t h e g e n e l so l t i n
ac n b e e ffe t e d by t w
1 a, ra u o ca c o

q d t u e s I t i s l s h e w n (i bi d p 5 9) th t i f tw p ti c l s l t i n
ua ra r . a so . . a ,
o ar u ar o u o s ar e

k no w n th e e qu ti o n n b i n t g t e d c m p l t ly by si ngl e q d t ; nd
, a ca e e ra o e e a ua ra u r e a

t h i s es l t i s l s t
r b e fo n d i n t h e s co n d ”
u o f th
a t wo p p s
o o A b i f d is u e e a er . r e

cu s i n s of th e s e th e e m s w i ll b e g e n n C h p te I V
o or iv i a r .

D a ni el B er n ou l l i m ech a ni ca l p bl em
’
12 . s ro .

I n 1 7 3 8 D a ni e l B e r n o u i ll p bl i s h e d m e m i il c n t i ni ng e n n i ti
u a o r o a u c a o ns o f

a n u m be
th o e m n r of e r s f o t h e osc i ll t i o n f h e y h i ns T h e i gh t h
a s o av c a . e
H
o

th e s e i s f ll ws D e fig as c te n e n
f o m i te ci l l n ti s
o S:i t c t n A C ur a a a u i or r os a . a e a

un i f m i te g
or i s e t p fe te fl e i l i s s p e n s d e p u n t A e q
r ra v i l l ti ner c x s u a c o ,
a u e os c a o es

f e e ni f m e s i n te l l i g t u p e e n e i t t e n i n s i t m A M F ; f e tq
ac r u or a r: rv r ca a u u ri ue

l o ng i t u d o c a t e na e =l : l o ng i t u d o j
c u u scu n
q ue p ar ti s FM x , s u m a tu r n e u s
j
v a l or s i ‘

H
‘
ut fit
l ll l 3
l 4
l 5

1 + e tc . 0 .

ii 4 nn 4 . 9 16 25n. .
5

S e e J a m e s B e r n o ul l i , Op e ra O nm i a , II .
(G enev a, pp . 1 05 4 —1 05 7 ; it is s ta te d t h at th e

p o i nt of R i cca ti
’
s p bl ro em i s th e d e te r m i na ti o n o f a s o l u ti o n i n fi n i te te r m s , a n d a s o l u ti o n w hi hc

r es e m bl es th e s o l u ti o n by D a n i e l B e r n o u l l i i s g i v e n .

T T h e te r m
’
q
Ri c c a t i s e u a ti o n w a s u s e d by D Al e m ber t , H i s t d e l Aca d R
’
.
’
. . (10 3 S c i d e B er l i n
.
,

x 1x [ p bl i h
u s ed p 2 42
—8 9 h
. . .

i I ns ti tu ti o nes Ca l cu l i I n teyl ' '

al is, n .
(P e te r s b u rg , § 83 1 , pp . 88 . In c o nn e x i o n wi t

th e re d u c ti o n , s ee Ja m e s B e r no u l l i
’
s l e tte r to L e i b n i z a l re a d y q u o te d .

N oe l C o mm Aca rl P e tr op V III (17 60 [ p bl i hu s ed p .

'

3 2 .

—1 64
. . . .

ll I bi d . Ix .
(1 7 62 [ p bl i h
u s ed pp . 1 63 .

‘ “
ll Th e o r e m a ta d e o s cil l a ti o n i b us p o ru m fi l o fi exi l i c o n ne xo r u m et c a te nae v e r t l c a l i te r

—1 2 2
co r

[ p bl i h pp 1 08
”
ed
s u s p e n s ae , Co mm A c a d S e t I mp P e tr op vi (1 7 3 2 u s . .
. . . . . .

L oc . ci t .p 116 . .

i t T h e l en g h f h
t o t e si m pl q e e u i v al e n t p e nd ul um is n .
 4 THEO R Y OF B ESSEL FUNCTIONS [ C H AR 1

P ona tu r p orr o d is t n ti a a e x tr e m i p u n ti o F ab l ine a v er ti l i 1 d ic f e

ca ,
o or

d i s tan t i a m no i pu t u b cu n i q u e as s u m p ti M a b e a d e m l in ea v e t i ca l i
r e u al e m
q a

3 4
xx a $
1

go e on t o y I n e n itu b e i ss i m o c l c l n p o xi m e 0 6 91
H e s sa : v r r v a u o r

H b et t e m l i tt e n infi ni tos al o e s l i s ”
a au ra v r a o .

Th e l s t s e i e s i s n ow d e sc i b e d s
a B se l f n c t i on o f
r d e e o nd r a a es u
*
or r z r a

ar gu m e n t 2 nd t h e l t q o t t i o n s t t es t h at th i s f n t i on h s n
a as u a a u c a a

i nfi n i t e n u m b e o f e s r z ro .

B e n o ll i p bl i h e d l p o fs f h i s th e o e m s on fte w d s ; i n th e e m
r u u s
-“
r o o r s o a r ar or

V III h e o bt i n d t h e e q
,
t i on f m t i n by n i d e i ng th e fo e t i ng on
a e ua o o o co s r rc s ac

t h e p t i n F M o f l e ngth x Th e e q
or o ti n f m o t i n w s l o b t i n e d by . ua o o o a a s o a

E ul e ]: m an y y e s l t e f m
r c ns i d t i on o f t h e f ce s a t i ng o n n e l e m e n t
ar a r ro a o era or c a

o f th e h in c a .

T h e fo l l o wi ng i s t h e su b s ta n ce o f E u l er ’
s i n v e s t i g at i o n

Le t p b e th e l i ne d e ns i t o f th e c y h ai n (s u pp os ed u n i for m ) a nd l e t T b e th e te ns i o n at

h h ei g b
t a: a o v e t h e l o w es t o i n t o f t h e p c h ai n i n i ts u n d i s t ur bdp e o s i ti o n . T h e m oti o n b e i ng

t ra ns v e r s al , w e o bt ai n th e 8T = g p
e q u ati o n r es o l v i n
g by v e r t i ca l l y for an el e m e n t of

c h ai n o f l eng t hd x . Th e i n t eg r al o f th e e u ati o n i s T g p m q .

Th e h or i zo nta l co m p o ne nt o f th e t e ns i o n i s , e ffe c t i v e l
i (d y/d x ) w h ere
y is th e h
( ori

z on t al ) d i s p l acem e nt of th e e l e m e nt ; an d s o th e e q u a t i on o f m otion i s

p dx
f—y
2
el

015

If w e su b tits u te for T and p r ocee d t o t h e l i m i t, w e fi n d t h at

d zy d
dt z '
9 dx
If fi s th e l e n g t h of th e s im pl q e e u i v al e nt p en d u l u m fo r any o n e n or m al v i b r at i o n
,
we
wr i te

= A
y

w h er e A an d a r e c o n s t ants a nd t h en H (x /f ) is a s ol u ti o n o f th e e q u a ti o n

a, we o b tai n t h e s ol u t i o n i n t h e fo r m of B e r no u l l i
’
s s e r i e s , nam e l y
_
u
+ i f “3 ”4
1

O n th e C o n ti n en t , th e f u nc ti o n s a r e u s ua l l
y c al l e d cyl i nd er f u nc ti o ns , o r , o cca s i o n al l
y, f u nc
ti o ns of F our i er B es s e l , a fte r -
H e i n e , J ou r n a l f ar M a th L XX I p 28 1 ; s ee al s o M a th Ann
III —6 1 0
. .

pp
. . .

. . 60 9 .

T Co mm Aca d P e tr op
. . . V II .
(1 7 3 4 [ p bl i h
u s ed pp 1 6 — 1 7 9 2
—1 7 7
.

p
.

[ p bl i h d
Ac ta Ac a d P e tr op v. ar s 1 (M ath e m a ti ca) 15 7
u s e E ul er
.

pp
.
, .

ht h
.

t oo k th e w e i g of l e ng t e of th e ch ai n to be E and b e d efi n e d 9 t o b e th e m e a s u r e o f th e
,

d i s tan ce (no t t wi c e th e d i s tanc e fal l e n by a a r ti c l e

) p fr o m r e s t u n d e r g r av i t i n a s eco nd E u l e r ’ s y .

n o tati o n h as b e en fo l l o w ed i n th e te xt a ar t fr o m th e p s i g ni fi c a nc e o f
g and th e i n tr o d u c ti o n of
p an d 6 (fo r d ) .
 B ESSEL FUNCTIONS B EFO R E 1 82 6 5

T h e g e ner al s o l u ti o n o f th e e q u at i o n is t h en s h e wn to be l + Co h
w e re C a nd

D a r e co n s ta n t s S i n ce 3 1 i s fi n i t e w
.
-

h en C m u s t be z ero .

If a h
i s t h e w o l e l e ng t o f t h e h = 0 w en h a; a , a nd s o th e e q u at i o n t o d e te r m i ne fi s
2 3
a a a
1 + M
0
f
1 2
1 9f 3
.

. 4

By an e xtr e m e l y i ng enio u s a n al yi s s, w ich h w il l b e g iv e n f l ly

u in C h pt
a er xv , E u l er
p r ocee d ed t o s h ew t h at th e t h r ee s m al l e s t r o o t s o f th e e q u ati o n in a
[ f are 7 6 65 8
an d 1 8 63 .
[ M ore a c c u r a t e v a l u e s are 1 4 4 5 7 965 , 7 6 1 7 8 1 5 6 and 18 7 2 17 5 1 7 ]
I n t h e m e m o i r * i m m e d i a tel y fo l l o w i ng t i s i n v e s t ig h a t io n E u l er o bt ai ne d th e g e ne r al

s ol u ti o n
(i n t h e fo r m o f s e r i es ) of th e e q u at i o n 0, but h is s tat e m e nt o f th e

l aw of for m a ti o n o f s u c ce s s i v e c oe ffi c i e nts is ra t h er i n co m l e te p . T h e l aw of f or m a t i o n h ad ,
hw o be v er , e e n s tat e d i n h i s I ns ti tu ti o nes Ca l cu l i I n teg ra l i s T, II .
(P e te r s b u rg ,
97 7 ,
pp 2 3 3 —2 3 5
. .

’
13 . E u l er s m ech a ni ca l p ro bl em .

Th e vi b ti
ra o ns of a s re c t t h d e m em b ra n e w ere i nv es t i ga t e d by Eu l e r i i n
1 7 64 . H e arr i v e d at th e eq t i on
ua

1 d g
z d z
z dz 1 d z
z

dt dI d gb
’
2 " ‘2 3
'

w he re z is th e t ra n s v e r s e d ispl ac e m e n t i m e t t th e p i n t w h o p l
t at a o se o ar

d in t e s a nd is co ns t an t d p nd i n g o n t h e d e n s i ty
co o r a ar e ( T,
qt ) ; e a e nd e a

t en s i o n o f th e m em b r ane .

T o bt i n o a a n or m a l so lut i on h e w ro te
z a s in (at A ) s i n (3 4) B) ,

w he e r a, B ar e co n s a n s t t an d a f nct i on o f
is a -
u a nd th e resu lt of

s ub s t i t t i o n u of t h is va lu e of z i s th e d i ffe e n t i l e qu t i on
r a a
‘
d z’
a 1 da a
2

u = 0
F dr
.

dr i’
e
2

Th e so lut i o n o f th i s e qu t i on w h ic h i s fi ni t a e at th e or i gi n i s g i v e n on p . 256
of Eu le r s
’
m e m oir ; i t i s
2 / 2 4 a 4
a r a q
u TB
2 (n + 1 ) 2 4 (n
2
e .

w he re n b e e n w i tt e n § i n p l e o f
h as 1 r ac .

T h i s d i ffe e n t i l e q t i on i s no w k no w n s B e s e l s q ti on f f nc ti n ’

r a ua a s e ua or u o s

of d e 8 ; nd B m y h e I] ny o f th e l es 0 1 2
or r a a av a va u , , ,

Sa e f n o m i tt e d
v or on s t nt f at t h e s i i n o w ll d B e l c a ac o r er es s ca e a e ss

c e ffi c i e n t o f o d e
o 8 n d a gu m e n t /
re T h e p e i
r d f i b
,
t i n 2 /
a f r ar . r o s o v ra o ,
vr a, o a

p h pb h pp 1 7 8— 1 90
Ac ta Aca d P et rop . . v. ar s 1 (M at e m a t i ca ) , [ u l is ed . .

S ee al so 93 5 , 93 6 (p 1 87 ) fo r th e s o l u ti o n o f an a s s o c i a te d e q u a ti o n h h
w ic w i l l be
‘

. e t s eq .

d i s c u s s ed i n
[ p bl i h ed pp 2 43 — 2 60
1 N o v i Co mm Ac a d P etrop x . . . . u s . .

T h e r eas o n wh y E ul e r m ad e t i s h h c a n g e o f n o ta ti o n is not o b v iou s .

If w e re n o t i n te g th e d i pl a ce m e n t wo u l d no t be a o n e v a l ue d fu nc ti o n of p os i ti o n ,
B an er , s
-

i n vi e w of th e f acto r s in (Bob F E ) -
.
6 THEO R Y OF B E SSEL FUNCTIONS [C H AR I

ci r c u ar l
b n e of d i s w i th a fi e d b o u nd a y a
m em ra ra u a x r
*
re to b e dete r m i ne d
fro m th e C n s i d e t i on th t ni s h e s w h e n
o a
ra a u va r .

T h i i n e s t i ga t i on by E ul e
s o n t i ns t h e e a l i e s t a pp e
v r c a r ara n ce i n Ana ly s i s of

B e ss e l c e ffici e nt f g e n e l i n t e g l o d e
’

a o o ra ra r r .

14 . Th e r es ea r ch es o
f La g r an
g e, Ca r li ni a nd Lap l a ce .

O n ly a fe w ye
ft e Eul e h ad i e d at th e ge ne l B e s s l c e ffi ci e n t
ar s a r r ar r v ra e o

in h i s e s e h e n i b t i ng m e m b n e s t h e f n c ti on s e pp e d in an
r ar c s o v ra ra ,
u r a ar e ,

s t o n o m i ca l p o bl e m I t w s h e w n by L g n ge I i n 1 7 7 0 th t i n t h e ell i p t i -
a r r . a s a ra a , c

m t i o n o f a p l n e t b o ut t h e s n t t h e foc u s tt
o a t in g acco d in g to th e l w
a u a a r ac r a

o f th e i n e s s qu e th e
v e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n th e
r e ad i u s
ar ec t o t h e m ean
,
r r v r r,

an o m ly M an d th e e cce nt i c
a n m ly E w h i h a s s u m e th e for m s r a o a ,
c

M z E s -
G S ID E, r = a
(1 — e co s E ),

g i ve ri se to t h e ex p an s i ons

as co

E = M + Z An SH l n
’
M ,
1 + § e
2
+ 2 Bn co s n M ,

u =1 1 1

in wh ic h a a n d e ar e th e s em i m aj o r
-
ax i s a nd th e e cc e n r i ci t ty o f t h e or bit a nd

u + 2m —2 n + em
(n 2 77 2 ) n e
2 n+ 2 m
m =o 2 m ! ( n m)!

La g r an ge g av e th e se ex p r e ss i o n s for n 1 2, 3 ,
. The o bj e c t of th e ex p i
an s o ns
:

is to o bt i n a ex p r e s s o ns i for t h e e cce n r i c t a no m a ly a nd th e ra di us v e c or t in
te r m s of th e ti m e .

In m o de r n no a t t i on th e s e f or m ul a e ar e wri t t en
'
An 2 L, Bn 2 (e/u ) J n (u s ) .

I t wa s n o te d by P oi s s o n Conna i ssa nce d es T ems , 1 8 3 6 [ p u b l i s h ed p . 6 t h at

e d An .

’
n de

a m e m oi r by L f e ort , J o u r na l d e M a t/i . x1 . pp . 142 —1 5 2 ,

i n w ic h h a n err o r m ad e by
P o i s s on i s c o r r ec t ed , s h o u l d al s o be co n s u l t e d .

A r e m ar k bl a e i n v e s t i ga t i on of th e a pp rox im at e va l u e of A
h en n is l g w ar e

an d 0 e 1 i s d u e t o Car l i n i i ; th ou gh th e an ly s i s i s n o t i g o o s ( n d i t
a r r u a

wo uld b e d i ffi c lt to u ma k e it ri go rou s ) i t is o f s uffi ci e n t i n t e e s t f b ie f r or a r

acc o u n t o f i t t o b e g i v en he re .

Cf B o u r g e t, Ann S ci
. . . d e ZEco l e
’
nor m . s up . III . pp . 55 —95 ,
an d C h r ee , Q u a r ter l y,
J ou r na l x xi p 2 98
—2 3 3
. . .

[ p bl i h pp
’
1H i s t d e l Aca d R d es S c i d e B er l i n, ed 2 04 [ Oeu v r es
‘
. . . . xx v . u s . .
,
.

III . pp . 1 13 —13 8 ]
I R i cer ch e sul la c onv er g enza d el l a s er i e ch e s er v a al la s o l u z i o ne d e l p ro bl em a d i K ep l er o

(M i l an ,
h
T i s wo r k w as tr an s l a te d i n to G e rm an by J ac o b i , As tr N a c l z xxx
. . .

c ol . 1 97 —2 5 4 [ We r k e, V I I pp . 1 89 S ee al s o t wo pp a er s by S c h ibe n er d a te d 1 8 5 6 ,
—5 4 4
.

re pi r nt e d i n M a th Ann . . xv n . pp . 53 1 ,
5 4 5 —5 60 .
 B E SSEL FUNCTIONS B EFO R E 182 6
It i s eas yt o s h w th t A i
e l ti f t h d i ff
a ti l q
,, ti s a so u on o e e re n a e ua on

d z An d An
G
2
2
e —nz (1 — 2 ) 5 An = O
de de
.

D efi ne u by t h f e or m u l a An = 2 n” ‘
1
e
f udG
/n ! a nd t he n

eu -
n“ 1 (
H e n ce w h en n i s l arg e eit h er i t or u 2 o r d u /d e m u s t b e l ar g e .

If we s h ou l d ex p e ct i t
2
a nd d u /d e t o b e 0 (
n 20
) a nd 0 ( )
na re s p e c ti v e l y; a nd
o n c o n s i d er i n
g th e hig h es t p owe rs o f n i n th e v ar i o u s ter m s of t h e l a s t d iffe r e nt i a l e q u at i o n ,
we fi nd t h at a =1 . It i s c o ns e q u entl y a ss u m e d t h a t u ad m i ts o f a n e x p a ns i o n i n d e s c e nd i ng
p o w er s of n i n t h e for m

w h e r e no , ug , ar e i nd e p e nd e nt o f n .

On su b s ti t u t i n h
g t i s s e r i es i n t h e d i ffe re nti al e u at i o n o f t h e fi r s t q o r d e r an d e q u ati ng to
z e ro th e co e ffi c i e nt s o f th e v ar i o u s o wer s o f n, w e fi n d t at p h
2 =
llo (I

and t h e r e fo r e

m i 10 g <l
Og _
2
)
an d , s i nce th e v al u e o f An s h e ws t h at
'

J ud e n l og é s w h en 6 is s m al l , th e u pp er S i g n m ust
be ta k e n an d n o co ns t ant o f i nte g r a ti o n i s to be ad d ed .

F r o m S ti r l i n g
’
s for m u l a i t n ow f ll
o ow s a t o n ce t h at

”
e e xp
{ n J (1 e
2
)}
n{ 1 w e
’
J ew ) ni f
(1 a a}
a nd h
t i s i s th e r es u l t o bt ai ne d by C ar l i n i . h
T is m et hd o of a pp r o xi m a ti o n h as b e e n ca r r i e d

m uc h f th ur er by M ei s s e l ( s ee h
w i l e Ca u c hy *
h as al s o d i sc u s s e d a pp r o x i m a te

for m u l ae for An i n th e c as e o f co m e t s m ov i ng i n ne a r l yp ar a b ol i c or bi t s
(s ee fo r
w ic h hC ar l i n i s a
’
pp r o x i m at i o n is o b v i ou s l yi na d e q u at e .

T h e i nv e s i t g ti a on of h h an acc n t h as j u s t b e e n gi n i m h
w ic ou ve s uc m o re

pl au s i bl e th an th e ar g m en t s e m p l o y d by L p l c l t o e s t bl is h th e
u e a a e
' '
a co r r e

s
p ond i n
g a pp r ox i m a t i o n fo r B ” .

t g t i n gi en by L p l ce i s q i t e i g o s nd th m e th d w h i h
T h e inv es i a o v a a u r or u a e o c

h e u se s i s o f con s i d e bl e i m p t n w h en th e a lu e f B i m d ifi e d by
ra or a ce v o ,, s o

t k ing l l t h e coe ffi ci e n t s i n t h e i e s to be p i t i e —
a a l t n ti ly by e s r os v o r, a er a ve ,

s pp os i n g th a t
u is a pu i m gi n y B t L p le g e s n t g e th t n re a ar . u a a ce o o o ar u a a

app i m t i n e s t bl i h d i n t h c
r ox a o f p e ly i m g i n y
a s i bl m yb
e e as e o ur a ar v ar a es a e

u s e d s n s c i nt e i n t h c
“

a f e l
ra i bl e s T
‘

ny n w h i q in t d
e as e o r a v ar a . o a o e o s ac ua e

w i th t h e m o d e n th e y o f y m p t t i c e i e th f ll ci ch
r or te f h as o s r s, e a a ou s a r ac r o suc

re as oni n g w i ll b e i d e nt ev .

Comp tes R end u s , xx x v n i . pp . 990 —993 .

T M eca ni q u e C el es te,
’

s u p p l em e n t , t v [ fi r st p bl i h d
u s e O eu v re s , v
(P a r i s ,

—4 89
.
. .

pp . 48 6 .
 8 THEO R Y OF B ESSEL FUNCTIONS [ CHAR I

The e ar li er p ti or on of La pl
b s e d on t h e p i n i p l e
ac e s
’
i n v e s t i g at i o n i s a r c

t h at, i n th e ca s e o f e i o i ti
a s r es o f p
t m s i n w h i c h th t e m s s t e d ly 1 n
s ve er e r a i

c r e as e u
p to a ce r a t i n p i nt a nd t h n s t o d i ly d e c eas e th e o d e o f m g m tu d e
e ea r ,
r r a

of th e s um of th s i s m y f q
e er e n tly b o bt i n e d f o m a con s d e a t o n
a re f ue e a r i r i o

th e or d er of ma g ni t d e f t h g t s t t m o f t h
u o ie s
e rea e er e s er .

Fo r ot h e r and m o re r e ce nt a pp l i c a t i o ns o f t ish p r i nc i pl e, s e e S to k es, P r oc Ca m b P /i i l

. . .

S oc . VI . pp . 3 62 —3 66 [ Ma t/ i . a nd P lays P ap er s , . V . pp 2 2 1
. a nd H ar d y ,

P r oc Lon d o n M a t/z S oc
. . .
(2 ) II . pp 3 3 2 —3 3 9 ; M
. ess eng er , XXX IV . pp . 97 — 1 0 1 .

A s ta t e m e n t o f th e p r nc i
i pl e wa s g i v e n by B l A t M or e ,
c a a th e m a ti ca , xx . pp . 3 93
3 94 .

Th e f llo owin g ex p iti os on o f th e p r i nc i p l pp l i d t

e a e o th e e xam pl e cons i de d re

by La p l ac e m ay no t b e w i t h ou t in te r es t
The s e r i es co ns i d e r e d is
0

B u ll )
2” 27”
m l (n 1

h h
in w ic n i s l a rg e a nd 6 h as a fi xe d p os i ti v e v al u e . The g rea t es t t er m i s t h at for w i c h h
m = p wh , er e
11 i s t h e g r ea tes t i nt eg er s u c h th at

4 a (n + e ) (71 9) S 7
6 2
6 ,

a nd s o
p is a
. pp ro xi m a t e l y q e u al to

e
n we e
?
) 1) + e
2
s /a + e > 2
.

N o w, i f d e n o t es t h e g e ne r al t er m i n it is eas yt o v er i fy by S ti rl i ng s
’
t h e or e m

t h a t, t o a fi rs t a
pp r o x i m at I O n ,
u
L
n
i t
a » (
2
3
1 2
,
w h e re
“
l og g = 2 N /(l
H Bnl l lm
e nce u yL
{1 2g 2 94 2 99

N Qu g »
s i nc e le
a
q is n ea r l y qe u al to 1 .
u )

N o w, by S ti l i r nO 0
’
s t h e or e m

ex
p { nx /(l

L
" ex
J( + »
2 2
an d s o B (UN
6
p i n 1 6

T h e in fe r e n ce w ic h h La pl ac e d rew f ro m th i s res ult is th t a

N 2 "
{n t/ (I
2
ex
Bn
e
p
{1 V(I a
n"

T is h a
pp r ox im a te f
ul h pp e ns t b e l i d w h n 1 (th ugh t h e
or m
s on
a a o va e 6 o re a
for th i s e s t i ti on i s n t pp e nt p t f m th f ct th t i t i s o b i s ly
r r c o a ar ,
a ar ro e a a v ou
n e ce s
y ) b t i t i s d iffi c lt t o p o i t w i th t u si ng th m e th od s o f con t u
s ar , u u r ve ou e o r

—
co

T h e fo r m u l a 1 4 2 2 -

t =o
q) } m ay be i n fe rr e d fr o m
g e n e r al t h e o rem s on s er i e s ;
cf . B r o m wi c h , T h eor y of I nfi ni te S e ri es
§ 51 It i s al s o a co n s e q u ence o f J aco bi ’
s tr ans fo r m a ti o n
h y pi
, .

fo rm u l a i n th e t eo r o f el l i t c fu n c ti o n s ,
-
ir )
s ee M od er n Ana l ys i s ,
 B ESSEL FUNCTIONS B EFO R E 182 6 9

i n t e gr a t i o n (of h e b e e n dub i o s s t th
. La pl a ce s e e m s to av u a o e va l i d i ty
o f h i s i n fe e nce b e a s e i m m e d i t e ly ft e h i s s ta t e m n t b o t
r c u ,
a a r e a u rea l nd a

i m gi n y
a a i bl e s
ar h m e nt i o n e d by w y o f on fi m t i n th t
v r a ,
e , a c r a o , a h e h ad
a n o th e p o f ; b t th e l t t e
r p oo f d e s n t app e t b e e t nt
ro u a r r o o ar o x a .

15 . Th e r es ea r ch es o
f F ou r i er .

In 1 8 2 2 a pp e are d
l t e t i s e by F u i e La Th eo i e na l yti q e
th e l
c a s s ca i r a o r r
'
r a u

d e l a Ch l e ; i n w o k B e s s e l fu n c t i o ns o f
a ur th i
d er u in t h e d is
s r or zero o cc r

c ss i e n o f t h e s y m m e t i ca l m o t i o n o f h
u t i n a s o l i d ci l yl i nd r It i ea r c u ar c er . s

s h e w n by F o i er 1 1 8 — 1 2 0 ) t h a t t h e t e m p e tu e
u r t t i m t t d is t n e ra r a e ,
a a c

a: f o m th e a 1 s o f th e yl ind e sa t i s fi e s th e qu t i n
r x c r, e a o

dc do
dt a: d a:
w he re K , C D ,
d e n ot e r es p ti ly t h
ec ve e T he rm a l C o nd u c t i v i ty S ,
p ifiec c H ea t

a nd D e ns i ty of th e m a te ria l of th e c yl i nd e r; and he o bt ain e d th e so lu tion

n
2 2 4 G
_ 1 nt 9 x ' 9 50
e
2 2

w he re
g m CD /K an d m h as t o b e so c h os e n th t a

K (d c /d ) 0 he os

a t th e b o u nd a y o f t h e cyl i nd e w h e e h i s t h e E t e na l C n d c t i i ty
r r, r x r o u v .

Fo u i e p oce e d e d to gi e p oo f 3 0 7 — 3 0 9) by Ro ll e s t h e e m th t ’
r r r v a r or a

th e e q t i n t d e t e m i n e th e l e s o f m h s T n in fi n ity f e l o ts nd
ua o o r va u a a o r a ro a

n o co m p l e x ro o t s H i s p oo f i s s l i ghtly i n c m p l e t e b ca s e h e s s m e th t
. r o e u a u s a

c e t i n th e
r a em s wh i h h b e e n p o e d f p ly n o m i l s e t e o f i n t e g l
or c av e r v or o a ar ru ra

f n t i on s ; th e d e fe c t i s n ot d iffi lt to e m e dy nd a m e m i by H wi t i
u c cu r ,
a o r ur z

h s t h e o bj e c t o f m k i n g F o i e s d e m o ns t t i on q i t ig us ’
a a ur r ra u e r or o .

I t s h ld a l s o b e m n t i o n e d th t F o u i e d i s co e e d t h e on t i n e d f ct i on
.

ou e a r r v r c u ra

fo m ul a 3 1 3 ) f t h e qu t i e n t f a B e ss e l f nc ti n o f o d e
r or o n d i ts o o u o r r ze r a

d e i at e ; g en e l i s t i n Of th is f m ul w i ll b e d i s c ss e d i n
r v ra a o9 65 s or a
‘

u .

An o th e f m ul gi e n by F o i
r or n m e ly a v u r e r, a

cos ( a s n a i ) dr ,

h ad b een p rov e d som e ye a r s e ar l i e by r P ar s e v al§; it is a s p e ci a l case o f w h at

kn el s int e g l s
’
B ess d P o i s s on
’
ar e n o w ow n as an s ra

p
T h e g re ater ar t o f F o u r i e r s r e s e ar c ’
h es was c o n ta in e d in a m em oir d e p o s i te d i n th e a rc hi ve s
o f th e F r en c h
I n s ti tu te o n S e t 2 8 , 1 8 1 1 , p . an d c r o w n ed .
on Jan . 6 1 81 2
, . h
T i s m e m o i r i s to be

[ p bl i h pp 1 8 5 —5 5 5 ;
‘
fo u n d i n th e M e m . al e t Aca d
’
. d es S ci .
,
Iv . u s ed . v .

[ p bl i h d
u s e pp . 153 —2 4 6 .

I Thi i g e n e r al i s ati o n of B ern o ul l i s s ta te m e n t q u o te d in 12

"" ’
s s a

—2 66
.

1 M a th An n . . xxq . pp . 2 46
—64 8
.

§ M em
’

. d es s av a ns
’

e tr a ng er s , I . pp . 63 9 . T is h pp a er a l s o c o n ta i n s th e fo r m al

s ta t e m e n t o fh th e t eo r e m on F o u r i er c o n s ta n ts w hi h i
c s s o m e ti m e s ca l l e d P ar s ev a l
’
s t h e o r em ;

an o th p p by th i
er a er s l i ttl e k n ow n wr i te r , M e m d e s
'

.
’

s a v a ns e tr a ng er s , I . pp . 3 79 —3 98 , co n

ta i n s a g e n er al s o l u ti o n o f p
L a l ac e
’
s e q u a ti o n in a for m i nv o l v i ng ar bi t r a ry fu n c ti o n s .
 10 THEO R Y OF B ESSEL FUNCTIONS [ CHAR I

Th e b i t y f nc t i
ex p a ns i o n o f a n a r rar u on in to a s er e s o f i B e ss e lf u nc t i ons o f
ord e e o w as l s e m in d by F o u i e
r z r a o xa e r r 3 14 g e he av th e fo m ul r a

fo th e g n e l coe ffi i e n t i n t h e e p ns i
r e ra c x a on a s a d efin i te i nt e g l ra .

Th l i d i ty f Fei vap i w o o u r er s
’
ex a ns o n as e xa m i ne d m uc h m or e r e ce ntl y by H an k el ,

M a th Ann . . V II I . pp . 4 7 1 — 4 9 4 ; S ch l a fli ,
' '

M a th A nn . . X . pp . 1 3 7 — 1 42 ; D i n i
S er i e d i F o u r i er , I .
(P i s a, pp . 2 4 6— 2 69 ; H o b s o n, P r oc L o nd o n M a th
. . S oc (2 ) . V II .

pp . 3 59 —3 88 ; and Y o u ng ,
P r o c L ond on Fl
. a t/i . S oc .
(2 ) X VI II .
pp . 1 63 —2 00 .

T ish ex p a ns i o n w il l b e d ea l t w i t h in C h pt X
a er VI I I .

16 . Th e r es ea r ch es o
f P oi ss on .

Th e t
u ns f h ea t i n a s o l i d s p h e e an d a l o i n a s l i d
ym m t e ri ca l m o i on s o r s o

c yl i nd e w e in es ti g t e d by P oi ss n i n l en gthy m e m i p bl i s h d in 1 82 3
r re v a o
*
a o r u e .

I n t h p bl e m o f t h e s p h ere i h e b t i n
e ro e d th e e q t i on '

,
o a ua

d R z
n (n 1)
R p R’
2

dr 2
r
2

w he re r d i s t nce f o m th e ce n t e p i s cons t nt n i s p osi t i e

d en t o es th e a r r , a a , a v

i n te g ( e o i n l d e d ) nd R i s th t f c t o o f th e t e m p a tu e i n
er z r c u n m l ,
a a a r er r ,
a or a

m d e wh i h i
o f n t i n o f t h e d i s e ct o I t w s s h e w n by P i s s on th a t
, c s a u c o ra u v r . a o

a s l t i n o f t h e e q ati n i s
o u o u o

(r p ) s in d e)
2 n+1
cos c o s (0 (o

an d he d isc u sse d th e c es n = 0 1 2 i n d e tai l I t w i ll pp e s ub s e qu en tly

as , , . a ar

3 3 ) th t th e d e fi ni t e i n t e g l i s (s e f a f t o ) B es s e l f nct i on o f
a ra av or ac r a u

or de r n i
i .

In th e p bl ro e m of th e c yl i nd e r (i bi d . p . 3 4 0 et s eq .
) th e a na o l go u s i nt e g r a l i s

m
(h k 00 8 w ) S in w d w,

w h er e n = 0, 1 2
, , f o m th e i s o f t h e cyl i nd e T h e
a nd A i s th e d is t a n ce r ax r .

i nt g a le s n w k now n
r s P i s on s i n te g
I l
o a o s
’
ra

I n t h e c se n 0 n i m p o t n t pp xi m at fo m l a f
a
t h e l as t i n t e g a l
, a r a a ro e r u or r
a n d ts d e i t e w b t i ne d by P i s n (i bi d pp 3 5 0 — 3 5 2 ) w h e n th e i abl e
ri v a as o a o so .
, . v ar
i s l ge ; t h fo ll w i ng i s t h e s b s t nc o f h i i n e s t i g t i n
ar e o u a e s v a o

1
Le t i J O (1c) (1c co s ) d c) J O (lc) =
’

(16 co s (0 )
co s co s a) s i n
(0
, d o) .

T h en J 0 (k ) i s a s o l u ti o n o f th e e q u a ti o n

d 2 (y .J/c\
d /c2 y Jh 0 .

J o ur na l d e l ’ Eco l e R . P o l ytec h ni q u e , xi i .
(ca hi er pp . 2 4 9— 4 03 .

“
I I bi d p 3 00 et s e q Th e e q u a ti o n w as al s o s t u d i e d b y P l a n a , M em d e l l a R Acca d d e l l e S c i
—5 3 4
. .
.

d i T or i no , xxv . pp . 53 2 , an d h as S i n ce b e e n s tu d i e d by
.

n u m er o u s
.

w r i te r s ,
.

s om e of
.

1 S ee al s o Bo h rs, P r oc L o nd on M a th
.
. S oc . v. pp . 13 6 —1 3 7 . Th e n o ta ti o n J 0 (k ) wa s
no t u s ed by P o i s s o n .
I2 THEO R Y OF B ESSEL FUNCTIONS [ CHAR I

an d s o , by q e u at i ng to z er o th e v ar i o u s c o e ffi c i e nts , w e fi nd t h at

1 9 9 25
"

5
1 9 9 25
A’
0
[ I]
A’ B B
S 2 . 3 . S2

a nd h e nce th e ex p ans i o n o f P o i s s o n s i nte g r al i s

’

co s (lo c os (0 ) d ca
0

1 9
+
8 1.

B u t, s i nc e th e s e r i es on th e ri
ght a r e n o t co n v e r g e n t, th e r e s e ar c h es of Li p hi t
sc z a nd

su b q
se u ent w r it e r s ar e a n e c es s ar yp re li m i nar yt o th e i nv es ti g at i o n o f th e s i g nifi ca nce o f

t h e l att er p o r ti o n o f P o i s s o n s i n v e s ti g ati o n
’
.

It s h o ul d b e m e nti o ne d t h at a n e x pl i fo r m u l a for t h e g e ner al te r m i n th e e x ans i o n

ci t p
w as fi rs t g i v e n by W . R H a m il to n,
. Tr a n s R I r i s h Aca d X I X
. . 3 1 3 ; h is r e s u l t . . p .

w as ex p res s e d th us

1 co
— —
(2 Bs i n ) da [ J
O (ii (4B) (QB 271 77
n n
c os a COS

and h e d e s cr i b ed th e ex p a ns i o n a s s em i -
co n v e r g e n t ; th e e x p res s i o n s a nd
H
T
"
ar e

t o b e i nte r p r e t e d as l /n 1 an d

A r e s u lt o f s o m e i m p t or ance , h h w s o bt i ne d by P ois s on i n
w ic a a a s ub s q e u en t
m e m oi r *
,
is th t a th e g e ne ra l s o lut i n o f t h e e q a t i n
o u o

y I —h
dw B
l
—h
l og (50 $111 ) (l a)
E C OS w
I x c os w
x?
2
e e 0 ,

w he re A an d B a r e co ns an s t t .

It fo ll ows a t o nce th at th e g e ne a l r so lut i on of th e e q at i on

u

d y 2
l dy
-
h y= 0 2

d a; 2
se d ge

A
—h —
y e
x COS w
dw B e
h x co s w
l og (3 3 8 111
2
(0
) d o) .

h
T is lt q t d by S to k s i s a k nown t h e o m i n 1 85 0 an d i t i s
resu wa s uo e e
'

a re ,

l i k e ly th t h e d e i d h i s k n w l e dg e f i t f o m th e i nt e g l gi e n i n Poi ss o n s
a r ve o o r ra v
’

m e m oi ; but t h e f t th t t h e i n t e g l i s s ub t n t i lly d e t o P o i s s n h as
r ac a ra s a a u o

b e e n s o m e t i m e s o ve l ok e d i r o .

J ou r na l d e l ’
Ecol e R . P o l ytec h ni q u e, xi i .
(ca i er h p . 47 6 . Th e c o r res p o n d i ng

g e n eral i nte g r al o f a n as s o ci ate d p ar ti al d i ffe r en ti al e q u a ti o n w as g i v e n i n an e ar l i er m em o i r ,

i bi d . p
22 7 . .

Ca m b P h i l . . T r a ns . I x. p .
[ M a th . a nd P h ys P ap ers , . 1 11 . p
p
.

I S ee E ncyc l op e d i e d es S c i M a th
’

. . II . 28 . 2 13 .
 B ESSEL FUNCTIONS B EFO R E 182 6 13

17 . Th e r es ea r ch es o
f B ess el .

h h Besse l
T h e m e m o ir * i n w i c m i n e d i n d e t i l t h e f n t i ns w h i h n w e xa a u c o c o

he h i s n m e w as w i t t e n i n 1 8 2 4 b t i n n e l i
ar a r m em i l h h d hewn ,
u a ar er o r
-:
e a s

th t t h e e xp ns i n o f t h e ad i
a a e ct i n p l ne t y m t i n i s
o r us v or a ar o o

1 $6 2
2 B 7, cos nil] ,

w he re B , sin u s in (nu ne s i n u ) du
'

th i s ex p r e ss o n i for B , , s h ld
ou be com p ar ed w i th th e s er ies gi en in v 14 .

In t h e m e m o i r of 1 8 2 4 B e ss e l i nv e s t ig t e d sy s t
a em a t ic lly t h e f
a u n ct i on I k
”

d e fi n e d by th e i n t e g lira

I cos (h u [s s i n u ) da .

H e t ook h to b e an in t e ge r
bt i ne d m ny o f th e es lt w h i c h w i ll be
an d o a a
'

r u s

gi n i n d e t i l i n C h p t I I B e ss e l i n t g l i n t d p t e d f d fi nin g th
ve a a er .
’
s e ra s o a a or e e

f nc t i on w h i c h i s m t w o t h t dy w h n h i n ot n i n te g (se e
u os r th
s u e s a er e

fu n c t i n w h i c h i s o f m s t i n t e e s t fo n n i nt e g l l e s f h i n t I h b t
o o
" r r o -
ra va u o s o .
u

t h e fu nc t i o n d fi n e d by L m m e l w h i h w i ll b
e t d i e d i n Ch p t e 1 1 1
o c e s u a r .

Aft e t h e t i m e f B s l i n s t i g t i n n t h e fu n c t i n b c m e
r o es e nu m e o s
ve a o s o o s e a so r u

th t i t s e e m s on e ni n t t th i s t g to a b nd on t h e ch no l ogi c l c nt
a c v e a s a e a ro a ac o u

a n d t o d e e l o p t h e th o y i n
v ys t m t i nd l gi l o d e
e r a s e a c a o ca r r .

An hi t s or i c al acco u nt o f r es e ar c h es fr o m t h e t i m e of F o u r i e r t o 1 8 5 8 h as b e e n co m p il ed

by W g a ne r , B er n M i tth ei l u nyen , 1 8 94 , pp . 2 0 4 — 2 66 ; a b r i e fe r acc o u n t o f th e e ar l y hi s t or y

w as g i v e n by M ag g i, Att i d el l a R A cca d d ei L i ncei ,
. .
(Tr a ns a n ti ) , (3 ) IV . pp . 2 5 9 —2 63 .

B er l i ner Ab h . 1 82 4 [ p bl i h d
u s e pp . 1 —5 2 . T h e d a te of h
t i s m em o i r , Un te r s u c h u ng

d e s T h e il s d e r pl a n e ta r s ci h S tO
en r u ng e n , w el c h er au S d er B e w e g u ng d er S o n n e e n t s te h t,
”
is
J an 2 9, 1 8 2 4
—1 7
. .

t B e r l i n er A bk 1 81 6 [ p bl i h ed pp 4 9— 5 5
“
. u s . .

h
I T i s i n te g r al o cc u r s in th p
e ex a ns i o n o f th e e cc e n tr i c a n o m al y ; wi t h th e n o ta ti o n o f 14 ,

N A“ 21"
‘

a. f o r m u l a g i v en by P o i s s o n , C onna i s s a nce d es T e m s , 1 82 5 [ p bl i h
u s ed p . 3 83 .
 CH AP TE R II

TH E B ESS EL CO EFFICI E N T S
2 1 . Th e d e fini ti on o f th e B es s el coe fi i ci ents .

bj e ct o f th i s h p t e i s t h e d i sc u s si on o f th e fu nd a m e nt l p o p e ti e s
Th e o c a r a r r

o f a s e t o f fu n c t i on s k n o w n s B es sel coefi l ci ents T he e e se e l w ys o f a . r ar v ra a

d e fi ni n g th e s e f nc t i ons ; th e m e th o d w h i c h w i ll b d o p t e d i n th i s w o k i s to
u e a r

d e fi ne th e m t h e c e ffi i en t s i n e t i n e p an s i o n T h is p oce d e i s d u e
as o c a c r a x . r ur
‘

t S ch l Om i l ch w h d e i e d m an y p p t i e s o f t h e f n c t i o n s f o m h i s d e fi
'

o o r v ro er u r

n i ti o n n d p o e d i n c i d e n t lly th t t h e f nc t i o n s thu s d e fi n e d
,
a r v e eq l to t h a a u ar ua e

d e fi ni t e i n t g l s by w h i c h th e y h d p e i o s ly b e e n d e fi ne d by B e s e l 1 I t
e ra a r v u s

s h o uld h o w e e b e m e n t i o n d t h a t t h e con se t h e o e m th t B es s e l s i n t e
’

v r, e ver r a
,

g l s e e qu l t o t h e c oe ffi i e nt s i n th e e p ans i n w s d i s o e e d by H ns e n i
ra ar a c x o ,
a c v r a

fo u t e e n y e s b e fo e th e p ubl i c t i o n o f S t m i l c h s m e m o i S m e s i m i l a
r ar r a c
’
r . o r

r es ult s h d b e e n p bl i s h e d i n 1 8 3 6 by J a c b i
a u o

T h e g e ne a t i n g fu n c t i on o f th e B es s e l c e ffi ci e nt s i s
r o

6
1
52
6

ll b e s h e w n th t th i s f n t i on n b e d e e l o p e d i nt L e n t
I t wi a u c ca v o a aur s e r i es ,

a f nc t i n o f t ; t h e c e ffi c i e n t
u f t i n t h e x p ns i o n i s
o
"
ll e d th e o o e a ca B es s el
q u

coefi ci ent of a r g m ent a nd o d e n an d i t i s d e n o t e d by t h e s y m b l

u 2 r r , o Jn
s o th t a

(1 ) E

To s a t bl i s h t h ies d e e l o p m e n t o b s e e th t e W c n b e e p n d e d i nt o a n
v ,
rv a a x a

a b s o lut e ly co n e g e n t s e i es o f s n d i n g p w e s o f t ; nd f l l lu e s o f t
v r r a ce o r a or a va ,

th p t c n b e e x p n d d i n to b s l t e ly c n e r
2 / t
wi th e e i f z
‘

xce o n e o e o n z r ,
a a e a a o u o v

ge nt s er i e s o f d es e nd i ng p o w e s o f t Wh e n th e s e s e i e s a e m lt i p l ie d
c r . r r u

t o ge th e th e i p o du t i s n b s o lut e ly con e ge n t s e i es and s o i t m y b e

r, r r c a a v r r ,
a

ar r an g e d cc d i n g t o p o we s f t ; t h t i s t o s y w e h a e n e x p n s i o n o f t h
a or r o a a ,
v a a e

fo m (I ) wh i c h i s a l i d fo al l alu e s o f z a nd t t = 0 e x cep t e d
r ,
v r v , .

Z ei ts c h r if t f ii r M a th . u nd P h ys . II . pp . 1 3 7 — 1 65 . F or a som e w h at sim i l ar ex p an s i o n ,

n am el y t h at o f e
z cos 9
,
s ee F r u l l an i , M e m S o c I ta l . . .
(M od en a ) ,
xvi I I . p . 5 03 . It m ust be
p o i n te d out t h at S et m i l ch , fo l l o w i n g H an s e n , d en o te d by s w h at we now wr i te as

b u t th e d efi n i ti o n g i v en i n t h e te x t i s n o w u n i v er s al l y a d o te d p . T r ace s of H a ns e n s
’
n o tati o n

ar e t o b e fo u nd e l se w e r e , e g h
S ch l afi i , M a th Ann I I I . . . . . p . 1 48 .

1 B er l i n er Abh 1 82 4 [ u l i s e d . 22 pb h p . .

d er Abs o l u ten S tor ang i n E l l ip sen be l i e bi g E x cen tr i ci ta t u nd N ei g

'

j: E r m i t te l u ng en i on u ng
'
er ,

I . t h eil , [ Sc h i ft
r en d e r S ter n war te S ee b u rg : G h
ot a, p . 1 06 . S ee al s o th e F r e n c ht ra n s l a

t i o n , M é m oi r e su r l a d ete r mi na ti o n d es p er tu r ba ti ons a bs o l u e s
(P ari s ,
p . 1 00 , an d L ei p z i g er

Ab k . u . pp . 2 50 —2 5 1 .
21 ,
TH E B ESSEL COEFF I CIENTS 15

I f in ( )
1 w e w ri t e 1 /t fo r t w e g , et

—n J
E t) n (Z )

"
2 t ) (z )
n= — x
,

on r e pl ac n i g n by n . S i nc e t h e La u r e nt ex p ans i on o f a f u nc ti on is u ni q ue
“
,

a co mp ar i s n o f th i fo
o s rm ul a wi th (l ) s h e w th t s a

(2 ) J—n

w h e re n is an t ege
y i n r a for m u a l de r ve i d by Besse l fro m h is d e fi ni t i on

J ,,(e ) as a n integ l ra .

F ro m (2 ) i t Is eVI d e nt th at (1 ) m a
y b e wr i tt en in th e fo rm

(3 ) er r J . (2 1 + {2
2
w }J e
. (z ) .

A sum m ar y o f el e m e n t a r y r e s u l t s co nc e r n i ng J ,, (2 ) b g i by H l l T h
h as e en v en a , e An a l ys t,
I . pp . 8 1 — 84, a nd an ac c ou n t o f e l e m e n ar t y pp l i ti f th
a f ca o ns o es e u n c t i o ns to
p bl ro em s of M at h e m at i cal P hy s i cs h as b een co m p il d by H r i
e Am i J a r s, er ca n o u r na l o
f
M a th . XXX IV . pp . 3 9 1 —4 2 0 .

T h e fu n c ti o n of o r d e r u n it yh b as e e n e n c ou n t er e d by T u r r ié r e
,
N o n e Ann d e M a th
. . .
(4 )
IX . pp . 43 3 — 4 4 1 , in co nne x i o n w it h th e s tee p es t cu rv es o n th e s u r ac e zf =
y(5 x
2
fi ) .

2 11 . Th e a scen d i ng s e r i es
f or J" ,

An ex pl i it c ex p r e s s on i fo r J ,, (z ) i n th e fo r m o f an ascen d i ng s e ri e s o f p owers

of z is o bt a i na bl e by c o ns i d e r i ng th e s er i e s for ex
p (5 s t) a nd e x
p é t hu s
72 (” f
3
ex
p s c z 1 /t>} r
i
; m z o m .

Wh e n n i s a p iti
t ge o e o th e n ly te m f th fi s t s e i s n t h
os ve in e r r z r ,
o r o e r r e o e

ri ght w h i h w h e n as oci t e d wi th t h e g en
c ,l t e m o f th e s n d i e g i s a e ra r e co se r s v es

ri s e to t e m i n o l i n g t i s t h t e m fo w h i c h
a r n v m ; an d s i n e n 2 0
v
”
e r r r ,
c ,

th e e i s l w y s o ne t e m f w h i h h as th i
r a a l O n ss oci t in g t h e s r or c r s va ue . a a e

t e m s f l l t h e l e s o f m w e s e e t h t th e e ffi c i e n t o f t" i n t h p d c t i
r or a va u ,
a co e ro u s

m m
4, Z )

We th e r e for e h av e th e res u lt
m
>
o
p
(1 ) Ju (z ) =
m 1(n m) 1

F or , i f n o t, z e ro co u l d be ex p a nd e d i n to a L a u re n t s eri e s i n t, i n w i c h h som e of th e

coe ffi c i e n ts (s ay, in p ar ti c u l ar , t h at o f l “ ) w er e n o t z er .
o I f we t h en p
m u l ti l i e d th e ex p a ns i o n by
r m
"
1
an d i n te g ra te d it r o u n d a c i r cl e wi t h c entre a t th e o r ig in, w e s h ld b
ou o ta i n a co n tr a d i c ti o n .

T is h r es u l t w as n o ti c e d by C hy au c ,
C omp tes R end us , X II I . p . 91 1 .
 16 THEO R Y OF B E SSEL FUNCTIONS [ CHAR II

w h er e n is a p i ti
os ve i nt e g er or z e r o . Th e fi rs t fe w te rm s of th e s e ri e s ar e

gi v en by th e f or m u a l
Z ” Z
“
l
(2 )
In p ti l
ar cu ar
2 6
Z Z
(3 )
To o bt ai n th e B e s s e l c oe ffi c i e n s o f ne t gat i e o d v r er , we l
s e e ct th e te rms in
l i n g t i n th e p
vo v
'
”
ro d t o f th
uc e s e r ie s r e
p e s e n t i ng
r ex
p (5 st
) a nd e x
p
whe e n i r t i ll p s s a os i ti in t e ge
ve r . Th et e m of th e s e r co n d s er ie s w ic h h ,
wh en
s ci t e d w i th t h g ne al t e m o f th e fi t e i e gi te m
e e r r rs s r s v es r s e to a i r in t
“
"
as o a

i s t h e t e m fo w h i r r c h n
77 1 r a nd S O w e h e av

J _ " (Z )
(n r )!
w h e nce we evi d e n tly obt i
a n a ne w th e f or m u a l g21 na m e ly
(z ) Jn
I t i s to b e o bs e r ve d th t a ,
in th e s eries th e ra ti o o f th e (m 1) th t er m

t o t h e m th t er m is f e /{m (n
z
a nd th i s t e nd s t o z er o as m oo for all

l
v a ues o f z a n d 71 . B y D Al e m b e r t
’ ’
s ra ti t e s t f
o n or co ver gen ce, it f ll
o ows th ta

th e s e r i es r e p
t i ng J " ( ) i s c n res e n es f an d n n d s i t ,
z o v e g e n t fo
r ll l r a va u o z ,
a o

i n i n teg r a l f n cti on o f z w h e n n
s a u 0 i 1 i 2 i 3
, , , ,

I t w i ll pp e l te a th t i s no t n l g e b i c f n t i n o f z
ar a r a a a ra u c o

a nd s i t is o t n e nd e n t l fu nct i n ; m o
a ra e i t i s n t n e l m e nt a y
sc a o re o v r, o a e r

t n c e nd n t th t i s t
ra s e
y i t i s n ot e x p es s i bl
, a fi ni t e m b in t i n of
o sa r e as a co a o

e p n nt i l
x o l g i th m i c nd lg e b i c f nc ti on s p t e d o n by s i gns o f
e a ,
o ar a a ra u o e ra

i nd fi ni te i nt e g t i n
e ra o .

F m (1 ) w c n b t ai n tw o se f l i n q l i ti e s w h i h a e o f s m e i m p t
ro e a o u u e ua ,
c r o or

a n ( f C h p t e X V I ) i n th e d i sc s i n o f s e i s w h e g e n l t e m i s
ce o . a r u s o r e os e ra r a

m l ti p l e f
u B s se l ffi i e nt
o a e co e c .

Wh t h be e l m pl x we h
er 2 e rea or co e , av

<2 ) u (z ) 1s
. ex
p <1 2

T is h res ul t was g i v e n i n su b s ta n ce by Ca u c hy Co mp tes R end u s , X I II

k q y y
, .

85 4 ; a s i m il ar bu t w e a er i ne u al i t n am e l
,

i n

w < >| s
. z e xp <1 11
z
2

w as g i v e n by N e u m a nn, Th eor i e d er B ess el ’sch en F u ncti onen Le i

( p z ig ,
p . 27 .
2 12 ] -
TH E B E SSEL COEFFICIENTS 17

B y c on s i d er n i g al l th e t er m s of th e s erie s fo r J ,, (2 ) e xc e pt th e fi rs t , i t is
f u n d th
o at

( )
5

I)
1

<4 1
2
ex IZ
p ~

‘
Vh e r e 0 g ex
p 71 + 1

It S h o ul d be o b s erv ed t h at th e s e r ie s on th e rig ht in (1 ) c o n v e rg es u ni for m l y In

any b o u nd e d d om ai n of th e v ar i a bl es z and t w h i ch d oes n o t co n tai n th e o rig i n i n th e

t -
pl a ne . F o r i f 8, A a nd R ar e p os i t i v e co nst a n ts a nd if

Ss lt is A; |z| s lfi t
th e t e r m s i n t h e ex p an s i o n o f e x p (4s t) e xp do n o t e xc e e d in a b s o l u te v al u e th e c o r re

s p o nd i ng te r m s of th e p r od u c t
é
e xp ( R A) e xp a nd th e u n i for m i t y of th e co n v e r g e nc e

fo l l o w s fr o m th e t es t of We i e rs tr as s . S i m i l ar c o n s i d e r a t o ns a i pp l y t th o e s er i e s o bt a i ne d

by t er m -
b y te r m d i ffe r e nt i at i o n s
-
of th e ex p ans i o n Et n w h th t h d iff
e er e e r e nti a t io ns be
p f er or m e d w it h res p e ct to z or t or b th o z an d t .

Th e r ec u r r en ce f or m u l ae .

Th e e q ti ua o ns
*

9
<1 () z () z
; J. (z ) ,

J n —1 (Z ) J 7l + 1 (Z ) (Z ) ,

h h co nn e c t t h re e n t i g o s fu nc t i n s e e f l i n con s t u ct i ng T bl e s
w ic co u u o ar us u r a of

B e ss e l coe ffi i e n t s ; th y e k n wn s ec en c
c
f m l e e ar o a r ur r e or u a .

T p o e th e f m
o d i ff e nt i t e th e f n d m e n t l e xp n s i o n o f
r v or er , er a u a a a

n m e lya

1l = — ao

wi th res p ttec o t ; we g et

—1/t )
42 0 1 /t 2
) e
§ z (t
if m ..
J. (z ) ,

73

so th a t
I /t E "
(z )
i

% z (1 i
?
) l J ,, () z E E mi n
.

If th e l e ft i s
ex p re s s i o n o n th e a rr an ged in p w e s of t ffi t o r an d c o e ci e n s o ft " -
l

are e qu t e d i n t h e t wo L u e nt
a a r s er i e s w h i h a i d e n ti lly q l i t i s e i d e n t
,
c re ca e ua ,
v

th t a

32
1
2-

Jn H - ” In ( Z
() :

w ic h h i s th e fi st
r of th e f orm ul ae
l
‘'
.

T h ro u g h o ut th e w o r k p im
r e s ar e u s e d to d e n o te th e d er i v ate of a fu n c ti o n w i t h res p ect to

i ts a rg u m e n t .

1 D iffe r e n t i a ti o n s ar e p er m i s s i bl be e cau s e 2 1 1 ) th e
'
r e s u l ti ng s e r i e s ar e u ni fo rm l y c o nv e r g e nt .

Th e e q u a ti ng o f co e ffi c i e n ts is p er m i s s i bl b e eca u s e L au r e n t ex p a n s i on s a r e u n i q ue .

W . B . F .
 THEO R Y OF B ESSEL FUNCTIONS [ C H AR II

Agai n d i ffe ,
r e n t i t e t h e f nd
a u am en a t le p x a ns o n i wi th res p ect to z ; an d th e n
’

a(t 1 /t) 2 f J. ’

4 ,

on

so th t a % (t —1 /t) Z 2
n= — cc

By e qu t i ng coe ffi ci e n t s o f t n e i th e S i d e o f t h i s i d n t i ty w e bt ai n fo
a
”
o r e o rm ul a
( )
2 i m m d i t e ly
e a

T h e e s ult s o f add i n g nd s ubt ac t i ng (1 ) nd (2 ) a

r a r a re

(3 ) ()
z a (z )
(4 ) (z ) a (z ) a +1

T h es e ar e e qu i l n t
va e to

d
(5 ) Z
{ J
n
u ( )i
z —Z Jn
7L

dz
d — —n
< 6) d, {z
n
J . (a) c) .

I n th e ca s e n = 0 , (1 ) i s t i i
r v a l whil e th e o th e f r o r m u ae r e l du ce to

(7 )
T h e for m u l ae (1 ) an d (4 ) fro m w i c h h th e o t h e rs m ay b e d e r i v e d w e r e d i s c o v e r ed by
B es se l , B er l i n er Ahh . 1 82 4 , pp 3 1 .
, 3 5 . The h p
m e t o d o f roo f g i v e n e r e i s d u e t o h
S ct m i l ch , Z e i tsch r if t f ii r M a th . a nd P h ys . II . p . 13 8 . S ct
’

m il c h p rov e d (1 ) in
h
t i s m ann er , bu t h e o bt ai n ed (2 ) by d i r e ct d i ff e re nt i a ti o n of th e s er i e s fo r J ,, (z ) .

Af or m ul a w h i h c S ch l Om i l c h
'

de r vei d (i bi d . p . 143 ) fro m

(2 ) i s

(8) Cm J n —r -
2m ()
Z ;

w he re . b in m i l coe ffi i n t
’
Cm i s a o a c e .

B y o b i o u s i ndu c t i n f o m (5 )
v o s r an d we ha ve

—m
(9) i a z Z
n
n —
m (Z ) :

— ——m
(1 0 ) { J
n
(Z )
n
Z Z
n u +m ,

w he re n is an i
y n t g
e e r a nd m is an
y p os i t i v e i nt e g e r . The fo rm u a l (1 0 ) is d ue
t o B e sse l (i bi d p . .

As
'
a n ex a m pl e of th e r esu lt s of th i s s ec t i on o b serv e th at

zJ 1 () 4J 2 (z ) e J3
z .
() z

(z ) SJ , (2 ) z] , (z )
N
4 2 —) N z (z )

—
—
4 Z )
n 1
nJ m
(z )
‘

u =1

S i nce z J 2 N +1 ()
z 0 as N 00 by g
20 TH E O R Y OF B ESSEL FUNCTIONS C
[ AR
H II

It i s f e qu en tly con v eni e n t

r to m o i d fy (1 ) by b i s e c t in g t h e n ge ra of in
t eg r a ti o n an d w i t i n g 2 9 fo
r 7 r 9 in th e l t t p t T h i s p e d e gi
a er ar . ro c ur v es

J n (2 ) 2 sin 9) d 9
(2 ) co s (n 9 .

S i n c e t h e i n t e gra n d h a s p eri o d 2 7 r, th e fi t e qu t i on m ay be t
rs a r an s o r m ef d
i nto

(n 9 2 sin 9) d 9
(3 ) cos ,

w h ere a is an
y an gl e .

T o p rov e (I ) m u,
lt i p ly th f nd m e n t l e p e u a a x a ns i o n o f 2 1 (I ) by an d

i n t e g ra t e *
r ou n d a con t w h ic h e nc i c l e s t h e
ou r r or i g i n o nc e co u nt e l ck w i s e
rc o .

We th u s g et

1 n 1
J ,” (2 ) m —n— d i
t t l
“ “

T h e in t eg l s ra on th e r i gh t a l l v an i s h e xc e pt th e o ne fo r w i c h h m n ; a nd

so we o bt ai n th e f or m u a l
1 "“
I s a -
ih)
(4 ) J} , (z ) dt
1
t
'

e
2 77 i
.

Ta k e t h e c on o u r t to b e a c ir c e l of u t ni ra d iu s an d te
wr i e t=
"
19
,
so th t a 9
m ay b e t k en
a to d e cr e a s e f om
r 27r a to a . It is th us f nd t h t
ou a

2 1r +
1 a

(5 ) Jn ()
i(n9 3 Si n 9)
de
-

Z e
2 77 '
,

ult gi e n by H
a r es v a ns e n i
'

i n th e cas e a 0 .

I n th i s e q t i on ua ta k e a b is t ec th e r an ge of in t e g ti ra o n a nd , in th e
f m er p t e p l c
or ar ,
r a e 9 by 9. T ish p r oce d ure gi v es

1 —
Jn ( Z) Q2;
s
l

H n6 z s 1n 0)
} de ’

an d e q tiua on f om w h i h (1 ) m y b e d e d
r c a u ce d ,
is b i us
no w o v o .

Var i o u s m o d i fi t i on o f B e s l s i n t e g l
ca s se
’
ra are o bt inabl by w i t in g
a e r

J ,, () c s 1 co s n 9 c os (2 s n i 9) ea 1 s i n n9 s in
(2 s in e) d e .

7T

If 9 b e re pl ace d by W 9 i n t h e s e tw i nt g a l s t h e f o e r , o rm er c h nge s s i g n w h e n
a

n is od d , th e l tt e w h e n n i e n t h t h e b e i n g
a r s ve , e o r u na ff e c t d i n e a h s e ;
e c ca

an d t h e r e for e

si n n9 si n (2 si n 9) d 9
(7 1 od d ) ,
1?

sin n9 s i n (z s i n 9) d 9

T e r m by t e r m i n te g r a ti o n i s p e r m i tte d
- -
b e ca u s e th e ex p an s i o n is u n i fo r m l y c o nv er g e nt o n th e

c o n t ou r I t i s c o n v e ni e n t to u s e th e sym o l
. b j ‘
a+l
to d e no t e i n te g ra ti o n r o u n d a c o n to u r e n c i r c l i n
g
th e p o i n t a o n c e co u n te r cl o c k wi se .

I E r mi t te l u ng d e r
“
a bs o l u ten S tor ang
’

en
(G th a o , p . 1 05 .
2 2 1]
-
TH E B E SSEL COEFFICIENTS 21

cos n 9 c o s (2 s i n 9) (19
(n ev en ) .

c os n 9 co s (2 s in 9) cl 9

I f 9 be re pl ac e d by 3 71 7
; i n th e l t te pa r ar t s o f
(6 ) a nd it is foun d th at

(8 ) J, () z 1)
co s m ys i n ( 2 co s 7 7 ) d o; (n o d d ) ,

2
(9) J ” (z ) cos m yc o s (2 co s n) (i n (n even )
;
.

Th e l t
as two re s u lts ar e due s ubs t a nt i a lly t o J a co b i *
.

[ N OT E I t wa s h ew n by pp 6 3 9— 6 4 8,
’ '
. s P ar s e v a l , l l em i . d es s a ue ns etr a n
g er s , I . .

t h at
9

1 { 1
2 2 W e ,

a nd s o ,
‘
i n th e s p eci al c as e in w i c h h n = 0, (2 ) w il l b e d e s cr i b ed as P a r s er a l
’
s i n teg ra l . It
w il l be s ee n in 2 3 t h at t w o i n te g r al re p r e s e nta t i o n s of Jn n a m el y B es s el
’
s i nt e g r al

a nd P o i s s o n s i n te g
’
ra l b e co m e i d ent i cal w h en n = o, so a p
s e c i al n am e fo r t hi s c as e is
j u s ti fi e d
]
The r e ad e r w il l fi nd i t i nte r e s ti ng to o bt ai n (after B e s s e l ) th e for m u l ae 2 12 (1 ) a nd

(4 ) fr o m B e s s e l ’
s i n teg ra l .

Ilf o d i fi ca ti o ns l
’
o
f P a r s e ra l s i n teg ra .

T w o fo r m u l ae i n v o l v i ng d e fi ni t e i nt e g r al s w hi h c a r e c l os e l y c o nne c te d w i t h P ar s e v al
’
s

i n te g r al fo r m u l a ar e wo r t h not ic e . T h e fi r s t, n am e l y
1
(1 ) JO y )}
2 —~
e’J 0 0 5
9 cos
(2 s in 9) d 9,
"
17

i s d u e to Be s s e l f . Th e s im pl es t m et h od o f p r ov i ng i t i s t o w r i te t h e ex p r e s s io n on th e
r ig ht i n t h e fo r m

en co s 9 + i z s i n 9 d 9,

ex p an d in p o w e rs o f y co s 9 + iz s in 9 a nd u s e t h e for m u l ae

P (n 1)

th e f
or m u l a t h en fo l l o w s w i t h out d iffi c u l t y .

The ot h er d e fi n i te i n t e g ra l , d u e t o Ca t a l a n T
_, n a ni e l y

(2 ) J, l c< 1 + 2 >cos
9 cos 2 ) s i n e} d e
77

is a s p e c i a l cas e o f (1 ) o bt i a ne d by b t i t su s u t i ng 1 z a nd 1 + 2 fo r z an d y res p e ct i v e l y .

J ou r na l f ur M a th . x v . pp 1 2 — 1 3 .
[ G es . M a th l l .
'

er lt e , V I . pp 1 00 . th e

i n te g ral s ac tu a l l y g i v e n by J aco i h a d l i m i ts 0 a n d 7 1 W i t b
fac to r s 1 /rr '
h re pl i g h f
ac n t e a c to r s 2 /7r .

S ee al s o An g e r , N e u es te S c h r if ten d e r N a tu r f G es i n D a nz i y, v . . .
p 1 d .
, an Ca u c y h ,

C o mp tes .R en d us , XXX VI I I . pp . 9 1 0— 9 1 3 .

1 B er l i ner A h h
"
.
,
1 8 2 4 [ p bl i h d u s e p . 3 7 . S ee al s o An g er , Ne u es te S c h r ij te n d e r A a tu r f .

G es i n D a n z i g
.
,
v .
p
.
. 10, an d L o m m el , Z e i ts c l rr ift f ur M a th . a nd P h ys . xv . p . 15 1 .

1 B u l l e ti n d e l Aca d -
’
. R . d e B el g i q ue , (2 ) XL I . p . 93 8 .
22 THEO R Y OF B ESSEL FUNCTIONS [ CHA R II

Ca tal a n s i nte g
’
ral m ay b e esta bl i h s ed i nd e p e nd e ntl y by u s i ng t h e for m u l a

1 1 m ‘
1
dt
‘ ‘

t e
m ! 2 77 1
.

so t h at

w
1 oo

J 0 (2 i 7
/2 2 2
1
3
t
dt
m z o (771 2 77 7 m =o
2

(0 —
+ ze 2 9} d 9,
e xp { el f’

k
b y t a i ng t h e co nt o u r to be a u ni t c i r c l e th e res u l t t h en fo l l o w s by b i s e c t i ng th e r an g e o f

i nt e g r a t i o n .

J a co bi
’
s ex p a ns i o ns in s er i es o
f B es s el coe
fii ci ents .

T wo h i h e l e ly c nn e c t e d w i t h B e s s e l s i nt e g l w e
s e ri e s , w c ar c os o
’
ra ,
re d is
co v er e d by J c b i T h e s i m p l s t m e t h od f o bt ini n g t h e m i s t
a o
*
. e o a o w ri te
t :
i c
w i n t h e fu nd m e n t l e p n s i on g 2 1 We thu s g e t
a a x a

—
e
i iz s in e
J O (Z ) E(i 1) n
{ e
n w e
i9
} Jil
n (Z
)
n =1

J O (2 ) 2 2J ,” () z co s 2 n9 1 2 i 2
n =o
(2 ) s in (2 n 1) 9 .

On a dd i ng a nd s u bt ra c t i n g th e t w o res ult s w h i h c ar e co m b ine d i n th i s fo rm ul a,

we fi nd

(1 ) c os (2 si n 9) J O (2 ) 2 2 () 2 co s 2 n9,
-

u =1

(2 ) sin ( 2 s n i e) 2 2 () 2 s in (2 n 1) 9 .

Wr i t e 47 1 77 for 9 ,
an d w e g et

(3 ) co s ( 2 c Os 77
) J O (2 ) 2 2 J .n ( ) cos
2 2 nn ,

(4 ) s in ( 2 c os n) 2 2 1 ) 77

The r e s u l ts (3 ) a nd (4 ) wer e g i v e n by J bi w hi l t h th
aco ,
e e o er s w er e o bt ai ne d l ate r by
Ang e r i . b p
J aco i
’
s r oc e d u r e w as to e x p d ( q) d i
an cos 2 c os an s n (2 co s 0 ) i nto a s eri es of

f m l ti p l and Fou r l t b t i th e c o e ffi c i e n t s
’
c os i n es o u e s of 7
7, u se i er s ru e o o a n i n t h e fo r m of

whi h t o be as s o c i a t e d wi t h B l i t g l
’
i n t e g ral s c ar e s e e n es s e s n e ra s .

In v i ew of f
fi s t t m i n (1 ) n d (3 ) e n o t fo m e d
th e ac t th t a th e r er s a ar r

c o di n g t
a c r th s me l w s t h e oth e
o t e m s i t i c n e n i e nt t i n t o d
e a a a r r ,
s o v o r u ce

N e m nn s f ctO j w h i h i d fi ne d t b e e q l t 2 w h n n i s no t
’
u a a r c s e o ua o e zero,

and t o b e qu l to 1 w h e n n i e T h e e m p l y m e nt f t h i f c t o w h i h
a s z ero . o o s a r, c

f i l r M a th
J ou r na l . xv . p . 12 .
[ G es M a t h Wer k e
. .
, VI .
p .

T N eu es te S c h r if ten d er N a tu i f . G es . i n D a nz rg ,
v . p . 2 .

f; Ne u m an n , T h eor i e cl er B es s e l
’
s ch e n F u nc t i o ne n (L e i p zig ,
p . 7 .
 TH E B E SSEL COEFFICIENTS 23

ll f e qu e n t u qu e l bl te
'

wi be of i n th e to w r i
r o cc r r e nce se ,
ena es u s
(1 ) an d (2 ) in
th e com p c t for m s a

co s (2 s i n 9) E Gm J m (2 ) co s

s in (2 si n 9) 2 sin ( n
2 1) 9 .

nz O

0 in w e fi nd

so

1 2 62 n J 2n (Z )

If w e d i ffe r e nt a te u mib o f t i m e s b e fo e p tt i n g 9
(5 ) an d (6) 0 w an n er
y r u , e

O bt i n ex p s s i on f
a i o u s p ly n o m i l
re s s e i e s o f B e s s e l co e ffi c i e n t s
s o r v ar We o a s a r .

s h ll h o w e e
a ,
s l i gh t ly d i ff
v e n t m e th d s b s e q e n tly
r, u s e a 2 7 ) to p e er o u u r ov

th t i s e p ns i bl e i n t s i e f B e s l ffi i e n t s w h e n m i s ny p s i ti
a
m
e x a o a er s o se co e c a o ve

i n t e ge I t i s th n O b i o s t h t ny p o lyn o m i l i s th
r . e e p n s i bl
v u T hi i a a a us x a e . s s a

s p e i l cas e O f a n e p n s i n th e o e m d u e t
c a N e m n n w h i c h w i ll b e i n e s ti
x a o r , o u a ,
v

g t e d in C h p t e X V I
a a r .

F the p or n t w e w i ll m e ly n ti
rese th t i f (6) b e d i ff e nt i t d nce
,
er o ce a , er a e o

b f e 9 i s p ut e q a l t o 0 t h e e s l t s
e or u ,
r re u

if

( )
8 E Gen + 1 (2 77 . 1 ) J en H -
(Z ) ,

w i h le ,
if 9 be p u t e qu l a to % 7r a ft e r t wo d i ffe ren t iat i o ns o f (5 ) an d th e n
(9) z s n z i = -

e—
() 4
2
J, (z ) + 6
2
J6 (z )
(1 0 )
T h ese res ul t s a re d u e to L om m e l *

N OT E . Th e ex p r e s s i o n e xp { 3 2
-

2 (1: 1 /t) } i ntr o d u ce d i n 2 1 i s no t a g e ne rat i ng fu nc t i o n

w

in t h e s tr i c t s e n s e . The g e n e r a t i ng fu n ct i o n i ‘
a s s oc i a t e d wit h e a (z) is 2
n= 0
en t n (z ) .

If t i s h ex p r e s s i on be c al l e d S, by u s i ng th e r e c u rre n c e f
orm ul a 2 12 we h av e

dS l

If w e solv e h
t i s d i ff e r e nt i a l e q u ation we g et

Z
—
<t 1 /t ) J
; e % <t
-
z
r

A r e s u l t e q u i v al e nt h
to t i s w as g i v e n by B r en k e , B u l l Am er i ca n Jlf at/z S o c
. . . X VI .

pp . 2 2 5 —2 3 0 .

S t u d i en al be r d i e B es s e l
f ’
s ch e n F u nc ti o ne n (L e i p z ig , p . 41 .

t It w i l l b e
"
s een in C h pta er x v i . t h at h
t is is a fo r m Of L o m m el
’
s fu n c ti o n of two v ar i a bl es .
24 T H E OR Y OF B E SSEL FUNCTIONS [ C H AR I I

th e B ess el ci en ts
f fi
’
2 3 . P oi ss o n s i nteg r al or coe .

S h or t ly b e for e th e a pp e a r a nc e O f B e ss e l ’
s m e m oi r on pl
t y p tu b ti ns
a n e ar er r a o ,

P o i s so n h ad p bl i h d
u s e an im p t nt w k
or a or on
'

th e Co nd ti n f H e t in th e
uc o O a
‘
co u rse o f w ic h h h e i nv e s ti g t d
a e in teg l ra s O f t h e typ es r

cos ( 2 c os 9) 9d 9 ,
c os (
2 co s 9) s i n ? ”
9d 9 ,

w h e e n i s p os i ti i n t e ge o
r o H e p o e d th t t h es i n te g l s
a e
ve r r zer . r v a e ra ar

s l ti n o f c e t i n d i ff e nti l qu t i ns ; nd g e th e i n s ti g t i on w h i c h r
o u o s r a er a e a o a av ve a ,

h s l
a dy b e n e p o du d i n 1 6 t d e t e m i n n pp o i m a t i on t o th e
a rea e r r ce ,
o r e a a r x

l tt e i n t e g l w h e n 2 i s l g e nd p i ti e i n t h s p eci l c s e n 0
a r ra ar a os v ,
e a a .

W h ll now p e th t e S a ro v a

— Z m ‘

(1 ) J ()
1 3 5 (2 n — 1)
c s ( os 9) s i n
n
9d 9 Z
. 7r
o z c

?”
S (2 co s 9) S i n 9d 9 ;

a nd , i n vi e w of th e i m p t o r an ce o f P o is son
’

s r e s e ar c h es ,
it s ee m s a pp p i t ro r a e to
de s cr i be th e ex p i
r e s s o ns o n th e ri ght § as P oi ss on s i n teg
’
ra s l for J n (e ) . I n th e
cas e n t e g l d ce t P s e l s
0 P oi s s on
,
’
s in ra re u s o ar va
’
i n t e g ra l
I t i e s y t o p o e th t t h e e x p e ss i ns
s a nd e r v a r o u r co n s i d e ra t i o n ar e e q al t o u

J ,, ( ); f
z i f w e e xp n d t h i n t g and i n p o w e
or ,
~
a e e r rs of z an d th en i n t e gr a t e
t er m by t e m I we h a
- -
r , ve

2m
l 5
00
2
m
cos (z cos 9) s1 n 2 11
9d 9 co s
2
9 s1n 2n
9d 9
W 1 0 (2 m ) !
m
z
zm
'

—1 )

—D E
m 2 77?
2
(n
2 : n+ 2 m
2 m z
o m ! (n m) !
an d th e r es ult is O b v ou s i .

J ou r na l d e l ’
Eco l e
’

R P o l ytec h ni q u e,
. xi 1 .
( ca hi er pp . 2 49 —403 .

J
r I bi d .
p . 2 93 , e t s eq .
; p . 3 40 , et s eq . I n te g r al s e q u i v al e n t
_to t e m h a d h r ev i o u s l y p b ee n
e xam i n e d by E u l e r , I ns t Ca l q . . I nt . II .
(P e ter s b u rg , Ch . x .
§ 1 03 6, b u t P o i s s o n s fo r m s
’
a re
m ore e l e g an t , a nd h is s tu d y O f hmi t e s m o r e sys tem ati c . Se e al s o
“

3
3: E g . . on p . 3 00 , h e p r ov e d th if at ,

co s
(r p co s w) wda ,

t h en R s ati s fi e s th e d i ff e r e n ti al e q u a ti o n

2
(1 1? n n+ ( 1)
R
?
(tr

§ N i el s e n , H a n d bu c h d er T h em i e d er C yl i nd erf u nk tto nen (L e i z i g , '

p p 51, ca l l s t h em
b p b
.

B es s e l ’s s econ d i n teg r a l , b u t th e a o v e n om en c l atu r e s e e m

s r e fe r a l e .

HT h e s eri e s t o b e i n te g r a te d i s o v i o u s l y u n i fo r m l y co n v er e n t th e
g ; b p r oce d u r e a d o pt d i e s d ue
to P oi ss o n , i bi d 3 1 4 , 3 40 . pp . .
2 3 -
, 2 3 1] TH E B ES SEL COEFFICIENTS
P o i s s on a so O l b se rve d th t *
a

9 ?”
s in 9d 9 9) s i n? " 9 d 9
c os ( 2 cOS

th i s isd ent w h e n w
ev i e c on s id e r th e th m e t i c m e n
ar i a of th e in teg l ra on th e
l e ft nd t h e i n t e g
a l de ra r vei df rom i t by p l acing 9 by
re 7r 9 .

We thu s g e t
(% Z ) n

(2 ) Jn Z
() c
l a
~ 005 0
8 1 11
2"
9d 9 .

A l i ght m
s o d i fi ca t i o n Of h fo
t is l
r m u a, n a m e ly
(3 ) J ” ()
2 e
m
(1 al t,

h as s ugges t e d im p o r ta n t d e e l opm ent s

v
(c f . 61 ) i n th e th e y or Of B e sse l
fu nct i on s .

I t Sh ld l s o ou a be n o i ce t d th at

(4 ) cos ( 2 co s 9) s i n?" 9 d 9 2 co s (2 cOS 9) S i n ?”

9d 9

?"
cos (z s i n 9) c o s 9 99 ,

an h O f t h e e p e s s i ns g i e s i s e t o
d e ac s ex r o v r a mo i d fi e d fo r m of P o i s s on
’

s i n te g ral .

An i n t e e s t i n g pp l i t i on o f B s s e l s i n t e g ra l s w a s bt d
’
d P o i ss o n
’
r a ca e an s O ai n e

by Lom m e l l w h m l ti p l i e d t h e fo m ul
' '
o u r a

(2 73 7 ,
em
co s 2 n9 Sin g

by co s (2 cos 9) an d in teg r ted a . It thu s fo ll o w s t h t a

(5 ) Ja e) 2 —) m
m
m 0 2 in !

B ess el i nves ti g f P oi s s on s i nteg

’ ’
2 3 1 a ti on o ral
’

. s .

Th e p
f th t J ( ) i s e q u l t o P i ss o n i n t e g a l w h i h w as g i
r oo ,
a n
z a o
’
s r ,
c ven by
B e s s l i i s s m e w h t e l b o t e ; i t i s ub s t n t i lly s f ll w s
e ,
o a a ra s a a a o o

I t i s se e n o n d i ff e n ti t i n th t er a o a

m
Z m“ 9
‘
9 sin 9 cos (2 9) Sin 9 sin
‘ '
fl
cos co s 3 cos
2 72 1

Z’“ 2 ”
Z 9
9 2 n s in 9
‘

(2 n 1 ) Sin co s 2 co s
2n 1

P oi s s o n a c t ua l l y m ad e th e s ta te m e n t (p 2 93 )
. c o n ce r ni n g th e i n te g r al hi h w c co n ta i n s

sin “
? 1
0 ; b u t, as he p o i n ts o u t o n p . 3 40 , O dd p w o m er s ay b e r e pl ac e d by e v en p th
o wers ro u g h o ut

h is a na l ys i s .

1
'
S t u d i en n be r
‘

d i e B ess e l
’
s ch en F u nc ti o nen (L e i p z ig , p . 3 0 .

I B er l i n e r A bh . 1 82 4 [ p bl i h
u s ed pp . 3 6— 3 7 .
b
J ac o i , J o u r na l f ii r
'

M a th . xv . p . 13 ,

[ G es M a th. . We r k e , VI . p . w h g i v ing h i s r o o f
en p of P o is s o n
’
s i n te g ral fo r m u l a ,

o bj e c te d to th e ar tifi c i a l h c t ar a c er o f B e s s e l s d e m o n s tr a ti o n
’
.
26 THEO R Y OF B E S S E L FUNCTIONS [ CH A R
an d h en ce on in t eg r at on, i w h en n 2 1,

1) ( 9) s i n ”“ 2 —
9d 9 2n (2 9) S i n ?”
9d 9
(2 n co s 2 cos . c os co s

c os (2 cos 9) 9d 9 0 .

If no w w e wri te

th e l s t fo
a rm u a s l h e w s th at
1) 2 ng5 (n ) 4 ( 1) 0
2
4( ) n . 2 n> ,

so th t a
g!) ( ) n a nd J n () z sa t i s fy th e sa m e r e c u e nce f rr orm u a l .

B u t, by us n i g B ess e ls ’
i nte g l ra ,
i t is ev i d e n t th a t

(0 ) JO ( Z) ,

(l
cos ( 2 cos 9 ) S i n 9d 9 2
si n (2 c os sin 9d 9
d9

JO
’
si n (2 cos 9) cos 9d 9 () 2

SO , by i ndu ct i on f o m r th e rec u rr e n c e fo r m u a, l
C P( ) 71 J n

w h en n 0 1, 2 3
, , ,

23 2 Ja cobi s i nve tig ti o n of P i ss on s i nteg l

.
’
s a o
’
ra .

T h e p obl e m o f th e d i e c t t ns fo m t i n O f P o i s so n s i n t e g ral i n t o B e s e l s
’ ’

r r ra r a o s

i n t e g l w s s cce ss fully t t k d by J co b i
ra a u th i s m e t h d n e ce ss i t t e s t h e u s e
a ac e a o a

b i t n s f m t i n fo m ul
’
o fJ aco s ra or a o r a

—1 m
‘
(t s in 9 1)
n
1 3 5 ( n
2
‘
1

n—
8 1 11 n 9,
7 1, -
1

du 1
n

w he r e ,a cos 9 . We s h a ll a ss u m e t hi f m l f
s or u a or th e m o m e n t ,
an d , s i n ce n o

Si m pl d i
e r ect p roo f of it se e m s to h e b e en p
av i
r e v ou s ly p bl is h e d u ,
we S h ll
a

gi v e an a cc o u n t O f v a r i o u s p r oo s f in 2 3 2 1— 2 3 23 .

If we bs e
o rve th t a th e fi st r n d i t es f (1 1 er va o ,
a
‘
Wi th res p t ec to

,
a , v an s i h wh n e i1 ,
i t is ev i d e n t t h t by n p t i l a , ar a i n t e g ra t i o n s w e ,
ha ve

l 9) s i n “
(
?”
co s 2 c os 9 959 2 co s
( )
en (1 “a
r e da
o

1
[ d n
1 LL
2
)
n

I
I

J ou r n a l f u r M a th . xv . pp 1 2 .
[ G es M a t h We r k e
. .
,
VI . pp . 1 01 See
al s o J our na l d e M a th . 1 . pp 1 95 —1 96
. .
 THEO R Y OF B E S SEL FUNCTIONS [ HAR
C II

f or m a ti o n
’
L i ou v i l l e s p r o of f J a co bi
’
2 3 22 . o s tr a ns .

The p ro o f g i v en by Li ou v i l l e o f J a cob i ’
s fo r m u l a i s as fol l o w s

Le t g =
(1 p
2
)
"
a nd l e t 0 b e w ri tt e n fo r d /d p ; t
. h en o b v i ou s l y
(1
D i ffe re n t i a t e t i s h e q u at i o n n ti m e s a nd t h en

2
(1 _
P'
)
l
(1 —p 2 ) D 3 ‘
—nl ) = s in ei co t e
dé

so t h at

H D n 1 = A s i n n9 + B c o s n 9,
‘

e nce g
w h er e A and B a r e co ns ta nt s ; s i nce D n‘ l
g i s o v i ou s l b y an od d f u nc ti o n o f 9, B is zer o .

To d e t e r m i ne A co m p a re th e co e ffi c i e n t s o f 9 i n th e e x p an s i o n s of D
n
‘

g an d A s 1n n 9
l In

a s c e n d i ng p ow e rs o f 9. Th e i
t e r m i nv ol v g 9
n i n D nfl
g is e as il y s e en to be

-
1
(2 n —l ) (2 n —3 )
so t h at nA= (
a nd t h e n ce we h av e th e r e s u l t, n a m e l y
1 —1 )
s in n9
.

S c/zl afl i s p J a co bi s tr a n s for m a ti on
f f
’ ’
r oo o .

We fi rs t r eca l l Lag
’
r an g e s e x p ans i o n, w hi h i th
c s a t, if z =
n+ l if (z) ,
t h en

r (i n ,

”fl
so
Op
z
nz o n
1d u.
l
" r on
su bj ect to th e u s ua l co nd i ti o n s Of c o nv e r g e n c e
*

—
.

N o w ta k e
'

f (e ) (1 d) (e)
’

it b e i ng su pp os e d t h at
qb
'

()2 r e d u ces to J (1 i . e . to s in 9 w h en 11 0 .

T he s i ng u l ari ti e s o f z
g ua fu nc t i on of It are at h = e
i w
an d s o , wh en 9 is r e al , th e ex

p a ns i o n o f J (l — ) in pz
2
o w e rs o f it i s conv e rg ent w h b th | I |
en o t an d [ e ] ar e l e ss t h an u ni t y .

N OW 2 = 1
{ —J (l 2 nli

82 1
and S o —
a) . sa w /1 2 )

H e n ce I t fol l o w s th Is th e c o e ffi C Ie n t o f M“ in th e ex

p ans i o n of J (1 (be/8p ) in p o we r s o f it . B u t it i s e v i d e nt t h at

T
29 —i 9 ni 9 _
— 2 — 0Z
= (1 be ) (1 be 1) e _e
ll ” 1
J( 2
1 ) 81 -

/n i
.
,
1 n=1

an d a c o n s i d era t i o n o f th e co e ffi c i e nt o f Ia n -
1
i n t h e l as t ex p r es s i o n e s t a bl i h s es th e tr u t h of
’
J aco b i s for m u l a .

Of M o d er
. nAn a l ysi s ,
2 3
- —
22 2 3 3 ] TH E B E SSEL COEFFICIENTS 29

2 3 3 . A n ap p l i ca ti on o
f Ju cot i s tr a nsf or m a ti o n .

The fo rm a l ex p ans i o n

f( co s 3 2 ) c o s n ee d s: g: (c o s as ) cl x ,

m =o

in w i c h h am i s th e ffi ci n t O f t
co e in th e e p ns i o n f
e in n+ 2m
x a O as

c e nd i n
g p o w e rs o f t h s b e e n s t d i d by J
,
a ob i T e t bl i h i t i n t g
u e ac
*
. o s a s , e r a te

th e ex p r e ss i o n o n t h e l ft n t i m e s by p
e ts ; i t t ns fo m 2 3 2 ) i nt ar ra r s o

1
—1 ) f (9 98 111 wd r ,
(7 b) 08 5
2n

an d w h en
,
S i n
m
ay i s re pl ace d by i
a s er e s o f cos m e s o f mu lt i p l e s of a
s, th i s b e co m e s

2 n (n
'

—l )

We t e g t e f ( os ) o 2 f (
no w in ra ) cos 4 (n) c 93 c s x, l?“ c o s 40 x, by p t s nd by ar ,
a

co nti n u l p e ti t i ons f t h is p es s w e e i d en tly i e t

a re o roc ,
v arr v a a f m le p ni n
or a x a s o

o f t h e ty p e s t t e d Wh e n j ( ) is p lyn m i l i n p
'

a . co s as a o o a cos x , th e r o ce s s

O b i o s ly t m i na t s nd t h e t n s f m t i n i s ce t in ly
v u er e a ra or a o r a va l id .

T o d e t e m i ne th e lu s Of t h e co e ffi i e nt s i n t h e
r va e c ex p a ns i o n

(cos cc) cos nx alw 2 —) m am f WW ")

(c o s cs ) da
f 0 m = o

thu s Obt ai n e d ,
wri te
—1 ’
f (cO S x ) 5 c os (t cos re) , s in (t co s x ) ,

acc or d in g as n is e v e n o r Od d , a n d we d ed u ce f
r om
g 2 2 (8 ) an d (9) th at

J n (t) 2 (t) i ’

SO th t a am h a s th e lu t t e d va e s a .

I t h as b n s t t e d th t t h e e xp ns i n i al i d w h e n f ( s ) i s p ly
ee a a a o s v co x a o

no m i a l in co s x ; it n h we e b e e s t bl i s h d w h e n f (c s x ) i m e e ly
ca , o v r, a e o s r re

s tr i c t e d to b e n i n t e g l fu n c t i n f
a s
y
ra o o co s so, a

"
bn c os a
s

nI

p ided th t l im V b" i s l th an th e sma ll e t p s os i ti v e r oo t Of t he e q u a ti o n

—
rov a ess
n > oo

J o (t) 0 ; th e i n v e s i a i on tg t Of h
t is wi ll not be gi v e n S n ce i it see m s t o be of

no p r a c ti ca i m l
o r a n ce p t .

J ou r n a l f il r M a t h . xv . pp 2 5 —2 6 [ G
. es . M a th . ll
'

er k e , V I .
PP 117 —1 1 81 S ee

al s o b
J ac o i , As tr N a c h . . x xv n I . co l . 94 [ G es M a t h . . ll
'
e r k e , VI I .
p .
 3 0 THE O R Y OF B E S SE L F UNCTIONS [ CHAR II

24 . Th e a d d i ti on f or m u l a f or th e B es s el coe fil ci ents .

T h e B es c e f fi c i n t p o s s sn el
a d d i ti o n fo o m l a by w h i h e
J (g +
s s es a r u c n 2 )
m y be ex e se
a p d i n t m s o f B e s se
r l co ffi
s i e n t s f g n d z T h i s
er fo m ul e c o a . r a,

"
w h i ch w s fi s t gi n by N m nn an d L m m l l i s
‘‘

a r ve eu a o e ,

C! )

2 J m (y) J n— (3 )
(1 ) :
m

The s im pl t w es a
y of p ro v in g th i s resu l t is f om r th e fo rm ul g 2 2
a w ic h h
gi v es

7" 1
ei ly“ ?
Jn (g 2 ) F

00

m— —J e%
z (t —1/t)
(l l
(y)
n l
m

00
m —n—e% (t—/t) d l
2 J m (y) t I z I

2 J an (y) J n —m (Z ) :

m= ‘
M

on c h an g i n g t h e o d e O f s m m t i o n a n d i n t e g t i n i n t h e t h i d l i n e
r r u a ra o r Of th e

an a ly i s ; nd th i i s t h e s lt t b e e s t bl i s h e d
s a s e r u o a .

N m e u s ge ne l i t i on
u ro f t h i s e p ns i o n w i ll b e g i e n i n C h p t e
ra sa s O x a v a r XI .

f s qu a r es a nd d u cts f B es s el fi ci ents
’
2 5 . H a ns en s s er i es o p ro o coef .

S p ec a i l ca s e s of N e u m ann s dd i t i on fo m ul w e e gi e n by H
’
a r a r v a ns e n
i as

ly
e ar 1 8 43 The fi
as . rs t s y s t e m o f fo m l e i s o bt a i n bl e by s qr u a a u ar i n g th e
f n d m e nt l e p ns i n
u a a x a o S th t O a

<1 )
—
w 1m
fa 2 E t m (z )
r = —w

By e x p r e ss ng th p odu t
i e r c on th e r i ght as a La u r e n t s er ie s in t ,
an dq t i ng
e ua

th e co e ffi i e n t f t i n th e
c O
”
res ult to th e coe ffi i n t c e Of t ”
i n th e La u e n t e x
r

p i
a ns o n O f th e ex p re s s i on o n th e l e ft ,
we fi nd th t a

on

M eg ) 2
—w
J . (z )
r Z

In p a rt i c ul ar , t k ing n
a 0 we,
h av e
§
(1 ) J o (2 z >= J fl z
) 2 2 2
r =0

T h eor i e d er B es s e l
’
s c h en F u nc ti o nen (L e i p z ig ,
p . 40 .

1 S tu d i e n u ber d i e B ess e l
’
s c h en F unc ti on e n (L e i p z ig pp 2 6— 2 7 ; s ee al s o S ch l a fl i , M a th
—1 3 7
.
, .

Ann . II I . pp . 13 5 .

I E r m i tte l u ng d er a bs o l u t en S tor a ng G h
en ( p 1 07 q H
ot a, . et se . an s e n d id not g i ve
an d h e g av e o nl y th e s ec i al c ase p O f ( ) i 2h i h 1 Th m g
n w c n z . e or e e n er al for m u l ae ar e d u e to
(L i p i g p 33
’
L o m m el , S t u d i en i th er d i e B es s e l s c h
en F i u nc t one n e z , .

F or b r e v i y,
t J ,,
2
(z ) i s wr i tte n n i pl f {J
a ce o n
2 - —
4 2 6] -
T H E B E S SE L COEFFICIENTS 3 1

Fr om th e g e ne a l f r or m ul a w e fi nd th t a

J n (2 Z ) = 2 Jr (
—0
Z) J n —r (Z ) + 2 2
1
“) 7
Jr (Z ) J n + (Z ) r

d
1

w hen t h e B e ss e l fi
coe f c i e n s o t f n e ga t i v e or e r ar e re m o v e d by i
us n g
S i m i l ar ly ,
s i nc e

00 oo

2 t J in (Z )
m
2 t Jr ()
r
, 2

ex
p (t 1 /t) } ex
p z ( t

1,
it fo ll ow s th t a

n ew ? i J ae) 1.

2_n
2 (Z ) J zn —r (Z ) “
1 2
'
E J r (Z ) J 2 n + r (3 ) 0 .

Equ a t i o n (4 ) i s
d e i e d by cons i d ing t h e coe ffi ci en t f t i n th e L ”
r v er o a

ex p ansi on ; th e e s ult Of cons i d e ing th e coe ffi ci en t o f

r i s n ug t y r a or .

A e y i m p o t nt co ns e q e nce O f n m e ly th t w h en i e l
v r r a u a a , as s r a ,

1 0 01
7 1 1 /x/ 2
(5 ) 1
0 6 , <

w he re r 1, 2 , 3 ,
w as no t i ce d by H an s e n .

f J
ra l (z )
’
2 6 . N eu m a n n s i nteg or ”
?
.

I t i s ev i d e nt f r om g 2 2 (5 ) th t a

mG—
1 1r

i z s i n 9)
Jn (Z ) e de ,
“
1T

a nd s o

ml—
1 ni
Jn a
(Z ) t) e (
d ed ¢
-

e
4 7T 2

To re d u ce h is do bl e
t u in teg l ra to a s in gl e i n t e gr a l t ke
a n e w v ar i a bl e s d e fi ne d
by th e e qu t i ns a o

9 —gb = 2 x ,

W b)9 , c

8 < xr ¢ l
It f ll ow s t h at
o

J” an i ip —i z z s in m
p cos x d xd ‘
(Z ) f
?
e e ’
277“

w he re th e fi e ld of i n t e g ra t i o n IS th e s q u ar e for w i c h h
—W S X —wg n ,

S ince th e i n t e g ran d i s u naffec t e d i f b o t h X and t e i nc e se d by ar r a or if X

i s i nc r e a s d by
e w h i l e l i S i m ult n e o
7r ly d e e e d by W th e fi e ld
xr s a us cr as , Of int e

g i
rat on m y e i d e n tly b e t k e n tob e t h e e c t n gl e fo w h i h
a v a r a r c

Os x s m —w s ws w
3 2 THEO R Y OF BE SS EL FUNCTION S [ CHAR II

—2 i 2 s i n x11 c os X
d i pd x

J zn (2 2 cos
X) dX .

If w e re pl a ce
X by % W I f 9 ,
a c cor d ing as
X is ac ut e or o btu s e ,
o bt ai n
r esu lt
(1 J , ” (2 g sin e) are .

‘
h is f
or m ul a m ay O b v o i u ly s b e wr i tt en i n th e fo rm

J” ?
() 2 l J, ” (2 2 sin 9) d 9 ,

ul t ctu a lly d e i e d by h i m bygi by N e u m afi n " I t wa s

i s th e res a v en . r v

l b rate t r n s fo m t i n s f o m t h e dd i t i on th e
a o a r m w h i c h w i ll b e g i e n
a o r a -
or e v

2 Th e p
. f w h i h h s j u s t b n gi n i s s gge s t e d by th e p o f o f
ro o c a ee ve u r o

dd i t i n th e m w h i c h w s p bl i h e d by G f nd G u b l l
‘‘
o or e a u s ra a er
-
-
.

o bt i n ad i ffe e n t form bf t h e i n t e g l i f w p e fo m t h e i nt e g ti n
a r ra e r r ra o

s p e ct t i ns te d f i th e pe t t T h i p d g
X o w l sa e o
e i es r s c o i r . r oc ur v

J“ ( )
’

?
2 J O (2 2 sin e
g m f’
d ay ,

J O (2 2 s i n xf l) co s 2 72 ? d o

J o (2 2 s in 2 ) n,b d ‘
p)
m co s
lf

a r e su l t w hi h c S ch l afl i ;
’
at r t ib t d t u e o N e u m a nn .

s er i es
f Jn
’
N eu m a nn s or
2

By t k ing
a th e f
orm u a l S2 6 e x p n d i n g t h e B e s l c e ffi a s e o c i e nt on th e
ri gh t in p o we r s o f 2 a n d th e n i n t e g t i n g t e m by t m N e m ra r - -
er , u a nn
§ h ew d
s e

th ta
2n+ 2m
sin
2 n+ 2 m
Z 9
m ! (2 n m) !

—) m (2 n 2m ) ! (g fl
mfl m

=
m o 77
2
7 1 .
(2 n —m ) ! {(
f n + m ) 1}
2

T h eor i e d er B e s s e l
’
s c h en F u nc t i o ne n (Lei p zig ,
p . 70 .

pp 8 1 —8 5
'

1 E i nl e i tu ng i n d i e T h eor i e d er B es s e l
’
s ch en F u nk ti o ne n, II .
(B e r n , . .

T h e fo r m u l a i s an 1 m . m e d i a te con s e q u e nc e o f e q u a ti o n 16 on p . 69 of Ne u m a n n ’
s tr ea ti s e .

M a t h An n m
. . .
p . 60 3 . T h e m em oi r , i n w i c h h th i s r es u l t w a s g i v en , w a s fi r s t p u b
l i s h e d i n th e L e ip zi g er B er i c h te , x xr . pp . 221 —2 5 6 .
2 61 , 2 7] -
TH E B E S SE L CO EFFICIENTS 33

T is h resu lt w as w r i tt e n by N e u m ann i n t h e fo rm

T2 2
2
T4 2
'4

2 71 4 1 —
’
2n + 2

(2 n 1) (2 n 3)
(2 n 2 ) (2 n 4)

(2 n 1) (2 n 3 ) (2 n
(2 n 2 ) (2 n 4 ) (2 n
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 O

T ish ex p a ns o n i is a s p ec i a l cas e of a m o re gene l ra ex p an s i o n

(d u e to
S c h l afl i ) fo r t h e p du t f ro c o an
y t w o B es s e lf u nc t i on s as a s e r e s o f i p ow e rs wi th
c om p ar a ti ve ly i m p l
S ffi e co e ci e n s t

a ser i es o
f B es s e l
7”
S cl zl om i l ch f in fii ci ents
’
s ex a ns i on 0 2 coe
p .

We s h a ll bt in t h e e s lt w h i c h w s fo e s h ad o w d i n
no w O a co n r u a r e

ce ni n g t h e e x p n s i b i l i ty o f i n S e i e s f B e ss e l coe ffi ci e n t s w h e m
r a m i s ny
2 a r o , re a

p s i t i e i n t e g e T h e e s lt fo m 0 h s l e dy b ee n g i en i n
o v r . r u r : a a r a v

I n t h e e s ult s r (1 ) nd (2 ) s b s t i tut e for cos 2 0 nd s i n (2 n a u 11 a

th e i e x p ns i ons i n p o we s o f s i n 9 T h es e e pan s ion s a e

r a r
2
. x r
*

g (—) (n + s n
(2
.

co s 2 72 9 d
s
8 111 0) 28

0 (n s ) !

sin OF “
(2

Th e r es u lt s of s ub s t i t t i on u ar e

n .
(n s 1) 1
(2 si n J O (2 ) 2 2 J en (2 ) 2 ( ) ( s i n 9)
2
3 28
cos
-

‘
s 0 ( n s )
( 1) 1
—) 2 1
(
cc
n 71
S in (2 s i n E J 2 n+ 1 ( 2 E S
(2 s i n
n: 0 s =0 (n 1
If w e r e a rr a n ge t h e s e r es i on th e r i ght as p ow e r s er i e s i n sin 8 (a s s u m i ng
th t
a it is p e m i s s i bl e to d
r o so ) ,
we h av e

(
co s 2 s i n 9 ) =
(n
—s ) !
sin l
(
s 1 n 2 s 111 9) = 2
( 84
2 (72

Cf H . o b so n , P l a ne T r i g on om e try 8 0, 8 2 .

W . B . F .
 THEO R Y O F B E SS EL FUNCTIONS [ C H AP . II

If w e ex p nd th l ft h nd id
a e e -
a s es in p ow e r s o f S i n 9 an d e qu at e co e ffi ci e n s , t
w e fi nd th t a

1
a J 2 n (2 ) ,

2 —1 ) —
Ja ( l 2. 3
e) .
s . .

2 ob i 1 7 —) 1 8 1

(é z y
sh

T h e fi rs t o f th e s e i s th e res ult l a r ea dy o bt ai n e d; o th ers m ay b e co m

bi n e d i nt o t h e S i ngl e fo rm ul a

(in 3+
(m n l )!

Th e p t i ul
ar c ar c a s e s o f h h m 1 2 8 w ere gi en by S t m i l ch
1 ) fo r w i c .

, , ,
v c

H e a so s l h e w e d h ow t o o b t i n t h e g e ne a l f m ul a w h i c h w s g i e n e x p l i c i tly
a r or a v

s om e y ea s l t e by N e
r a r u m an n
'‘

l an d Lo m m e l i .

Th e r e ar ran g e m e nt o f th e d o u l e b s er i es n o w ne e d s j u s t ifi c a t io n ; th e r e ar r ang e m e nt is
p er m i s s i bl e if w e c an e s t a b l i h th b
s e a s o l u te co nv e r g e n ce o f th e d o u l e b s e r i es .

If w e m ak e
'

u se of t h e i ne q u al i ti e s

1J 2 n + 1 () 1
2 e xp (T1 1) 2
2
, S 1, (7 2 2
(2 72 ) 1

in co nne xi o n wit h th e s er i e s fo r sin (2 sin 8) w e s ee t h at

ze “ 28 + 1
Iz s i n e
e
| 2 sin 9 | i
—S ) ! J 2n + l ()
z g 2 e xp (4 Z
fl (2 8 4
2 s in 6 28 “
l ee
9
N
e we n e

sin h z s in 6 1) e xp (5 2
2
I) ,

a nd s o th e s er i es o f m od u l i is co nv e r g e nt . Th e s er i e s fo r co s (2 s in 9) m ay b e t r e ate d
a s i m il ar m an ne r .

The h t e l ab o a t e n lys i s w h i c h h as j s t b e n gi e n i s a o i d e d i n
s om ew a r a a u e v v

L mm l p f by i n d ti n but th i s p oo f s ffe s f om t h f c t t h t i t i s
’
o e s roo uc o ,
r u r r e a a

S pp s d th t th e fo m
u o e f t h e e p n s i on i s k n o w n and m e e ly n ee d s e i fi c
a r o x a r v r a

tion I f f ll o w i ng L m m e l w e ass m e th t
.
,
o o , u a

(m +

Z e i ts c h r if t f ii r M a th . u nd P h ys . 11 . pp . 1 40 —1 4 1 .

1 T h eor i e d er B ess el
’
sc h en F u nc ti o ne n (L e i p zig ,
p . 3 8 .

I S tu d i en fi ber d i e B e s s e l
’
s c h en F u nc ti onen (L e i p zig ,
pp . 3 5 —3 6 . Lom m e l s i n v e s ti g a ti o n

i s g i v e n l ater i n t i s h s e c ti o n .
3 6 T HEO R Y or B E SSEL r m
'

cr i os s [ CH A R 11

w e re o b t a i ned by S ct m i l ch , Z a tsrzfefl fi
’

‘
f zi r
-
’

Jl a l k . a nd P l ays . 11 . p . 14 1, a nd he
)
g a v e, as th e l
v a ue o fP
i ,

'
‘’ < tm m Ck (m
(3 ) P i 2
k =0

w h e re m 6 } is a bi n o m i a l c oe ff i ci e nt a nd t h e l ast t e r m of t h e su m ma t i o n i s t h at for w hi c h1 '

i s em 1 or +(m —1) . To p ro v e t h e fir s t fo r m u l a ta
k
e t h e eq ua t i o n
j (l ) ,
d i nere nt i a - e

2p t im es wi t h re s p ec t t o 6, a nd t h en m ak e 6 e q ual t o zer o . It is t h us fo u n d t h at

Th e te r m s of t h e se ri es fo r w i c h h m > p, w h en es pa nd e d i n as ce ndi ng p o w er s of 6,
co nta i n no te r m i n 657 9 an d so it is s u ffi c i e n t t o e v al ua t e

are P
2
H
m =o

k 2 L) ?
) (2 m

s i n c e t e r m s eq u i di s ta n t fr o m th e be g i n ni n o a n d t h e e n d o f t h e s um m a t i o n wi t h re sp ec t

1 are e q ua l . T h e tr u t h o f eq ua t i o n (1 ) is n ow e v i d e nt , an d e q ua t i o n ()
2 i s p ro v ed in a

s i m il ar m an n er fr o m

Th e r ea d er wil l ea s il y esta bl i h
s t h e fo l l
o wi n g s p e ci al cas e s ,
w hi c h w e re s t at ed by
S ct m il ch :

4 J3 () 2 +
z 4 .

N eu m a nn s a ns i o n o
f a s (L s e r i es 0 f q f B es s e? coe fi e zents
’

ex
p s u a r es 0
-

F rom S ch l o m i l ch 5 ex p an s i o n (5 2 7
‘

as a s e r i e s o f B es se l co e tfi ci e n t s

of e v en or d e r i t is ,
ea s y t o d i e n e p n i o n o f ” s s er i e s
er v a x a s 2 a a of s q u ar e s o f

B e sse l co e ffi ci e nt s , by u s i n g N e m nn s i n t gul g i en i n g 2 6
a
’
e ra v .

Th u s, if we ta k e t h e ex p a n si o n

a
+ n
(2 s i n m 0

l
i

a nd in t e g ra t e w i t h r es p ec t t o 9 w e fi nd
, t h at

m
s n i -

9 (19 :
2
n =o

so t h at (w h e n m O)
2 7 2]
-
TH E B E SSEL COEFFICIENTS 3 7

h
T is res ult w as g i v en by N e u m ann *
. An a lt e r na ti ve f orm is

I M
’

( )I 2
m
(1s é
d men
(2 7 11 ) 1 n z m

an d th i s is tur e w h en m O, fo r i t t hen re d u c es to H a ns e n s
’
fo rm ul a

As S p e c i al c as e s , we h av e

1 7 ,

2
2 : 2 en Jn 2
é
.

1 2 I
9
2 en . 4m ,
(4 7 7; 2 Jn 2 (z) ,
3 4 nz z

1 2 2
7

2
2 2)
.

4 5 (
n (4 74

I f w e d i ffer e nti a te use

§
"
2 12 (2 ) an d th en re
a
i r a ng e , i t is r ead il yf ou nd t h at

(2 7 0 . 7 7,

a n ex p a ns i o n w h o s e e x i s t e nc e was in d i ca t e d by N e u m a nn .

L e ip z i g er B e r i c h te , X XI . p . 226 .
[ U a tl z
. . Ann . 11 1 . p .
 C H AP T E R I II

BES S E L F U N C T I ON S
d ifi er enti a l eq u a ti on
f
’
Th e g e ne r a li s a ti on o B ess el s .

T h e B e ss e h h w e e d is c ss e d i n Ch ap t e I I a e fu nct i o ns
l coe ffi c i en s , t w ic r u r ,
r

o f tw a i o v s z a nd n
r a f whi hbl e i s u n e s t i c t e d but n h s h i th e t o b e e n
, ,
o c z r r a r

r eq i ed t u r b e n i n t e g e r We s h ll n o w g e n e l i s e th e s e f n c t i n s so s to
o a . a ra u o a

h av ef n c ti o ns o f tw n e s t i ct e d (co m p l e x ) i abl es
u o u r r v ar .

T h i s g n e l i s t i o n w s e ffe c t e d by Lo m m e l
e ra a w h os e d e fi ni t i n o f a B essel
a
*
,
o

n cti on w s e ff t d by g l sa t i o n o i ss on s i n t e g a l ; i n t h e c o u s e
’

f u e ean e i ec f P a ra o r r

of h i n a ly s i s h e s h w e d th a t t h e f n t i n s o d e fi n e d i s a s o lut i o n o f t h e
s a e u c o , ,

l ine d i ffe e nti l e qu a t i on w h i c h i s to b e d i s u s s e d i n t h is s e c t i on Lo m m e l s

ar r a c .
’

d efi ni ti on o f t h e B e s s e l f n ct i n J ( ) o f gu m e n t nd o d e w s i u o ,
z ar z a r r v a
‘

(i Z )
"

J () s 9) s i n ed e ?"
z
F( i ) F (t) v
“

a nd t h e i n t e g l n t h e i ght i s on e ge n t fo g e n e l co m p l e
ra o l es f v
r c v r r ra x va u o

fo w h i c h R ( ) e xce e d s
r Lo m m e l
v pp e n tly con t e m p l a t e d on ly e a l a ar r

va lu e s o f t h e e t ens i on t com p l e x lu e s b e i ng e ffe ct e d by H nk e l i ;

v, x o va a

fu n t i ns of o d er l e s s th n
c o we r d fi ne d by Lo m m e l by m e n s o f n e x a re e a a

t ens i on o f th e ec u e nce fo m ul e o f g r rr r a

T h e e d e w i ll ob s er e on co m p i n g
r a r w i th t h t P l a na a nd
v ,
ar a

P i sso n h ad i nv e s t i gat e d B es s e l fu n c t i o ns w h os o d e i h lf o f an o d d i n t e g e
o e r r s a r

ne ly h lf a ce ntu y b e fo e th e p bl i at i n o f Lo m m e l t e t i s e
ar a r r u c o
’
s r a .

We s h ll n o w e p l e th e i n t e g e n w h i h cc s i n B e s e l s d i ffe e n t i l
a r ac r c o ur s
’
r a

e qu t i o n by an n e s t ict d ( e l co m p l e ) n m b e an d th e n d e fi n e
a u r
§ r e r a or x u r v, a

B es sel f ncti n o f o d er u to b e o ce t i n s l t i n o f th i s e qu t i o n ; i t i s
r if f a r a o u o a o

co s e d e si
ur bl e t o s e l e c t s u h s ol t i on
ra d ce s t o J ( ) w h e n v ss u m s c a u as re u n z a e

th e i n t e g l lu e n ra va .

We s h ll th e e fo e d i s cu s o lu ti on o f th e di ffe e nt i l e q t i o n
a r r s s s r a ua

d u z
da
— +
(1 ) dz ,
+ z
dZ
( e

w ic h h wi ll be ca ll e d B es s el
’

s e
q u a ti o n
f or
f u n ct o ns o i f or d er v .

S ta d i en uber d i e B ess e l
'
’
s c h en F u nc ti one n (L e i p z ig , p . 1 .

I n te g r al s r e s e m bl i ng h h t
t i s (w i t v no n e c e s s ar il y an i nte g e r ) w er e s tu d i e d by D h u am e l , Co nn
d Ana l yse ,
’
II .
(P a r i s , pp 1 1 8 —1 2 1 . .

I M a th . A nn . I . p 4 69 . .

§ F o l l o wi n g L o m m e l w
,
th
e ym b l
u se e s o s v , ,a to d e n o te u n re s tr i c te d nu m b er s , th e s ym b ol s

n, m b e in g r es erv e d fo r i t g
n e ers T hi d i i . s s t n c ti on is cu s to m a r y on th e C o n ti n e n t t h g h it h
ou as

not ye t i n to g e n er a u se n
co m e l i th i s c o u n tr y . I t h a s th e o b v i ou s a d v a n t ag e o f s h wi g
e n at a

g l an ce h h
w e t er a r e s u l t i s tr u e for u n r es tr i c ted f u n cti o n s or fo r fu n c t i o n s of i nte g r al o r d e r o n l y .
3 1]-
B E SSEL FUNCTI ONS 3 9

Le t u s n o w co ns r u c t t a s o l ti on u of
(1 ) w i c h h l i d n th e o i gi n ; th e
is va e ar r

fo m r ass u m e d fo r such s o lut i o n i s a a s e ri e s o f asc e n d i n g p o w e s o f s r 2 a

y ,

<1 )

y 2 cm
Z un i-
m
,
m =o

w he re th e in dex a and th e co e ffi ci en t s cm a r e to b e d e te r m ne i d , wi th th e p r o
v soi th t 0 a 0 is no t z e r o .

Fo b e r r v i ty t h e d i ffe ren ti l pe to
a o ra r w ic h h o cc u rs in (1 ) w i ll be ca ll d V
e

so th a t

It is e as y to s ee th at ‘ ae

co cc 00

V 2 2 {(a )
2 2
}
a i m
-

2 a + ) n+ 2
-

y Can ,
GHQ a
,

v Z Cnb z
f
o

ni =0 m =0

The ex p r e s s o n on i th e r i ght re du ces t o th e fi st te

r rm of th e fi s t se ie s
r r ,

na m e ly c O (
a
2
V
?
) e
“
,
i f we c h oos e th e c o e ffi c i e n s am so t h a t th e
t co e ffi c i e n t f s o

co rr e s p nd ing p
o ow e r s o f z i n t h e tw o s e r i es on th e r i ght cance l .

T is h c h o i ce gi v es th e s ys t e m of e q ti ua o ns

N 1r }
2
0. a u

K“ l
g
02 V 00

{( }
2
03 a v 01

{( m) }
2 9
cm a v cm _2

If , th e n th e s e e qu t i
,
a o n s ar e s a ti s fi e d ,
we h ave

(4 )
4
V, 2 s
a +1 n
co (01 — )Z
2
1)
“
.

From th s i res ult , it is evi d en t th t a t h e p os t l a t e d

p s e r i e s c an be a so u l ti n o

of 1 ) d l ly i f ; fo r 0 0 i s no t z e r o, a nd
“
v an s i h es on ly fo r e xc e p ti n l o a
i a v z

va lu e s of 2 .

N ow con s i de r th e m t h e qu t i on
a i n th e s ys t em (3 ) w h en m 1 . It can be
wr i tt en in t h e fo rm

v m) ( cm O cm (a a v _2 ,

a nd s o i t d e t e m i n e s c i n t m s o f cm r f ll l s f n g e t e th n 1
m er , 2 or a va ue o o r a r a

u n l e ss a v v i s a n e g t i e i nt e g e th t i s n l s s 2 i s n g t i
or a a v r, a ,
u e 11 a e a ve

i n t e g e (w h e n = r ) o un l 2 i s a n g t i e i n t g (w hve n ) r ess 11 a e a v e er a v .

We d i s e g d th e s e e p ti n l
r l es o f f t h e m m n t (
ar e xc o a va u v or o e see

n d th e n
a — d e n o t ni s h w h e n n = l 2 3 It n w v
2
o s va i , , ,
o

Wh e n th e co n s ta n t s a an d c m h av e b ee n d e te r m i ne d by th e fo l l o w i n g a na l ys i s , th e s e r i e s
ob t ai ne d by for m al p r o ce s s e s is e a s i l y s een to b e co nv e rg e nt a n d d i ffer e n ti a l e , s o t a t th e fo r m a l b h
p r oce d u r e ac t u a l ly p ro d u ces a s o l u ti o n o f th e d iffe r e n ti a l e q u a ti o n .
40 T H E OR Y OF B E S S E L F U N CT I ON S [ C H AR 11 1

fo ll o ws f m th e e qu t i on s (3 ) t h a t 0
ro a 1
O, an d th t a cm is ex

p e s i bl i n t e m s o f 0 by t h e e qu t i on
r s e r 0
a

T h e sy s t e m of e qu a t i o ns (3 ) is no w s a ti s fi d ; e a nd , i f we t ak e a v, we s ee

f om (4 ) t h a t
r

m m
”
1 + 2
(e e r z

(5 ) 00 2
in= 1

is fo m l s l t i o n
a r a o u of e q u a ti on If we t k a e a —v ,
we O bt i
a n a s ec on d
fo m l s o l t i on
r a u
m 1 Z 2m
— ( -

2
-

2
'

(6) co z
V
1 +
m =1

In th e b e e n w it te n i n p l ce o f c b e ca u s e t h e p o ce du e o f
l tt e
a r , co
’
h as r a o,
r r

o bt i n i n g (6 ) c n e i d e n t ly b e
a i e d o t w i th o t
a fe e nce t o th e e xi s t e nce
v carr u u re r

s o t h t th e o ns t an t s c a nd c e i nd e p e nd en t
’
of a c 0 o ar .

Any a lu e s i nd e p en d e n t f m y b e as s i g n e d t o t h e c o ns t n t s c an d c ;
’
v o 2 a a 0 o

b t i n i e w o f th e d e s i b i l i ty o f o b t i n i n g s o l t i n s e d ci bl e to J ( ) w h e n
u ,
v ra a u o r u n 2

v n w e d e fi n e th e m by t h e fo m l e
,
r u a
eié

1
(7 ) a re 1)

Th e s er i e s (5 ) an d ( )
6 m a
y n o w b e w ri tt en
—+ 2m
g q (% Z )
0 v

I n th e c i r c m s u t an ce s con s i d ere d
th e s e s e i e s
,
nam e ly w h en 2 v is no t a n i nt e ger , r

o f p ow e s o n e g e fo
r cl l al e s f
v ( rO e e p t d ) n d
r a s o t e m —
v by t e mu O z, z xc e a r -
r

d i ffe e nt i t i n s a e p e m i s s i bl e T h op e a ti ns i n o l e d i n t h an l ys i s i by
r a o r r . e r o v v e a
‘

w h i c h th e y w er e O bt ai n e d e c n e q e n tly l e g i t i m t e n d s w e h v e o bt ai ne d
ar o s u a ,
a o a

tw o s o l t i o n s o f e q a t i o n
u u

T h e fi s t o f th e t w s e i e s d e fi n e s
r functi on c ll e d a B essel f ncti n o f
o r a a u o

o de
r v nd a g m ent z f th e fi s t k i nd i ; n d t h e fu nc t i on i s d en t e d by
r a r u ,
o r a o

t h e s y m b o l J ( ) S i nce v i s u n e t i c t e d ( p t f m t h e c o n d i t i on th a t fo
, z . r s r a ar ro , r

t h e p res e nt 2 i s n o t an i n t e g e ) t h e e c n d s e i e s i s e i d e n tly J _
, 1} r ,
s o r v ,

A cco d i ng l y th e f ncti o n J ( ) i s d efin ed by th e eq u a ti n

r ,
u , z o .

+ 2m
( )
1 Z,
v

2
()
8

It i s d en t f o m 2 1 1 th t th i s d e fi ni t i on c n t i n
ev i r a o u es h o ld w h en v i s a
to
s i ti ve i n t e g e c lud e d
p o ( e i n ) a B e ss e l f nc ti o n o f
r z ro , u i n t e g a l o d e b e i ng
r r r

i d e nt i ca l w i th B e ss e l c e ffi ci e n t a o .

p p ti
F or ro er es of th e G am m a fu n c ti o n ,
-
s ee M od er n Ana l ys i s, ch . xi 1 .

1 Whi h
“
p t c ,
u o th e p r e s e n t, h as b p ly f m leen u re or a .

I F u nc ti o ns of th e s e co n d a n d th i d k i d d fi
r n s are e ned in 3 5 4,
 B E SSEL FUNCTIONS 41

An i nte re s ti ng s ym b ol i c s o u ti o n o f l B e s s el
’
s e q u a ti o n h as b ee n g iv e n by C o tte r " i n th e

—1 —2 —
1 —l +1 —A 1
[1 + s ]
V v
D (
V V
+ BZ )
-

Z z Z
0
,

w h e re D a d /d z w il e A h an d B are co n s tan ts . T is m ah yb e d er i v e d by w i ti r ng s u cc es s i v e l y
"
=0
[D ( 1)
2 2 ix) + z] z
g ,

"
zD
[ 2 11 1
3
2v z
3/ ,

v 2”
2 0 (i y) + 5
— v
+D
— — —1 —
D
l
z
2v l v +l
= A + BZ
~
2u
z y z
y ,

w ic h h gi v es Co tter ’
s r e s ul t .

F u ncti o ns wh os e or d er i s h a lf o
f a n od d i nteg er .

In g31 ,
two l s g ne l i s e d e q t i on w e e t e m p o ari ly o m i tte d
cas e s o f B e ss e
’
e ra ua r r

f m cons id er t io n n m e ly (i ) w h e n i s h lf o f n o dd i nt e ge (i i ) w h e n i
ro a ,
a u a a r, 1} s

a n i nt e g e :] I t w i ll n w be s h e w n th t
r s e (i ) m
y b e i n c lud
o e d i n t h e g n e a l a ca a e r

t h e o y for u n e s t i c t e d
r lu e s o f
r r va v .

Wh e n v i s h alf o f a n od d i n t eg e l e t r,

(r ea
w he re r is a p i ti
os ve i n t e g er or z ero .

If w e t ak e a = r in th e a na ly s i s of
§ 3 1 w e fi nd , th t a

-
2)
()
1 (m 1)
l am in (m 2r 1) cm ,
2 0 ,

an d s o

(2 )
(2 m ) (2 r + 2m

w ic h h i s th e va ue l o f c2 m gi v en by g w h e n a an d v ar e r e pl ac e d by r 9
7
.

If w e t ke
a

we O bt i
a n th e so u l t i on
0 2m
g

1
g)
w ic h h ist lly d not e d by
na ur a e th e s y m bol J rfi so th t a th e d efi ni ti on of

(8 ) i s s t i ll a l i d v .

I f h owe e w e t k e a
, v r, a
g , th e e qu t ions w h i c h d e te
a r m i n e cm bec om e

2;
1 0
( 1)
,

(3 ) 77 ui —l —2 7 ) -
cm _ 2
, O .
in

As b e fore , cl , 03 , car .
1 ar e a l l z e r o , b u t th e e q at i o n t o d e t e
u i
r m ne is

O Car H - Car — 1 0 ;

a nd thi s equ a ti on is s a ti s fi ed by a n ar bi t rar yv a l ue o

f car “ ; w hen in r , cm “
is d e fi ne d by th e e qu t i on a
— r

02 m “
(2 r 3 ) (2 7
4
5) (2 m 2 4 2
( m
P r oc R . . I r i s h Ac a d . . x xv n .
(A) , pp 1 5 7 —1 61 . .

T Th e c ase s c o m bi n e to fo r m th e c as e in whi h 2 i c u s an i n te g er .
42 THEO R Y OF B E S S EL F UN CT I ON S [ C H AR III

J () If ,
e be d e fi ne d by 3 1 (8 ) w h en v th e so lut i o n n o w co n

s tr u cte d i s
*

00 2
_r_
% P (2 J—r—s( ) Z 02r+1 2 7 +i
F (T J r+ é ( Z)
It fo ll o w th t d fi a t i on i n th e d e fi ni ti n o f J ( ) i s n e ce s sa y w h e n
s a no mo i c o ,
z r
‘

v = th e e a l p e c l i a i ty f th e s o l t i n i n th i s c s e i s th t th e
r u r o u o a a

n e g ti e o o t o f t h e i nd i c i l e qu a t i o n gi e s
a v r i se to s e i e s co n t i n i n g two a v r a r a

a b i t a y c n s t n t s c an d c m
r r r o i e to t h e g e n e l s o lut i on o f t h e d i ffe e n
a , 0
ti l g , . . ra r a

e qu a t i o n .

Af un d am e nta l s
ys tem o f s o l u ti ons o
f B es s el
’
s e
q u a ti on .

I t is w e ll k no w n th a t i f g , , y an d , ar e two lut i ons o f a l ine a d i ffe e n t i l

so r r a

equ t i on a o f th e co n d d se or e r an d i f y,
,
a
’
nd y d e n o t e th e iz d e i a t e s w i th
'
r r v

re s p e ct t o t h e i n d e p nd e n t e v ar i a e th e bl n t h e so l t i ns e l i ne ly i n d e
u o ar ar
'

p end en t i f t h e W onslci a n d ete r r ni i n a nt

i
‘

5
92
, ,

91 ya

d o es no t v ani s h i d en t i lly ; nd i f t h e W ons k i an d o es ani s h i d e n t i c lly

ca a r v a ,

th e n e i th e ne o f th e t w o o l t i ons an i s h e s i d e n t ic lly o e l s e t h e t io o f
, r o s u v a ,
r ra

t h e tw o s o l t i ons i s a co ns t n t u a .

I f t h e W o ns k i n d o e n o t n i s h i d e n t i ca lly th e n a ny s o l t i o n o f t h e
r a s va ,
u

d i ff e en t i al e qu ti n i s e x p es si bl e i n th fo m 0 g 0 g w h e e c n d c a e
r a o r e r 1 , 2 , r 1 a 2 r

co n s t n t s d e p end in g on th e p a t i c l ar s o lut i n u nd e
a ns i d e t i on ; t h e r u o r co ra

s o lut i o n s an d th n i d t o fo m f nd m e n t l s y s t e m a u a a
g g a e e s , 2 r a r .

F o b e v i ty t h e W ons k i n o f g
r r nd
y w i ll b w i tt e n i n t h e fo m s
r a , a e e r r

M a ly g l , ye} , GER i91 azl 3 ,

th e f or m e r d w h e n i t i s n e ce ss y to s p e i fy th e i nd e p e nd e n t
b e i ng u se ar c v ar a i bl e .

We no w p ce e d to e al t e ro v ua

GER{J (z ) ,. ,

I f we m ult i p ly th e e qu t i on s a

V J , ,. (z ) O

by J , J (3 ) r es p ti ly
ec ve an d su bt ra c t th e resu lt s ,
we o bt i
a n an e qu a t i on
w hi ch m ay b e w r i tt en i n th e fo rm

i
c
[ z an {J (z ) , , o ,

In c o nn e x i o n wi t h s er i e s re p r es e n ti n g t ish s ol u ti o n , s ee P l ana , M em d e l l a R . . Acca d . d el l e

S c i d i T or i no ,
. , x xv 1 .
pp
-

. 5 1 9 —5 3 8
-

TF or r e fe r e n ces to h
t e or e m s co n c e r n i n g Wr o n sk i ans , s ee E nc yc l op ed i c d es S ci . M a th . 11 . 16
p . 1 09 . P r o o fs of th e t h e o r em s q u o te d i n th e t e x t ar e g i v e n by F o r s yt h ,
T r ea ti s e on
'

D ifi e r en ti a l E q u a ti ons 72 —7 4 ;
 THEO R Y OF B E SSEL FUNCTIONS [ CHAR I II

co n cer ni ng B e s s el fu ncti o ns h av e t h ei r a n al o g u e s i n th e t h y fb ie or o as c B e s s el fun ct i o ns ,

b u t th e d is c u s s io n Of t h es e a n al o g u e s is o u ts i d e th e s co p f th i w k
e o s or . J ac k s on s
’
m ai n
r e s ul t s a r e t o b e fo u nd i n a s er i es o f pp
a ers , P r o c Ed i n bu rg h M a th S oc
. . . x xr . pp .

65— 7 2 ; XX II 80 —8 5 ; P r oc Roya l S o c E d i nbu rg h , X X V

pp 27 3 —27 6; . pp
—
. . . . .

Tr a ns R oya l S o c E d i n bu rg h , X LI 1 —2 8 , 1 0 5 1 1 8 , 3 9 9 —4 0 8 ; P r o c L o nd o n pp
—
. . . . .

M a th S oc (2 )
. . I . 3 61 pp3 66 ; (2 ) I I
. 1 92 —2 2 0 ; (2 ) I II 1— 2 3 . pp . . pp . .

T h e m or e o b v i ou s
g e ne r al i s a ti o n of t h e B es s e l fu nc t i on, O bt ai ne d by i n cr e as i ng th e
nu m b er o f s e t s o f fac tor s i n t h e d e no m i n ato rs of th e t e r m s of th e s er i e s , w ill be d eal t wi t h
in 44 . In c o n n ex i o n w it h th i s g e n e r al i s a t i o n s ee Cai l l e r , M em
'
d e l a S oc d e P h ys d e
. . .

Geneve, XXX IV . p . 3 54 ; an ot h er g e n er a l i sa t i o n, i n th e s hp
a e f
o f B es s el u n c t i o ns o f t w o

v ar i a bl es , h as b ee n d e al t w i t h by Wh itt k a er, M a th Ann . . LV I I . p . 3 5 1, an d P er es ,

Comp tes R end u s, CL X I . pp 1 68—1 7 0
. .

p G f J
ener a l
( ) ro
p er ti es o ,
z .

T h e s e i e s w h i c h d e fi n es J ( ) co n e g e s b s o lut e ly n d u ni fo m ly i n any
r
*
,
z v r a a r

c l os e d d o m i n f a l e s f [ t h e o i g i n n t b e i n g a p i n t o f t h e d o m ai n w h e n
a o v u o e r o o

R ( ) v nd i n a ny b o n d e d d o m ai n o f
a lu e s o f u va v .

Fo w h en r, | i N n d l l s A th e t e t t i o for t h is s e i es i s
v a e ,
s ra r

I
4
A ?

w h ene v er i n i s ta k en to b e g re a er t th an th e p iti os v e ro o t of th e e qu at i o n
ni N q 0
2
on .

T ish h oi ce o f n b ei n g i nd e p en d e n t o f and
c o v e, th e res ult s t t e d fo ll o ws f
a rom

t h e t e s t o f We i e s t ss r ra .

Hence l J ( ) i s a n ana l ytic f u ncti on of z f o

' '

,
z r a l l v a l u es o
f ( z z 0 p oss i bl y
bei ng ex cep ted ) a nd i t is a n an al
y f
ti c u n cti on o
f v for all
f
va l u es o

An i m p t ntor a qu e nc e o f th i s th e o re m i s th a t t er m by t e r m d i ffe
co nse - -
r en

t i a ti on s an d i n t e g t i o ns (w i th e s p e c t t o e or ) o f t h e s e i e s for J ( )
ra r v r , z ar e

p e rm iss i bl e .

A n i ne q u al i t yd ue to N i e l s e n i s h o ul d be noti ce d h e r e , na m e l y

w h er e <9 I e xp

a nd u0 +1 i s th e s m al l es t o f t h e nu m b er s I v + 1 | v +2 v +3
T is h res u l t m ay b e p ro v ed in e xac tl y th e s am e w ay as (5 ) it s h o ul d be co m

p are d wit h th e i ne q u a l i ti e s w h i h wi l l b
c e g i v en i n g 3 3 .

Fi nally , th e f u nc t ion e
”
,
w ic h h is a f ct
a or o f J ,
ne e d s p re ci s e S
p e c ifi c a

B ro m wi c h , T h eory o f I nfi ni te S e r i es , § 82 .

1 M od er n Ana l ys i s ,
53 .

1 M a th . A nn . LI I . p . 2 3 0 ; N yt T i d s s k r if t, 1x . B p . 73 ; s ee a l s o M a th Ann . . Lv .

p . 4 94 .
 B E SS EL FUNCTI ONS 45

t i on We d e fi ne i t to
. be ex
p (v l og e
) w he re th e p h a s e (or ar
g u m e nt ) of e is
gi e n i ts p i nci p l al
v r a v u e so t h t a

n ar
g e g n .

Wh en i t is n e c e ss ar y t c n t i n e th e fu nc t ion J ( ) t id th i
o o u
”
,
2 ou s e s r an g e of
va lu e s o f ar
g e, ex p l i ci t m e nt ion w i ll b e m d o f t h p oce s s t b c a e e r o e arr ied out .

3 2 . Th e r ecu r r e nce
f or m u l a e
f or J (z ) , .

Lo m m e l
’

s ge n e r a l i sa t o n s
-
i
'
*
of th e rec u rr e n c e for m u ae l for th e B e s s e l co
e ffi c i e n ts
(g ar e as f ll
o o ws

J v 2J ,
’
Z
() ,

v J , (e )
(z )
’
z J , V J , (e )
T h e se e f p e ci s e ly th e s m e f m as t h e es lt s
ar o r a or r u of g th e on ly d i ff e r e nc e

b e ing th e s ub s ti tut i on f t h n e t i c te d n u m b e o e u r s r r 1} fo r t h e i n t ege r n .

T p e th e m w e
o b s e fi s t th t
ro v ,
O r ve r a

m 2 u+ 2 m
i
in
Z
f e ct 2
—
dz m z
o ( v m f 1)

m ey —l + zw
Z
—1 + 2 m
0 2 V
m ! P( v m)

Wh efi w e d iffe r e n t i a t e out th e p d t
ro uc on th e l fte ,
we at o n c e O bt ain

like m an n e r ,

d _v

dz {Z J"
£
2
l (
1

77 0 v m + 1)

m em —
)
l
Z

m H -
2m + 1
Z
Y
F (v m 2)

e
“
"
J
wh e nce (4 ) i s ( )
2 a nd (1 ) m ay b e O bt a nei d by dd i ng a a nd sub

t c ti n g (3 ) nd
ra a

S ti td i e n i th er d i e B es s e l
’
sc h e n F u nc t i one n (L e i p z ig ,
pp . 2 , 6, 7 . F or m u l a (3 ) w as g i v e n

w h en p is h al f o f an O d d i n te g er by P l an a, M e i n d e l l a R . . . Acca d . d cl l e S ci . d i T o r i no , xx v i .

p . 53 3 .
 46 THEO R Y OF B E S S EL FUNCTIONS [ CHAR III

We can n o w o bt ai n th e gene l is e d f ra or m ul ae
(5 ) { v , ” W
e f t -
m Z
() ,

(6 ) if ”? (l —) m (Z )
by re p t d d i ff
ea e t i t i ns w h e n m i s ny p osi t i e in t e ge
e re n a o ,
a v r .

Lo m m e l bt i n d l l th es e e s u lt s f m h i s ge n e al i s a ti on f P oi sSon
o a e a r ro r o
’
s

i nt e g l w h i c h h s b e e n d e s c i b e d i n
ra a r

T h e f m l a (1 ) h as b e e n e x t e ns i e ly u se d i n t h e cons t u c t i on o f T bl e s
or u v
*
r a

o f B e ss e l fu n t i n s c o .

B y e x p e ss i n g J ( ) n d J ( ) i n t e m s o f J i ( ) and J g ( ) by (3 )
r e a z r , e , 2

nd w e c n d e i e Lo m mel s fo m l i
’ '

a a r v r u a

2 Si n v n
'

(7 )
f om f
r or m ul (2 ) a Of
§
An i nter es ti ng c o ns e q u e nce o f (1 ) a nd (2 ) i s t h a t, if 62, ()
z E J, 2 t h en

(8 ) c . <z ) e; (z )

h
t i s for m u l a w as d i s co v e r e d by Lom m e l , w h o d er i v e d v ar i o u s co ns e q u e nces of i t, S tu d i en
uber d i e B ess el s ch en F u nc ti onen (Le i z i g ,
' ’
4 8 et s eq p pp . . S ee al s o N e u m ann, M a th .

Ann . III . p . 600 .

B es s el f u ncti o ns of co m p l ex o r d er .

Th e r ea l an d i m a i n ar g y p t s o f th e fu n t i n J ( ) w h e
ar c o x , re v , u an d 5c

l h a e b e en d i s c s
ar e r e a ,
v u s e d i n s o m e d e t i l by L m m e l
i an d h i s a o ,
r es ult s w e re

s b e qu e n tly
u s t e n d e d by B 6c h e § ex r .

I n p tic l ft e d e fi ni ng th e
ar u ar , a r rea l fu nc t i o ns an d S ()
a? by th e
eq ti on “
ua
+ in
(é x ) v

J V+ i l~
¢ (a ) K S

Lo m m e l obt ai ne d th e r es u lt s

d 2

dz ? {K (as) 1 i s { K (513 ) i i s (x ) }
2 (u i iu)
,
. 1 d

(2 ) K v +l ne w» )

(3 ) SH —
l m (x) S “(50 )
u
o, S va ; ( )x ,

g L o m m el , M i tnch ener A bh x v (1 8 84
S ee , e . .
6 4 4 64 7 . . pp .
— .

M a t h Ann I v . 1 05 . . p
S o m e as s o ci ate d fo r m u l ae ar e g i v e n i n
. .

I M a th Ann I I I 4 81 48 6 pp —
—
. . . . .

An na l s of M a th V I 13 7 1 60 . . pp . .

HT h e r e as o n fo r i n s e r ti n g th e f ac to r on th e rig h t i pp s a ar e n t fro m fo r m u l ae w i c h h wi l l b e
e s tabl i h s ed in
3 2 1, 3 3
- -

] B E SSEL FUNCTIONS 47

wi th n u m o s th e fo m l ae f l ik e c h c t e T h e e e s lt s e m
er u o r r u o ar a r . s r u s e t o be o f
n o g e t i m p o t n e a nd
r a o n s e q e n tly w e m e e ly
r a ce fe th
, e d c u r r r e r a er to th e
m e m i s i n w h i c h th e y w e e p ubl i s h e d
o r r .

I n t h e S p e c i l cas e i n w h i c h 0 B e ss l s e qu a t io n b e co m e s
’
a v , e

d——
2
dZ
z
fi —
dz z Z
T
C
+ (z

so u l ti o ns o f th i s e qu a t on i in th e f
or m o f s er e s i we re gi ven by Bo ol e
*
m an y
yea rs a
g o .

3 3 . Lom m el
’
s exp r es s i on o
f J ( ) by ,
2 an i nteg ral o
f P oi ss on s typ e
’

We s h a ll now s h ew th a t, when R ( ) v th e n
(3 2 ?
J <z > (2 S in 9d 6
2"
<1) . c os cos
N, t) F (4)
.

I t w as p rov e d by t ge ( e o i n
P o i s s on f
‘ '
th t a ,
w h en 2 1} i s a p i ti
os ve in e r z r

c lud e d ) t h e e p es s i on o n t h e is s o lut i o n o f B e s s e l s e q t i n ; nd i ght

’

,
x r r a ua o a

t h i s e x p e ss i n w s d o p t e d by Lo m m e l i s th e d e fi n i t i o n f J ( ) f
r o a a p os i ti a o ,
z or ve

va lu e s o f 5 v

L mm l o b q tl y p d th t th f ti
e su se d fi d i
u en l ti f B
ro v e l a e u nc o n, so e ne ,
s a so u on o es s e
’
s

g e n e ral i s e d e q u at i o n and th at i t s a ti s fi e s th e r e c u r r e n ce fo r m u l ae of 3 2 ; a nd he t h en

d e fi ne d J , () z fo r v al u e s of u i n t h e i nt er v al s —g ) ,
‘
i
-

2 , by sue

ce s s i v e a ppl i ca t i o ns o f 3 2

To ded u ce ( )
1 f
ro m th e d e fi ni t i on o f J ( ) d o p t e d i n th is w k w t
,
2 a or , e r a ns

form th e gg n er al te rm of th e s e r i es fo r J ( ) i n t h e f o l l owi ng m nn e :
,
z a r

Z
sm
P( V g) s P( 7 77,

m
(a a y
1
z
i m i
1 9 dc
”
t
‘ -

p rov i d e d th t R ( ) a v

N ow w h en R ( ) 2 v
5 , th e s er i e s

2 as (1
7n =l ( m)!
2

efi n v e r g e s u n i o r m l y wi th e p e c t to t th gh o
f r s rou ut th e i n t e l (0 rv a ,
l ) ,
an d so it
m ay b e i n t g t e d t e m by t e m ; n dd i n g to
e ra r - -
r o a th e r esu lt th e t e rm fo r w i c h h
P hil . T ra ns . o f th e R oya l S oc . 1 84 4 , p . 23 9 . S ee al s o a q u e s ti o n s e t i n th e M at h e m a ti ca l

T ri p os , 1 8 94 .

T J o u r na l d e l
’
Eco l e
‘
R . P o l yte c h ni q u e, x 11 .
( ca hi er pp . 3 00 e t s eq .
,
3 40 e t s eq .

S tr i c tl y s p e ak i ng ,
P o i sso n s h e wed t h a t, w h en 2V is an Od d i n te g er , th e ex p ress ion on th e r ig ht

p
m u l ti l i e d by J e is a s o l u ti o n O f th e e q u a ti o n d e r i v e d fr o m B e s se l
’
s e q u a ti o n by th e a pp p i
ro r a te

c h a ng e o f de p e nd e n t v ar i a bl e .

1 S tu d i en ith er d i e B es s e l
" ’
sc h en F u nc ti o ne n (L e i p z ig ,
pp . 1 cl s eq .
48 THE O R Y OF B E S SEL FUNCTIONS [ CHA R III

m = 0, n am e ly w i ch i s
h c onv e r gen t ,
we fi nd th t a ,
w hen

n m —
e r z
2
e e a t
dt ,

77

w h e n ce t h e s lt t t ed fo ll o ws by m k i ng t h
re u s a a e su b s t i tut i on t = si n
2
0 an d

u s i ng th e f t th t th e i n t e gr nd i s u n ff t d by
ac a a a ec e wr i tin g 7r 9 in pl a ce o f 9 .

Wh e n R (v ) < 5 ,
th e a nal y s is n e c e s s ar yt o e s ta bl i h t h
s e l as t e q u at i o n is a l i t tl e
m o re el a b orat e . The S im pl est p r oce d u r e s eem s to b e to t k th
a e e s e ri e s w it h th e fi r s t tw o
t er m s o m i tt e d a n d i n t eg r a te by p ar ts , t h us

—
oo

er
" ” s1 ed :
a tr d z= r
'
z ca r
(2 m ) 0

2m
2
(1
1 u +é m 2m
t
4 1g
a,

l
1 '
o v ‘
i s dc
‘
m= 2 ( )
2 m

t
”V i d t,

on i nteg r at i ng by p ar t s a s e co nd ti m e . T h e i nter c h a ng e o f th e ord er of s u m m at i o n a nd

i nte g r at i o n i n t h e s e c o nd l i ne o f an al yi s s is p e r m is s i bl e o n a c c o u nt o f th e u n i fo r m it y of
co nv e r g e nce o f th e s er i es . On a d d i ng t h e i nt eg ra l s co r re s p o nd i ng t o t h e t er m s m = 0 , m : 1
(w hi hc ar e co nv e r g e n t ) ,
we o bt ai n t h e d es i re d r es u l t .

It fo ll ow s th at ,
w h en R (v ) 5 , th e n
J (3 2 )
, (z ) (1 t) cos
{
z
(1 dt .

Ob v i o u s t ran s o r m a f ti on s o f th i s re s u lt ,
in a dd i ti on t o are th e fo ll ow n i g
I Z
9
( )
l
v

2
(2 ) l
.
0

—1 (1 co s (e t) dt ,

” d t,
(
t
1
—
e
1

c os (2 co s 9) S i n 6 d 9 ?”
,

(6 ) e
i z c os e
8 111
2”
ed g
o

The fo rm u a O l bt ai ne d by a p t i l i nt g t i
ar a e ra on o f n am e ly
(2 1; 1) —
1 "
f"
7
l
2
i (2 0) S i n fiv z
d 0d 9
-

s n cos cos
P <v s r e>
,
+ o

s om e ti m e s u s e u f l; it is va li d on ly w h e n R (v ) t
 B ESSEL FUNCTIONS 49

An ex p i i ans o n n v o l v i ng B e r n ou l l i a n p lyo nom ial s h as b ee n o bt a i ne d f

r om (4 ) by N i el s e n
’"
w it h th e h l p f th
e o e ex p an s i o n

—e

h
i n w i ch (5) d e no te s th e nth B e r no u l l i a n p lyo n o m ia l a nd a = i et .

[ N OT E . I nte g r al s o f t h e ty p (3 ) w t d i d b f
e ere s u e e or e P o is s o n by P l ll m d l l It a na , I e . e a .

A cca d . d el l e S ci d i T ori no, . XX VI pp 5 1 9— 5 3 8

. .
,
an d b q tly by K m m
su se u en u e r,

J o ur na l f ur Ill
'

a th XII pp 1 4 4—1 4 7 L b tt J ; o a o, o u r na l f Ill th X ur pp a V II

pp 1 1 8—1 2 1
. . . .

3 6 3 —3 7 1 ;
. .

a nd Du h am e l , Co u r s d Ana l yse,
’
II .
(P a r i s , . .

b y q b y th q
x

A f u n ct i o n , su s ta n t i al l e u i v al e nt to J , d e fi ne d e e u a ti o n

2 “co s dv
1 v ) vx .

w a s i nv e s t i g ate d by L m m l A / i o e ,
r c i i; d er M a th . u nd P h ys . XXX VI I . pp . 3 4 9—3 60 .

The c o n v e rs e p bl m f b t i i g t h
ro e O O a n n e d iff e r e nt i al e q u a ti o n s a t i s fi e d by
—) a
(v

was al s o d i s cu s s e d by Lo m m el , Ar ch i v d er M a th . u nd P hys . XL . pp . 10 1 —1 2 6 . In
c o n nex i o n wi t h thi s i nte g ral s e e al s o E u l er , I ns t Ca l e I nt . . . II .
(P eter s b u rg ,
1 0 3 6,
and P et z val , I n teg r a ti o n d cr l i nea r en D if er en ti a lg l e i ch u ng en (Vi e nna ,
p .

I neq u a l i ti es d er i ved f r om P oi s s on s i nteg

’
r al .

F r om § 3 3 (6) it f ll o w s th t
o a ,
if v be rea l an d g r e at e r th an
4 , th e n

F (v + 1 )

g u fo ul d e du ce i l ar
~

B y u s in th e rec r r e nce rm ae (1 ) an d we in a s im

m ann e r th t a

eXp II (v i)
s .

B y u si n g th e ex
p r e s s on i i
'
co s z fo r J (2 ) i t m ay b e s h e w n th at
(1 ) i s lid w h n va e v

T hes e i n q l i t i s h o ld b e o m p e d w i th th e l e s s s t
e ua e s u c ar r n i ge n t i ne q l i t i ua es

O bt i n e d i n
a Wh e n i s co m p l e i n q l i t i e o f u x, e ua s a mo e m p l i te d
r co ca

ch ct e
a ra n be b t i n e d i n t h e s m e m nn b t th e y
r ca O a a a er, u ar e f n go t imo re a

p or tance .

M a th . Ann . LIX . p . 1 08 . Th e n o ta ti o n u s e d i n th e te x t i s t h at g i v e n i n M od e rn
Ana l ys i s , Ni e l s e n u ses a d i ffe r e n t n o ta ti o n .

I Th e r e a d er s h oul d h av e no d i ffi c ult y i n v e r i fyi n g h

t is res u l t. A fo r m al p ro o f of a m o re

g e n e r al t h eo r e m w i l l be g i v e n i n

W . B . F .
50 THEO R Y OF B E SSEL FUNCTIONS [ CHA R III

P oi ss on s i nteg l
’

ener a li s a ti on o f
’

Geg enba u er s g
ra .

T h e in t e g l fo
ra rm ul a

In w h i h (t) c i s t h e co e ffi ci e n t of a
"
i n th e ex p a ns i o n of (1 2 at + in
"
s ce n d i n g p w G g nb u fo m ul lid w h en
a o er s o f a, i s d u e to e e a e r ; th e r a is va

R (v ) —4 an d n i s a ny o f th e i n t e ge rs 0 1, 2
, ,
Wh e n n 0 it,
o b i u s ly
v o

re d u ce s to P oi s s o n
’
s i n t e gra l .

I n th e s p e ci a l c as e in wh i h c n 4 ,
th e i n teg l ra as s um es th e fo rm

J () —i ) " l z “0 5 9
P, ( 0) s i n 9 d <9
(2 ) 2 e co s

th i s e qu t i a on h as b e e n th e s ubj ec t of d e t i l e d s tudy by Wh i tt k e l
a a r
- "
.

To p rov e G eg e n b e s f m l au r
’
or u a, w e t k e P o i s s o n s i n t e g a l i n t h e fo
a
’
r rm

(2 Z )
l
—
v +n

(Z)
ist 4 (l l
(1 )
2 +n
JVH i t v
e ,

an d i nt e gr a t e n t i m es by p a ts ; r th e res ult is

ea <1
r
o
”
r e + n + 4) N 4) dt

N ow i t i s kn own th at i
"
d (1 n F (v n 4) F (2 11 )

w h e nce we ha ve

(a use a r y aag
(3 J () ( o) d t
s
) 1 a -

v+n
Z ‘ ,

4) I (4) F (2 v + n) -
1

an d Geg e nb a u e r s r e s u
’
lt is ev i d e nt .

A s y m b l i c fo o rm of G eg e nba u e r s e
’
qu at i on is

{4
l
m en;
v
<4) J < > {e a
-

u +n z

=
th is w
‘

as
g i v en by Ra yl i gh §
e in th e s p e ci a l cas e v 4 .

The r ea d e r wil l fi nd i t i ns tr u ct i v e t o e s ta bl i h s (3 ) by i n d u c ti on wit h th e

r e cu rre nce fo r m u l a
V
a (t)
+n ) t o,
"
(z) (1 —t2)
dt

Wi ener S i tz u ng s ber i c h te, v n . p . 2 03 ; L xx . p . 15 . S ee al s o B aue r ,

M it nc h en er S i tz u ng s ber i c h te,
‘

v . p . 2 62 , an d O . A Sm it
. h Gi, or n a l e d i M at .
(2 ) XII .

pp . 3 65 — 3 7 3 . T h e fu n cti o n Q ,
"
()
t h as b e en e x ten s i v el y s tu di e d by G
eg en au e r i n a s e r i es o f b
m e m o i r s i n th e
‘
Wi ener S i tz u ng s ber i c h te ; s om e o f th e m o r e p
i m o r tan t r es u l ts o tai n ed by h i m are b
g i v e n i n M od e r n Ana l ys i s , 158
—
.

1" F r e e L ond on IV
I a th S oc xx x v
. . . . pp . 1 98 2 06 . See
1 Of M o d ern Ana l ys i s ,
.

P r oc L ond o n M a t h
. . S oc . Iv . pp . 1 00 , 2 63 .
52 THEO R Y OF B ES SEL FUNCTIONS [ CH AR In

t g nd i s an i n t e g l p e i d ic f nct i n f x] nd s o th e l i m i t
N ow th e in e ra ra r o u o O ; a s of

t
in e g t i n w i th
ra e s p eoc t t l m y b e t k e n t o
r b e n d a 2 w h e e ios 1 /
,
‘
a a a a 7 ,
r a an

a bi t
r y (com p l e x ) nu m b e T h i s f l l o w s f o m C c hy th e or e m
r ar r . o r au
’
s .

We thu s g e t
J ( )
iw sin OI 0 S t co s 2v 1
9 s i n 9d 1h d B
-
i
a e
(v )
u
WP .

(41: 7 )
V

( 1 + a ) cos fi v — 9 s i n ed de
iw s i n ecos
d
11 l
e .

7 r F (1/ )

n ow d e fi ne a by th e p ai r o f e q t i o ns
ua

a cos a =Z —e co s b
c, ,
m sin a = e sin ¢ ,

so th a t
( )
J( ) ,
53
7T ii ; v
ex i
p [ (Z 2 co s s in 9 cos 3 ” i z s i n
?“ 1
< ) sin
1
9 s i n 9d xlr d 9
y sin
co s .

Th e on ly d iffe r e nce b e t w e e n th i s f or m ul a a nd th e fo rm u a l
”
[ 3 sin 9 co s ‘
ll
1
9 S i n 9d xlr d 9
"

cos
'
6 ’

i s i n th e for m o f th e ex p on e n ti a l f toac r ; an d w e no w r e tra c e th e t p s f th e

s e o

a na lys i s wi th th e m d ifi e d f o or m o f th e ex p on e n ti l f a ac to r . Wh e n th e s t e p s e ar

r e tr a ce d th e s u c ces s i v e e x p o n e n s ar e t
i (Z
i (Z —e cos ¢) n —i e s n i q5 l
—
.
,

i (Z z cos c
t) cos 9 —i z S i n c os
d si n 9r .

Th e l st
a ex p r e ss i o n is
iZ cos 9 ie (c os
gt cos 9 s i n c s in t 9 c os l)
xr ,

so th t a th e r esu lt o f r e r acin t g th e s e t ps is

an 9 cos
n F (v )
ex
p [i Z co s 9 iz (c o s d) C OS 9 S i n ( ) si n
i 1 0]
1

s in i f d9
9d x1
?” ?”
l
1
s n
‘
l l
,

a n d co n s e qu en t ly G eg e nb a u e r s
’
f or m u a l is es a t bl i s h e d .

[ N OT E . T h e d e v i ce o f u s i ng tr a ns fo r m ati o ns of p o l a r co o r d i n ate s , a ft e r th e m a nne r of

h
t is s e c ti on, to e v al u ate d e fi ni t e i nt eg ra l s s ee m s t o be d u e t o Le g e nd re , M em d e t A ca d d es
.
’
.

S ci .
,
1 7 8 9, p . 3 72, a nd P o i s s o n, M em d e l Aca d .
’
. d es S c i I II . . p . 126 ]

f J i Th e
m g) ( ) i n fi ni
exte t p r es s i on
e ms o q . e r .

W h ll n w d d e f o m P i on s i n t e g l t h e i m p t n t t h e o e m th t
e s a o e uc r o ss
’
ra or a r a ,

wh en i h lf f a n od d i nteg e th f n cti on J ( ) i s e p ss i bl e i n fini te te m s

‘

v s a o r, e u ,
z x re r

by m ea ns o
f al
g ebr a i c a n d tr i g o nom etr i ca l
f u nct ons o i f 2 .

It wi ll pp e a l te ar th t w h en h
a r a ,
v as n o t s u c h a va u e, l th e n J ( ) , z

is not s o ex p s i bl e b t f co s e t h i s n
re s u o ur co v e rs e heo em i
t r s of a mu h m e c or

r e co n dit e c h c t e th n th th e m w h i c h i s
ar a r a e ore no w bo t t a u o be p edro v .
3 4 ] B E SSEL FUNCTIONS 53

[ N OT E S o l u t i o ns in fi ni te te r m s of d i ffe re nt ia l e q u a ti o n s a s s o c i a te d w it hJ (2 ) we r e o h
ta i n e d by i v ar o u s e ar l yw r ite r s i t w as o b s er v e d by E u l e r , M i sc T a u m n ens i a , I I I (1 7 6 2 . .

p 7 6 th t
. a a s o l u ti o n o f th e e q u at i o n for ”
c J
n (e ) i s e x r e s s i l e i n fi ni t e t e r m s
; w il e p b h
th e e q u a t i o n s a ti s fi e d
+
by
J n , (2 ) w as s o l v e d i n fi n i te t er m s
z
7
by L p l C d T m a ace , o nn . es e s,

1 82 3 pp . 2 4 5 —2 5 7 and Al eca ni q u e Cel es te, V (P a r i s , . pp 82 —8 4 by P l M m . a na , e .

d el l a R Acca d d el l e S ci d i T o r i no,
. . . XX VI . pp 5 3 3 — 5 3 4 ; by P l i M m d i M
. ao ,
e . a t e .

d i Fi s .
(M o d ena ) , XX . pp . 1 83 — 188 ; an d a s o l by S t k i 1850 T C mb P hi l
o es n ,
r a ns . a . .

S oc . IX . p . 1 87 [ M a th a nd P /l Z/S l .
p
)
(a er s , II p . Th i tig t i . e nv es a on

w ich h wil l no w be g iv e n i s b as e d on th e WOI k of L o m m e l , S tu d i e n uber d i e B ess el s ch e n

’ ‘

F u ncti onen (Le i z ig , p pp . 51 —5 6 ]

It is co n v e n i e n t to ti t
res r c n to be a
p os i ti ve in t ege r (z e r o i nc l ded ) u ,
an d
th e n by , 3 3
l Z

a s Wt ) ,
‘

i st i
n
Z
r
d (1 t)
+i r 2 7b

6
r“ "
n l ( Mr Z di

w h e n w e i n t g a t e by p t 2 n 1 t i m s ; in ce (1 t ) i s p ly no m i l f
e r ar s e s
fi ”
a o a o

d e g e e 2 n t h e p oce ss th en t e m i n t e s
r ,
r r a .

T o s i m p l i fy t h e l s t p e s s i on w e o b se e th t i f d (1 a be l
ex r rv a
r
ca

cu l t e d f o m Le i b n i th e o e m by w i t i n g (1 th n ly
’
a r 1 z r r e o

t e m w h i c h d o e s n o t ni s h t th e pp e l i m i t i s f m d i ffe e nti t i ng n
r va a u r ar s e ro r a

t i m e s th e f c t o (1 nd th e e fo e f o m d i ffe e n t i a t i n g t h e
a r th e f c t o
a r r r r o r a r

r n t i m e s ; s o th t w e n e e d o n s i d e o n ly t h e t e m s fo w h i c h
a >n c r r r r .

! 2 271 — 7
'

\ 71
H e nce 9 n
n 1
I
.

(2 n r
)
! 2
'

—n
2 7H
n
a nd S i mi l ly
ar
r
On n °

(2 n r ) 1
It fo ll ow s th t a

n+ 4
i l i —
) 2
r
- -
2n ri .

Z . 7
J ’H f () Z
J71
°

( r n ) ! (2 n —r ) l
—l z
2n
2 2 71
T l
7 t+ l
E —n ) —7 )
’

e
, ( r .
(2 n

an d h e nce
—— n —1
1 i (
n l
) I
( ) l
r
n
o
7
6

7
(1 ) Jn l h ( Z) 9
12 S
:
‘
9
iz S
‘

(71 )l
- -

r 0 r O (71 T

T ish r es ult m ay b e w r i tt e n i n th e f or m

2 ) ( + 2r ) i
'
7
n
( )
2 Jn l t ( Z) _
4 4 17 1
“

0,
- -

7TZ

A c om p ac t m et h od of O bt i
a ning h
t i s fo r m u l a i s g i v e n by d e l a Va l l é e P o u s s i n , Ann .

S oc S c i
. . d e B r u x el l es , xx rx . pp . 1 40— 1 4 3 .
54 THEO R Y OF B E S SEL FU NCTIONS [ CHAR
In p ti l
ar cu ar we ha ve

(3 ) J, ( ) 2 s in 2 , J; ( ) z cos 2

th e f or m e r o f th es e r esu lt s i s l so b i o s f o m th e p o w e
a o v u r r s er e s i

Agai n ,
f om
r th e r ecu e n c e fo m l
rr we h e r u a av

J n +4 ( Z) —) n
d i
J a(Z N ,
e de
a nd h en ce , f om
r

te
n
(n + r ) ! e
—t e
2
e
( r ) ! (2 s ) ! (n ) ! (2 e )
T
r ! n
r
r r

7b iz
e
n u+i
Z
Z
B ut ,
o b v o i u s ly by ,
i n du c t i on w e ca n e x p r e ss

t
i
e

p lyn l ult i p l i e d by
'

om i a i n 1 /e m i a nd s o we m u s t h a ve
l z
as a o e ,

—n i iz
(i D ( )
r n n
.
7
4
l e
zt iz
e
r ! (n )
r ! z
for , i f n o t, th e p r ece d i n g i d en t i ty wo u ld l ea d to a re s ult of th e fo rm

< >
z
e() z z 0 ,

w he re
d (e )
l and ( ,
b (e ) ar e p lyn
o om i a s l in l /s an d s u c h an i d en t i ty i s o b i
v o u s ly
i 1n p o Ss ibl e *
.

H e nce it fo ll ow s th a t i ’ '

”
i (n ) I (n ) I
f n
r _ ,z r
iz
e
1 3 0 r ! (n r) !
e
r ! (n r
) ! (2 e )
r

n ” fl z
4
A 6 e
"

( p +i
t u
Z

(2 7 ? 2
7 “
i
f } J—
i

(2 7 9 J — —é (Z )
3
7;
2 n

C o n s e q u e n tly
‘

(n
r+ n
)
r +n
y
(n
n
7“ o 7
(4 ) 2
- .

r =0 T l (n r ! (n —r) !

Cf H . o b s on , S q u a r i ng th e C i r c l e (C a m b idg
r e, p . 51 .

F r o m th e s er i e s

it is o b v i ou s th at
 B E SS E L FUNCTIONS
a nd h e nce
(5 ) (Z )
(2 r ) I (n
_0 2r ) I

4 50 —1)
1) I
(n 2r
1

81“ Z ( I I
w
(2 r ( 2r 1 ) 1 (sa 1
-

In p ti ul
ar c ar , we h av e

J C OS Z
(6 ) Z
co s e , _
3 (e )

We h e n o w e p e s s e d i n fi ni t e t e m s ny B e s s e l f nc t i o n w h
av x r de is r a u ,
o s e or r

h lf o f an o d d i n t e g e bym e n s f lg e b i nd t g n m e t ic l fu nc t i ons
a r, a o a ra c a ri o o r a .

The ex pl i ci t ex p r es s i o n of a nu m b er of t h es e fu n c ti o ns c an b e w r i tte n d o w n fr o m
n u m e r i c al re s u l ts c o n tai ne d in a l e tt e r fr o m H er m i te t o G or d a n, J ou r na l f i i r M a th L X VI
—3 1 1
. .

pp . 3 03 .

N ota ti ons f or f u ncti ons wh os e or d e r i s h a lf f

o an o d d i nteg er .

F u nc i o n s t typ es of occth e w i th s u c h f e qu e n y i n io ur r c v ar us

b nc h e s o f M th e m t i c l P hy s i cs th t i u w i t e s h
ra a a f u n d i t d es i bl e
a a v ar o s r r av e o ra

t o d n t e th m by
e o s p e ci l f n t i n l sy m b ol
e Un fo tu n t e ly n o c m m o n
a a u c o a . r a o

n o t t i on h s b e e n ag e e d u p on
a a nd n n e f t h e m an y e i s t i n g n o t t i n s c n
r a o o x a o a

b e sai d to p e d om i na t e o e t h e o th e s Cons e qu e n tly p t f m t h e s u m m a y

r v r r .
,
a ar ro r

w h i c h w i ll n o w b e g i e n t h e n t a t i o ns i n qu e s t i o n w i ll not b e u s e d i n th i s w k
v ,
o or .

In h i s r es ea r c
'
h es o n v i b ra ti ng s ph e r e s s u r r o u n d ed by a g as , S to k es . P hi l . Tr a ns .
f
o th e

R oya l S o c . CLV II I . p . 45 1 [ M a th a nd P h ys P ap er s , . IV . p . m ad e u se of

th e s eries

2
2 i ni r 2 . 4 .
(i ni r )
w ich hi s a n ni h il at e d by t h p e o e r at or

dz
“ d n (n + 1 )
d r2 dr r
2

T ish s e r ies S to k es d e note d by t h y m b e s ol f (r )

,
a nd h e w r o te

“m S
I 11 S n e
T‘ =
fn ( ) e
°
/ 7

w h er e S, a nd S,
’
ar e z o nal s u r face h ar m o n i cs ; so t h at is a nni hil at e d by t h e t o t al

o p
e r at or

+
d r2 r dr
a nd by t h p e ar ti a l o p e r ato r

62 2 8 1 8 D
+ sin 0 +m
5 59
.

9 89
°
dr z sin

In t is h n o t at i o n S to k es w a s fo l l o wd by R yl ig h
e a e I ’
r oc L o nd on M a th S oc . . Iv (1 8 7 3 )
.

pp 93 —1 0 3
,
.

.
,
2 5 3 — 2 83 ,
an d ag a i n P r o c R oya l S o c
. . L XX II . pp . 40 —4 1 [ S ci e ntifi c

P ap ers , v . pp . 112 a p a r t fr o m t h e co m p arat i v e l yt ri v ia l h

c a ng e t h at Ra l e ig y h
wo u l d h av e w r i tt e n f , (i m r ) w h e re S to k es w ro te j , (r ) .
56 THEO R Y OF B ESSEL F UNCTIONS [ C H AR III

In o r d er to o bt a i n a s o l u ti o n fi ni te at th e o ri g i n, R a l e i g y h fo u nd i t neces s ar yt o ta k e

S
'
n E S " i n th e cou rs e o f h is a nal y s i s , a nd t h en

1 m Sn
i t“ : i )”

I t fol l o ws fr om 3 4 t h at

and t h at Jn () r
1
[ M f — >1 zr
‘

s « 2 77 7 ) '

In ord e r to h av e a s i m pl e no tati o n for th e co m b i nat i on s o f th e ty p es e?

"
f ,, i i r ) w ic h h
ar e r e q u ir e d for s ol u ti on s fi ni t e at th e or i g in, La mb f o u nd it c o n v e ni e n t t o wr i t e

i n h is e ar l i e r pp a er s , P r oc . L on d on M a th . S oc . X III . pp . 5 1 — 66 ; 1 8 9 —2 1 2 ; XV .

pp . 13 9 —1 4 9 ; X VI . pp . 27 —4 3 ; P h i l Tr a ns . .
f
o th e R oya l S o c . CL XX IV .

pp . 5 19 —5 4 9 ; a nd h e w as fo l l o w e d by Ra l e i g y hP r o c R oya l S oc L
,
VI I A ,
. . XX .

pp 4 8 6— 4 99 [ S ci en tific P ap er s , V pp . 3 00 a n d v * P r oc
Lo e , L o nd on by .

—3 2 1
. .

M a th S oc . . X XX . pp . 3 08 .

Wi t h t ish n o t ati o n it is e v id e n t t h at

sin z

Su b q se u e ntl y h ,
o we v er , La m bf oun d it c o n v e ni e nt to m o d i fy th i s n o t a t i o n , a nd ac c o r d

i ng l y i n h i s t r e ati s e on H yd ro d y na m i c s a nd al s o P r o c Lo nd on M a th
. . S oc . XXX II .

pp . 11 —2 0 ,
120 —1 5 0 he u s ed th e n otat io n T

1 24
1
xxn
(2 u + 1 ) 3 )
a nd he al s o wr ote “
W (2 )
u

l—
—) n
/(é w ) J Jn ( ) Z
SO t h at
N

n ——
f é
-
n
n d i
-
-

é -

Z 2

h
w i l e Ra l e i g y h ,
P h i l T r a ns
. .
f
o th e Roya l S oc . CCII I . A, pp . 8 7 — 1 1 0 [ S ci en ti fi c P ap er s,
V .
(1 9 1 2 ) pp . 1 4 9— 1 6 1 ] fo u nd i t c o nv e ni e n t to re pl a ce th e s ym b ol
f (z)
u
by L ov e ,
P hil . Tr a ns . o
f th e Roya l S o c . CC X V . A, p . 1 12 om i t te d th e fac tor and w ro t e

s in z

h
w il e ye t an o t h e r n o ta ti o n h as b e en u s e d by S m m f l d A d P hy i/ d Ch i
o er e ,
nn . er s c un eon e, (4 )
XX VI I I . pp . 6 65 — 7 3 6, an d t wo of h i p pils m ly M u h A d P hy i k s, na e ar c ,
nn . er s u nd

Ch em i e, (4 ) XXX VI I . p . 29 a nd Ry b yn k i A
cz d P h y il
s l Ch m i (4 )
,
nn . er s c u no e e, X LI .

p 1 91 thi
. s n o t at i o n is
7 ‘s i n z
t
i t , (z) = (g ma J -

u H () z = zn + 1
z

a (z) mfi
(a mi , (2)
r
and it is c ert ai nl y th b e es t a d a pt ed for t h e i n v es ti g ati o n o n e l ect r i c w av e s w i c h hw as th e
su bj e ct o f hi t e r r es e a r c h es .

In th i p p L ov e d e fi n ed th e fu ncti on E n 1 bu t ,
s a er
(z ) as 3 (2 n 1) as

s tate d , h e m o d i fi e d th e d efi n i ti on i n h i s l ate r w o r k .

1 T is i s h n ear er th e n o tati o n u s e d by H ei n e , H a nd b u c h d e r K u g e lfl m c ti o ne n, I (B erl i n , .

p 82 e xce p t th at H ei n e d e fi n e d t” (z)
i to be tw i c e th e ex p r e s s i o n o n th e r i g h
t i n h i s tr ea ti s e , b u t
—1 4 1
.

no t i n h i s m em o i r , J ou r na l j itr M a t h . L XX I . pp . 128 .
 B E SS EL F UN CT I ON S 57

S o m m e r fe l d s n o t ati o n
’
is a s l ig h tl y m od i fi ed for m o f t h e n ot a t i o n use d by L . Lo re n z , w h o
u s ed a n d un + ( i u n in pl ace o f s n a nd ( n ; s ee h is m em oir 0 11 r e fi e x i o n a nd r e fra c t i o n

of l ig h t K D l Vi d
, . a ns ce e ns ca / ber nes S el s/ca bs S /cr if ter , (6 ) VI .
[ Oeu v r es s ci e n ti
fig u es , I

pp 40 5 —5 0 2 ]
.

A nof B ess el eq u a ti on f or f
’
s eco nd s o l u ti o s unct ons o i f i nteg ra l or d er .

I t h as b e e n e en
th t W h e ne e i s n t n i nt e ge a fu nd m n t l
s 3 12) a ,
v r I} o a r, a e a

s ys te m f B e s e l s e qu t i on fo f nc ti fsmf
f o lut i on s d e v i s f m d by ’ ‘

o s o s a r u or or r or e

th e p i a r o f fu n t i o ns
J ( ) nd Wh e n v i s n i n t e g e
c n ) th i i n V
2 a a r ,
s s o

l o nge th e case on cc u n t o f th e e l at io n J ( )
r , J a o r _ n z n

I t i s th e e fo e n e c e s sa y to bt i n s lut i n o f B e s e l s e q t i n w h ich i '

r r r o a a o o s ua o s

l ine ly i nd e p end e nt o f J ( ) ; nd t h e co m b i n t i on o f th i s s o luti on w i th J ( )

ar n z a a n 2

w i ll g i e f nd a m e n t l s y t e m o f s lut i n s
v a u a s o o .

T h e s lut i on w h i c h w i ll n o w b e on t c t e d w s bt i n e d by H n k l fl
o c s ru a o a a e

t h e full d e ta i l s f t h e n ly s i s i n o l e d i n t h e c o ns t u c t i o n w e e fi s t p bl i h e d
o a a v v r r r u s

by B fi h e l c r
' ‘
.

A lt ti
n a
“

m th d f
e rn a t ti g H k l l ti w d i
ve e d by F o t
y ;h o c ons r u c n an e
’
s so u on as s c ov e r e or s

h is p r o ce d u r e is b as e d o n t h e g e n er a l m e t o d o f F r o e ni u s , J o ur na l h b f ur M a th . L XX VI .

pp 2 1 4 —2 3 5 for h
d e al i ng w i t a n y l i ne ar d i ffer e n ti al e u a ti o n q F ors t yh ’
.
,
. s s o l u ti o n w as
c o n tai ne d i n h i s l ectu re s on d i ffe r e n ti al e q u a t i o ns d e l i v e r e d i n Ca m b id g
r e i n 1 8 94 , a nd it
h as s i nc e b e en ,
p bl i h
u s ed i n h i s Th eory f D if er en ti a l E q u a ti on s I V (Cam b r i d g e
o
,
.
,

pp 1 0 1 — 1 02
.
,
a nd i n h is Tr ea ti se on D tfi er enti a l E qu a ti ons (Lo nd o n 1 90 3 and ,

Ch p t
a er VI . n o te 1 .

I t is e vid e n t th a t ,
if v be u n r e s tr1 c te d , a nd if n be an
y in t e ge r (p o s i t i v e ,

ne ga t i v e o r z e ro
‘

) ,
th e fu n ct i on
JV( Z) —l n
L i (Z )
is a so lut i on o f B es s e l ’
s e q a t i on
u fo r fu n t i ons c o f or der v ; and th i s f u nc t i on
v a ni s h es w h en u n .

Co ns e qu e n tly , so l ong as v n, th e f u nc t i on
J V (Z )
V —7 l
is l l t i on o f B e s l s q t i n f f
a s o a so u s e
’
e ua o or unc ti o ns o f o r de r 11 ; a nd th i s fu nct ion
ass u m e s n n d e t er m i n e d fo m i w h e n v
a u r n .

We s h a ll n w e a lu t e o v a

JV (Z ) J— (Z )
—
u

V 7l

a nd we s h ll s h e w th a t
a it is a so lut i on of B e ss e l
’
s e qu at i on fo r fu nct i o ns of

M a th An n
. . . I . pp 4 69 —4 7 2 .

Anna l s o f M a th . VI . pp . 85 —90 . S ee al s o N i e m ol l er , Z ei ts ch r if t f ur l l .
’
a t h . u nd P in s .

xx v . pp . 6 5 —7 1 .

p h h
—
w ic s a ti s fi es
I The a nk e l s re s s i o n
’
e s s e nce o f H i nv e s ti g a ti o n i s th e c o n s tr u c ti o n o f a n e x

th e e q u ati o n w h en v is n o t an i n te g er , w ic h h a s s u m e s an u n d e te r m i n e d fo r m wh ui q en s e u al to

th e i nteg er n a n d w ic h hh as a l i m it w h en u n .
58 THEO R Y OF B E S S E L FUNCTIONS [ C H AR III

or de r n an d th t i t i s l i nea ly ind e p e n d e nt
a r of J” so th a t i t m ay b e t ak e n
e con d s o lut i on eq i e d
if
to b e t h e s r u r .

It is ev i d en t th t a

J r, (Z ) L (Z ) J V (Z) Jn ( Z) J_ , (Z ) J—n ( Z)
—7l —n
i

v —n V v

—
>
n

as v n , s i n ce b tho of th e d i ffe re nt ia l c o e ffi ci e n s e x i s t ti ‘
.

II e nce

e x is s t ll e d a B e s s e l fu n t i n of th e s econd ki nd o f d e n
; i t is ca c o or r .

T d i s t i n g i s h i t f o m o th e fu n t i on s w h i h
o u e l s c ll e d fu nc t i ons of
r r c c ar a o a

th e s e c n d k i nd i t m y b e d e s c i b e d s H a nh el s f ncti on F o ll o w i n g H nk e l
’
o a r a u . a ,

w e s h l l d e no t e i t by t h e s y mb o l : Y ( ) s o th t
a n 2 a

(1 ) li m

an d a so l
(2 )
V = 7l

I t h as h ew n th t Y ” ( ) s s o l t i on o f B ess e l s e qu a t i on
no w to b e s a z i a u
’
.

S i n e th e tw o fu nct i n s J i ( )
c e n aly ti c fu nc t i o n s o f b o th 2 a n d
o th e, z ar a v,

o d er
r f p e fo m i n g p t i a l d i ffe e n t i t i ons o n Ji (z ) w i t h e s p e c t t o z an d
o r r ar r a ,
r v

is m tt e o f i n d i ffe e nce ult d ff t g e p i

a a
§ r H e n ce t h e e s o f i e r
e n t i i n t h . of r r a a r

e q a t i o ns
u

v v Ji v (Z )
wi th res p tt vm ec o a b
y e wri tt en
65
5 af a () d OJ a (Z ) (Z )
2
Z N
“(Z
r/
b .

)
2 2
11
de 2
av dz av 81;
Wh e n we co m b in e th e r esu lt s co n ai n et d in th i s f or m ul a ,
w e fi nd th t a

a. 1J . <z >
a,

Th e 1 e ad e r wi l l r eal i se h
t at , g i v en a so l u ti o n o f a d iffei e n ti al e q u a ti o n , i t is no t o b v io u s h
t at
a l i m i ti ng fo r m of h
t is so l u ti o n I S a s o l u ti o n o f th e c or r e s p on d i ng l i m i ti n g f 0 1 m of th e e q u a ti o n .

l S ee
’ '
3 1 . It is c o n v e n ti on al to wr i te d iffer e n ti a ti o n s wi t h res p e ct to z as t o tal d i ffer en ti a l
c o e ffi c i e nt s h h p t
w il e d i fi e r e n ti ati o n s w i t res ec to v ar e w r i tte n as p ar ti al d i ffe re n ti al c oe fii ci e n ts .

Of co u r s e , i m yp t
n f th th
an
y i ti ar s o e eor , v ar a o ns in v a re n o t c on te m pl a te d

ym b l Y ( ) wh i h w
.

I The s o t lly n z , c as ac u a u sed by H an k el , is u s ed h

i n t i s w o r k to d e no te a
fu n c ti o n e
q l t 1 / ti m
ua H ok l f i 7r es an e
’
s unct on

s ee , e g H b
. . F i f R l V i
o s on , u nc t o ns o a ea a r a bl e 3 12, 3 1 3 .
60 THEO R Y OF B E SS EL F UNCTIONS [ C H AR I I I

an d th e r e s ult of te rm by te rm d i ff e r en t i t i on a is
- -

ml

2 2 { 10 8 5 p (
'
7 77
.

2
.
-
1 1

m =O ( 7 77, I) ?

w h e e i den r «f o tes , a s is c u s to m ar y , th e l g o ar i th m i c d eri at e v of th e G am ma

fu nct i on
S i nc e 0 < l
xf w h en 9n = 1, 2 , 3 ,
th e co n v e r g e nce o f th e s er i e s fo r Y o z ()
m ay b e es ta bl i h s ed by u s i ng D Al e m b er t
’ ’
s r at i o -
t es t fo r t h e s er i es i n w ic h h 1 ) is

re pl ace d by m . The c o n v e r g e nce is al s o a n i m m e d ia te c o ns e q u e n ce of a g e ne ral t h e or e m

c o n c e r n i ng an al yt i c f u nc t i o ns . S ee M od er n An a lys i s, 3
°

53 .

Th e fo ll owi ng fo rm s of th e ex p a ns i o n ar e t o b e n o i ce t d

(i n! )
2

<2) Y o <z > -

2 0
n ) J < >
z
(m ,
W “) m

<3 ) —2
E nm l
( )

Th e r ea de r wi ll o b s e rve th at
g m (2 ) l
( go 2 7 ) J (2
) O

is l t i on o f B e s s e l s e qu t i onfo fu nc t i o ns
a so u
’
a r of or de r z er o . The ex p a ns o n i
th i s f nc ti o n s
u i

m
e r r ea 1 1
r
z
(l o g Z )
71 5 0 ( )
m ! ( )
i n I 2
I 2
+

h
T i s fu nct i o n was ad o pt e d as th e c an o n i cal f u nc t i o n of th e s e co n d ki nd o f o r d e r z e ro by
N eu m ann, Th eo r i e cl er B ess el sch en
’
F u ncti onen (Lei p zig ,
pp . 42 —4 4 s ee

Bu t t h e s e r ie s was O bt a i ne d as a s ol u ti o n o f B e s s el
’
s e q u at i o n, l o ng bf e o r e, by E ul er T .

Eul er
’
s r es u l t in h is o w n n o t at i o n is t h at th e g e ne ral s ol u ti o n o f th e e q u at i o n

2=
x af aay + 8 8
x x y + yx y8x
n
0

1 00 1 49 4
x
4 77
+ 8“
.

1 . 8 . 27 . 6 4 n9

etc . la

4
+ x e tc .
,
1 4 . 9 . 16 n8

M od er n Ana l ys i s , Ch . x1 1 . I t i s t o be r e m em b e r ed t h at , w h en m is a p o s i ti v e i n teg er , t h en

1 1 1
Wl l z —n ‘ ‘

l 2 m
w h er e 7 d en o t e s E u l e r
’
s c on s tan t , 05 7 7 2 1 5 7
1 "
I ns t C a l e
. . I nt . 11 .
(P e te r s b u rg , 97 7 , pp . 23 3 —2 3 5 . S ee al so Ac ta Aca d . P e tr op . v .

(1 7 8 1 ) [ p bl i h
u s ed p ar s I . M at h e m a ti ca , pp .
-
1 86
 B ESSEL FUNCTIONS 61

w h er e A a n d a ar e ar bit y r ar c o n s ta n t s . H e g av e th e fo l l o w i n g l a w t o d e te r m i n e s u cc es s i v e

n u m e r a to r s
'

i n th e fi r s t l i ne :

e= .
-
l . o,

1 00 —1 6 22, 5 48 — 25 1 00 e tc .

1 1 am
2 ’
ni !

t hi s l aw i s e v id e n tl y p ex re s s ed by th e fo r m u l a
—m (Tm _
1
.

Th e exp a ns i on o
f ()
z in a n a s cend i n
g s er i es a nd th e d e fi ni ti o n o
f
()
z .

We S h all no w O bt a n i H an k l
e
’
s
*
ex p i
a ns o n of t h e m or e ge ne l f ra u nc ti on

whe re n is an
y p i t i os ve i n t e ge r .
[ Cf e q t i on (4 )
ua of g3 5 ]
I t is cle ar th a t
m
(é z )
v +2
CJ V (g )
av

—
Ed m { g 1_
l o (2 2 )
_
y (n m
”

r
wh en v n, w he re n is a p o s i ti v e in t g
e er . T h at i s to sa
y

V3 7 1;

Th e eva lu t i on o f [ 8J
a _ V is a li t t le mo r e t ed io s b c us u e a e of th e pl
o e

of
J(
« r v n + 1) t i . a I} :
n in th e te rm s fo r w hich m = 0 1 2 , , , n 1 . ) Ve
b r ea k th e serie s fo r J n
, ()
z i nt o t w o p ar t s , th us

m
-

) (i Z )

a nd in th e f
or m e r p twar e re pl ace

F (v ) s i n (v m)
'

“
772 77

71

N o w wh e n 0 S m
’

/ n,
,

e) I
.
‘
(v 7n ) S in (v

—fl m
[ (I Z y
v
(v m )
r
u i ) s i n (v — ui ) 7 1 —
—
c Os ( — l og (9 2 ) sin (
— }
ou ) n ]
{ ( r i ) 71
1
l
1 ‘ ‘
1) =n
71
°

7r i u l v 5 i

F (n cos (n m) n

M a t h A nn . . 1. p . 47 1 .
 62 THEO R Y OF B E SSEL FUNCTIONS [ C H AR I I I

H e n ce

1
1

( 72; fi t ) (% Z )
— u+ 2 m

:
1
l
l
n m
—>m e z r nr m

m
' I
th t a is to sa
y
(n —mi _u + 2 m
co

2 (5 )
7 M
2
uz u m =o

—
1—
{l og (2 ) z 4
1
( m
w h en w e re pl a ce m by n m in t h e s e con d s er i e s .

On co m b i ni n g (1 ) a nd 2 ) we ha ve H an k l f
e
’
s or m u l a, na m e ly
(n 777 1) —
(Z )
n+ 2 m
.

(3 ) Y
'

n
m z o on !

x 1)
—n —l
if
n i I w
Z {w ca
r
sa
” m ,
u + 2m
) 1 1 1 1 1
00
Z

I n th e fi st te
r rm (m 0) of th e l s t s u m m t i on
a a , th e ex p r e ss o n i in

1
1+ 1
1 2 n

It i s fr e q u en tly co n v e ni e n t (fo ll o wi n g Lo m m e l *
) to w ri te
OJ z l
)
,

< >
4 st < > z J . (z ) l o g z,
a
so th t a
00

V
(5 ) m ! P (v + ni + 1)

w h en v is a ne gat i ve in t ge
e r, is d fi ne d by t h e l i m i t
e of th e ex p i
r es s on

on th e r i ght .

We thu s h av e
(6) Y ,, () z 2Jn (27) l og z (z ) 3L ,

2
el
The com pl e te s ol u ti o n o f x _
d mz
y+ a
y
= 0 w as i v e n i n t h e fo r m
g o f a s er i e s (p a rt of h h
w ic

co nt ai n e d a h
l og ari t m i c fac to r ) by E u l er, I ns t . Ca l e . I nt . II .
(P e te rs b u rg , 93 5 ,
93 6 ; s ol u t i o n s o f thi q s e u at i o n ar e

a
t é J l (2 a 5 mé ) ,
i
Y l (2 a 2 x 2) .

d 2y
E u l er al s o g av e
(i bid . 93 7 , 93 8 ) th e com pl e te s o l u t i on o f x 2
3
7

W + ay= 0 ; s o l ut i o n s o f

h
t is e q u ati o n ar e

$2 J 2 5Y 2 a2 xi )
a
t (4 .

S tu d i en u be r d i e B ess e l
’
s c h en F u ncti onen (L ei p zig , p . 77 .
 B E SS EL FUNCTIONS 63

Th e d e fi ni ti on o f Y , (z ) .

Hi th e t r o th e fu nc t i on d k i n d h s b e en d e fi ne d on ly w h e n i t
of th e s e co n a s

or de r 1s an 1nte
g er . T h e d e fi ni t i o n w h i h w as d o p t e d by H nk e l " f n c a a
e
or u

r es tr cte i d l
v a u es of v (i nt e g l a l e s f 2 e ce p t e d ) i s
ra v u o 1) x

J () o , z c s v7 r
(1 ) sin 2 12 7
T is d e fi n i t i on fai l s b o th w h e n v i s n in t e ge nd w h e n u i h lf f n
h a r a s a o a

O d d i n t e g e b e ca u s e o f t h r, ni s h i n g o f s i n 2 m T h e f il e i m p l ete i n e va 1 : a ur s co

t h e l tt e cas e ; but i n t h e fo m er cas e t h e f n c t i n i s d e fi ne d by t h e l i m i t

a r ,
r , u o

o f th e e p s si nx n t h e i ght
re n d i t i s e as y t o e c n ci l e th i d e fi ni t i n w i th
o o r a r o s o

t h e d e fi ni t i o n O f § 3 5 .

To p o th i s s t a t e m e n t o b s e e th a t
r ve ,
rv

lim Y
v n J ( ) os m J () 2 c r _, z
(z )
,
lim
v
—n
>
V
v
—> n V7 T S l n D7 T

l im
(2 ) COS
V ll

Y (z ) lim
—n
”
u >

Y n (Z ) ;

a nd s o we h av e p rov e d th t a

(2 ) lim Y , () z Y ” ()
z .

Ué -
n
fl
”
It is d e nt th at Y
no w e v i d e fi ne d e i th e by (1 ) o by t h e l i m i t i ng ,
r r

o f th t q ti on i s s o lu ti n f B ess e l s e qu t i on for fu n c t i ns o f o d e b th ’
a e ua ,
a o o a o r r v o

w h e n (i ) v h s a ny l e fo w h i c h 2 i s no t an i n t e g e a nd w h e n (ii ) i s n
a va u r 1) r, if a

i nte g t h e l tt e
er : es ult fo ll w s f o m e qu t i o n (2 ) co m b i n e d w i th
a r r 3 5 o r a

T h e f n c t i on Y u i n th i s w y i c ll e d B e s s e l f nct i o n of th e
, a ,
s a a u

s econd k i nd ( f H a n k e l s ty p ) o f o d e d e fi ni t i on fai l s n ly w h n ’
o ; nd t h e r r v a e o e

v i s n i nt e g a er .

—
N E Th
OT d
. h ld b f l t
e r ea b th t p i t f th h g f f m t h
er s ou e c ar e u o o s er v e a ,
in s e o e c an e o or ,
e

f ti Y ( ) q f ti f i
u nc on , z ti
,
tua = pt wh
u nc i ; d ion o v, s co n n u ou s a v 7 l , e x ce en 2 s ze ro an ,
n

f t J ()
ac ,
d Y ( ) pp
, z h th i l im i t J ( ) d Y
an , z a if m l y w i t h
ro ac e r s n
z an , as v n, u n or

r es p e ct to 3 , e xc e pt i n t h e n e ig hb our h o od of z = 0, w h er e n is an
y i n te g er ,p o s i ti v e o r n e g a t i v e .

Th e Weber —
S ch l dfi i f u nct o n o i f th e s econ d ki nd .

The d e fi ni t i o n
f nc t i on o f th n d k i nd w h i h w of g i n by th e u e s e co c as ve

H ank e l 3 5 3 ) w s m o d i fi e d S l i ghtly by We b e l n d S c h l afi i i i n d t ' ‘

a r a or er o

avo i d th e i nc n e n i e nce s p o du e d by t h e f i l
o o f t h e d e fi ni t i n w h n t h
v r c a u re o e e

o der f t h f nc t i on i h lf o f n o d d i n t e g e
r o e u s a a r .

M a t h An n . . I . p . 47 2 .

T J o u r na l f ur M a th . L xx v I i p . 9 ; M a th . An n . VI . p . 1 48 . T h ese pp
a er s a re

d a te d S e t p . 1 87 2 and Oc t 1 8 7 2 . res p e c ti v e l y . In a pp a er w r i tte n a fe w m o n th s b e fo r e t h ese ,

pp 7 5 — 1 05 , Webe r N e u m ann
’

J o u r na l M a th d a te d M ay 1 8 7 2 , h ad u sed
fur . L xxv . .
s

f un c ti o n of th e se c o n d k i nd (s ee
I A nn . cl i M at .
(2 ) W I . p . 1 7 ; t is h pp a er i s d a te d O c t 4, 1 8 7 2 . .
64 THEO R Y OF B E SSEL F UN CT I O N S [ C H AR II I

Th e fu t h
nc i n w i c h w s d p t e d by W b o t h e n o n i c l fu n c t i n o f t hae a o e e r as ca a o
*
s e con d k d
in i s e p s s i bl e i n t e m s o f fu n c t i n s o fxt h e fi s t
rek i n d by t h e fo m l r o r r u a

J ( ) cos J ( ) ,
2 V7 r _, 2

Si n v 7 r

( or th e lim it of th i s h e n v i n i n te ge )
,
w s a r .

S c h l afii , h ow ev e in r, te d a f cto é ser a r '

zr ; an d he d e no t e d h is fu n c t i on by
th e s ym b ol If ,
so th t w i th h i d e fi ni t i n
a ,
s o ,

J ( ) os ,
2 c vn
' '
J_ , (z )
8 111 V 7 T

G af
‘7
S ub e qu e
s n t w i t e s h w e e h a e u s r lly o m i t
r t e d ,
th i f ac too 5 ve
g r, v ua s r ,
. . r

an d G ubl e i n th e i t ea t i s e T r n d a l s o N i e l se n s th
r a t th ers e w i t e s w k w i th ,
a ,
o r r or

We b e s f nc ti n r
’
u o .

T h e sy m b l K i s h we e sed l o g e ly i n th i s c o u n t y e s p e ci a lly by
,
o v r, u ar r ,

P hy i ci s t s t d e n t e
s co m p l e t ly d i ffe e n t ty p e o f B s e l f n ti n
,
o o a e r e s u c o

an d s o i t i s d i s bl to s d i ffe e nt n t t i o n T h p oce d e w h i c h s e e m s
a v a e u e a r o a . e r ur

to p d ce l e s t c n fu s i n i s t s e th e s ym bo l Y ( ) to d e note Webe s f ncti on

’

ro u a o o o u z r u ,
,

a fte th e m ann e o f N i e l s e n i and to ad p t th i s th e c n ni c l fu nc t io n f

r r ,
o s a a o a o

t h e s e on d k i n d s e i ns t n s w h e n th e f H nk e l s f n c t i n o f
’

c e in ,
av se r ar a ce u o a u o

i n t e g l o d e s es t h e i n s e t i n o f t h e n u m b r
ra r r av i n c t a i n fo m l e r o e 71 er r u a .

We thu s h e av

J () s J ( ) ,
2 co v vr _, 2
(1 ) Y (z ) s in v 7 r
v

S in v 7 r

[ N OT E S c h l afi i
’
s fu n c ti on h as b ee n u s ed by B OCh e r , An na l s f
o M a th VI

—6 1 ;
.

pp 85 —90
.

.
,
an d b y M c M ah o n , An n a l s f
o M a th . V I II . pp . 57 IX .
(1 89 5 )
pp 2 3 — 3 0 S ch af h e i t l i n a n d H e av i s i d e VVe b e r fu n c t io n w it h th e S ig n c h a ng e d , s o
’
. . u se s

t h t th
a f e u n c ti o n hi h w c we (w i t h N i e l s e n ) d e no t e by Y, ()
z i s w r i t te n as Y, (2 ) by
S c h af h e i tl i n § d (w h
an en v = n as
) G 7, (2 ) by H eav i s id e ” .

G ra y an d M th w a e s s o m e ti m es
‘
ll use Wb e er s
’
fu n c t i o n, an d t hy e d e no t e i t by th e

s ym b ol Yn .

We b e r s d efi n i ti o n w as b y an i n teg r al (s ee
’
w ic i s e u a l to t i s e x h h q h p r es s i o n ; th e

ex p r e s s i o n (w i t h
th e fac to r an i n s e r t e d ) w a s ac tu al l y g i v e n b y S c h l afi i .

l E i n l ei tu ng i n d i e T h eor i e d er B es s e l s c h en F unk ti o ne n, I (B e r n ,
‘' ’
3 4 et . p . s eq .

I N i el s en , as i n th e c as e o f o th e r fu nc ti o n s , w r i tes t h e n um b er i n d i ca ti n g th e or d er as an

i n d ex , t h us Y
"
(z ), H a n d bu c h d er T h e o r ze d er Cyl i n d erf u nl ti o ne n
’

(L e i p ig z ,
p . 11 . T h er e

ar e O b vi ou s o b j e c ti o n s to s u c h a n o t a ti o n , a n d we r e s er v e i t fo r th e ob l s o e te fu n c ti o n u sed by
N eu m ann
See , e .
g . J ou r na l f ur M a th . C X IV . pp . 3 1 —4 4 , and o t h pp
er a er s ; al s o D i e T h eo r i e d e r
B es s e l
’
s c h en F u n k t i on en (L e i p z ig ,

P r oc R oya l S oc . . LI V . p. 13 8, and E l e ct r om a g ne t i c T h e o r y, I I.
(L o n d o n , p . 255 ;
a c h an g e i n S i g n h a s b m a d e fr o m h i s E l ec tr i ca l P ap e rs ,
een 11 .
(L o n d o n ,
p . 44 5 .

i i A T r ea t i s e on B es s e l F u nc ti o ns (L o n d o n , 65 pp .
—66 .
3 5 5]
-
B E S S EL F UN CT I O N S 65

L o m m e l , i n h i s l a te r w o r k u s ed N e u m a nn
’
s fu n c t io n of th e s e c o nd ki nd (s e e but
—8 6
,

i n h i s S tu d i en i ther d i e B es s e l
’
sch en E u ncti one n (Le i p z ig ,
pp . 85 ,
he u s ed the
fu n c t i o n

a ” Y, () Z { t (7 1 + i ) + 10 8 2 } Jn (Z ) ,

w h e re Yu (z ) i s th e f u n ct i o n of We b e r . O ne d i s ad v antag e of h
t i s fu n c ti o n i s t h t th
a e

p r e s e nce o f th e t e r m q ( ; n -
i
-
é) ma k es th e r e cu r r e nce fo r m u l ae fo r t h e fu n ct i o n m u c hm o re

co m pl i cat e d ; see J u l i u s , Ar ch i ves N é er l a nd a i s es ,

.
XX V III . pp . 221 —2 2 5 ,
in th i s

co nne xi o n
]

H ei ne s d e
’
fi ni ti o n o
f th e f u nct o n o i f th e s econd k i nd .

d e fi n i t i n g i e n by H i ne f th e f n t i n
The o v e
’le
o u c o of th e d k i nd p
se co n se os s e s s

so me d n t ge s f m t h s p t f t h th y
a va a ro e a ec o e eor of Le g nd f n t io ns ; i t
e re u c

e n bl e t in ge ne l i s t i o ns f M e h l e f m ul n m e ly
’
a s ce r a ra a o r s or a a

l i m P 7, (c os d /n ) JO
n —a - oo

to b e ex p res se d in a co m p t f ac h i h H e i ne d e no t d by
orm . Th e f u nc t i on ,
w c e

th e y m b ol K
s i , s e p e s s i bl e i n t e m s o f t h
x r n n i ca l f nc t i n nd i t i s r e ca o u o s, a

e q a l to 17 ( ) nd t ( h e f n t i n c n s e qu e n tly d i ffe s nly

u
5 2 a
é Y ) ;ot
-
77 , n z u c o o r o

i n S i gn f o m t h e f n r u c t i n o i g i n lly s e d by S h l afi i
o r a u c .

Th e u s e of H e i ne ’
s fu nc t i o n s ee m s to h av e d i ed ou t o n t h e C o nt i ne n t m a n yy ea r s ag o ;
th e fu nc t i o n was o cca s i o n a l l y u s ed by G y ra and M at h ew s hi
in t e r tr e a t i s e t , an d t h yte er m

i t G7, h
I n t i s fo r m t h e fu nc ti h
on b as een e x t e ns i v e ly t b l a u a te d fi rs t by Al d is j
°

,
a nd

Ai r e y and s u b q se u e n tl yi n B r i ti s h Ass oci a ti o n R ep or ts , 1 9 1 3 ,

1 9 1 4 a nd 1 9 1 6 .

T is h r e v i v al o f th e u se o f H e i ne ’
s fu nc t io n s ee m s d i s t inc tl y u n for t u na te , b th
o o n a c c ou nt

of th e e xi s t i ng m u l ti l i c i t p y of fu nc t io n s of th e s e c o nd ki n d a nd al s o o n ac c o u n t o f t h e fac t

(w h i h w il l b
c e co m e m ore pp a a re n t in C h pt a e r s V I an d V I I ) t h at th e r el a t i o n s b twe een th e
fu n c t i o n s J , (z ) a nd Y, () p2 r e s e nt m an yp i t f o n s o r es e m bl a nce to t h e r e l a ti o n s b twe een th e

c o s i n e a nd s i n e ; so t h at th e ad o p ti on “f ( ) o z and G, (2 ) as ca no ni ca l f u nc t i o ns i s co m

p blar a e t o t h e u s e of c o s z and -

2
1 -

7r s i n 2 as c an o n i c a l f u n c t i o ns . It m us t al s o be p o i n te d

t th
ou at th e s ym b ol G, (2 ) h as b e en u s e d in s e ns e s ot h e r h
t an t h tj
a u s t ex pl a i ne d by at l ea s t
t wo wr i te r s , na m e l yH e a v i s id e ,
P r oc Roya l S oc . . LI V . p . 13 8 (as was s t a te d in
a nd D o u g a l l , P r oc
‘
. E d i n bu rg h M a th S oc VI I I . . X . p . 3 6 .

NOT E . An err o r i n S ig n 0 11 p . 2 45 of H e i ne ’
s tr e a t i s e h a s b ee n p o i n te d o u t
'

by M o r to n ,

N a t ur e, L X II I . p . 29 ; the e r r or is e q u i v al e n t to a c h a ng e i n th e s ig n o f
y i n fo r m u l a
(3 ) su
p ra . I t w as al s o s ta t e d by M or ton t h at t ish e r r or h ad a pp a r e nt l yb ee n c o pi ed

by v ar i o u s o t h er w r i t e rs , i nc l u d i ng (a s h d ba een p rev io u sl y no ti c e d b yG r a Ii ) J J T y . . h o m s o n,

R
g cent Resea r ch es i n E l ectr i c i ty a nd M ag neti s m (O xfo rd ,
p . 2 63 . A fu r t h er e r ro r

H buc h d e r K u g e lf u nc ti o ne n, I (B e r l i n ,
a nd . pp 1 8 5 —2 4 8
. .

1 A T r e a ti s e o n B ess e l F u nc t i o ns (L o n d o n , pp 91 1 4 7 42
.
, ,
2 .

1 P r o c R o ya l S o c v 1 pp 3 2 —43
—663
. . . . .

P h i l M a g (6) x x n
. . . pp . 65 8 .

HF r o m th e hi t s o r i c al p o i n t o f v ie w th e re is som et hi ng to b e s a id fo r u s i ng H a nk el s
’
fu nc ti o n ,
and al s o fo r u s i ng Neu m an n
’
s fu n c ti o n ; b u t H e i ne s
’
f u n c ti o n , b e i ng m o re m o d e r n t h a n ei t h er,

h as no t e v en h
t i s i n i ts fav o u r .

11 N a tur e , m m . p . 3 59 .

W . B . F .
66 T H E OR Y OF B E SSEL F U N CT I O N S [ C H AR III

n o t i ce d by M or to n in T h o m son s
’
wo r k s e em s to b e d ue to a m os t c o nfu s i ng no ta ti o n em pl y d
o e

by H e ine ; fo r o n p
2 4 5 o f h i s t r eati s e H e i n e
.
u s es th e s ym b ol K 0 t o d e no t e t h e func t i o n
call e d i n Y0 i n t i s w o r , w il e o n h 2 4 8 th e k h p . s a m e s ym b ol K 0 d e no t es l
a ar
g
-
(Y0 i J O) .

R ecu r r ence f or m u l a e f or Y (z ),
a nd Y , () z .

The r e c u r r e nce fo rm u a l ew h i c h ar e s a t i s fi e d by Y (z ) e o f t h e s m e fo ,
ar a rm

as th os e w h i h c ar e s a t i s fi e d by J , th e y e co ns e qu e n tly s fo ll ow s
ar a

i
f

(1 ) ()
z () z Y . () z ,

(Z )
’

(2 ) 2 Y, ,

(3 ) z Y ,
’

() z v Y , () z z

Y +1 ()
’

()
4 Z Y , () z v Y , () z z ,
z ,

an d in th e s e f or m u a e l th e fu nct i on Y m ay b e re pl a ce d th o ugh o ut by
r th e

fu nc ti on Y .

To p rov e th e m we t ke
a (3 ) an d (4 ) i n th e fo rm s

5 ,
Ir J . < z >1 JH (z ) .
j ,
{ Z < z >1 (z )

i f we m u ti l p ly th es by e co t W I a nd co s e c y r
“

,
an d th en s ubt rac t, we h ave

d
dz l Z
V
Y v (Z ) l Z "
Yu

w h e nce (3 ) fo ll o ws at o n c e . E q tion
ua (4 ) i s de r vei d in a s i m i ar l m a nne r f om
r

th e f m l e
or u a

d _
_v
—z _v d
iz
" "
i J_
“ ‘

z ,
z
de dz

By a dd i t i on an d su bt
b t i n (2 ) an d ra c ti on of (3 ) an d (4 ) w e o a

Th f m l e e e S f
or p o e d n t h e hy p th es i s th t v i s no t n in t e g e ;
u a ar ,
O ar , r v o o a a r

but s i nce Y ( ) nd i ts d e i at i es e on ti n u s f nc t i o ns f th e s l t o f
,
z a r v v ar c uo u o v, e r u

p e e d i ng t th l i m i t w h e n v t e nd t n i n t e g l l n i s S i m p ly to
r oc o e s o a ra va ue ,

repl e acby n if .

Ag i n t h e ffe c t f m lti p ly i ng t h e fo
a ,
e e qu ti o n s by o
m
m sec w h ich
u ur a 7 v7 r ,

i e q l to n e e p l ce t h e f n c t i n s Y by t h e f n c t i o ns
i ”
s ua I s c ( i 1) i t V U
e v s o r a u o u

Y t h o ugh o ut
r .

I n th e c as e of fu ncti o ns of i nte g ra l o r d er , t h es e fo r m u l ae w er e g i v e n Lo m m el , by
S tu d i en u ber d i e B essel
’
sch e n F u n cti on en (Le i p z ig ,
87 p T h e r e ad e r w il l fi nd i t
. .

i ns tr u ct i v e t o e s ta bl i h t h
s em fo r su c hf u n c t i o ns d i re c tl yf ro m th e s e r i es o f

’
N e u m ann s i nv e s ti g a ti o n c o n ne c t e d w it h th e fo r m u l a (4 ) w i l l b e d i s c u s s e d i n
 THEO R Y or B ESSEL F U N C T I O N S [ C H AP . III

P oi s son s typ e f or
’
Y”)
Th e i nteg r al o
f
I t was s h e wn by P oi s s on *
th t a

e
i x co s w
l og ( a: s n i 2
to
) d o)

s ol t i n of B e s el eq fu ncti de gu m e n t
is a u o s
’
s u at on i fo r o n s o f or r z e r o an d ar or

a n d ub se qu e n tly S t k e
s bt o s o a ne i d an e x p r e ss o n o i f th e in teg l ra in t h e fo m r of

a n s ce n d i n g
a e i e s (s e s r e

T h e ss i t e d i n t e g l
a oc a ra

OS (2 s n i 9) l o g (4 2 co s
2
9) d 9

w s i d e n t i fi e d by N e m nn l w i t h t h e f nc t i n u o (z ) ; an d th e an a lys i s by
' '

a u a

w h i h h o b t i ne d t h i s e s lt i o f s ffi c i n t i n t e
c e a r u s u e re s t to be gi v en h e e wi th
r ,

s m e s l i ght m d i fi
o t i o ns i n m a t t e s o f d e t a i l
o ca r .

F m ro (9) w e h av e

J ? ” (Z ) 2
co s (
2 co s 6) co s 2 n9 d 9 ,
"
72 7 17 2 0

an d s o, if we u m e th
a ss at th e or de r of su m m a i on t an d i n t e gr a t i o n ca n be
c h nge d
a ,
we d e du ce th t a

J 2 n (z ) 4‘
cos ( 2 co s 6) 2
n n =1

OS ( 2 c os 6) l o g (4 s in
2
9) d 9 ,

f o m th i s
r res ult co m b i n e d w i th P s e ar v al s
’

i n t e gr a l an d th e d e fi n i t i on of

Y“ ) we a t o nce o b t i n t h e fo m l
a r u a

(1 ) c os (2 c os 8) l og 0) d 9 ,

f o m wh ich N e
r u m a nn s r e s
’
ult is o b i
v ou s .

Th e c h ang e of th e o r d er of sum m ati o n and i nte g r a t i o n h as no w t o be e xa m i n e d ,

b e cau s e 2 72
— 1
c o s 2 nd is n o n u ni fo r m l
-
y c o n v e r g e n t n e ar To o v e r co m e h
t i s d i ffi c u l t y
we o b s erv e t h at , s i nce 2 J g n (5 ) /n i s c o n v e r g e nt , i t fo l l o w s fr o m A be l
’
s th e o r e m i t h at

2
a
li m
—0 n=1
Ja w/ 71 :

a
l im
-
0

J ou rna l d c l l vfco l e R
’
. P o l ytec h ni q u e, x1 1 .
(ca hi er p . 47 6 . Th e s o l u ti o n of an

a s s oc i a te d p ar ti a l d i ff e r e n ti al e q u a ti o n h ad b een g i v en ea r li e r (i bi d . p . S ee al s o D uh am el ,
C ou r s d Ana Iys e ,
’
II .
(P ar i s , pp . 1 2 2 —1 2 4 , an d p
S i t z er , Z ei ts c l m f t fi tr M a th a nd P h ys . 11

—1 7 0
. .

pp 1 65
pp 4 5—4 9
. .

T h eor i e d er B ess e l ’s c h e n F unc t i o n e n (L e i p z ig S ee al s o N i e m ol l e r , Z e i t

—7 1
. .
,

sc h r if t f ti r M a th . a nd P h ys . x xv . pp . 65 .

3; C f B r o m wi c
. h , T h eor y o f I nfi ni te S e r i es , 51 .
 3 5 7 1, 3 5 7 2]
- -
B ESSEL F U N C T I O N S 69

N o w, s i nc e a i s l es s t h an 1, 2 (a
n
cos 2 n6) /n d o e s c o n v e rg e u ni fo r m l y th ro u
g
h out th e
r ang e o f i nteg r a ti o n (by c o m p ar i s o n w it h a nd s o t h e i n te r c h an
g e is p e r m i s s i bl e
; t
h at

i s to s ay

2 ao

2 co s (2 cos 6) cos (2 c os 6) 2
7T n = 1 n= 1

17

c os ( 2 co s 6) l o g (1 2a co s 2 6 + a 2) d 6 .

H e n ce we h av e

M J
l 2
00 n

2
n= 1 n —— a
l l nl
> l O 77 0
co s (
2 cos 6) l o g (1 2a co s 2 6 + a2) d 6 .

We no w p r o cee d to s h w th t
e a *

l
3
.4

co s ( 2 co s 6) {l o g (1 2a cos 26 a
?
) l og (4 a s in
2
d6 0 .

it is e v id e n t t h at 1 -
2a c os 26 a
2
4a s in
2
6 = (1 a ) 2
2
O,

a nd s o l og (1 2a cos 2 6 + a 2 ) 2 l og (4 a s in
2

pp b Iw h e n h
“
if A b e th e o u nd 1 f (2
H e nc e , u er o co s co s 6) 0 g 6g % 7r, we av e

2 2
c os ( 2 co s 6) { l og (1 2a c os 26 a
) l og (4 a s in d6

g A
2 2
{l o g (1 2a COS 26+ a
) l og (4 a $111 d6

00

;
a
2 2 2 l og (2 sin 6)

5
-

11 4 l og
4

t e r m by ter m i n teg
- -
ra t i o n b e i ng p er m is s i l e b s i nc e a < 1 . H e n ce , w h en a < 1

c os ( 2 c os 6) {l og (1 2a co s 26 a
?
) l og (4 a s in
2
d6 S l og (l —
/) O a >
,

as a -
1 O an d h
t is i s th e res u l t to b e p ro v e d .

C o ns e q u e n tl y
g
n
2
c os (2 co s 6) l og (4 a s in 6) 616
n= 1

2
c os ( 2 co s 6) l og (4 Q
s in 6) d 6,

a nd t h e i nte r c h ang e i s fi nal l yj u s ti fi e d .

Th e r e ad e r w i l l fi n d i t i nte re s ti n g t o d e d u c e t i s h r es u l t from P o i s s o n s i n te g
’
ra l fo r J y (2 )
com bi ne d wi t h
S tok es ’
ser i es
f or th e P oi s s on -
N eu m a nn i n teg ra l .

d z‘? 1 d
T h e d i ffere nt i al e q u at i o n c o n s i d e r e d by S t k o es }; i n 1 8 5 0 w as
de é 2
l
dz
7 71
2
y
= 0, w h e re

m is a co ns ta nt . h
T i s i s Be s s e l ’
s e q u at i o n fo r fu n c ti o ns o f o r d e r z e r o a n d a rg u m e n t
,
{ in

S to
“

k e s s tat e d (p res u m a bl y w it h r e fe r e n ce to P o i s s o n ) t h at i t wa s k no w n t h at th e g e ne r a l

s ol u ti o n w as

D l og ( 2 sin
2
co s h( nzz c o s 6) d 6 .

Th e v al u e o f h
t is l i m i t was ass u md e by N e u m a nn .

l If e is re al A = 1 ; if n ot , As
‘‘

,
ex p

1 T r a ns . Ca m b P h i l . . S oc . Ix . p .
[M at h e ma ti c a l a nd P h ys i c a l P ap e rs , I II .

p .
 70 THEO R Y OF B E S S EL F UN C T I O N S [ C H AR I I I

It i s e as y to s e e t h a t, wit hN eu m a n n
-
s n o ta t i on , t h e
’
v al u e O f th e e xp r e s s i o n on th e r ig ht
{0 D l og (4 i m ) } J O (i mZ ) g a l) W0) (i nzz) .

Th e ex p r es s i o n w as ex p an d e d i nto a s er i es by S t k o es ; it is e q u al to

zn
{ m (0 + D l o g 2 ) J O (i ni z) 20 2 co s 6 l og s in 6d6
n =0

and , by i nte g r ati ng by p ar t s , S to k es O bt ai n e d a r e cu rr e nc e for m u l a fr o m w i c h h it m ay be

d e d u ce d t h at

t 1
c os
?“
6 l og Sin 6d 6 71
'
l o g 2 4mi n + —
5 72

N enni a nn s d e
’
fini ti on o f YW ( Z) .

T h e B e sse l f n t i on o f t h e s e ond k i nd o f i n te g l o
u c c , ra
'

r d er n, w as d e fi ne d by
Ne u m a nn
*
i n t e m s f Y ”) (Z ) by i nd t i on f m t h e f
r o uc ro or m ul a

(Z ) W
(Z )
Y ”
(1 ) n Z )
,

h h is
w ic e n e fo a r e cu rr c rm u a l of th e s am e ty p e as It is ev i d en t
f m th i s q t i on th t
ro e ua a

W” (Z ) Z) "

N w Y(
(Z ) ti sfi e th e qu t i on
0)
o sa s e a

(Z ) 2 Y“(Z ) W (Z )
“ O

an d , i f we a pp ly t h e o
p e ra to r f
' ‘
to th i s e q u ati on n t i m es ,
use Le i bni z
’

th e o rem , we g et

i
n+2

Z dZ
INO)
(Z ) (2 n 2 Z
() 0

i fl /W”(Z ) } i )
) (Z )
fZ
( n
2 2) (Z ) }
‘

O
Z dZ z dz/
T is h e qu t i on i s
a a t o n ce r e d u ci bl e to

(4 ) V Z
() O ,

a nd s o Y (Z ) is lut i o n o f B s se l s e qu a ti on fu nc t i de
’
a so e fo r on s o f o r r n .

Agai n , (3 ) ma y e w i t t e n i n t h e fo m
b r r

Zi —n—
Y (n+ )
(2 n 2)
——Y UM 1 )
(Z )
— You (Z )
l i n l n
Z 0)
-

Z Z
d g;

T h eor i e d er B es se l ’s ch en F u nc t i o ne n L e i
( p z ig ,
p . 51 . T h e fu n c ti o n i s u n d e fi ne d h
w en
i ts o r d er is n ot an i nteg er .

1 Th e an al ys i s is si m pl i fi ed by t ak i ng % Z
2
so th at

d d
”
Z dZ dg
 3 5 8 1]
-
B ESSEL F U N CT I ONS 71

so th at
Y<n+1)
() Z You (Z )

w h en ce we o bt i
a n an o th e r r e c u r r e nce f or m ul a

d
(27 )
(Z ) ‘
(Z )
”
Z
'

”Y Z Y 1
<2)
z

'

Wh e n we co m b in e (1 ) wi h t (5 ) we a t o nc e d ed u ce th e ot he r r e c u rr e n ce

orm u l ae

nn—
I 1)
(Z ) Y ul H )
() (Z )
-

Z ,

Y m— Y m— (Z Y“ (Z ) )
(Z ) (Z )
l) H )
2
dZ
_

q ly es th e f l J Z)
i

C o n se u e nt f? ”
() Z s atisfi sam e r e c u r r e n ce orm u a e as ” ()z , Yn (.

a nd It fo ll ow s f omr
(2 ) th t a

(8) W ”(Z ) t i r yn ( Z) (l o g 2 v) J n (Z )
tY (Z ) n (l og 2

A s o l u ti o n o f th e e q u at i o n V . (y) 0 i n t h e for m o f a d efi ni te i n teg r al , w i c 1 e d u ce s to

2 h h ’

th e i n te g r al of
g
'

3 571 w h en n = 0 , h as b
ee n c o ns t r u c te d S i t z er , Z ei ts ch r i ft fa ? i l l a th by p .

a nd P h ys . III . pp . 2 44 2 4 6 ; cf .
8 3 5 83
5 .

f (Z )
’
3 5 81 . Ne nni a nn s exp a ns i on o .

Th e ge ne l i s t i o n o f th e fo
ra a rm u a l (1 ) h as b e e n gi enbyN e m nn v u a
fie

it is

n m
(n Wt ) l
"

m z
o . ni Z

1 1 1 1
W he re Sn
i

To e s ta bl i s h th i s res ul t ,
we fi s t d e fi ne
r th e f u nc t i ons Ln ( Z) a nd Un (Z ) by
t h e eq u a ti o n s
—l —m —
Q ! Jn (2 )
n n I
n
(2 )

th t (Z ) L (Z ) Z
7 10)
SO a 1 , UO ( ) .

We S h all p r ov e th a t Ln (Z ) an d Un ( ) Z sati s fy th e r e c u r r e nc e f o r m u ae l
(4 ) Ln , 1 (Z ) Ln
’

(Z ) ( /)n Z Ln Z
() ,
Z
() () z (n/Z ) U" (Z ) , ,

a nd th e n (1 ) wi ll b e ev i d e n t by in d ct i u on f omr

p p L o m m e l , S t u d i en fi ber
pp 3 4—3
52 S ee al s o
(L e i z ig
’
T h eo r i e (l er B es s e l s c h en F u nc ti o nen ,
. .

d i e B e s s el
’
s c h en a c t i o ne n (L e i p z ig pp . 82 —84 O tti , B er n M i tth ei l nn g e n, 1 8 98 , . 0 ;
—3
,

an d H ae n tz s ch e l , Z e i ts c h r if t f ii r M a th . a nd P h ys . x xx1 . pp . 25 3 .
72 T H E O R Y O F B E S S EL F U N CT I O N S [ C H AR I I I

It is ev i d e n t th at
J ().
z
-
1 “
1
n' d
l og 2
" "+ 1
5
dZ 01 m) dz
’

Z Z "1 0

J ” (Z ) n —l 2 n —m — 1
n I Jm
J n+ 1 ()
2 l og 2 2 (n

(n + 1 ) J n (Z )
W I
T H "
7” m

m =0 n m 1 Z "

Ln+ 1 Z
()
n
z

th e fi tprs ar t o f (4 ) i s p rove d . To p rov e th e s e co n d pa t r ,

we ha ve

m
-

) (n 2 m ) d [M m Z ( ))
7
( 3 m =1 m (n + m ) dZ z
"

()
Z 1 —) m
(Z )
n+ 1
”
2 (nu , ”M m —1 (Tl u+ 2 m+ i
m (n m)
71
2 2 m : 1

m
2 ( J +
Z
n
Z
n
m 1 7 7l n + m + 1

Un + 1 (2 )
”
Z

a nd th e s e c on dp t ar of (4 ) i s p rov e d . It fo ll o ws f om
r (2 ) th at
y mfl )
(Z ) L7 l + l (Z ) Um 1 ()
z d Y m) (Z ) Ln (3 ) Un
n
Z

a nd s i n c e th e ex p re s s on i on th e ght
ri v an s i h es w h en n = O, i t i s e vi d en t by
i nd u c t i o n th t a it v an s i h es for al l i n t g al e r l
v a u es o f n
. H e nc e

Yon ( ) Z Ln (Z ) U7 , ( Z) ,

a nd th e t thru of e qu t i on (1 )
a is th f
e re ore e s a t bl is h e d .

3 5 82 . Th e p ower s er i es
f or U,, ( Z) .

The f nct i n U (Z ) w h i h w s d e fi n d i n
u o 7, ,
c a e
(3 ) a s a s e r es i of B es s e l
coe ffi i en ts h s b e e n p s d by S h l afi i
c , a
*
ex re s e c as a p o wer s erie s wi th si m pl e

co e ffi i e n t
c n m ly s, a e
m n+ 2m
) (g Z )
1

()
1 2 Sn H n - 0

m _0

To t bl i h th i s e l t Ob s e e t h t i t i s t e w h e n n 0 by
es a s r su , (3 ) nd rv a ru a

nd th t by s t a i gh tfo w
a d d i ffe e nt i t i on th e e p e ss i o n o n th e
a ,
r r ar r a ,
x r

ri ght sat i s fi es t h e s m u e n c e f m l s t h at o f
a e rec fo U ( ) ; rr or u a a r n Z

e qu t i n (1 ) i s th e n e i d e n t by i nd c t i n
a o v u o .

N E I t wil l b f d i t ti g t t b l i h t h i
OT . e ou n l t by l ti g th
n er e s ffi i t n o es a s s r es u ev a u a n e co e c en

of i n th e ex p a ns i o n o n th e rig ht of , S3 5 81

M a th Ann . . I II .
pp . 1 4 6— 1 4 7 .
 —3 6]-
B ES SEL F UN CT I O N S
The r ea de r wi ll no w easi ly p r ov e th e fo ll ow in gf or m u a e l
(2 ) 3 0) 72 2 l og 2 } J n Z
() Un (Z > >

(3 ) Y m) (Z ) L, () Z
fi () n Z
{ g
l o 2 v
y Jn} (Z ) ,

(4 ) d w yn Z
() Ln (3 )

3 Th e i nteg ra l o
f P o is s on s typ e f or Y 1" (Z )
’
.

T h e P o i s s o n N e u m ann fo r m u l a of 3 5 7 1 fo r Y (0 ) () Z was g e ne r a li s e d b y Lo m m e l
S tu d i en n ber d i e B ess el
’
sch e n a cti o nen (Le i p zig ,
p . 86, w i t h a no t a t i o n r a t h e1

d i ffer e nt fr o m Ne u m a nn s ; t o
’
o b t a i n Lo m m e l
’
s r es u l t i n N e u m ann
’
s no ta t i o n , w e fi rs t
b
O s e r v e t at, h by
d iffe re n t i at i o n of P oi s s on
’
s i n te g ra l fo r J , Z( ) ,
we h av e

al Z
()
(Z
l
J, () s in 6) ?”
6 {l o g (5
2
6)
a
z
+ 6) Mt)
c os cos co s xx i ( vi i
-

Q} d6 ,

a nd s o , fr o m 3 582

‘ ‘
1 (” i t) 1 (t)
-

a nd h e nc e , s i nce (5) 1 (1 )
1, 2 l og 2 y 2 l og 2 , we h av e th e fo r m u l a

(Z ) (Z
2“
(1 ) Y c os s i n 6) cos 6 l og (4 c os
2
6) d 6

—
n ( N tf ) Z 11/ Jn (Z) Ln (Z) ,

i n w ic h h it i s to be r em em b e re d that L, (Z ) is ex p r es s i bl e as a fi ni t e co m bi na t i o n o f B es s e l
c oeffi c i en t s an d p o w er s o f Z .

3 s '
. Fi i ncti ons of th e th i r d k i nd .

In u s d e e l p m e n t s f th e th e o y f B s s e l f ncti on e p e c i lly
nu m e ro v o o r o e u s, s a

th s e w h i c h e b e d n H nk e l s e s e c h s (Ch p t e s V I nd V I I ) n i n t g l
o ar as o a
’
r ar e a r a o e ra

re p es e n t t i ons n d sy m p t ot i p ans i ons f J (Z ) nd Y (Z ) tw om b i n

r a a a c ex o , a , ,
o c a

t i ons o f B es s e l fu n c ti ons n m e ly J ( ) i i Y (Z ) e f f e qu e n t cc nce ,

a , z , ,
ar o r o u rr e .

Th e m b i na t i n
co l o p e s e nt th e m s e l e s in t h th e o y f B e s e l f n c t i n
o s a s r v e r o
“
s u o s

Of p u e l y i m gi n
r y g m e n t (g a ar ar u

I t h s on se q e n tly s e e m e d d e i bl t N i e l s e n to e g d t h e p i
a c u f s ra e o
?
r ar a r o

fu n t i ons J (Z ) i i Y (Z ) s s t nd d s o l t i n of B e s e l s e qu ti n nd h
c , , a a ar u o s
’

s
’
a o ,
a e

d e sc i b e s th e m a f ncti ons of th e th i d k i nd ; and i n h n

r s u f H nk e l r ,
o our o a ,

N i e l s e n d no t es th e m by th e s y m b l H
e T h e t w o f n c t i n s f t h e th i d k i nd o . u o o r

e d e fi n e d by t h e e q u t i n s i
‘
ar a o

” W (z ) 5
2>
(1 ) H 5 (z ) J , ()
Z , ,
H () z = J , () z (z ) .

Fr o m th e s e d e fini t i ons ,
co m b in e d wi th 3 54 we ha ve

(Z ) (Z )
57
2

£
1)
11 2 )
(2 ) H (Z
i 8 111

Wh e n v is an i nt e g e r t h e
h nd S i d e ,
r i ght -
a s ar e to b e re pl a ce d by th e ir lim it s .

S i nce J (Z ) n d Y ( ) s ati s fy t h e s m e r e cu 1 r e n ce f o rm u ae l 3 5 6)
'

, a , Z a

i n w h i h t h e fu nc t i on
c ente l i ne ly n d in s r ar ,
a s ce th e f u n c t i o ns o f t h e t h ii d k i nd
Of v er s i g t o v er d et K . D a ns k e l i d ens h a ber nes S e l s h a bs F o r h a nd l i ng cr , 1 9 02 , p . 125 . H a nd

bnch d e r T h eo r i e d e r Cyl i nd c i f n nh t i o ne n (L ei p z ig , p . 16 .

1 N i e l s e n u s e s th e s m o l s
°
y b
 U N CT I O N S [fc
’

74 T H E OR Y O F B E S S E L F H A R III

ar e l i ne fu nc t ions (wi t h
ar t t coe ffi ci e n t s ) o f J (Z ) n d Y (Z ) i t f ll w s th a t
c on s an ,
a , ,
o o

t h e se s m e e a e nce fo r cu r r r m ul ae a e s t i s fi d by fu n t i on s f t h e th i d k i nd
r a e c o r .

2 ” 2 2 2 (2
<3 ) H ()
z
5 5 11 (a 5 41 , (z) ,

d Z
()

61 1 () Z
(Z )
?)
Z 9
2
(Z) (Z ) II
i )
1
2 11
”H (
-

1)
,
y 1 1

“)
dB (Z ) CIH (Z )
3
03 (2
2 12
z
};
a
(z ) 41
7 1
z
V 1

E
2’
?
)
an (z ) dH , (z)
dZ dZ

5?
1) )
s( ) =0 E (2 ) 0,
’

VV H /
2 ,
VV

5
7 2
{ zv H m H () z , { ZV 11 _m
M ), ,

(1 0 ) z v + 7n

N OT E . Ra l e ig y h o n s e v e r al o c c a s i o n s , e .
g . P h i l JI/ ag . .
(5 ) X LII I . p . 2 66 (6) XI V .

pp . 3 5 0—3 5 9 [ S ci e ntifi c P ap er s , I V .

p 2 90 ;
. V . pp 4 1 0 . h as u s ed th e
)
s ym b ol D, (Z ) t o d e n ote th e f u nc t io n w ic h h Ni cl s e n c al l s é vr iH
S
f )(Z ‘
.

R el a ti ons conn ecti ng th e th r ee k i n d s o

f B ess el f u n cti ons .

It is e as fo ll o w i ng s e t o f f m l e w h i h e p e ss eac h
y to o bt a n i th e or u a ,
c x r

fu nct ion i n t e m s nc t i o n s o f t h e o th e t w o k i n d s
r o f f The u d e wi ll o b s e e r .
°

r ea r rv

th a t s m e f th e fo m l a
o s i m p ly t h e d fi n i t i o n s o f t h e fu n t i ns o n t h e
o r u e ar e e c o

l e ft .

(1 ) (2 )
H (Z ) H (Z ) Y (z ) Y (Z ) co s 1m
J (z >
_
(1 ) v
2 i
s n u 'rr

“) m
'

H ‘
2’
H (z ) (2 ) Y (z ) c o s Y
-

e /7r
z (z )
(2 ) (Z ) Sin v n ' '

J (Z ) C O S V7 r H (1 ) —
() H3
(2 )
(Z )
V()
, ,

(3 )
,
I Z .
i
S l n V7 r 21
”
H i ( ) Z
(Z )
m
J ()
Z J_ CO S WT e
(4 ) Y "
V (Z )
V

8 111 V7 I
v

—m
J
'

(1 ) J _, () Z e , () Z
(D ) H ” (Z ) i sin mr

(Z )
v ni
(2 ) e J (2 )
(6) H V
V

(Z ) i S in v7 r

Fr om (5 ) an d (6) i t is o b v o i u s th t a

(7 ) H Q )
(Z e
m ,
”
(Z ) ,
H 2
(
, (Z ) H ?
f )
(Z)
.
 T H E OR Y OF B ES S EL F U N C T I O N S [ G H A—
P . I II

It is l
c ear f om
r
()
1 th a t
w {J (Z) Y ( ) } , , ,
Z c os e c v 7 r w {J (Z ) , , J_ , (Z ) }
2
7 TZ

T ish e s ul t i s e s t bl i h e d n t h hy p o th e s i s th a t v i s no t an i nt e g e ; but c on
r a s o e r

s i d er a t i o ns o f co n t i n u i ty h e w th at s

()1 w W( ) Z Y . . .

w h e th e b e a n i nt e g e
r 1} not H en ce J (Z ) a nd Y (Z ) a l w ays f or m a f nd a
r or .
, , u

m e nta l s
y s tem of s ol u ti o ns .

It is e as y to d ed u ce t h t a

(2 ) 1123 (J .
Y .

a nd , in p ti l ar c u ar

(3 ) as u .
Y . 2 /z

Wh e n we ex p r e ss th e fu nc t i ons of th e th i d r k i nd in te rm s of J (Z )
, an d

Y (Z )
, ,
i t is f ou n d th t a

(4 )
so th a t t h e f nc t i ons u of th e th i d k in d l s o fo
r a rm a fu nd am e n a t l s ys t e m of

s o l ut i n s fo oal l l es r va u o f 11 .

Var i ou s fo r m u l a e b g i by B t P L d
c o nn e c t e d wi t h (1 ) a nd h (3 ) av e ee n ven as s e ,
r oc . on on

M th S
a . p 5 5 ; th y
oc . X XI . i b l by p i g . i d i ff e ar e r ea d ily bt o a na e ex re s s n s u cc e s s v e er

ti l ffi i t f J (Z ) d Y () i t m f J (Z ) J (Z ) Y (Z ) by
’
d
’
en a c oe c en s o , an ,
Z n er s o , , an re
, , ,

p t d d i ff
ea e ti ti f B l q ti B t
er e n a l t ( f w h i h th
o ns o li e sse
’
s e ua on . as s e
’
s r es u s o c e e ar er o ne s

a ref q tl y
re q i d i phy i l p bl m )
u en re p d i th t t i
u re n d i th i s ca ro e s are ex res s e n e no a on u s e n s

w k by th f l l w i g f m l
or e o o n or u ae

(5 ) J. ()
a Y. 2 —
() Y . (aw . (z)

"
Y. =
(6) < >
z < > z

<7 ) J. Y. (2 ) J. (z)

(8 ) 2 —
( ) Y; w . (z)

(9 ) J. (z)

(1 0 ) J, ()
z 13 mi n) Y, (z)

(Z ) Y. JAmt? )
’ ’

(1 1 ) J. ()
Z

Th g h t
r out h f ou ese o r m u l ae Y, m ay b e re pl ac e d by J _ i f t h p i ,
e ex res s on s o n th e r ig ht
are m l ti p l i d b y — i
u e s n w r ; and ,
Y, m ay b e
J, re p l d by H T H f? t h
ac e
) )
,
r ou g h out i f th e

ex p i th
re s s o ns o n ig ht e r ar e m u l ti l i e d Qi p by .

Cf L o m m el , M a th
. . An n . Iv . p 1 06
.
,
a nd H a n k el ,
M a th . Ann . VI I I . p . 45 7 .
 B E SS E L F UN CT I ON S 77

An as s oc i at e d f or m u l a , d u e t o Lo m m e 1*, M a t/i . Ann . Iv . p . 10 6 , a nd H an kl

e ,

M a t/i Ann . . VI I I . p . 45 8, is

(1 2 ) Jv (Z ) Y, (Z )
h
T i s is p ro v ed in th e sam e way as

B es s el f u nct o ns o i f p ur el
y i m a i n ar
g y a rg u m ent .

Th e d i ffe ren t i l e q at ion

a u

d iv da
(1 ) + Z
2 —0
d2 2
g2 ,

w h i h d i ff s f o m B e s l s e q t i o n o nly i n th e ffi ci e n t o f y i s o f f e q n t
c er r se
’
ua co e , r ue

oc c u e nce i n p o bl e m s
rr f M th e m t i l P hy s s ; n s h p bl m i t i s
r o lly a a ca ic I uc ro e s, u sua

d e i bl e t p e s e nt th e s o l t i n i n e l fo m nd th e f nd m e n t l y te m s
s ra o r u o a r a r ,
a u a a s s

J (i ) nd J _ (i ) J (i ) n d Y (i ) e n s u i t e d f th i s p p s
, Z a , z or , Z a ,
Z ar u or ur o e .

H w e t h e fu nc t i on
o ev J (i ) i
r l fu n c ti on f Z w h i c h i a sol t i n , Z s a rea o s u o

o f t h e e qu t i on It i s st m y t o d e n te i t by t h e sy m b o l I (Z ) s th t
a . cu o ar o , o a

oo

( )
2 I ” (Z )
m l P _ (v m

Wh en Z g d e d s co m p l eis re i bl e i t i ar s a ll y c n e n i e n t t
a d fin
a x v ar a ,
s u u o v o e e

Its p h as e n o t w i th e fe n e t t h p i n i p l
,
lu e f g i as th e c ns id e ti n
r re c o e r c a va o ar Z, o ra o

o f t h e fu n c t i o n J (i ) w o uld s u gg e t but w i th ,e fe e n c
Z t th e p i n i p l l e s ,
. r r e o r c a va u

of a
g Z
r s o th a t ,

1 (Z ) J g Z g ) , , 7r ar r ,

I (Z ) e i m
J g gZ ) , , 7r ar 7r .

T h e i n t du t i o n o f th e y m b o l I (Z ) t o d e no te th e f n t i n f i m g i n y “
ro c s ,
u c o o a ar

a gu m n t i s d u e to B s t l n d i t i s n w i n m m n u s e I t s h o ld b m e n ‘'
r e as e a o co o . u e

t i o n e d th t fo y e s b e fo e t h e p bl i t i on f B t s w k N i col s i h d
a ur ar r u ca o as s e
’
or ,
a a

s gg s t e d t h e
u e s e o f t h e s y m b o l F (Z ) b t th i s n o t t i o n h as n t b e n
u s d by , ,
u a o e u e

o th e w ite s
r r r .

The r e l ati v e p os i ti o ns o f P u re a nd A pp l i ed M at h e m at i c s o n t h e C o nt i ne n t as co m p a r ed

wi t h thi s c o u nt r y ar e re m ar k bl y il l
a u s t r a te d by t h e fa c t t h at, i n N i el s e n s ’
s tan d ard

tr e atis e ne i t h er t h e fu nc ti o n L (Z ) .
,
no r th e s e co nd s o l u ti o n If , (Z )
h h w il l b ,
w ic e d e fi ne d
i m m e d i a te l y ,
is ev en m e nt i o n e d i ,
p it n s e of t h eir im p o r ta n c e i ph y i l pp li ti
n s ca a ca o ns .

The f nc t i o n
u I_ , () Z is a sol a so u tion l of (l ) , a nd i t i yt p s e as o ro v e
(c f .

g 3 1 2) th t a

2 sin
a
lga {I V
I -
v
7 TZ

L o m m e l g a v e th e c o r r e sp o n d i n g fo r m u l a fo r N eu m a nn s fu n c ti o n o f th e s e co n d k i n d
’
.

1
'
P roc C a m b P h i l
. S oc V I . 1 1 [
. T i s a e r
. w a s fi rs t
. u l i s e d i n 1 88 6 ] Bp a s s e t,
. . h pp pb h
in pp
th i s a er , d e fi n e d th e fu n c ti o n o f i nte g ral o r d e r to be J n (i Z ) , b u t h e s u s e u e n tl y c h a ng e d b q
i t, i n h i s H yd r o d yna m i cs , 1 1 (Ca m r i d g . b e, p . 1 7 , to t h at g i v e n i n t h e te x t . T h e m o re

r ece n t d e fi n i ti o n i s n o w u n i v e r s a l l u se d y .

3; An n S c i . . de l
’
Eco l e no r m . sup .
(2 ) xx . s u p p l em e n t , p . 17 .

H a nd bu c h d er T h eor i e d er Cyl i nd ei f u nk ti o nen (L e i p z ig ,

 78 T H E OR Y O F B E S S E L F UN C T I O N S [ CH AR I I I

It f ll o ws th a t w h e n v i s n o t n i nt ge th fu nc t i ons I (z ) nd I _ (Z ) fo m
o ,
'

a e r, e ,
a ,
r

a fu n d a m e n t l s y s t e m o f s o l t i on s
a f e qu t i o n u o a

I n th e c s f fu n t i n s o f i n t e g l
a e o d e s e co nd s o lut i o n h s t o b e c o n
c o ra or r, a a

s t r u t e d by t h e m e th d s o f
c o

T h e fu n t i o n K (Z ) w h i c h wi ll b e d p t e d th o ugh o ut th i s w o k s t h e
c , ,
a o r r a

s e c o n d s lut i o n i s d e fi n e d by t h e e q a t i o n
o ,
u

( 2 —
) I “)
K = lim V

(4 ) n () z
2
V

An e qu i l e n t d e fi ni t i on (c f
va . 3 5 ) is

03 ) 81
55
2 )
(5 ) Kn (Z ) 8 2 V2 ”

I t m ay b e ver ified
by t h e m e th d s f 3 5
, o o ,
th t K (Z ) i
a , s a so u l t i o n o f (1 ) w h e n
t h e or d er v i s e qu a l t o n .

Th e fu n c t ion K (Z ) h s b e e n d fi ne d ,
a e ,
fo r un res r c e ti t d l
v a u es of v, by
M ac d on a ld by t h e e qu t i o n a

< 6> K . <z>

an d w i th
,
th i s d fi n it i e on , i t m ay b e v er i fi e d t h at
7
() K, () Z : l im K , (Z ) .

It i s e as y to d e du ce f rom (6) th t a

”
(s) K , () 2 m m H i s a te W
-

The p hy s i ca l imp o r t a nc e li of th e f u nct i o n K , (Z ) es i n th e th t i t i s a f ac t a

solut i o n of e q ti
ua n (1 ) w h i c h t nd
o e p n n t i lly e s x o e a to e as z th o gh
ro Z 00 r u

p s i ti
o ve va lu e s . T h i s fu nd m e n t l p o p e ty f t h e f a a r r o u n t i n w i ll b e e s t bl i h e d
c o a s

in g 7 23 .

T h e d efi ni t i o n of K, Z
() i s d u e t o B as s e t , P r oc . Ca m b P h i l S o c
. . . VI . p . 11, a nd

h i s d e fi ni t i o n i s e q u i v al e n t to t h at g i v e n by e u a t i o ns (4 ) a n d q (5 ) t h e i n fi n i t e i n te g r al s by
w ich h he a c tu a l l y d e fi ne d th e fu nc t i o n w il l b e d i s c u s s e d i n B as s e t sa b se

q u e n tl ym o d ifi e d h i s d e fi nit io n of t h e fu nc t i o n i n h i s H yd r od yna m i cs , I I .
(C a m b r id g e ,

pp . 18 —1 9 ,
a nd h i s fi nal d e fi n i ti o n i s e q u i v a l e nt

In ord er to o bt ai n a fu n c t i o n w i c h h s at i s fi e s th e s am e r e c u rr e nce fo r m u l ae as I, () Z ,

G ra y a nd M at h e ws in t hi w k A
e r or ,
T r ea ti se on B essel F u nc ti o ns (Lo nd o n ,
p . 67 ,
om i t t h e fac tor so t h t thad fi e ir e ni ti o n is e q u i v al e n t to

1
__

2 CV

The o nl y sim pl e e x te ns i on o f h
t i s d e fi ni ti o n t o fu nc t i o ns Of u n r e s t r i c t e d o r d e r is by t h e

f
or m u l a

(Z ) { J _ (Z )
1
K y
3 3 1: e o t w r , I,

P r oc L o nd on M a th
. . S oc . x xx . p . 1 67 .
 B E S SEL F UN CT I O N S 79

(cf Ill ocl er n Ana l ys i s ,

. h
b u t t i s fu nc t i o n Su ffe r s fr o m t h e s e r io u s d i sad v a nt ag e t h at

it v an i s h es w h e ne v e r 2v is an Od d i nteg er . Co ns e q u e n tl y h
i n t i s wor k , M a cd o n al d ’
s

fu nc t i o n w il l b e u s ed al t h oug h i t h as th e d is ad va nt ag e O f n o t _s a t i s f
yi ng th e s a m e recu r

r e n ce fo r m u l ae as I, Z
() .

An i ns p e c t i o n o f fo r m u l a (8) s h e w s th a t i t w o u l d h av e b e e n ad v a nta e o u s
g i f a fa ct or 57: h ad
b e e n O m i t te d fr o m t h e d e fi ni t i o n O f K (Z ) b u t i n ,
v ie w o f th e e x i s te nce O f e x te ns i v e ta l es b
of M a c d o nal d
’
s fu nc t i o n i t i s no w i nad v i s a l e t o m a b k e th e c h a ng e , a nd th e p r e s e nc e o f th e
fact o r i s no t s o u nd e s i r a b le as th e p re s e n c e o f th e c o rr e s p on d i ng f
ac to r i n S ch l afi i
’ ’
’
s fu nc ti o n
b e cau s e l i ne ar co m bi na ti o n s of I, (Z) a nd K, Z
() a re n o t o f co m m on o cc u r r e n c e .

I l
b r m u a e co nnected w i th I , (Z ) a nd K ,
Z
() .

We s h a ll now gi ve v ar i o u s fo rm ul ae for I , (Z ) an d K , (Z ) an al o g o u s to
th o s e t
co n s r u c t e d in fo r th e or d i na y B e s s e l f
r u n c ti o n s . The p roo s f
of th e fo rm ul a e ar e l e ft t o th e rea de r .

2
I . ()
a . () z
(2 ) K . (z ) ,

() z (z ) ,
KM (z ) (z ) 2 K;

Z I,
’
Z
() v I , (Z ) Z I , _1 (Z ) , ZK ,
’

(Z ) v K , (Z ) Z K , _I Z
() ,

ZI,
’
Z
() 1) I Z IH .
1 (Z ) ,
ZK,
’

(Z ) v K , (z ) ZK , +I (Z ) ,

ML —m (Z ) { Z
V
K V (Z ) l (Z ) .

(a K <z>
;
(I . .

1 Z
v +m
Z ”

(Z )
’
IO

I Z
() L Z
() . .
K_ , (Z ) K , (3 )
fo ll o wi n g i n t e g ra l fo r m u a e are v a l lid on ly w h e n R (v 5) 0

e
i z c os e
s in
su
0 079

c os h (Z cos 9) s i n (
2”
9d 9

t 2
)
”
c os h ( t) d tZ .
80 T H E OR Y OF B E S S E L F UN C T I O N S [ C H AR III

T h e se res ult s ar e d u e to B a ss e t . We a l so h a v e
1 (n r )!
(1 0 ) [ H i (Z )
V(ZWZ ) r z
o r ! (n r ) ! (QZ Y
n -
M
e
— z
E

(1 1 ) I —ln i i l - -
(Z )

(n + r )1
(1 2 ) r l (n

(1 3 ) K t: ( Z)

(1 4 ) K O (Z ) = —l o g 2

—
s g ue w ow »
e
m =o m ! (n m) !

(1 6 ) K0 ( Z) e
m ) ” lo
{ g (2 Z sin
2
9) 7 } a9 ,

(1 7 ) I , (
Z e
m ’f i
) e
m “I
, (Z ) ,

ms i —m w
(1 8 ) K ( )
i
X ()
-
r
,
g e e ,
Z

( 9)
1 w (I (Z ) , ,
K , (Z ) } 1 /Z ,

(2 0 ) 1 . 1 /Z

T h e i nte g r al i nv o l v e d i n (1 6) h as b een d is c u s s e d by S t k o es (cf .

T h e i n te g r al s i n v o l v e d i n (9) a nd th e s e ries i n (1 4 ) w e r e d i s c u s s e d by R i em ann in h is

m em oir
“
Zu r T h eo r i e d e r N o b il i
’
s ch e n F a r b e nr i ng e, Ann . cl er P /ays i/Z u nd Ch em i e, (2 ) XC V .

pp . 1 3 0 — 1 3 9, i n t h e S p e c ia l ea s e in w ic h h v =0 ; he al s o d i s c u s s e d th e a s ce nd i ng

p o we r s e r i es for I 0 (Z ) .

Th e r e c u r r e n ce for m u l ae h av e b een g iv en by B as s et , P r oc Ca m b P h il S o c
. . . . VI .

pp . 2— 19 ; by M ac d o na l d , P r oc . L o nd o n M a th . S oc . XX X I . pp . 1 10 —1 1 5 ; a nd by .

h
Ai c i , P r o c P hys M a th S ec
. . . . o
f J ap a n , (3 ) II . pp 8 .

F u nc t i o n s of h yp
t is t e w h o s e o r d er is h lf
a an o d d i nte g er , a s in e q u at i o n s (1 0 ) a nd
we r e u s ed by H e r tz i n h i s B e r l i n D i s s e r tat i o n , 1 8 80 [ G es . Wer /ce ,
I . pp . 77
a nd h e ad d e d ye t ano t h e r n ota t io n to t h os e d es cri bdi e n g
 B E SS EL F UN CT I O N S 81

(Z ) (Z )
’
T h om s on s f u n cti ons b e r a nd bei a nd th ei r g e ner a l i s a ti ons .

A l c as s o f f u n c t on s i w hi h c o cc u r s in l t
c e r ta i n e e c r i c a l p ro bl e m s co ns i s t s o f

B e ss e lf u n c ti o ns w h os e ar g m u e n ts h av e h ei ph ses q l t
t r a e ua o or
2
4
7 .

f n t i ns f d e
Th e uw e c o o or r ze ro er fi t m i n d by W T h
rs e xa e . o m so n
*
; th ye

m y b e d e fi n e d by t h e e q
a ti n i ua o
~

( )
1 b —
( ) i ( i I ( Vi ) er a
'
x 0 a: ,

whe i s e al
r e a; nd h e nd b i d n t re l f nc t o n ,
a r a e e o e r a u i s . For co m pl ex ar g u

m e n t w e ad o p t t h d e fi ni t i n
s p e d by t h e f m ul e o s ex r sse or ae

(2 ) di l;
_
-
i) .

H e nc e we h av e

e e
4

(3 ) b er () Z = 1
(s r i
(he ?
(4 ) 10 6 W) (2 9
2
(6 0
2
(1 0 9
2

E x t e ns i o n s th e s e d e fi ni t i o ns to fu n t i on f ny d e o f t h e fi s t cond n d
of c s o a or r r ,
se a

t h i d k i nd s h
r e b e e n e ffe c t e d by R av
; n d Wh i t e h e d g
e ll 1 u ss a a .

T h e fu nc t i on s o f t h e s n d k in d o f o d e e w e e d e fi ne d by R s se ll by e co r r z ro r u

a p i o f e q t i ons e s m bl i n g
a r ua f nc ti on I b e i ng e p l ace d by th
r e u O r e

f nc t i o n K thu s
u 0,

(5 ) k er (Z ) i i k i (Z )
e K0 ( 4 1 i) Z .

F u nc t i o ns u n e t i ted o d e of r s r c r r V w ere d e fi n e d by Wh i t e h e d a wi th f
r e e re n c e

to B e s s e l fu n c t i n o f t h e fi s t o s r a nd th i d kind r th u s s,

(6) be r i i b e i (Z )
, (Z ) ,
J ,

(7 ) h e (Z ) i i h i (Z )
r, e ,
H “ ,

I t wi ll be o bse rv e d th a t ”

(8 ) k er (Z ) —
é vr h e i (Z ) ,
k ei (Z ) %7 7 her (Z ) ,

in co n s e q e nc e o f §
u

The fo ll o wi n g s e i
r es , d u e to Ru s s e ll ,
ar e o bt a i na bl e w i t h o u t d i ffi c u l ty

(9) k er Z
() l og (é ) Z be r () z f ir b e i (Z )
m
00
(é z y
1 (2
5
1
m
ms
+ i r

. {e
P r e s i d e n ti a l Ad d r e s s to th e I n s t i tu te of E l e c tr i c a l E ng i n e e r s , 1 889 .
[ M a t /z. a nd P h ys .

P ap er s , III . p .

TI n th e cas e o f f u n c ti o n s o f z er o o r d er , it is c u s to m a r y to om i t th e s u ffi x w hi h
c i nd i c a te s
t h e or d er .

1 P hi l . M ag .
(6) xv u . pp —5 5 2
524
pp 3 1 6—3 4 2
. .

Q u a r te r l y J o u r na l m , ax . . .

H I n te g r al s e q u al to k e r (Z ) and k ei () z occ u r in a m e m o i r by H e r tz , Ann d er P h ys i k

. u nd C h e nu e

(3 ) x xI I . p . 45 0 [ G es . l Ver lce , I . p .

W . B . F .
82 T H E OR Y OF B E S S E L F UN CT I ON S [ C H AP . III

(1 0 ) k ei (Z ) l og (é ) Z bei (Z ) in ber (Z )
00

1 ) I}
‘
l’
(2 777 .

{ (2 ?
m =o m

I t h as al s o b een o b s er v e d by Ru s s el l t h at t h e fi r s t fe w ter m s of th e ex p ans i o n of

be r 2 (Z) + b (Z ) h pl h
2
ei av e s i m e c o e ffi c i e n ts , t us

1 3 l 16
4
é s
g z> 12
)
i 6i éj
z z
(1 1 ) +
4 j4l +
6l g fi
-
u
q

bu t t i s h r es u l t h ad p rev i ou sl yb ee n O bt i a ned , w it h a d iffer e nt n o ta t i o n, by N i e l s en (c f .

th e c o e ffi c i e n t o f (5a
m i n th e ex p an s i o n o n th e ht i
r ig I) s
2
(2 m )

N u m er ou s ex p a ns i o ns i nv o l v i n g s q u ar e s a nd p d t ro uc s of th e g e ne a l r

fu nc t i on s h e b e e n o bt i n d by R s se ll ; fo s u h fo m ul
av a e u r c r ae th e r e de
a is r

r e fe e d t o R u ss e ll
rr m e m oi nd l s to p p e by S i dge ’

s r a a o a a r av
*

Fo m ul e n l g s t th e
r a s ult s af a o 3 62 h e b ou o re o av e en d i s c u s se d by
Wh i t e h e d ; i t i s s ffi c i e n t to qu t e t h e fo ll o w i ng h e e
a u o r

(1 2 ) be r _ , (Z ) c o s v rr be r (z ) , sin v 'n
'

[ h ei ,
Z
() b ei ,

(1 3 ) b ei _ , (Z ) co s v 7 r . be i , (Z ) sin mr .
[ h e r , (z ) ber ,

( )
1 4 cos v 7 r . h er , (Z) sin v 7 r h ei , (Z ) ,

(1 5 ) h ei _ , (Z ) s i n v vr h er , (Z ) co s v 7 r h ei , (Z ) .

Th e r ea d e wi ll b e abl e t o n s t t t h e
r e n c e fo m ul a e w h i c h h e o c ru c e r cu rr r av

b e en wor k e d u t t l e ngth by Wh i te h e d
o a a .

Th e fu n c t i ns o f o d e ni ty h a e e e n tly b e e n e am in e d i n s om e d e t i l
o r r u v r c x a

by B A S m i th
. .
‘’

l .

Th e d e fi n i ti on o
f c
yli nd er
f u ncti ons .

Var i o u s w r i t e r s , es p e ci a lly S on ne i i a nd N iel sen g ,

h
t d i e d th e g e n
ave s u era l
th e y o f n lyt i f
or a a c u nc ti o ns O f two v ar a i bl es %
3
, (Z ) w h i h s t i s fy t h e p i c a a r of

re u c n e f m ul e
rre c or a

2
(1 ) Z ._ (z ) (z ) Z (z )
7
. ,

(2 ) (Z ) ; (Z )
i
g
)
(
t/ +1
2
2g ,

h h Z nd
in w ic e u n e s t i ct e d c m p l e x
a i bl e s T h e s e
v ar r r o v ar a . r e c u rr e n c e fo rm ul ae

ar e s t s fi e d by e c h
a i f th e t h k i n d s o f B e e l f n c ti n
a o re e ss u o s .

F n c t i n w h i h s t i s fy o n ly n e f t h t w f m l e
u o s c a o o e o or u a ar e a s o l d is c s s e d by u

S m ne n h i s l b o t e m e m i ;
o I b i e f o nt f h i e
e a ra o r a r a cc u o s r s ear c h es w i ll b e g i n ve

i n C h p t er Xa .

P h i l M a g (6 ) x x
. . . pp . 49 —5 8 .

1 P r oc Am er i ca n S oc
.
. of C i v i l E ng i n ee i s, v 1 . pp . 3 75 —42 5 .

3: M a th . Ann . XV I . pp . 1 —80 .

H a nd
-
bu c h d er T h eor i e d e r Cyl i n d e i f u n k ti o ne n
(L ei p zig ,
pp . 1 , 42 e t seq .
84 T H E OR Y OF BE SSEL F UN CT I O N S [ C H AR I I I

S o m e w r i te r s *, fo l l o wi ng H e i ne i w h o cal l e d J, (Z ) F a i Bo u r er -
essel
f u n cti on ,
cal l J, Z
()
a F ou r i er f u n cti o n .

Al t h oug h B e s s el co e ffi c i e n t s o f a ny o r d er w er e u s ed l o ng b e fo r e th e ti m e of B es s el
(c f . it s eem s d e s i r a l e to b as s oc i a t e B es s e l ’
s nam e wit h th em ,
no t o nl yb e ca u s e

i t h as b ecom e g e n e r al l y c u s t o m ar yt o do S O, b u t al s o b e c au s e o f th e g r e a t ad v a n c e m ad e by
B es se l on t h e wor k of h is p r e d e c e s s ors i n t h e i nv e nt i o n of a s i m pl e a nd c o m p a ct n o t a ti o n

for th e fu nc ti o ns .

B e s s el
’
s n a m e w as as s o ci ate d wi th t h e fu n c ti on s by b
J aco i , J ou r na l f u r M a th . XV .

p . 13 [ G es M a th . . Wer /ce ,
VI . p “
T ra ns ce n d e n ti u m I k i n atu r a m v a r i e s

q ue usu s i n d e ter m i na n d i s i nte g r al i b u s d e fi ni t i s e xp os u i t il l . B es s el in co m m e nta ti o ne

cel e b err im a .
”

A m ore r ece nt co nt rov e r s v o n t h e nam e t o be a pp l i ed to th e fu n c t i o ns i s to b e fou nd i n

a s eri es of l e tte r s i n N a tu r e . LX . pp . 1 0 1 , 1 4 9, 1 7 4 ; L XXX I . p . 68 .

E g . . Ni c o l a s , Ann S c i d e l . .
’
Eco l e
‘
no r m . s up .
(2 ) XL s u p p l em ent .

[
°
J o u rn a l f ur M a th m m
'

. . p . 12 8 . H e i ne al s o s ee m s to b e res p o ns i bl e for th e te r m
cyl i n d e r fu nc ti o n .
 C H AP T E R I V

D I F F E RE N T I AL E Q U AT I O N S
D a ni el B er n ou l l i
’
s s o l u ti on o
f R i cca ti
’
s e u a ti o n
q .

Th e so lut ion gi v en by B e rno u i ll *

of th e e q tiua on

dr "
aZ InJ 2

dZ

c on s s te i d in s h e w i ng th a t w h e n th e i n dex n h as an
y of th e va lu es

4 a 1 2_
_ 1
_ 6
3 7 5 y 7 a

w i hl e a a nd b h
t t l e s l th e n th e qu t ion i s s l bl e by
av e an
y co ns a n va u
‘'

, e a o u

m ean s o f a lg e b i c p n e n t i l nd l o g i th m i c f nct i ns Th e l e f n
ra ,
ex o a a ar u o . va u s o

j u s t gi e n c m p is e d i n t h
v fo m lar e o r e r u a

(2 )

w he re m is z er o or a p itios ve in te g e r .

B e r n o ul l i th d
l t i n i s s f ll ws I f n b e c ll e d th de
’
s me o of so u o a o o : a e in x of th e
e qu ti o n i t i s fi s t p e d t h t th e ge ne l e q ti n jt f i nd e n i t
a ,
r ro v a ra
'

ua o o x s ra n s fo rm a bl e
i nt o t h e g e n e a l e qu t i on f i nd x N w h e e
r a o e ,
r

n
(3 ) n 1

an d i t is a so l p rov e d t h at th e ge n e l e qu t i ra a on o fi i nd e x n is t f
r an s o r m a bl e

i nt o t h e ge ne l e q ra u a ti o n o f i nd x ew he e v, r

v = -
n -
4 .

q t i o n f i n d ex e o i s o b i s ly i n te g abl e b e
T h e Ri ccat i e ua e th e o z r v ou r ,
cau s

v ar ai bl e s ep bl e H e n by
ar e s th e e q ti o n o f i n d
ar a 4 i i n t g bl
. ce , ua ex s e ra e .

H e n ce by th e eq
,
t i on o f i nd e — i i nt e g bl I f t h i p oce s be on
ua x i
§
s ra e . s r s c

t i fi ed by u s i n g t h e t n f m t i o n s (3 ) n d (4 ) lt e n t ly w e
i i e t th e
ra s or a a a r a e ,
a rr v a

se t f s o l bl e c s
o gi e n b o e n d i t i s e s y t s e th t th
u a es v a v ,
a a o e a ese ca s e s ar e

c om p i s d i n t h r ge ne l f m l
e e ra or u a

E x er c i ta ti o nes q u a e d a ni m a t h e ma ti ca e (Ve n i ce , pp 7 7 —80

.
; Ac ta E r u d i tor u m, 1 7 2 5 ,
pp . 47 3 —
47 5 T h e n o ta ti o n u s e d by B e r n o u l l i h a s
. b ee n S l ig h ly m d i fi
t o ed ; a nd in t ish a n al ys i s

n is n o t r es tr i c te d to b e an i n te g er.

It is as s u m e d t h at n ei t h er a no r I) i s z e ro . If e i th er we re z ero th e v ar i a bl es wo ul d O b v i o u s ly

be se p a r a bl e .

i T h at i s , th e e q u a ti o n i n w ic h h a and b h a v e ar bi t y r ar v al u e s .
86 T H E OR Y OF B E S S E L F UN CT I O N S [ C H AR I v

s eq u a ti o n
f
’
tr a nsf or m a ti o ns Ri cca ti
’
D a ni el B er n ou l l i s o .

th t
N ow a th e outl i n es of B e n ll i p o e d e h a e b e e n i nd i at e d w e
r ou
’

s r c ur v c ,

p oce e d to gi
r ve th e an ly s i s by w h i c h t h e e q i s i t e t
a ns f m t i o n s e e ff e c t e d
r u ra or a ar .

Ta k e 1) as th e t n d d e q
s a t i n o f i nd e n nd m k e th e s b s ti tut i ons
ar ua o x a a u

Z
—
n H
1

[ N OTE . Th e su b ti t
s u t i o ns a re p oss i bl be e ca u s e 1 i s n o t i n cl u d e d am o n
g th e v al u e s o f

n . T h e facto r n+ 1 i n t h e d e no m i n at o r w a s no t
'

i ns e r t ed by B lli ; er n o u th e e ffe ct of i ts
p r e s e nce is t h at t h e t r a ns for m e d e q u a ti o n i s m ore s im p l t h if i t w
e an e re o m i t te d ]
Th e e q at i
u on be co m e s

th t a is
d Y t o. 1) N
Z N
Y, Q
+ a
dZ
w he re N n /(u a nd t his i s th eg e n e ra l e qu t i on a of i nd e x N .

Ag ai n i n (1 ) ma k e th e su b t i tut i
s ons

I
f
Th e e
q t
u a i on b e co m e s
d o)
a t
V bn
dr
w h e re v h i s i t h e g e n e l e qu t i n o f i nd e x
n 4 ; an d t s ra a o v .

T h e t ns f m t i o ns d e sc i b e d in
ra or a e th e e f e ff te d a nd so r ar r or e ec ,

e qu t i o n i s s o lubl e i n t h e cas e s s t t e d
a B t t h i p ce d e d oe s n o t g i e a . u s ro ur v

s l ti o n i n a
o u m p ac t fo m co r .

Th e l i m i ti ng f f Ri cca ti s e u a ti o n, wi th i nd ex
’

or m o q 2

—
.

Wh e n p
d e s c ib e d i n 4 1
th e r o ce s se s
a e nti n lly pp l i e d t
r ,
r co ua a o

Ri cc t i s e qu t i on t h e lu e t w h ic h th e i nd e t nd s w h n m
’
a a ,
va in o x e ,
e oo

is 2 T h e e qu t i on w i t h i nd e x
. 2 i s c n s e q e n t ly n o t s o l bl e by
a o u u

afi ni t e n m b e o f t ns f m ti n o f t h ty p e s h i th e t o nd
u r ra or ns i d e ti o n
a o s e r u e r co ra .

T o so l e t h e e qu t i on w i th i n d e
v 2 n m e ly a x ,
a

dy a
1
dZ Z
2

w ri e y t /
o Z , a nd th e e qu t i a on b e co m e s
dv
Zd Z
a v bv z

an d th i s q t i on w i th
is an e ua th e v ar a i bl e s se p ar a bl e .

H e n e i n th i s l i m i t i ng e Ri cc a t i q ti t i ll l bl e by
’
c , a se , s e ua on I S s so u th e u se

o f e l m e n t a y fu n t i o ns
e r c .
4 11 4 — 13 ] D I F F E R E N T I AL E Q UATI ON S 87

T is h s ol u ti o nwas p
i m l ic i t l ygi v en by E u l e r, I ns t Ca l c I nt
.
’
. . II .
(P e te r s b ur
g ,
‘

S 93 3 ,

1 d
p . 1 85 . I f w e w r i te (of g . 4 14 )
by; d Z ’
th e e q u a tio n w h hdic e te r m i ne s 7
7 is

d z ?) a b) ;
d Z2

w ic h hi h s o m og e n e o u s , a n d co n s e q u e nt l y it i s i m m e d i at e l y sol u bl e .

E u l er d o e s no t s eem t o m e n t i o n t h e l i m i t i ng c as e Of Ri ccati ’
s e q u at i o n ex p l i it ly
c ,

al t h hh
ou g e g ave b th t h
o e s ol u ti o n o f th e h o m og e n e o u s l i n e ar e q u a ti o n a n d th e tr a n s fo r m a
ti o n whi h c co n nec t s a ny e q u at i o n o f Ri c cat i s t
’
yp e w it h a l i n e ar e q u at i o n .

It wi ll pp e s b e qu e n tly
a ar u s th a t th e o nl
y c as e s h h
i n w ic
Ri c ca ti eq t i n i s l bl e i n fi n i t e t m s h hh w b n
’

s ua o s o u er ar e th e ca s e s w ic a v e no ee

e xa m i n e d ; t h t i s t o s y th o s e i n w h i h t h e
a a ,
c i nd e x h a s o ne o f the l
v a u es

4
0 _ 4 _ _ 8
° .

T 3 3 °
3 )

an d a s o l th e t ri v a i l ca s e s i n w ic h h a or b (or b th )
o is zero .

T his con v e r s e t h eo re m , d u e to Li o u v i ll e, is ,
o f cou r s e , m u ch m o r e r e c on d it e

th an B e r no u i ll ’
s th e o rem t h t a th e .
'

eq u a tio n is so u l bl e i n th e s p ifi d ec e ca se s .

f
’
E u l er s s ol u ti on o R am a s e u a ti o n
’
-
4 13 -
.
q .

A p rac ti lca me th d o o f co n s tru c t ing a l t i o n o f Ri c ti s qu t i n n th

so u c a
’
e a o i e

l bl e as e s w s d e i e d by E l e
so u e nd
a v s u r
i"
,
a th i s m e th o d (w i th s o me s l i gh t c h nge s a

i n n o t a t i on ) w i ll n o w b e e xp l i n d
,
a e .

Fi s t t an s f m Ri cc ti s e q t i on by t ak in g n e w v ar i a bl es a nd
’
r r or a ua ,

co ns t a nt s as foll o w s

y
= —77 /b ,
ab n= 2q —2 ;
th e t r a ns or m e f d e qu t a i on i s

Cl ” —2
(2 ) ;
a
7
7
2
C
2
Z 2

an d th e so ul bl e ca s e s ar e th o se i n w h i c h l /q i s a n so d d in t eg er .

D efi ne a n e w v ar a i bl e w by th e e q t i on
ua

1 dw
)
1
(3 OZ Q
‘

77
w dz
so th at q t
t h e e ua i o n i n w i s

_ 1 —
2 0Z q
(q 1) cz q Q w 0

A so lut i o n i n ser i e s of th e l t e qu
as a ti o n is
00

w 2 Ar a
r =0

p r ov id e d th t a

8 qc ( r 1)

N ov . Comm . Aca d . P e tr op . VI I I .
(1 7 60 —1 7 6 1 ) pp . 3 —63 ; a nd Ix .
(1 7 62 —1 7 63 )
pp . 15 4 1 69 .
88 T H E ORY OF B E S S E L F UN C T I O N S [ C H AR IV

— h e o f th e al
a nd s o th e s e ri e s h th e t e m
t e r m i n a t es w i t r Am e 9 m
i f q h as ei t r v u es

1 1 /(2 m a nd th i s p o ce d e g i e s th e
r ur v s o l u ti o n
’le
e xa m i n e d by B e n o ll i r u .

The g e n e ral s ol u t i o n o f Ri cc ati

’
s e q u a t i o n, w ic h h is no t o bi v ou s by t h i m t h d w s e o as

g i v en e x pl i i tl y by H
c ar g r e av e , Q u a r te r l y J o u r na l , V II . pp 2 5 6
. 2 5 8, but H ar g r e a v e s
’

for m o f t h e s o l u t i o n w as u n ne ce s s ar il y co m pl i c at e d ; t wo y e ar s l at er Cayl e y P h i l M ag (4 )
, . .

XXX VI . pp 3 48— 3 5 1 [ C l l t d P p . o ec e a er s , V I I . pp . 9 g av e th e g e ne r al s o l u

f m whi h l ly m bl p ti cu l a r s ol u ti o n, th e h f i e d iff e re nce b e tw e e n

’
t i on n a
i or E l c c os e r es e es u er s ar c

th e tw l ti
o so u b i g th l f th
o ns d e n e r e v e rs a o e or er o f th e te r m s of th e s er i es i nv ol v e d .

C yl y
a de l ig h tl y i m p l
use f m f th
a S q s er or o e e u ati o n t h an b e cau s e h e too k con s ta n t

mu l ti p l f b th
es o i bl i Rio ti q ti i
v ar a es n cc a
’
s e ua on n suc h a w ay a s to r e d u ce i t to

(5 ) a?

s e q u a ti on
’

ener a l s o l u ti on o f R i cca ti
’
Ca yl ey s g .

We h av e j u s t s e en th t a Ri cca t i
’
s e q ti ua on i s r e d uc i bl e t o th e f or m

dv 2 2 2 9- 2
17 0 2
dZ

g i ven i n an d we s h ll a now e x pl a n i Cayl ey s i m e th o d

’
'

o f s o v in l g
h q t
t i s e u a i on ,
w ic h h i s to b e re g ded ar as a can o n i ca l fo rm of Ri ccat i
’
s

e qu t i n
a o .

Wh e n w e ma k e th e s u b s ti t u t i o n i 77 d (l og u ) /d Z , th e e qu t i on b e co m e s
a

(1 ) l;
E 0 2
2 29
0

a nd , i f UI an d U2 ar e a f nd
u am e n a t l sy s t m o f o l t i ns o f th i s e qu a t i
e s u o o n, th e

g en er a l so u l t i o n o f th e ca no n i ca l f m o f Ric t i s e q t i o n i s
or ca
’
ua

'
0 1 U1 +
()
2 7
7
_
O1 U1 + 0 2 U2
w he re C, an d C, ar e ar bi t r ar y t t
c o n s an s a n d p r im e s d eno t e d i ffe re n t i t i ons w i th
a

r es p ec t to Z .

To ex p r es s UI an d U2 i n a fi ni t e f or m , we wri te
7) w ex
p
so t h at th e qu t i n t i s fi e d by w
e a o sa is A so lut i on of th i s e qu a ti o n

in w p ro ce e d ing in s cend i ng p ow e a rs o f Z9 is

q 1
1
— )
s ki 1 q (q
(q 1 ) (5 q 1)

(
q q
—1 ) 2 q (2 q —1 )
a nd we t kea UI to b e ex
p ( CZ Q /q ) mu lt ip l i e d by th i s s er ie s .

Wh e n th e i n d e x n of th e R i cca t i e q u a ti o n is 2, e q u a ti o n (4 ) i s h o m og e neou s .

1 P hi l . M a g (4 ) . x xx v 1 . pp . 3 4 8—3 5 1 [ C o l l ec ted P ap er s , VI I . pp . 9 Cf . al s o

th e m e m o i r s by E u l e r w i c h h we r e c i te d in

i T is i s, h o f cour s e , th e su b ti
s tu ti o n u sed i n 1 7 0 2 by J a m es B er n o u l l i ; cf
.
4 1 4]
-
D I F F E R E N T I AL EQ UA T I O N S 89

N ow e qu a ti o n (1 ) i s u na f e c e f t d by c h n g ing a th e Si gn O f c, a n d s o w e ta k e

1
—
q
CZ 0 2
2
29

9 61 1)

(Q 1)

1 (q
< 1)

a nd both of th e s e s er i e s te r m na e i t w hen q i s th e r e ci p ro ca l o f an o d d
p osi ti ve

i nt e ger . S i nce t h e rat o i U1 : U2 i s th e ex p o ne n t i a l f u nc t o n i ex

p (2 cZ 9
/q )
m ult i p l i e d by n lg b i c f n t i n o f 9 i t nn t b e
a a e ra u c o Z ,
ca o a c o ns a n t t; a nd so

U U f m 1 ,
f n d am e nt l sy s t e m f s o lut i o n s f
2 or a u a o o

If q w e th e ci p o l o f n od d ne g ti e i nt e ge
er e r r ca a a v r, we S h o ld u write
e qu t i o n (1 ) i n th e f
a m or

d 0 73 )
2
2 q —0 °

w h en ce it f ll o ws th a t
o

d
77
d;
l og (7 1 V1 7 2 V2 ) :
"

w he re «
y, and «
y, t t
ar e co n s a n s , a n d

q + 1
V1 V2 : Z 9 341
p CZ q (
I /)
q (a
)

+ l )
The s er i e s w h ic h h av e n o w b e e n O bt ai n e d wi ll be e xam i n e d in m u c hg rea er t
d e t ai l in

Th e r ead er s h ould h a v e no d i ffi c u l t yi n c o n s tr u cti ng th e fo l l o w i n g s o l u t i ons o f Ri c cat i ’

s

e q u at i o n , w h en i t is s ol u bl e i n fi ni te t er m s .

Va l u e s of U1 , U2

e xr t Z)
(1 1
—
e xp

(d ry/d z ) 1
7
2
Z (1 i 53 5 Z 2/5
3
-

) ex p (i 5 Z
1 ’5
)

Va l u e s of VI ,
1}

Z p (_
ex
-
l

Z (1 3 Z
‘
1/3
) e xp i 3 Z
‘
1/3
)
Z (l i 5 —
in U 5
1/5
t )
‘

Z e xp

It is to b e n o ti c e d t h at the s e r ie s U] ,
U) .

( or VI , V2 , as th e c as e m ay b e ) are s u pp os e d

to te r m i na t e wi t h th e te r m be fo r e t h e fi r s t t e r m w i c h hh a s a ze r o fac to r in t h e nu m e r a t o r

s ee 4 42 an d Gl i h a s er , P hi l ,
Tr a n s . o
f th e R oya l S oc . CL X X II . p . 7 73 .
90 T H E OR Y O F B E S S E L F UN C T I O N S [ C H AR I V

Am ong th e w r i ters wh o h a v e s tu d i e d e q u at i o n (1 ) ar e K u m m e r, J ou r na l f u r M a th XI I
—3 7 1
. .

pp 1 4 4—1 4 7
.
,
Lob at to , J o u r na l f ur
‘

M a th . X VI I . pp . 3 63 ,
G l ai s h er (i n
t h e m e m o i r to w i c h h r e fe r en ce h as j u st b een m ad e ) , an d S u ch ar , B u l l d e l a S oc M a th d e. . .

F r a nce, XXX II . pp . 1 03 — 1 1 6 ; for ot h e r re fe r e n ce s s e e g 4 3 .

Th e r e a d er w il l O b s erv e t h at w h en q
= 0 , th e e q u a ti o n (1 ) is h o m o g e neo u s a nd im m e
b
d i at el y s ol u l e ; an d at th e th s e co n d or d e r e q u at i o n s ol v e d by J a m es B e r n ou l l i is
b
o tai n a l e b by k
t a i ng q = 2 i n a nd s o it is n ot i ncl u d e d a m o ng th e s ol u bl e cas e s .

S ch l afl i s ca n oni ca l f or m o f Ri cca ti s eq u a ti on

' ’
.

The f or m of Ri cca ti
’
s e qu at i o n w h i ch was e x a m i ne d by S ch l a fl i *
wa s

di t _
t _ t
a a —i u 2
(1 )
-

dt

h
T is i s e i ly e d ce d t o th e fo m o f
as r u r by t ak i ng t as a ne w

i n d e p e nd n t i abl e e v ar .

T s o l e th e e q a t i o n S c h l fl i w o t e
o v u ,
a r

an d arr v e i d at th e e qu at o ni

‘
m =o m ! I (
a + m 1)

th e g e ne l ra so lut i on of th e e qu at i on i n y i s
c, F (a t) t a
F t)
‘

cg a,
y ,
.

Th e so u l t i on of
()
1 i s th e n
F (a 1 t) cz F ( 1
a+ l
cl t ,
a

“
el F (a , t) c, t F t)
‘

a,

Th e b e t w e e n Ri cc ti s e q t i o n n d B e s e l s e q a ti n i s th
c o nn e x i o n a
’
ua a s
’
u o us

re nd e d e i d ent ; b t
er s o m w h at t e d i
v s i n e s t ig t io n i ne e
u y (g a e ou v a s c s s ar

to e h i b i t th e co nne i n b e t we e n C yl e y s ol t i on n d S h l afi i lut i n ’ ’
x x o a s u a c s so o .

N OT E . T h e fu nc ti o n qb Z , d efi ned as th e s er i e s

“2 3
1 +g + l a

Z
w ich h is e v i d en tl y ex p r es s i bl e i n t er m s of S ch l afi i
'
’
s fu n cti o n , w as u s ed by Le g e nd re ,
El em ents
’

d e G eom etr i e (P ar i s ,
’

n o te 4 , i n th e co u rs e o f h is p roof t h at 7 : i s i r r at i o na l .

Late r t h e f u nc ti o n w as s tu d i e d (wi t h a d iffe r e n t no t at i o n ) by Cl iff or d ; s ee a p th

os u m ou s

fr ag m en t i n h i s M a th P ap . er s
(Lo nd o n , pp . 3 4 6— 3 4 9 .

A nn d i M a t
. .
(2 ) I . p . 23 2 . Th e r ea d e r w il l h tJm B
s ee t a a es e rnou l l i s
’
s o l u ti o n in
s er i es i s to b e a s s o c i a te d h S h l afi i
wi t c
’
s s o l u ti o n r a t h h wi th C yl
er t an a
’
e y s s o l u ti o n .

1 T is
°

h n o ta ti o n s h o ul d be co mp d wi th th
are e n o ta ti o n o f
92 T H E OR Y OF B E S S E L F UN C T I O N S [ CH AR I v

The r ea d e r s h ou l d al s o c o ns u l t a h t p p by S i i N p l i R d i i (3 )
s or a er acc ,
a o en co n t ,
VII .

pp 1 3 9—1 4 3 And ph Ri ti q t i h i h pp tl y t i ’
. . a m o n og ra on cc a s e ua o n, w c a ar e n co n a n s

th e m a j i ty
or of th e r es u l ts of h
t is c h p t h b p d d b y F l d bl m W h
a er , as ee n ro u ce e u ,
a r sc au

Uni v N a ch 1 8 98 ,
. . n os . 5, 7, a nd 1 8 9 9, no . 4 .

4 2 . Th e g ener a l i s ed R i cca ti eq u a ti o n .

An o b v ous i gene li s t i ra a on o f th e e q t i o n d i s c u ss e d
ua in 4 1 is

<1) fT Z= P
+ ey + R Z
w h e e P Q R are a ny g i e n f n c ti n o f Z T h i s e qu a ti on w s inv e s t i g t e d
r , ,
v u o s . a a

by E ul e It is pp os ed th at nei th e P no R i s i d e n t ic lly er o ; fo i f
r
*
. su r r a z r,

e i th e P o R i s e o t h e e qu t i n i s e s i ly i n t e gr bl e by q d tu r e s
r r z r , a o a a ua ra .

It w p i t d t by E t m E y l p ed i d S i M th 1 6 1 0 p 7 5 t h t
as o n e ou ne s r o ,
nc c o
’
e es c . a . 11 .
, , .
,
a a

sp i l q ti f th i typ m ly
ec a e ua on o s e na e

nxx d n: nyyd x + x x d y = xy d x
w as s tu d i e d by M a nfr e d i u s , D e co ns tr u cti o ne ae
q u a ti on u m cl i
fier e nti a l u ni p ri m i g r a d u s
(B ol og na, p . 1 67 .
“
S ed tam en h ae c e a d e m
q u at i o n o n ae ap
p ar e t q u m o d o c o n s tr u i
o
bil i s s it, n e q u e e ni m V i d e m u s q u o m o d o i l l a m i n teg r e m u s , ne c q u o m o d o i n d e t e r m i na tas ab
”
i nv i c em s e p ar e m u s .

Th e q ti ne ua o (1 ) ly e d
is e as i r u ce d t o th e l i ne e qu t i n o f th e
ar a o s e co n d
or de r, by t k ing a a ne w d ep end nt e v ar a i bl e u d e fi ne d by t h e e q u t i o n i a
’

1 d l og u
()
2
y
R dZ
The e qu t i on th e n b e co m e s
a

d z
? 1 dR du
(3 ) P Ru 0
dZ R dZ E
‘ .
Z
(

Con v e r s e ly i f i n t h e , g e n e l l i ne ra ar e qu t i on a of th e s e c on d or de r,

d 2
u du
()
4 + p1 —
p o d2 2
dZ
(w h e r e pl , p2 ar e gi v en f u nc t i o ns Of Z) ,
w e wri te
(5 ) u e f ?
’ dz
,

th e e q a t i on
u to dete rm i ne y i s
dy p2 r1
6 2
3/
'
l
d, J ,

p, p.
w h ic h is ty p of th e s am e e as Th e co m pl t q e e e l
u i v a e n ce o f th e ge n l is e d e ra

R i ccati e qu t i n w i th th e l i n e a a o r e qu a ti o n o f th e s e con d or de r is c o ns e q e n tly u

e s t abl i s h e d .

T he e q u at i o ns o f h
t is s e c ti o n h av e b e e n e xa m i n e d by A n i s i m o v , Wa r scha u Uni v N a ch . .

1 8 9 6, pp . 1— 3 3 .
[ J a h r bu ch uber d i e F o r tsch r i tte d er ‘hf a th 1 896, . p . 256 ]

N ov . C o mm Ac a d . . P e tr op . VI I I .
(1 7 60 —1 7 61 ) p . 3 2 ; s e e al so a s h ort pp a er by W . W .

Jo h ns on , A nn . of M a th . II I . pp . 1 1 2—1 1 5 .

h
1 T i s i s th e g e n e r al i s a ti o n of J am e s B er no u l l i
’
s su b tit
s u ti o n See al s o E u l e r , I ns t .

C a l c I nt I I (P e ter s u r g ,
. . . b 8 3 1 , 85 2 , pp . 8 8 , 1 04 .
 D I F F E R E N T I AL E Q U AT I O N S 93
’
E u l er s th e o r em s conce r ni ng th e g ener a l i s e d R i cca ti e u a ti o n
q .

I t h as b e en s h e w n by Eu le r
*
t h at, if a
p t i l
ar c u ar l
s o u ti o n of th e
g e ne r al i s d Ri c e i k n w n th g nc a n ti e q
n b b t in d
ti n ua o s o ,
e e e ra l ol t i s u o ca e o a e

by_tw q d t e s ; i f t w
o ua p t i c l s l ti n
ra u r k n wn th g n l o ar u ar o u o s a re o e e era

s o l t i o n i s o bt i n bl by i ngl q d t l And i t f ll w f m t h ‘‘
u a a e ms a S e ua ra ure . o o s ro e ore

d i sco e e d by Wey nd P i c d t h t i f th
v r p ti l l t i ns
r a kn w n ar a ,
ree ar cu ar so u o a re o ,

t h e g e n e l s lut i n c n b e e ffe t e d w i th
ra o t q d t o a c ou a ua ra u r e .

T p o e th fi s t e s lt l t y b e p t i u l
ro v e l ti n f r r u ,
e O a ar c ar s o u o o

dy
—P —
l Qy - -
l
-
Ry 2

dZ
,

an d wri t e
y y , 1 /v . The e q u a ti on in v is

—
l R =
-
0 ,

of w ic h h th e so u l ti on is

2) e x
p ”(Q 2 R y0 ) d z } fR e xp ”
(Q 2 Ry0 ) d z } . dZ 0 ,

an d, s i n ce v 1 /(y —y ) 0 ,
th e t rut h of th e fi s t th e o e m
r r i s m a ni fest .

To p ro v e th e s e c on d ,
l e t y0 an d y1 b e tw o p ti l ar c u ar s o u l ti o ns , a nd wr i t e

3/ 90
w
y %
“

The res ult of s u b s t i tut i ng yl w 1 ) fo r y i n t h e e q ti ua on is

y
—y O 1 dw w d yl
(w —1 )
2
dZ
+
~
w -
1 dZ w —l
an d , w h en w e sub s t i tut e fo (d y /d r l Z ) an d ( y/
d O d Z ) t h e v a u esl P Qy 1 + R yl
an d P Qy o R y th e l s t e q t i
o
z
,
a ua on is re d u ce d to

1 dw
R yo u
Ry
w dZ

so th at w 0 e xp ”n
(R R 91 ) l >

w he re c i s th e c o ns a n t t of i n te g ti n
ra o . H e n ce , f
q t i n d fi n i ng w
rom th e e ua o e ,

we see th t a i
y s ex p r es se d as a f nc t i
u on in vo l in g S i ngl e q d t e
v a ua ra u r .

To p r ov e th i d e s lt
th e r r u ,
l e t y0 a nd y1 b th s l ti n
e l d y p ifi e d
e o u o s a rea s ec ,

l e/t y b e 2 a th i d s o l t i o n nd
r u ,
a l e t 0 b e th e
’
l e t b s i g ne d t c t m k e
va u o e a s o o a

y ed c
r u e t y Th n
o , . e

C
3/
I 0

C 92
3/ 9 1

an d th i s i s th e i n t g l
e ra in a fo rm f ree f rom q u a d ra t u r e s .

N ov . Co m m Aca d . P e tr op VI I I (1 7 60 —1 7 6 1 ) p . 3 2 .

—1 6 4
. . .

J
r I bi d . p . 5 9, a nd i x .
(1 7 62 —1 7 63 ) pp . 1 63 . S ee al s o M i n d i ng ,
J o u rn a l
M a th . XL . p . 3 61 .
 T H E OR Y OF B E S SE L F U N CT I ON S [ C H AR I v

It fo ll ow s th t a th e g e ne l ra so u l ti on is ex p ress i bl e i n th e fo rm

Of . (z ) + f . (z )

H e n ce i t is evi d e n t th t a ,
i f y1 y2 y3 y4 b e a ny fou r s o l u t i o n s o b ta i n e d
, , , ,

gi v n i g C th e va lu e s Cl ,
C2 , C3 C4 r e s e c t i v e ly th en th e cr os s r a ti o
,
p ,
-

(y . y2 ) (y3
(y i s xe
—y)i s e

i s i nd ep end ent f
o z ; for i t i s e qu l a to

(0 1 C4 ) (0 3 02)

In s pit e of b th e o i
v ou s c h cte ar a r of th i s th e o rem ,
it d oe s not see m to h av e

b e e n n o ti c ed nti l u s om e f r ty y e
o ar s a
g o
*
.

O th e r p p ti
g e n l i e d Ri ca t i e q t i on m y b e d e i e d f
ro er es of th e e ra s o ua a r v ro m

p rop e t i es Of th e Co re s p on d i ng l i ne e q ati n
r T h s R ffyi h as g i
r ar u o u a
'
v en

t wo m e th d s o f e d i n g t h e R i c a ti q t i on t t h e
o r n o ni l fo m
uc c e ua o ca ca r

du
df

th es o e s p o n d t o t h e m e th o d s o f e d ci ng l i n a
e c rr r u a e r e q t i on t o i ts no m l
ua r a

fo m by c h n ge s o f t h e d e p e nd e n t nd i nd e p e nd e n t
r a a v ar a i bl e s e s p e c t i e ly r v .

V ar i ou s p p ro e r ti e s of th e s ol u ti o n of R i ccat i
’
s e q u at i o n in w ic h hP , Q , R ar e r a ti o na l

fu n c t i o ns h b av e een O bt i a ne d by C J D H il l , J o u r na l f ur M a th XX V pp 23 —3 7

—
;
—1 3 5 6 ;
. . . . . .

Au t o n ne , Co mp tes R e nd u s, X C VI . pp . 13 5 4 C XX VIII . pp . 4 10 —4 1 2 ; a nd

J a m e t , Co mp tes R end u s d e l As s o c F r a ng a i se (Aj a cci o ) , pp 2 0 7 —2 2 8 ; A nn

’
. . . d e la
F a c d es S c i d e M a r seil l e,
. . XI I .
pp . 1 21 .

The bh e av i ou r o f th e s ol u t i o n n e a r s i n g u l a r i t i e s o f P, Q , R h as b e en s tu d i ed by F l k a en

h ag e n , N i eu w Ar chi ef v o or Wi s h u n d e (2 ) ,
VI . pp . 2 0 9— 2 4 8 .

The e q u at i o n o f th e s eco nd o r d e r w h ose p rim i ti v e i s of th e t yp e

w h e re cl ,
Cg ,
C3 ar e c o n s ta n ts Of i n te g r ati o n
(whi h i c s an O b v io u s
g e n e r al i s a t i o n o f t h e
p rim i ti v e of t h e R i cca t i e q u at i o n ) ,
h as b een s t u d i d by V e e s s i o t, A nn . d e l a F a e d es S c i d e . .

T o u l ou se, IX . no . 6 an d by V Va l
l e nb u r g , J ou r n a l j itr Ma th . C XX I .
pp . 2 10 —2 1 7 ;
an d Co mp tes R end u s , C XX X VI I . pp . 1 03 3 — 103 5 .

Weyr ,
A bh . bo h m . G es . Wi s s (6) . VI I I .
(1 8 7 5 M a th M e m . . 1 p 3 0 Pi d A
. .
; c ar nn S ci
pp
.
, .

4 2 —3 4 3 h h i h th
’
d e l E col e no r m . s up .
(2 ) Vi . . 3 . P i c ar d
’
s t esis, in w lt i
c e re s u s co n

t a i ne d , is d e v o te d t o th e t h eory o f s u r fa c e s an d t w i s te d cu r v es —a th y i
eor h i h Ri n w c c c a ti s
’

e q u a ti o n h as v a r i ou s a pp l i c ati o n s .

T N o uv Ann d e M a th (4 )
. . . II . pp . 5 2 9— 5 4 5 .
96 T H E OR Y OF B E S SE L F UN C T I ON S [ C H AR I v

Eq whi h h b by B h
u at i o n c as ee n s t u d i e d i n d e tail ac ,
Ann S c i d e l . . Fco l e
’
n or m . su
p .

(2 ) I II pp 4 7 —68 oc c u r s in ce r ta i n phy i s c al i n v e s t ig a t i o ns ; s ee L Lo r e nz , Ann .

pp 1 —2 1 [ O
.
.
,

pp
.

d er P h ys i k u n d Ch m i (2 ) XX e e, .
S i tifi q . eu v res c en u es , I . . 3 71

m b H yd d y m i b g —
.

C m i d 2 8 7 2 9 1 S l t o u i o n s o f e q u a ti o n (3 )
and La ,
rc na ( cs a r e, .

ti f 5 6 h b mi d by C ee n exa ne a t al a n, B u l l eti n
i n th e fo r m O f co n t i nu e d fr ac (
o ns o .
,
av e

X X pp 6 8 — 7 3 S l L P ig i bi d (2 ) X LI
d e l Aca d R de B el g i q u e, ()
2 ee a s o e a e,
’
. .
X I . . . . .

pp . 10 1 1 —1 0 1 6 ,
93 5 — 93 9 .

Nex t w e d e i e f om
,
by r v r a c h n ge o f i n d p e n d e n t
a e v ar a i bl e , q ti n
an e ua o

m l fo m We w i t Z h th e eq t i n th e n
i n i ts n o r a r . r e { /q
q w e e q ,
1 / p
(2 r ua o

bec o m es
d 2
v —2
2
g
2g
0
<5 ) G v ,

a nd i ts s o u ti o nl is
”a
(C /] ) q C 1 /< 2
m ) ( ? /9) Ci q
(6)
Wh e n a co n s a n t tf ac t o r is a bs bed or i nt o th e s ym b l o th e so lut i on m ay b e

t k en t
a o be
Cg i
i /e q ) ( C/q l
Cl q ~

E q u at i o n w ic h hh as a l r ea d yb e e n e nco u n t e re d in g h as b e e n s t u d i ed by P l ana ,

M em d el l a R A
. d el l e S ci d i T o r i no ,
.
VI cca d . . XX . pp . 5 1 9 — 5 3 8 ; Ca l e y y P h i l M ag
, . .

()
4 VXXX
I 3 4 8.
— 3 5 1 [ Co l l ected P ap er s , pp .
VII . pp . 9 a nd Lo m m e l ,

S tu d i en uber d i e B es s el s ch en F u ncti one n (Le i z i g ,

’
p pp . 1 12 — 1 1 8 ,

y t m of e qu ti ns w h ic h h n w b e e n cons t t d h s b e e n d is
Th e s s e a o as o ruc e a

cu ss e d s y t e m t i lly by G l is h s w h se i m p t nt m e m oi
a o n t i ns
ca n a er
*
,
o or a r c a a

i nt re s t i n g
e o nt f th es ch es of e l ie w ite s
ac c u o e r ear ar r r r .

T h eq t i o ns h e b e e n tud i e d f o m d iffe e n t s p e t by H e n t ch e l 1
e ua av s r a r a c a zs
°

wh o g d e d t h e m s d e g ne t e f m s o f L m é s e q t i n i n w h i h b t h o f
re ar a e ra or a
’
ua o s c o

th e i n i nts g nd g
v ar a e o 2 a 3 ar zer .

T h f l l wi g p p e oby G l i l h l d l b
o n l t d P h i l M g (4 ) X
a (1 8 7 2 )
ers a s i er s ou a so e co ns u e : . a . LI I I .

pp . 43 3 — 43 8; I ll es s eng er , VIII . pp . 2 0— 2 3 ; P r oc L on d o n M a th
. . S oc . IX .

pp . 1 97 — 202 .

I t m ay be n o te d t h at th e fo r m s of e q u at i o n (1 ) u s ed by v ar i o u s w r i te rs ar e a s fo l l o ws
2
05 3 1

(i x
? F
_
(Pl a na ) ,

d ZR 2
9 R (P O IS S O D
d M
h
d

a u (G l a is er ) .

E q u a ti o n (5 ) h as b ee n e n co u n t e r e d by G r e e nh il l i i n h is r e s e ar c h es o n th e s ta b il ity of a

v e r t i cal p l
o e o f v ar i a bl e c r o s s s e c t i o n , u nd e r
-
th e ac t i o n o f g ra v i t y . Whe n th e c r o s s s e ct i on
-

is co ns ta n t , th e s p ec i a l e q u at i o n in w ic h h q =
§ is O b t ai n e d , an d th e s o l u ti o n o f i t l ea d s t o
B es se l fu n c ti o ns o f o rd er

P h i l T r a ns. . o f th e R o ya l S o c . CL XX II . pp . 7 5 9— 8 2 8 s ee al s o a pp
a er b y Cu r ti s , Ca m
br i d g e a nd D u bl i n M a th . J o ur na l , IX . pp . 2 7 2 — 2 90 .

Z e i ts c h r if t f zi r M a th
’

. und P hi s. x xx i . pp . 2 5 —3 3 .

P r oc . C a l nb P h l l . . S ec . IV . pp . 65 — 7 3 .
 D I F F E R E N T I AL E Q UA T I O N S 97

tr a nsf or m a ti ons f
’
L o mm el B es s e l
’

s o s e
q u a ti on .

Var i o u s ty p e s of t f
r a n s or m a t o n s i Of B ess e l ’
s e q tiua on were d by
e x a m i ne

l li h es om e w h t Spe i l
*
Lo m m e on tw o o ccas o n s i ; h is ear e r r es ear c w ere of a s a c a

ty p e ,
th e l a te r
I
-
w ere m
”
uch m or e gen e ra l .

I n th e e ar lie r inv es t i g t i n fte a o ,

a r o bse r v in g th t a th e gen e ra l l
s o u t io n o f

d y
2
2v —1 dy
+ y —0
dZ 2
Z l
CZ

Lom m e lp r oc e e d e d by d i rec tt r an s o r m a f t i on s to co ns r t u ct th e e qu a t i on w h se o

g e ne a l s lut i n i s
r o o Z BV
( r
yz fi
) ,
w he re a, B , y are c o n s ta n ts . H is r e ul t
s ,

w h i c h i t w i l l b e s u ffi c i e nt to qu o te , is t h at th e gen e ra l so u l ti on of

(2 a as . 1) Z (Z Z Z a (a 26 1 0} u 0

" —
u Z i3 " “
L
To , ( yZ B
) .

Wh e n th e g e n e ral s o l u ti o n o f (3 ) d e g e ne r a t es i n to

=
(c1 + c2 l og Z ) ;
“
°L
u Z

a nd w h en ‘
y
= O it d e
, g e ne r at e s i nto
“
(cl
‘
L
it Z 02

u nl e s s [3 11 is zer o .

Th e s o l u ti o n o f (3 ) was g i v e n ex p l i i tl y by L
c om m el n u m e r ou s S p e c i al c as es . I t w i ll
be su ffi c i e nt q u ot e t h e fo l l ow i ng fo r r e fe re n ce :

d zu
?
g .
2

dz

du 1
3
Z
2
it} 2
1
fi r
(J Z)

d2u 1
$
l ” 0
Z V
) + u =0 u = Z z
2 (N/ ) c

1 , ,
2
dZ

— du
z
d u
we n — 1 ,
V
Z N ) .

a z
;
.

d zu

fi z
;
I [
g 6 5 (i t s ?)
I 1,
f
=
i 16 = 0 u 2§
g (i z
z

d “
ll
ZA
(
zi zg ’ 6?
(1 1 ) + l = o; u z i
fs ci )

An acco u nt of S to k es
’
re s e arc h es on the s o l u t i o ns of e q u a t io n (1 1 ) w i ll be g i ve n i n

64 , 10 2 .

S t u d i en it h er d i e B e s s e l
’
s ch e n F u nc t i o nen (L e i zi g p , pp . 98 —1 2 0 ; M a th . Ann . I II .

pp . 47 5 —4 87 .

T M a th . Ann . XI V . pp . 510 —5 3 6 .

W . B . F .
98 THEO R Y or B E SSE L FUNCTIONS [ C H AR I V

Lo m m e l
’
s h e s pp
l a te r d t b o ut t h e
r e s e arc a e ar e a a s am e tim e as a m e m oi r
by P e ars on and s e e l s ult s e c m m on t o t h
*
,
v ra re ar o e t wo p p
a ers . Lo m m el
’
s

p oce du e was t o s i m p l i fy th e q t i n !
r r e ua o
“

d {M e }
?
i (Z ) f O
W )
(Z Z
x( )

of h h
w ic th e l
s o u t i on is

y X (Z ) Hf (Z ) l if ” Hf
"
( )
1 2

Ou re du ct i on t h e q t i o n b eco m es e ua

d y
z
4 (2)
. 01
9
' (2 v _ 1)
dz 2
« (
p )
z dz

We) ”? w
’

e (
x )
”W Y“
z
__
“
V Z
we
V

(Z) < z>

x X x
N ow d e fi ne th e fu nct i on ()
1 (z ) by th e e qu t i o n
a

95 (Z ) x (Z )
+ 2
91> ( Z) Z
I( )
\f
(
x )Z
I t w i ll be a d eq te ua to t ke
a

(1 4) <5 (Z ) V( ) {X {i ( W
H
N 2 f Z

I f we e l i m in te X ( )
a Z >
it i pp
s a ar e n t th a t th e gene l ra so u l t i on of

(Z ) d e
'
d ?!
z
95 1 (2 )
de 2
) (2 ) d z
(1
b()
( 2 2 qt (2 )

H
3 ‘
P ( ) Z 1 \ P
‘

4 we
_ 2
Z “
V
2
”l 1

(z ) «if (z )
Z
As a s p e ci a l cas e , i f we t kea <; 1 (z ) z 1 , i t is s een th t t h e g ene al s o lut i on o f
a r

4; (Z ) 3 P (Z ) l/
(Z )
”W ”
N i
2 2 1_ w l

we)
_

4
W)
(1 8 ) y / i
x { l (2 ) /W
f g » H f

N ex t tu i g to k th t t h e ge ne l
,
re rn n w e ta e
X (e ) 5
{q r a nd w e fi nd a ra

so lut i on of

d g
z N
Z
if
d
; if
2
(1 9) 1)
; ? {p
f
i
2 ?
v “f
de E

( 0)
2
y H f g
)
, is”
M ess eng er , I X . pp . 12 7 —1 3 1 .
TT h e fu n cti o n s X (z ) a nd 50 (z ) are ar bi tr a ry
.
1 00 THE O R Y OF B E S S E L FUNCTIONS [ CHAR Iv

By 43 h
t i s i s i n te g ra bl e i n fi n i te t er m s if

fig
? —) } r
2

w h e re n is an i nte g er ; so t h at

(2 ) n +§

Th e e q u a ti o n is al s o o b v i ou sl yi n te g ra bl e i n t h e t r i v i al cas e s A= 0 an d m

44 . Th e nota ti on o
f P ockh a m m er f or s er i es o
f h yp er g e o m etr i c typ e .

A co m p tn
ac o ta ti on ,
in v e n t e d by P o c h h am m er *
an d m o d i fi e d byB a r ne s T ,

is c on v e n e n i t fo r ex pg th r e ss n i e s eri es w hi h c a re t o be i n v e s t i g t e d We s h all
a .

wr i te n o w a nd s ub s q e n t ly
e u

Th e no a t t i on w h i c h wi ll be u se d is in ,
g e ne l ra ,

Fq
g (ap ) n
P
‘
( 1 2 P p l p pg ; Z
i (p l ) n (p 2 ) n
n =o 7 l (Pq ) n
In p ti ul
ar c ar ,

(a) l (a) ? (a ) 3

2 10 0 2 3 10 0 3

Th e f u nc ti o ns d e fi n d by e th e fi rst th r ee s e rie s ar e ca ll d g
e e ne ra l is e d
ge om e r c t i fu nc ti o ns .

I t m ay b e no t e d he re th t a th e f u nc ti on 1 F1 (a ; p ; z ) is a so u l t i on Of th e
d ff
i e r e n ti a e l q ti ua on

d — d
Z ale
2
+ <p ) g§ Z -
a
y = 0,

a nd , w h en p is n o t an in t e ge r , an in d p nd e e e nt s o lut i o n of th i s e qu t i on a is

2
1_ 9
.
1 Fl
—
(a p + 1 ; 2
It IS e v i d en t th t a

e a)
"

0F1 (v + 1 ;
P (v + 1 )
Var i o u s i nteg r al r e r e s e n tat i o n s p of f u nc t i o n s of th e t yp es l Fl , O
F z, 0 F 3 h av e b ee n s t u d i e d

by P o ch h am m e r , M a t/z An n X L I . . . pp . 174 —1 7 8 ,
1 97 — 2 1 8 .

M a th Ann . .
XXX VI .
p . 84 ; XXX VI II . pp . 2 2 7 , 5 8 6, 5 8 7 . Cf .

t P r oc L on d on M a t h S oc
‘
. . .
(2 ) v . p . 60 . T h e m o d i fi c a ti o n d u e t o B ar n e s i s th e i n s er t i o n
of th e su ffi xe s p an d qb e fo r e a n d a ft er t h e F to r e n d e r ev i d en t th e num b er o f s e ts o f «
fac to r s .
4 D IFFE R ENTIAL E Q UATIONS 10 1

Va r i ou s s o l u ti ons in s e r i es .

We s h al l n o w e x a m i n e v ar i o us so u l ti o ns o f th e e q t i on
ua

d “ ?

dz ?
2
2

a nd o bt l t i ons b t w e e n th e m w h i h wi ll f th e m t p t be p
i
a n re a e , c or os ar ex re sse d
i n P oc h h m m e s n o t t i n
’
a r a o .

I t i s s u pp os e d fo t h e p e s e n t th a t p i n o t r p i t i i nt e g e r s a os ve r or zero ,

a n d e qu lly S i n ce th e e qu t i o n i s
,
a ,
n lt e e d by p l ing p by —p 1a u a r re ac ,
i t is
s u p p s e d th t p i s no t a n e g t iv e i n t ge
o a a e r .

I t i s a l e dy k n o w n r 4 8 ) th a t t h e g e n e a l s o l t i n i z i
a r u o
*
s
f
an d
th i s gi es is e to th e s p e i l s l t i ons
v r c a o u

—P —
0F 1 (p z .
0 Fl ( p ;

The e q ati onu m ay b e w r i tt e n in th e fo rm s

d ( 2
u eI
Cz
)
i
al e
2

w ich h a e s ugg s t e d by t h e fac t th t th e f n ti o ns e

r e a u c
i cz
ar e so lut i o ns of th e
or i g ina l e qu t i on wi th t h e i ght h nd s i d e s u pp e s s e d
a r -
a r .

Wh e n S i s w i tt e n f z t h e l s t p ai o f e qu t i
r or a r a o ns b eco m e
(S —p 1 ) (9 p) ( ) i 20 § ue
’FCZ
z ( u eI
cz
) 0 .

Wh e n w e s o l v e th e se in s er i es w e e l e d t o t h e fo ll
ar o win gf o ur ex p i
r e s s o ns fo r u

(p 1 ; 2p 2 ; 2 0g ) ; { W C/3
.
1 17 1
—p ; 2p ; 2 0g );
p +1 "
z
1 F 1 (p 1 2p 2 ”e cz
F (—p 2p ;
“ ‘ ‘

z e z 1 1

N ow ,
l p l i t i o n f s e i es th e
by d i r e ct m u ti ca o r t wo
r
ex
p r ess o ns o n i th e l e ft ar e

“ m
e x p ns i bl e i n
a e nd i n g s i es i n o l i ng
as c er v v z ip ,
el ,
And t h e ex
p r ess w n s

— t
o n t h e ri ght s i m i l ly i n o l e S i nc e n o n e o f th e t wo s e s o f
‘ ‘
P l ’ z p
z fl
‘

ar v v z , ,
z ,

p we s a e th e s am e w h e n 2p i s n t an i nt e g e
o r r o r, we m us t ha ve

(1 ) 2p + 2 ; —2 c ) z

e
cz
.
1 F1
—
( p ;
—2p ; e
—cz
.
1 F1
—
( p ; 2p ; 2 0 2 )

(% F1 i )
2 ?
0 3
P i
“

T h ese f m l or u ae ar e l
d u e to K u m m e r b e n p
' '

. Wh e n (1 ) h as e ro v e d fo r g e n e ra l
va lu e f p th es o ,
tru th f (2 ) i s b io
o n p l i ng p by p O v us o re ac 1 in

We no w h ave t co n s i d e t h e c s es w h e n 2p i s n i n t g e
o r a a e r .

I t fo l l o w s fr o m 3 1 th at a s p e c i a l i n v e s ti g a ti o n is a l s o n ece s s a ry w h en p is h al f o f an o d d

integ er .

I J ou r na l
‘‘
f ur M a th . xv . pp . 1 3 8— 1 1 1 .
 1 02 THE O R Y OF B E S SE L F U NCTIONS [ CHA R IV

Wh e n p l h as t h s o l t i o n w h i h con t i n
an of th e v a u es —
1
g g e u s c a
y 2 , ,

as f ct o h
a t b e e p l ce d by s i e s i n
a r av e l i ng l o g i th m s
o r a er vo v ar

and th e e is n ly on e s lurt i o n w h i c h i n l e s
o n ly p o w e s o f B y t h o vo v o r 2 . e

p e i us
r ni n
v o
g q t i n (1 ) s ti ll h ld
r e as o ,
‘
e ua o o s .

Wh e n p h s ny o f t h e lu e s 0 1 2 c mp
a i on f t h e l o w e s t p o w e s
a va , , ,
a o ar s o r

of i n l e d i n t h s lut i n s h e w th t (1 ) s t i ll h o ld s ; but i t i s n t O b i o u s
2 vo v e o o s s a o v

th at th e e e no e l t i ons o f t h e fo m
r ar r a r

F — p ; O ,
—p ; 2p ; 2 0 ) 1 1 7
(p 3 i
; 0 ) 2 01 2
01
1 1
0 1
2
2
?

Z
‘
p e
‘
c
fi Fl —p ; 2p ; 2 CZ ) m an
o r , (10

w he re t w h ich 102 ar e c o ns ta n s a re no t z e r o .

We s h ll cons e q ntly h e a ue av to gi n i nd e p e n d e n t
ve a i nv es t i ga t i o n Of (1 )
a n d (2 ) w h i c h d e p e n d s o n d i e c t r m ult i p l i c ti o n o f s e i es a r .

N E I d d i ti t K m m
OT .
'

n a on o u er s
’
r es e ar c h es , th e r e ad er S h oul d c o ns ul t th e i nv es ti g a

ti f th
ons O i by C y l y P l i l M
e s e r es a e ,
i . a
g .
(4 ) XXX VI . pp . 3 48— 3 5 1 [ Col l ected P ap er s ,
V II . pp . 9—1 2 ] and G l ai s h er , P hil . M ag .
(4 ) X LII I . pp . 43 3 —4 3 8 ; P hi l .

T r a ns . o f til e R oya l S oc C L . XX II . pp . 7 5 9— 8 2 8 .

R el a ti ons between th e s ol u ti ons in s er i es .

Th e e qu t i on a

e
c
l l (p 1 ; 2p 2 ; 2 02 ) (p 1 ; 2p 2 ;

h h fo m s p t
w ic r ar of e q u at i o n (1 ) of is a p ti l
ar c u ar c ase of t h e m or e
‘
g e ne a l fo m ul d r r a ue to K u m m e fi

()
1 —a ; p ;
—C) ,

h h h o ld s f l l l e s o f
w ic or a va u
p bj
a an d e t t o c t a i n co n
su e n t i o n s (w h i c h w i ll
c er v

b s t a t e d p e s e n tly ) w h i c h h
e r e to b e m d e w h n
av nd
p e ne g t i e i n t e g e s
a e a a ar a v r .

We fi s t s u pp ose th t p i s r a no t n e g ti e i n t e g e
a n d th e n t h e c o e ffi ci e n t o f
a v r a

“
if i n th e ex p an s i o n o f th e p d t of t h e s e i e s fo e? and F (p a p ;
ro uc isr r 1 ,
‘

g —) m (p n
—m >! “ "M
‘
S “i n P
m =o n <
—> n

v 1 a n )n
n! (P) n
(“b i

if we fi s t u s e V nd e m ond e s th o e m l nd th e n e e se th e o d e o f t h e f c t o s
r a r
’
e r
' ‘
a r v r r r a r

n th e n u m t ; nd th e l s t e p e s si n i s th e co e ffi i e n t o f { in F ( ; p ; C) n
l e r a or a a x r o c 1 1 a .

T h e es ult e qu i e d i s th e e fo e e s t bl i s h e d w h e n a n d p h e g e n er l c m p l e x
r r r r r a a av a o

v a u es l i .

f u r M a th pp 1 3 8—14 1 ; Eco l e
'

J ou r na l . xv . . s ee a l s o
b
B a ch , Ann S ci d e l . .
’
no r m . s up .
(2 )
I II . p . 55 .

1 See
‘
,
e .
g . C h yt l r s a ,
Al g e br a , II . p . 9 .

7; Ano th er ro o f d e p p end i ng o n th e t h eo r y o f co nto u r i n t eg ra t i o n h as b ee n g i v e n by B ar n e s ,

T r ans C a m b P h i l S oc
. . . . xx . pp . 2 5 4—2 5 7 .
 1 04 TH EO RY OF B E S S E L F U NCTI ONS [ CHA R IV

We n ex t e x a m i ne th e e qu a t i o n
(6)
h hf
w ic or m s th e re m a n i de r of e q tiua on (1 ) i n an d w h ich i s a sol d ue
K um m e r

If weu pp ose th a t
s 2p i s no t a n e g ti
a ve i n t e ge r t h e , coe ffi ci e n t Of

t h e p o d c t o f th e s e i
r u r e s on th e l e ft i n (6) is

m =o (71 771 ) 1 772 ! (2 p 2 )m (2 1? m =o m ! (n m) !

N ow i si} . 2 m
” Om (p n 2p i s th e co e f ci e n fi t of
”
t in th e
,
n m =o
-

ex p ans i on o f
(1 (1 a nd s o it is e qu l a to

— —d t 1 —z —u —n—
'

2 77 i (1 ar r 1
(1
1

Wt (1 u.
2
)
> 1 1
du ,

w he re u t/(l t) an d th e t
co n o u r s e n c o s e l th e or i gin but no o th e s ingul r ar i ti e s
of th e i n t e grand s . By ex p n d ing th
a e i n t e g r an d i n a c s e nd i n g p ow e s O f r u, we

s ee th ta th e i n te g l ra is z er o if n is od d , but it is e qu l a to
(10 w h en n is

e ven .

H e n ce it fo ll o ws th t a

(p
e
c
l 1 (p + l ; 2p + 2 ;
_
0 (2p + 2 )m - n !
a

M
0
an d t h i s i s th e res ult to b e p ro v e d .

Wh en we m a k e
p t e nd to t h e va lu e o f a ne gati ve i nt e g e r , N w e fi nd
,
by
th e s am e l i m i t i ng p r o ce s s as bef or e th a t
l im
—N 1 F1 (p + 1 ; 2p + 2 ; —N ; 2 —2 N ; —2 02 ) 7
—)
p
N
(N
1
N!
-

It f ll o ws th t
o a

0 F1 —
(% N 2 e
“
.
1 F 1 (1
—N ; 2 2N ; 2 02 )
—
l

(N —1 ) 1N I
“
e l F, (N ; 2 N

I f we h ange
c th e si gns o f 0 a nd 2 th ugh o t
ro u an d a d d th e res ult s s o o bt ai ne d ,

we fi n d th a t

(7 ) —N ; i
2
0 2
?
) e
“
1 F 1 (1
—N ; 2 —2 N ; —2 ) 02

—
.

—N ; 2 —2 N ; 2 ) l 02 ,

J ou r na l j itr M a th xv . . pp . 13 8 —1 4 1 . In co nne x o n i i h th p w t
f gi h e ro o ven er e , s ee
B ar n es , T r ans Ca m b P h i l
. . . S oc . XX . p . 27 2 .
 D IFFE R ENTIAL E Q UATIONS 1 05

th e ot he ter rm s o n th e r ght nce ll in g by u se f q ti n (1 ) T h i i f

i ca a o e ua o s s, o

c ou rs e , th e ex p r es s o n i fo r J_ % (i c ) i n fi n i t e te m wi t h d i ffe e n t n t t i n
N+ e r s a r o a o .

F o r B ar n e s
’
p r oo f of K u m m e s f m ul e by th e m e th o d
r
’

or f nt i nt
a , s o co ou r e

g i
r a t o n, s e e 65 .

'

S h a rp e s d i fi er en ti a l
’
e u a ti on
q
»
.

The e qu t i o n a

(1 ) 2

h h i s g e ne l i a t i on f B e s e l s e qu t i n fo f nc t i n f d e
w ic a ra s o s
’
a o r u o s O or r ze ro,

occ u s i n t h e th e o y
r f t h e e fl e i on o f s o n d by
r p a ab o l i d I t h s b e e n
o r x u a r o . a

i n e s ti ga t e d by S h p e
v w h o h s s h e w n th at t h e i n t e g a l w h i c h e du ces t
ar a r r o

u n i ty a t t h e o i g i n i s r

( )
2 y 0 cos (2 cos 9 A l og co t 50) (M ,

w he re

1 0 cos (A l og co t d9 .

h
T i s is t h e a pp p i t ro r a e mo id fi c t i on o f P a s e al s i n t e g l
a r v
’
ra T o in
v e s ti
g at e i ts co n v e r g ence wr i t e cos 9 t an h p and i t beco m es ( ,

co s (A d) 2 t an h p) d
(

cos hp (
q
) ’

I t is eas y to se e f o m th i s for m
r of th e in t e g l th t i t c on
ra a ve r g e s fo r (c o m p l e x )
va lu es of A fo r w h i h [ (A ) c 1 ,
a nd !

co s h5 7 A .

T h e i n t e g a l h as b e e n r i nv e s t i ga t e d i n g e t d e t i l by S h p e r a a ar a nd h e h as
g e n e l b t e ul e f
iv a or a r s or c a l c l at i ng s cce s i e c e ffi ci e n t s n th
u u s v o I e ex p an s i o n o f

y i n p ow ers Of 2 .

A sim le
p f or m o f th e so lut i on (w i c h h w as no t gi v en by S h p e ) ar is

y e
i fz
I NI ? g i rl
J 1 ; 3F 2 i2 ) .

The r e ad er s h o ld h u a v e no d i ffi c ulty in v er i fy i ng th i s re s u lt .

M es s eng er , x . pp . 1 7 4 —1 8 5 XI I . pp . 66 —7 9 ; P r oc C a m b P h i l
. . . 800 . x .

pp —1 3 6
. 1 01

T S ee e
.

Wats on C omp l e x I nteg r a ti o n a nd C a u c h y s T h eo r e m

’
pp . 64 —05 .

,
.
g .
,
106 THEOR Y OF B E S S E L FU NCTIONS [ CHAR IV

4 5 . E q u a ti ons o f o r d er hi g h er th a n th e s eco n d .

Th e t
ti l e q t i o n f ny o d e w h i c h i s s o l bl e
co n s r u c ti on o f a d i ff er e n a ua o a r r, u

by m e ns f B e s s e l fu nc t i on h s b e en e ffe t e d by L m m e l ; i t s p o s i b i l i ty
a o
*
s, a c o s

d e p e nd s n th e fac t th t cyl in d e fu nc t i ons e xi s t f w h i c h th e qu t i e n t

o a r or o

g
)
. ( ) i s i n d e p e n d e n t o f
2 2 .

E c h f t h e fu n t i o n s J ( ) nd Y
a o o f i nt eg a l
c d e p s e s s es th i s n 2 a n r or r, os

p o p ty 2 3 1
r er n d t h e fu n c t i on s o f t h
,
th ird k in d B ”) ( )
a e y
2

p oss e ss i t w h e th e v i s n i n t e g e no t r a r or .

N o w w h e n 3 9 (5 ) i s w i tt e n i n th e fo m r r

m
d 1 l —m l
fl
( )
I n % ( YVZ ) (i vy Z (7 N/Z )
" n V

m v :
dz
th e cyl ind e func t i on on t h e i ght i s O f o d e v i f m
r r r r

T his is th e s e e i th e r (i ) i f v i s
ca n i nte ge n a r, ,
a nd 772 2n , or ii
( ) if
v a nd an z 2u + 1 .

H e n ce if % n d e n t es e i th e
o r or Yn w e ,
h av e

{2 in
m /Z »
i
d
a
en
n m ”(
gp z f
61 7. (a V3 )
(

F r om th i s e qu t i on w e bt i n La o a om m el
’
s r es ul t t h t a th e fu nc t i o ns 2
'
s”
7
J n (y V2 ) «
,

i Y (7 M ) e s o l t i on f i
n "
z
'

n 2 ar u s O

m
ti e e arn
()
2
dz ?“
2
“

w he re 7 h as an
y va lu e s u c h th t a y
?”
so th a t
—
( 0T r
,
n
u
n —1 )
By gi in g 7 a l l p os s i bl e
v v a u esl we O bt ain 2n so lut i ons of a nd th e s e
fo rm a fu n d am e n t l s y t e m a s .

0 m
N ex t i f g l d en ot s H e we ha ve m “f
so t h at
, n ar ,

ns
le 0 v2 } ‘
e m
“
’ ”i
e ar tn i inn e (v J z )
n ‘ ‘ a
Z .
dZ 2 1L i l
' -

a nd h en ce is a so u l ti on of

d 2n+ 1
3/ ( 1 0 en + l
2 ) 3/
(3 ) dz zn + 1
Z
u +g

w h e re 7 h as an
y va lu e su c h th t a .
a
fl
e so th t a

7 ic ex
p { r wi
/( n ( r 0, 1 , 2 ,

an d th e so u l t i ons so O bt a nei d fo rm a fu n d am en a t l ys t s em .

S tu d i en u ber d i e B ess e l
’
s c h en F u nc ti one n (L e i p z ig p 1 20 ; M a th Ann 11

—63 5
. . .
, .

pp . 62 4 .

1 Th e
°

m or e g e n e r al e q u ati o n
In
az
m
y

h as b ee n d i scu s s e d by M o l i n s , M e m d e t A ca d d e s S c i d e T ou l ou s e , (7 )
’

.
’
. . VI I I . pp . 1 67 —1 89 .
 THE O R Y OF B E S SE L FUNCTIO NS [ CHAR IV

cas e s g i v e th e f ll
o o w i ng eq u a ti o n s a n d t h e i r s o l u t i o ns

i:
f
(
{ g é (2 )

el m
-

we ns as
a { s ( t ) + 2 2 (stat s 0

e a
. .

= ‘
4
{g m (2 2 3) tg é )l
(9) u 2 “ ’
ho

T h es e s e e m to b e t h e o nl y q e u a t i o ns o f N i ch o l s on s t
’
yp e w ic h h a r e s ol u bl e w it h th e ai d

of B e ss e l fu nc ti o ns i n th e cas e p
= 2 , th e e q u at i o n (5 ) is h o m o g e n eo u s . Ni h c ol s o n s
’
g e n e r al

e q u ati o n is as s o c i a te d wit h t h e fu n c t i o n

2 + 2p 1 + 2p _
— —2
.

4 —
2p .
’
4 2p .
’

(4

'

S ym boli c s o l u ti o ns o
f d i fier e nti a l e u a ti o ns
q .

N u m e r o u s m a t h e m at ic ian s h av e gi ve n so u l t i o ns of th e e qu at i o n ()
1
na m e ly
d 2
u M 10 1)
(1 , d z
?
2
2
u,

in sym b o l ic fo m s w h e n p i s p osi ti e i n t e ge ( e ro i nc lud e d ) T h es e for m s

r , a v r z .

ar e i n t i m a t e ly o nn e c t e d w i th t h e
c e u nce fo m ul e f B e s s e l f n c t i o ns
r c rr e r a or u .

I t h as b e e n e e n 4 3 ) th t t h e g e n e l s ol t i on o f t h e e qu a t i o n i s
s a ra u

Zi g p fi

and f omr th e rec u r r e n ce fo rm ul a 3 9 (6 ) w e h av e

i
( oi z ) { %
‘

2
g,

S i nc e an
y cyl i nd e r fu n ct i o n o f th e fo rm (oi z ) is ex p r e ss i bl e as

(ae
ez
Be
w he r e a an d B a r e co ns an s , t t it fo ll ow s th t a th e g en e a l r so u l t i on of (1 ) m ay
b e w ri tt e n
—CZ
lee
cz
ae
(2 ) u 2 104 1

Z
A m o d i fi c a t i on of th i s , d u e to Gl i h a s er is

“
(3 )
' c
10
(a e
z
u 2

w he re a
’
a o,/ B
’
=
B/0 . h
T i s m ay b e s e en by d i ff e rent a i ting ’
a e
“
+ Be
' ‘
cz
o nce .

P hi l . T r a ns . o f th e R oya l S oc . CL XX II . p . 813 . I t was r e m ar k e d by Gl i h a s er t h at

eq ti ua on (3 ) is su bt
s an ti a l l y g i v e n by E ar n s h aw, P a r ti a l D tfi er enti a l E q u a ti o ns (L o n d o n ,

p 92. . S ee al s o Gl i h a s er, Q ua r ter l y J o u r na l , XI . p . 2 69 , for m u l a an d p . 27 0 .

4 6]
-
D IFFE R ENTIAL E Q UA TI O NS 1 09

N OT E . A res u l t e q u i v a l e nt to (2 ) w a s s et k
by G a s i n as a r o l e m * i n t h e S e na t e H ou s e p b
E x am i nat i o n, 1 8 3 9 ; a n d a p roof p b h by
w as u l is e d Le s l i e E l l i s , Ca m b M a th J o u r n a l , I I . . .

pp
1 93 — 1 9 5 , an d . al s o by D k i P h i l T on n, . r a ns . o
f th e [ l o ya l S oc . C X LV II .

pp . 43 —57 I n th e q . u e s t Io n a s s e t by G k i th i g as n, e S n o f c2 was c h an
g ed , so th at th e sol u

ti on i n v o l v e d C i r c u l a r fu n c t i o ns i t d f p ti l f
n s ea o ex o ne n a u nc t i o n s .

N ex t we s h ll p
a rov e th e s ym b li o c t h eore m ,
d u e to G la is h e r y t ,
h at

< 4>

In o p e ra ti n g on a f u n c ti o n th th wi e o p t
e r a or o n th e ri ght ,
i t is su pp os e d
th a t th e f nc t o n
u i is m ult i p l i e d by be f ore th e a pp l i t i ca on of th e

o p t
e r a or s 2
3

It is c o n v e ni e n t to w r it e

a nd t h en to u se th e s y m b l i fo o c rm ul a

< )
5 r e ) (M ) .
fe a ) Z .

in w h ich a is a co ns a n t t a nd Z is an
y fu n c ti o n o f 2 .

Th e p f roo of h
t i s for m u l a p r es e nt s no s p e cial d i ffi c u l t i e s w h f en is a p o l yn o m i a l in
9, as is th e cas e i n th e p r e s e nt i nv e s ti g ati o n . Se e, e .
g . F ors yth , T r ea tis e on D ifi er e n ti a l
E q u a ti ons 3 3 .

It i s e as y to see f ro m (5 ) th t a

(p +1 ) 9
e

—2 9 —2 9
»
7 +1) 0
e < 1
( 6 0
(8 3 ) (8 3
—
r
e u
M S 210 2 ) (9 2p 2p 6) s ,

w h e n w e b i n g th e s u c r ce s s v e i f u nc ti on s e
‘
29
(b e g i nni ng w i th th os e on th e l e ft )
p as t t h e o p e t ne ra ors o at a -
t i me , by re p t d pp l i t i n f
ea e a ca o s o

We n ow r e v e r s e th e or d e r j; of th e p t in t h l t
o e ra or s e as r esu lt ,
an d by a

re v e rs a l of th e p r ev o i us p ro c e d u re we g et

—r >9 —a) (s
e <1 s (s 4) (s 2p a)

2p 2 ) (S 2p (S 4)
—ry —w
]
20
(6 3
z a
0 e

Th e p blro em w as th e s ec o n d p ar t of q u e s ti o n 8 , T u e s d ay a fte r n oo n , J an 8 , 1 83 9 ;
. s ee th e

C a m br i d g e Uni v er s i ty Ca l end a r , 1 83 9, p 3 19 . .

1
'
N ou v e l l e C or r . M a th . II . pp 2 40— 2 4 3
.
,
3 49—3 5 0 ; an d P hil . T r a ns . o f th e R oya l S oc .

CL XX II .
pp . 8 03 —80 5 .

1 I t w as r e m ar k e d b y Cayl ey, Q u a r te r l y J o u r na l , XI I . p . 1 3 2 , in a fo o t no te to a pp
a er by
cl
Gl i ha s er , t h at d i ffe r e n ti a l o p e r a to r s o f th e fo r m
d
i . e . S a, o b y th
e e co m m u ta ti v e l aw .
1 10 THEO R Y OF B E S SE L F U N CT I ON S [ CHA R IV

an d th i s i s th e resu lt to be p ro v e d . If we re pl ace
p by p 1 , w e fi nd th t a

(6)

W h e n w e t an s f r or m (2 ) a nd ) th
(3 t h e i d o f (4 ) a n d
wi a w e see .
th a t
t h e gen e l s o l t ion e x p es s i bl i n t h f ll o w i n g f m s
ra u of (1 ) i s r e e o or

1
(7 ) Z p +1

’ —
B
’
+1 ez cz
1 d e e
()
8
Z p +3

The so luti ons of th e e qu t i o n

a

2p d u
— 2
C v _ 0 ’
dz 2
2 dz

of w ic h h c or r es p nd o to (7 ) a nd (8 ) ar e

Be
_ e
z
“
(9)
217
i) 2

( )
210 + l
1 0 o 2

(1 1 ) n)

( )
1 2

A d i ffe re n t and m o r e d i r e ct m e t h od of O bt ai n i ng ()
7 i s d u e to B o ol e , P h i l . Tr a ns .

R oya l S o c 1 8 44 , pp 2 5 1 , 2 5 2 ; Tr ea ti se D if er en ti a l E q u a ti o ns (Lo nd o n ,
on ch X VI I

—4 2 5 ;
. .
. .

pp . 42 3 s ee al s o Cu r ti s , Ca m br i d g e a nd D u bl i n Al a th J o ur n a l , I X . . p . 281 .

The s o l u ti o n (9 ) w as fi r s t g i v e n by L e s l ie E l l i s , Ca m b M a th . . J ou r n a l , II . pp . 1 69,
1 93 ,
an d Le b es g u e , J o u rn a l d e M a th . XI . p . 3 3 8; p
d ev e l o m e nt s i n s er i e s w e re

O b t ai n e d fr om i t by Bac h ,
An n S ci d e l
. .
’
Eco l e n or m . su
p (2 ) . III . p . 61 .

d z ?)
Si m i l ar s ym b ol i c s o l u ti o n s fo r t h e e q u ati o n
d z2
2
0 2
2q
‘
2
r = 0 w ere d iscu s s ed by Fi el d s ,

J oh n H op /t i ns Un i v er si ty Ci r cu l a r s , VI .
(1 8 8 6 p . 29 .

A t r an s for m at i o n of th e s o l u ti o n d u e to Wil l i a m s o n ,
P hi l . Jl ag .
(4 ) XI .

pp . 3 64 — 3 7 1 , i s

v=
2 1°
(1 3 ) ( cl a u s
CZ
)
-

0 e .

h
T i s i s d e r i v ed fr o m t h e q
e u i v a l e nc e o f th e O p er a t o r s w h en t hy pe O e r at e o n

fu n c t i o n s Of 0 2 .

We t h us O bt ai n th e e q u i v a l e n ce o f t h e fo l l o w i ng O p e r ato r s

2) 1 2p
2 1
( ) CZ 1

2D + 1
( ) CZ

it bi e ng su pp os e d t h at th e o p e r a t or s o p era te on a fu nct i o n o f 02 ; an d I i l l i am s on s
V ’
f
orm u l a

is th en m ani fe s t .
1 12 THEO R Y OF B E S SE L F U N C TI O N S [ CHA R IV

Li ouvi l l e s
’
fi rst th eor e m
*
concer ni ng l i n ea r d iffer enti a l eq u a ti o ns .

T h e i n v es i t g ti on a of th e c h ar a c t e r o f th e so lut i o n of th e e q u a t i on

d u 2

(1 )
—
dZ 2
“X ( Z) ,

in w ic h h X() 2 is a t r a n sce n d nt of o d e i a r r
‘
n, h as b e en ma d e by Li o u i ll e v ,
wh o

h as e s t bl i s h e d
a th e f ll ow ing t h e o e m
o r

If eq u a ti o n ()
1 h a s a s o u ti onl whi ch i s a tr a ns ce nd a nt f
o or d e r m 1 w h er e
,

m 2 n, th en e i th e r th er e ex i s ts a s o l u ti on o .

f th e e
q u a ti on w h i ch i s f
o or d er }: n,

or e s e l th er e ex i s ts a s o l u ti on , u , , o f th e eq u a ti on exp r ess i bl e i n th e f or m

(2 ) u e (Z
f ) u ,

wh ere i o r d er d th e or d er o f (2 ) d oes n ot ex ceed a , a nd p is

f“( ) s o
f2 pt, a n .

s u ch th a t n g p g m . .

If t h e e q u a t on i ( )
1 h as a so u l t i on of or de r m 1 l e t i t be
,
f m 1 ( )
2 th e n
is fu n t i on o f o ne o m o e fu n c t i n s O f t h e ty p e s l f
lg e b r ai c
fm ( ) +1
2 an a c r r o m

q e m ( ) s w e ll (p os i bly ) O f fu n t i o n s w h o
2 a d e asd oe s n o t e ce e d
s c se or r x

m L t.
s c o n ce n t
e ute t te n ti n o n p ti l fu nct i n f one f th e
ra o ur a o a ar c u ar o o O

t h e e ty p e s
r nd l e t i t b e ,
ll e d 9 S (9 acc d i ng t i ts t y p e
a ca ,
or or o .

I W h ll fi t s h e w h w to p e t h t i f (1 ) h s s ol ti n f d
() e s a rs e o rov a ,
a a u o o or r

m 1 th e n s l t i on
,
n b e co ns t
a c t e d w h i c h d oe s n t i n
o u ca l e f n c ti n f ru o vo v u o s o

t h e t y p s 9 and S e .

F if p o s i bl e l e t f
or , (Z ) F (
s whe ,
E i s n lg e b ai fu nc t i on o f 9 ;
m+1 2 ,
re a a r c

a nd ny fu n c t i n
a f ( th e th n 9 i t s e lf ) o f d e m 1 w h i c h ccu s i n E
o o 2 o r a or r o r

i s a lg e b ai c lly i nd e p n d e nt f 9
r a e o .

T h n i t i s e s y t s h w th t
e a o e a

6F 5°
2 af m a) ar
r

(3 ) F x (2 )
(2) dz C9 82
.

82 ,

i
1 df m () 2
2
8 173

“
f e) dz at
‘

m () 2 a.

b g pp e d t h t d e p n d e nt bl e s p f g
'

it e n i su os a 2 an d 9 ar e th e i n e v ar a i in e r or m i n

th e p t i l d i ff e nt i t i
ar a er a o ns

The ex p r es si on on th e ri ght in (3 ) is an a lg b e ra c i fu nc ti on of 9 w ic h h
v an s i hes id e nt i ca lly w h en 9 is re pl a ce d by l f m H e n ce it m ust va ni s h

i d enti ca l l y fo r a ll v a u es l Of 9 ; fo r i f i t d i d no t , t h e r e s u lt
q ting i t of e ua to
z e ro w ou ld ge b
ex p r e ss lfm (2 ) as an al ra c i f
ti n
u nc o o f t an ce nd n t s w h
r s a os e

ord e d o n t e ce e d m t g e th e w i t h t
rs o x o r ra n sce n d n t s a o fo d m r 1 whi h
er c ar e ,

ex h yp th es i lg b i lly i nd p nd e n t
o ,
a e ra ca e e Of 9 .

J ou r na l d e M a th . Iv . pp . 43 5 —442

1 T is h ph r a se is u s e d as a n a bb r e v i a ti o n o f e l e m e n ta r y tr a n s ce n d e n ta l f u n c ti o n of ord er n .

(P a
N ul l s o l u ti o n s ar e d i sr eg ar d e d ; if u w er e O f o r d er l es s t h an n , t h en 1 wo u l d be o f o rd er
u az z
l ess t h a n n, w ic h hi s c o n tr a r y t hyp th
o o esis .
 D I F F E R E N T I AL E Q UA T I O N S 1 13

In p tiar cu l a r, th e ex p i
r e s s on o n th e ght o f (3 ) ni h w h n 9 i p l
r i va s es e s re ace d
by 9 0, w he re 0 is an ar bi t r ar y co n s a t n t ; nd w h e n th i h ng i m d
a s c a e s a e th e

ex
p i
r e ss o n o n th e l e ft of (3 ) c h ng a es into
d E 2
(2 ,
9 c )

w hi h c is th e e f r or e z e r o . T h at is to sa
y
)
£
d F 2
< C
(4 ) fi E (2 ,
9 c ) X (2 ) 0 .

Wh e n we d iffe r ent a e i t (4 ) p t i lly w i th g d

ar a re ar to .
0, w e fi nd th at

”
BF ( 9 ) 0 17 (2 9 )
2
2 ,
0 , c

80 2

a re so luti ons o f (1 ) f l l l e s f 0 i nd p e nd e n t f or a va u O e o 2 . I f we p ut 0 0 f
a te r

p f m i ng t h e d i ff e n t i t i ons th s e e p e i ns b o m
e r or er a ,
e x r ss o ec e

9) BE (2 9)
q? (
Q
t 2 , ,

89 69 2

w ich h ar e c o ns e q u e nt ly so lu t ions of For b re v it y th y e wi ll be ca ll de

E 9 E 99
, ,

N ow eit he r E a nd E9 fo rm a fu nd am en a t l sy s t em O f so u t i on s l Of (1 ) or

t h y
e do no t .

If th y e do not , we m t h us av e
*

w he re A i s i nd e p nd nt b th
e e o Of 2 an d 9 . On i n t e gra t i on w e fi n d t h a t
E CDe A "
,

w he e r (1) inv o l v es t r a ns c e n d nts

a ( o f or d er n o t e xce e d i ng m + 1 ) w ic h h are

a lg b e r a i ca lly i nd p nd e nt f e e O 9 . h
B u t t i s i s i m p os s i bl ebe ca u s e e is no t a n

a lg b e ra c i f nct i on Of 9 ; a nd
u th er e f or e E a nd E9 f or m a f un d a m e nta l s
ys te m
o
f s o l u ti ons o
f
H e nc e F ee i s ex p r e ss i bl e in te r m s Of E an d E, by an e q tiua on o f th e form

F ee AF o BF ,

w he re A an d B a r e co ns t an t s . N ow th i .
s m ay b e re g ded
ar as a l in ea r e q u a t io n

i n 9 (w i th co n s ta n t co e ffi c i e n t s ) an d i ts so lu t i on is
(b ew CD eB" o r
{P
o
E :
l Q E :
e
a
C
I

w h e re (I) , a nd (P2 a r e f u nc ti ons of th e sam e n at u r e as (D

,
hl
w i e a an d B are

th e f do ts of th e e q u a t io n

fi —A x —B = Q

Th e on ly va ue l of E w ic h h is an a lg b
e ra c i f u nc t o n i of 9 is O bt a ne i d w h en

a B O; a nd th en F is a l i ne a r f u ncti o n of 9 .

Sim i l ly
ar ,
if m () 2 i nv o l ves a fu nc ti on O f th e t yp e S ,
we ca n
p ro v e h
t at

i t m u st be a l in ea f r u n c ti o n o f S .

S i n c e F m u s t i n v o l v e 9, F 9 ca nno t be I d e n ti c a l l y z ero .

W . B . F .
1 14 TH E ORY OF B E SSE L F UN CT I O N S [ CHA R IV

It fo ll ow s th t i n s o f f m “() i n lae s f ,
ar a s ,
2 vo v u nc t i ons of th e t p e s 9 y an d B ,

i t i nv o l e s th e m l i n e
v ly so th t w m y w i t e ar ,
a e a r

fm , ( ) 1 2 92 ()
2 9p ( ) $
21 (2
) S , (2 ) Sq ()
2
lp
xr ,
q
w he re t i ons ‘l m ( ) e o f d e m 1 t m os t nd th e o nly fu nct i on s
th e f u nc ’
z
2 ar or r a ,
a

Of o de m r 1 i n o l d i n th e m
r e O f t h e ty p e O v ve ar .

T k e any n e f t h e t e m s i n f m ( ) w h i c h i s f th e h i gh e s t d e g e e q
a o O r +1
2 O r ,
ua

fu nc t i on o f 9 3 8 nd l e t i t b e 1 , 2 ,
a

92 (2 ) SQ

T h e n by ,
ar gu m e n t s r es e m bl i ng th ose p r ev o u s i ly u se d , it fo ll o ws th at

a a a a a
fw d ”
is a so lut i on of
pm , ( ) i .l t
e i o
. n o f« 2 is a so u

But «r
[
P' Q ( )
i s
2 ei th e f n c t i o n f o d e nro t e ce e d
a i n g m u o r r x , or e l s e i t is a

fu nc t i on of o der m 1 w h i h i n o l e s f n t i ns f t h e ty p e
r O nd n ot o f c v v u c o o a

t h e ty p e 9 n d S s a .

I n th e f m e c s e w e orp e t t h e p oce ss Of e d ct i n to f nct i ns o f l o w e

r a ,
re a r r u o u o r

o der n d i n t h e l tt
r, a w e s e e th t s o m e s o lut i o n o f t h e e q
a e r cas e ti on is n a ua a

a lg b ai f nc t i n f f nc t i o ns o f t h ty p O
e r c u o o u e e .

We h e t h e f e p e d t h t i f (1 ) h s s l t i n w h i c h i s t nsce nd an t
av er or rov a ,
a a o u o a ra

of o d e gr e t e th n n t h n ei th i t h
r r a r s ol ti n
a f d e n el s e i t h s
,
e er as a u o o or r or a a

so lut i n w h i h i s
o n lg e b ic f n c t i n f f n ct i ns f th e ty p e f ( ) nd
c a a ra u o O u o o e ,
2 a

w h e e f“( ) i s O f o d e n nd
r ( ) i s o f n d w h i c h d o e not e x e d p
2 r r a 2 a or er s ce .

( I I ) W e S h a ll n e t p o e th t w h e n e e (I ) h s a s o l t i o n w h i c h i s
x r v a ,
v r a u a

t rans ce n d n t f o d g e t e th an n t h n i t h s s o lut i n w h i h i n o l e s
a O r er r a r ,
e a a o c v v

t h e t n s e n d n t cf “( ) n ly i n h
ra c a i ng pow e f i t s f ct o 2 o av a r o a a a r .

W nce n t
e co t o t t e nti on n p ti c ul t ns ce nd n t O f t h e f m
ra e ur a o a ar ar ra a o or

nd t h n t h e p tul d s o l ti n m a t e n i n t h e fo m G (
e
f ,,L
a t e
y b w i t os O )
a e u o e r r 2 , ,

w h e e G i s n alg b i f nc t i o n f O ; nd ny fu n c t i o n (o t h e t h an O i t s e lf )
r a e ra c u o a a r

Of o d e r
p 1 whi h
r . s in G i s lg e b i a lly i nd e p n d e n t f O
c o cc u r a ra c e O .

T h en i t i y to s h e w th t s e as a

d CG Q
CG
Q
d
(5 ) G X (Z > ' 2 0 11 ( ) 82 8O
Z
l f“
® 2

d z
2
8 2
2
BO 2

”
e a : ca ni G x <2 )

Th e ex p i
re s s on o n th e ri gh t i s an a lge b ra i c f u nc t i on of O w ic h h v an s i he s

w h e n O i p l d by f s re ace e p
a nd s o it v an s i h es d e n t i lly by th e g m n t
i ca ,
ar u e s

u se d i n (I ) I n p ti l . ar c u ar it v an s ih w h en es O is p l d by c O w h e e 0 i
re a ce ,
r s

i n d p e nd e n t f
e B t i ts O 2 . u va ue l i th n s e
1 16 T H E OR Y OF B E S S E L F UN C T I ON S [ CHAR IV

Li ou vi l l e s l i n ea r d iff e r enti a l eq u a ti ons

’
s econ d th eor em con cer ni ng .

We h a v e j u s t s e en th at ,
i f th e e q ti ua on

(1 ) fig: u
x (z )

h ch rd e r n a s o lut i o n w h i ch i s a n e l e m e n t a r y t r an
'

[ i n w i X )( z i s o f o ] h a s

s ce nd an t O f o r d e r g r e a t e r t h a n n t h e n i t m u s t h a v e a s o l u t i o n o f t h e fo r m
,

d ’e (Z) e fl
f () Z >

w he e n >
r I f th qu ti on h s m e th n
7i . e e a a or a on e so u l ti on of th i s ty p e l e t ,
a

s lut i n f
o o w h i c h n h s t h e m ll e t
or l eb a s a s va u e c h o s e n , and l e t i t be ll e d ca u] .

Li i ll e s th e m w h i c h w e h all n o w p is th t f o
’
ou v or e ,
s r o v e, a ,
r th i s s o l u ti on, th e
or d er o
f d (l o g ul )/ s
d z i e u al
q to n .

Le t
d l og ul

dz

an d t h en de a t
t is o f or r a t
m o s ; l e t th e de or r O f t be N w ,
he re

I f N = n th e th e o e m ,
r re q u re i d is p o ed
r v . If N > n, th en

sat i s fi e d by t n m e ly ,
a

( )
2 t ?
x( Z) ,

h as a so u l t io n w h os e o d e N i g e th n n r r s r a te r a .

N o w t i n slge b i c f n t i n
f t l
a t o n e t ns c e nd a nt o f t h e ty p e
a ra u c o o a e as ra s

n d (p os i bly ) f t ns c e nd n t s w h e d d
e
f ( ) N _, z a s O ra a os or er oes

no t e eed N
xc 1 W c ll th e fi s t t h e t n ce nd n t s 9 S O e s p ti ly
. e a r re ra s a , ,
r ec ve .

If t nt i ns m
co th n ne t ns e nd n t f t h e ty p e 9 w c n n t t
a or e a o ra c a o , e o ce ra e

o ur a tt e n ti o n o n p a ti ul f n ti on f th i ty p e n d w e w i t e
a r c ar u c o s ,
a r

t E (z ,

B y ar g u m en s resem t bl i ng th ose u se d in we fi nd t h a t, if N n, t h en
E ( z, 9 0 )
is l
a so a so u l ti on Of Th e c orr e s p nd i n g l
o so u t on o f i (1 ) is

ex
p IF (2 ,
9 0 ) dz ,

a nd th i s is a so ul ti n f o or al l v a u es l of 0 in d e p e nd e n t Of 2 . H e nc e , by
d i ffe r e nt a i ti on w i t h es p e t tr c o 0, we fi nd th at t h e f n ti o n u c u2 d e fi ned as

{ 3 {e xp JE (2
80
, 9 0 ) dz}

is l
a so a so lut i on of and we h av e

u2 u1
o dz ,

so th t a
 D I F F E R E N T I AL E Q UAT I O N S 1 17

B u t th e Wr o ns k i an o f an
y t w o l
s o u t io n s o f
(1 ) i s a co ns a n t t “; e
an d so

241
2
17 9 C ,

w he re C is a c o n s an t t .

If C O E is
,
i nd e p e n d e nt o f 9 w h i c h i s con t , r ar y to hyp th o e sis so C4 0 ,
an d

N/ (C/F el
H ence u1 is an al e r a i c
g b f u nc t on o i f 9; an d s i m i a r l ly i t I s an a lg b e ra c i f u nc t i o n

o f al l th e fu n t i ns f t h e ty p e s 9 n d S w h i c h
c o o a occu r in t .

N ext co ns i d e n f n c t i o n o f t h e ty p e O w h i h
r a u i n t ; w e w r i te
y c o cc u r s

t G (2 O ) , ,

an d , by ar gu m en t s resem bl i ng th s e d in o use an d th os e u se d ea r li er in
th i s s ec t i o n , w e fi nd th t t h e fu n c ti n u d fi ne d
a o 3 e as

90
1G (
2 ,
0 O)

is a so u l t i on of an d we h a ve

u1
f O G9 dz ,

so th t a

d u3 '

d u1 0

1
dz

T is h W o ns k i r an is a con s t a n t , C, ,
an d so

u. Ge ) l ~

C o ns e qu e n tly u , I s an a lge b ai c f n cti n not on ly o f l l th t an nd

r u o ,
a e r sce a nt s of

th e typ e s 9 an d S b t a l s o o f th o e f t y p O w h i c h occ
r, u i n t ; n d th s o e ur a f
e r e o re

u 1 is Of o r de r N . T his is n t a y t o t h e hy p o th e s i s t h a t
co r is f r de u1 o or r u 1,

The c o n ra t d i t i on s h e w s t h t N nn t b e g
c a ca o re a e r t h n n ; h en
t a ce th e or d er

of d (l o g s n I And th i s s t h e th e
. m t I or e o be e s t bl i s h e d
a .

Li ou vi l l e s th eor em I th a t B es s e l s e q u a ti o nh a s no a lg ebr a i c i n teg l

’ ’
-'
ra .

We s h a ll no w s h e w th at th e e q t io nua

d y dy
— )r=0
°

2 2
" +
_
Z Z v
dz dz
h as no int e g l ( th e th n n ll f nc t i n) w h i h i s
ra o r a a u -
u o c an a lg b e ra c i f u nc t i o n o f 2 .

We st e d ce t h e q t i n to i t n o m l f m
'

fi r r u e ua o s r a or

d fi
u p (p 1)
(1 ) dz 2
2
.
2

b y w r i t i ng y
: uz
“

p i v é .

See e g . F o r s yt h ,
T r ea t i s e on
-
'

D { ficr e n t l a l E q u a t i o ns 65 .

4 —7
.

1 J o u r n a l d e M a th I v
°
. . pp . 4 2 9— 4 3 5 ; VI . pp . . L io u v i l l e
’
s fi r s t i nv e s ti g a t io n

w a s co nce r n e d w i t th e h g e n e r al c as e in w ic h h X ()
2 is a ny p ol yn o m i a l ; th e a pp l i c a ti o n (w i th
v ari ou s m o d ifi ca ti o n s ) t o B e s s e l
’
s e q u a ti o n w a s g i v e n i n h i s l ate r pp a er , J o u r na l d e M a t h . VI .

pp . 3 6 .
1 18 T H E OR Y O F B E SSEL F U N C T I O N S [ CH A R IV

h
T is is of th e fo rm

we ( ) 2

w h er e

1”(p 1)
(2 ) x < z>
;
If p
bl e l e t B sse l s e qu t i on h a e n lge b
oss i ,
e
’
a v a a ra c i i nt e gr a l ; th e n (1 ) l s o a

h as an lge b i in t e g l Le t th e e q at i o n w h i c h
a ra c ra . u ex p r e s se s th i s i nte g l u ra , ,

as a n lg b i c fu nc ti on o f b e
a e ra 2

(3 ) &5 (u ,
2
) 0 ,

w h e e & i s a p o lyn o m i l b th i n
r
9
a o u an d in 2 ; an d i t is s u pp os e d th a t $5 i s
i rr e d ci bl e
u

S ince is s o lut i n o f (1 ) w e h a
it a o ve

(4 ) zfl uz fl u fl z fi zz z g zu ’
g
g u
s
u/
X( ) Z O .

Th e q t i ons (3 ) nd (4 ) h e a m m n o t n d h e n ce l l th e o t s
e ua a av co o r o ,
a a ro

o f (3 ) s t i s fy a

F i f n o t t h e l e ft h n d i d e s f (3 ) n d (4 ) (q a f n t i on
or , ,
f ) w o ld
-
a s o a u u c s o u u

h e h i gh e s t o m m on f c t
av a th e th a n QZ i t e lf n d t h i s w uld b e a
c a or o r . s ,
a o

p olyn m i l i n nd i n H ence 99 w uld b e d c i bl e w h i h i s c nt y to

o a u a 2 . ( o e r u ,
c o rar

hy p o t h es is .

Le t a l l t h e t s o f (3 ) b e 7 T h e n i f s is ny p o i ti e i n t e g e
roo a] ,
uz , 1 11 ,
a s v r,

”
s
;
?
i ll it it

is a ra t i on l f nc t i o n o f ; nd th e
a u 2 a er is at l e as t o ne va u e o l f s no t e xce e d ing
M for w h i h th i s s m i s n o t e o f
c u z r
-

Le t ny u c h a lu o f s be t k e n
a s v e a , an d let
M
W 0 2 u m;
5

m =1

A18 0 l e t W 7
. = S < S —1 ) 11

E “m
1
s — r

w he re r : l ,
2, 8 . S i n ce u, , u, , u) , ar e a l l s o u t i o ns ] l : of it is e as y to
p ro v e t h at

(5 ) d2
aw,
(6) d2
Iv) ’
1
r + 1 ) X (Z ) (r 1 2 , ,
s

c l
(7 ) d,

T h at i s to s ay, 5 4 h as no fac to r s w i c h h ar e p o l yn o m i a l s in u or in 2 or in b h ot u a nd z .

1 If n o t , a l l th e r o o ts o f (3 ) w o u l d be z ero.

3; B ecau s e (4 ) is s a ti s fi e d by al l th e r o o ts o f
q ua e q u a ti o n in u.
 1 20 T H E OR Y OF B E S S E L F UN CTI ON S [ CH AR I V

We h av e th e r e fore p r o v e d t h a t w h e n ,
8 is odd , W v ani s h es
0 ,
a nd th t a ,
w h en
8 i s e v e n W i s e x p r e s s i bl e i n t h e for m
, 0

—
KS

2 An , s Z n

n =0

w he re A 0“, do e s no t v a n i s h .

F r o m N e w t on s
’
th e o rem w hi c h ex p resses th e ffi ci e n t s i n n eq a ti n
c oe a u o

in t e m s of th e m s f p w e s
r su o o r of th e ro o t s , i t pp e
a th t M m s t b e e n
ar s a u ev ,

a n d th t t h e
a q t i on 5 4 ( ) e ua u, 2 0 is ex p res s i bl e i n t h e fo m r

MI
M ”
(8 ) 2 M
ilflr O,
‘

u + u
r =l

w he re fu nc t i on s 16 e p lyn o m i l s i n
th e , ar o a

Wh n w e o l (8 ) i n a s i e s o f s e nd i ng p o w e
e s ve er a c rs of w e fi nd t h t a

e ach f th e b nch s f
o is p e ss i bl e in th e f m
ra e o u ex r or

D
(

2
—m/ n
cm z ,

m 0

w he re n is a p i ti os ve i n te ge r an d , i n th e c as e o f o n e b ra n c h at le st a ,
00 d oe s

no t v anis h bec au s e th e co n s a n t t t e r m s i n th e fu n c ti on s
QB , ar e n o t al l z e r o .

An d t h e s er i e s w ic h h ar e o f th e fo rm

2 s
—m /n
m é o

ar e co n v e r g nt
uffi ci e ntly l ge lu e s f
e
*
fo r al l s ar va o 2 .

Wh e n w s b s t i tut e t h e i e s i nt o t h e l e ft h nd i d e f
u w e fi nd th t e s er a S o a

t h e c e ffi ci e n t f th e on s t n t t e m i n t h e e
o o lt i n d s o fo e e y b
c nc h
a r r su s co , a ,
r v r ra ,

0 0 m u st be e on t y t o w h t h as j s t b e e n p o d T h
z ro , c r ar nt d ic t i n a u r ve . e co ra o

t h s o bt i ne d s h w s th t B e ss l eq t i n h no lg b i c i nt e g l ’
u a e a e s ua o as a e ra ra .

On th e i mp os s i bi l i ty of i nteg rat n i g B es s e l
’

s e
q u a ti o n in fi n i te ter m s .

We ar e n ow in a p o s i t i on to p ro v e Li o u v i ll e ’
s l h a t B
t h e or e m
e s s e l s
''
t
’

eq ti n fo f nc t i on o f d e
ua o r h n u s or r v as o so u l t i on (e p t n ull f nc t i n )
xc e a -
u o

w h i h i s e p e i bl i n fi ni t e t e m s by m
c x r ss e r ea ns f e l e m e n t y t n s e nd e n t a l
o ar ra c

fu nct i n s i f 2 i s n t n d d i n t g
o ,
1; o a o e er .

As i n 4 7 3 w e e d ce B el q tion t l fo
’

,
r u ess s e ua o i ts nor m a rm

al u
Z
'

(1 ) dz z
u ’
X( Z) :

w he re
X( 2 ) = an d
p
= + v

N o w wr i t e c l (l o g u ) /ol 2 t, an d we h av e

d2

G o u rs at , Cou r s d Ana l ys e
’
, II .
(P ar i s , pp . 27 3 —2 81 . M an yt r e a t i ses t ac i tl y a s s u m e th e
co n v e r g e n c e o f a s e r i e s h
d e r i v e d i n t i s m a n n e r fr o m an al g e b r ai c e q u a ti o n .

l J ou rna l d e M a th
“
. VI . pp . 1—13 , 3 6 .
4 7 4]
-
D I F F E R E N TI AL E Q UA T I O N S 12 1

S i nc e X ( f ll w s f m
2 ) is th t if B
o f or de r z ero , it o o ro a , esse l ’

s e q u a ti o n

h as n inte ga l e p i bl e i n fi n i t t m th e n (2 ) m t h
ra x re ss e er s, us ave a l
s o u tio n

w h i h i of c de e o i it m t h
s or n lg b i i n t g l
r z r ,
. e . us av e a a e ra c e r a .

I f (2 ) h as a n a l g e b i i n t e g l l e t t h q ti n whi h ra c ra , e e ua o c ex p re s s e s h
t is
i nt e g l t s n lg b i f n t i o n f
ra , ,
a abe a e ra c u c o 2 ,

(3 ) $4 (t , Z) 0 ,

w h er e 5 4! i s an irr e d ci bl e p ly n m i l i n
u o o a t an d 2 .

S i n ce t i s a s o lu ti o n f we h e o av

( )
4 $4 s {X (Z ) fil fl fi o

As i n t h e co r r e s p n d i ng
o a na ly sis o f 47 3 ,
al l th e b r an c h e s of t sa t i s fy
Fi r s t su pp os e th t t h e
a h n tw b n h
re ar e m or e t
f t nd l t t h e e a o ra c es o ,
a e r

th m be ll e d t th e c e s p nd i n g l d fi d
of e ca t1 , t2 , 3 , f (
or r n e s
p ft d )
o va ues o u e a ex z

b ei ng ul ,
ug ,
i t, . T h es e f n t i ns a l l s o lut i ns f (1 ) nd t h W n k i n
u c o re a o o a so e ro s a s

d a, du2 d a] da3 d uz d u1
”
dz dz dz dz dz dz
a r e c o n s a nt s , t h ic h
w wi ll be ca ll e d C1 C2 , ,
C3 .

N ow it is e as y t o ver i fy th at

d ug du g
dz dz
1 62 163
< t3 tg ) ;

an d t3 t2 i s n o t z er o , b e cau s e i f i t we e ,
r z e ro , th e e q t i on
ua (3 ) w ou ld h av e a

p i
a r of e q l ua ro o s, a t nd w uld t h e e f e be
o r or re d u ci bl e .

H e n ce Cl g é O ,
a nd s o

ug u, Cl /(t3 tz ) .

T h e e for re u2 u3 ( an d S i m i ar l ly u g u l a n d n1 u ? ) is an a lg e b ra i c f u nc t i on o f 2 .

an d t h e r e for e u1 is an a lg e b ra c i f u n c ti o n o f 2 . T ish ,
as we h a v e s e en in
c a nn o t be th e ca s e , a nd s o if h as not m or e t h an tw o b r a nc h es .

N ext su pp o th se at t h as tw o b r an c h es , so t h at 1 942 (t ,
2 ) is q d ti
ua ra c in t .

Le f t h e b n h e b e U i x/ V w h
ra c s ,
ere U a nd V a r e ra ti o na lf u n c t i o ns o f 2 . By
su b t i t u t i n g i n (2 ) w e fi n d t h t
s a

(5 ) '
V + 4 UV = 0 .

Le t V b e f t ac o r s e i d so th at
V "
Az H
:
(2
w he re A is t
c o ns a n t , x
0
an d A are in t g
e e r s , a nd IQ
,
a nd (1
0
a re no t z e r o .
122 T H E OR Y O F B E S S E L F UN CTI ON S [ CH AR IV

F r o m th e s eco n d m em b e r of (5 ) i t f ll o w s th
o at

x
q
U 2 ’
42 q
4 (z a
q )
and th e n by su b s t i t t i ng u i nt o t h e fi rs t m e m b e r of we ha ve

N x

(6) A2 )‘
11 ( 2 a
q)
9
X (2 ) E 0 .

42 2
«
1

N ow c on s i d er th e p i
r nc i p lp t
a ar of th e ex p r e s s on on i th e l e ft n ea r a
q
. It
is e vi d e n t th at none of th e nu m be s n b l e ss t h n
r [C
g
ca e a 2 ,
a nd , if an
y on e

o f th e m i g e t e th s r a r an 2 i t m s t s t i s fy t h e e qu t i n
u a a o

q
2
4 x9 0 ,

so th a t le
g
h h e b th e c l d e d f o m o ns i d e at i on H e nce a l l
is 0 or 4, w ic ar o x u r c r .

th e n m be s g
u e eq lt 2
r [c ar ua o .

Ag i n i f w e con s i d
a , th p i n i p l p t ne a w e s e e th t t h e h i gh e s t
er e r c a ar r 00 a

p ow e i n V m t n e l wi t h t h e 1 i n X
r us s o th t Aca 2 c a K
g
.

It fo ll w s t h t MV i s t i n l an d cons e q e n tly (t ) i s e d i bl e
o a ra o a ,
u ,
2 r uc ,
w h ic h
is co nt y t hy p t h e s i s
ra r o o .

H e n c t c nn t h e s m n y s t w o b n c h e s nd
e a o it m st b
av a a a ra a so u e r a t i o na l .

A o d in gly l e t t h e e p s i o n f t i n p t i l f c t i o n s b e
cc r ,
x re s or ar a ra

"
q (2 a
q )
w he e r An a nd B u ” ar e con s t a n t s ,
x an d A a re int e gers , n a ss u m e p os i t i s ve

va lu es ly i n
on t h e l as t s u m m a t i o n a nd a
q a 0 t: .

If w e s b s t i tut e th i s
u l
v a u e of t in (2 ) we fi nd th at

n n, q ( —a )
g
Z f
n +1
q)
1 0 .

I f we co ns i d er th e p i
r n ci p l p t
a ar of th e l e ft h n d s i d e n e -
a ar a
q
we see th a t
a
q)
cann o t occu r i n t to a h i gh e r p w t h n th e fi s t
o er a r an d th at
Bl ,
q B 2
1, q 0 ;

so t h at B1 , q
1 .

S i m i l ar ly i f w e , con s i de r th e p ri n ci p lp t a ar s n e a r 0 a nd co w e fi nd th a t
1c : 1 ,
—A _1 =
p ( 10 + A = O A O2 , 1 .

S i nc e p iv a ,
w e m ay t kea 2 4 -
1
—p wi th ut l oss o of g e n era l i ty .

It t h e n f ll o ws th to a
fz
H (2
i
q)
u e a .

Acco r d i n gly i f w e ,
re pl a ce i t by e
“ ?
w in we s ee t h at th e e qu a t i on

d w 2 f
dw 2 iZ)
7 + i t + — w 0
82
.

dz ,
z

m u s t h e s lut i n w h i h i s
av a o o c a p lyn o om a i l in 2 ,
an d th e c o ns t a n t te rm in
th i s p o ly no m i a l d e s n t ni s h o o va .
12 4 T H E OR Y OF B E S SE L F UN CT I ON S [ C H AR Iv

’
S ol u ti ons u a ti on
o
f L ap l a ce s e
q .

The fi s t app e
r g e n e l B e s s e l o e ffi ci e n t h as b e en
ara nce in a na lys i s of th e ra c

s e en 1 3 ) t o b e i n o nn i on w i th n e q t i on e q i l e n t to L p l ace s
c ex a ua ,
u va a
’

eq ti on w h i h occ s i n th e p bl m o f th e i b t i ns f i c ul m e m b n e
ua , c ur ro e V ra o o a c r ar ra .

We s h ll n w s h e w h w B e s e l co e ffi ci e n t s i s e in a n tu l m n ne f o m
a o o s ar a ra a r r

Wh i tt k e s o l t i n f L p l c s e q t i on
a r
’
*
s u o o a a e
’
ua

8 V 2
8 2
V 8 V
2

(1 ) +
dy z
' +
92 2

The so u l ti on in q u e s ti o n is

( )
2 V f( 2 ix cos u i y sin u, u ) du .
,

in w ic h h f d e no t e s an ar bit r ar yf u nc ti o n of th e tw o v ar a i bl e s inv o l v e d .

In p a t i c l r u ar , a s o u l ti on is

h (z + i x c o s u + i y s i n u )
e CO S du ,

i n w ic h h k i s ny o ns t n t nd m i s any i nt e ge
a c a a r .

I f w e t k e cyl in d i l p l a coo d i n t e s d e fi ne d by
a r ca -
o r r a ,
th e e qu a ti o n s

= sin (
x
p co s
¢ , y p p
t his so lut i on be co m e s

i ’ ”CO W —d ” kz t kp 0 0 5 ”
— 1r
e cos mudu e e co s m (i) (p) d v ,

kz i ’cp
2e e cos m u cos m 4) d v,

’“
2 7 ri m
e cos m cp J (h p )
m ,

by 2 2 . In i l ke m ann e r a so u l t i on is

h (2 i x cos i t iy sm
8 111 m u Cbl t,
u)
e

a nd h
t is i s eq l t o 2 i e s i n m qb ua 7r
’n kz
. J m (h p ) . Bo th of th ese so u l t i o ns ar e

an lyt i n e
a th ec i g in ar or .

Ag i n i f Lap l ae s q t i on b e t f d) yl in d l p ol
’
a ,
c e ua ra n s o r m e
'
to c r cai -
ar co o r d i

n t i t i fo nd t b
a es, ms u o e co e

9 172
1 8V 1 8 V 2
8 V 2

+ + +
9p 2
9
p p p
2
92 2

*
M onth l y N o ti ces of th e R . A . S . m m . pp . 61 7 —62 0 ; M a th . A nn . m m .

pp . 3 3 3 —3 41 .

T Th e sim p l es t m et h od o f e ffec ti n g t h e tr a n s for m at i o n i s by u s i ng G r ee n s

’
t h eorem S ee
—4 2
.

W . T h om s o n , Ca m b M a t h J o ur na l ,
. . Iv . pp . 3 3 .
4 8, 4 81 ]
- -
D I F F E R E N T IA L E Q UA T I O N S 125

a n d a n or m a l so l ut i on of th is e q t ua ion Of w ic h h e
’“
is a f t ac o r m u s t be suc h th t a

8 V
2

1
V 94 9

d p e n d e n t f a nd i f t h o l t i n i
is i n e o ,
e s u o s to b e o ne v a u e d ,
-
l i t m u s t be e q l
ua

t o —m w h e e m i s n int e g C o ns e q ly f ti h h
‘
th e
2
r a er . u ent u nc on o f p w ic is a

f t f V m u s t be nn i h i l t d by
ac or o a a e

d 2
1 d
“

m 2
—
dp d F
2
p p
an d th e e f r ore it m ust be a mu lt i p l e of J m (h p ) i f i t i s t o b e a na ly ti c a on l g th e
l i ne p 0 .

We thu s O bt ai n an e w th e so u l t i on s
0
i n )
f

d J m (h p )
S in
.

T h e s e s o l u t i o ns h av e b een d e riv ed by H b o son * fr o m t h e s o l u ti o n e

kz
J 0 (hp ) by Cl k er

M ax w e l l ’
s m et h od o f d iffe r e n ti a t i ng h a r m o n i cs wit h re s p e ct to axe s .

Ano t h er s o l u t i o n o f La l a c e p ’
s e q u at i o n i n v o l v i ng B e s s e l fu n c t i o ns h a s b ee n O bt ai n e d by
H o b s on (i bi d . p . 4 4 7 ) fr o m t h e e q u a ti o n in c yl i nd r i ca l -
p o l a r c o or d i na t e s by r e g ar d i ng

as a s ym b ol i c O p e ra t or . The s ol u ti o n s o O bt a i ne d is

co s

s in
l
<> f
w h f( ) i
ere 2 s a n ar bit y f r ar u n ct i o n ; b u t th e i nt e r p r e ta t i o n o f t is h s o l u ti o n w h en an i n v o l v es
(

a f u nc t i o n of th e s ec o n d ki nd is O p en to q u es ti o n . Ot h er s o l u ti o n s i nv o l v i n g a Be s s e l
fu nc t i o n o f an O p er at or a c ti n g o n an ar bit y f r ar u nc t i o n h av e b een g iv e n by H o b s o n, P r oc .

L o nd o n Ma th S o c . . . XX IV . pp 5 5 — 6 7 ; X
. X VI . pp . 4 92 — 4 9 4 .

S o l u ti ons o
f th e e
q u a t o ns o i f w a ve m oti o ns .

We s h a ll now e xa m in e th e e qu t i a on o f wa v e m o t i on s

8 V 2
8 V
2
8 V
2
1 9 V 2

1 + +
9c by 2
82 2
as

i n wh i c h t r e r e s en t s th e p ti m e a nd c th e v e oc l it y of p p g ti
ro a a on o f th e w a v e s ,

fr o m th e s a m e a s e c t p .

Wh i t tak e r s i
' ’
so lut i on o f th i s e q t i ua on is

s i n u co s i) y s i n u s i n 7) 2 co s u ct, u , v ) dudr ,

wh e r
e
f d e n o t e s an a r bi t y fr ar u nct i o n o f th e th r e e v ar i a bl e s invo l ve d

In p ti l
ar c u a r, a s o u l ti n i o s

F (l l ,
U) d a (Z1) ,

w he re F d e n o t es a n ar bit ra r yf u nc t o n o f u ani d t’ .

P r oc L o nd o n M a th
. . S oc . xxu . pp . 43 1 —4 4 9 .

T M a th A nn L VI I pp 3 4 2 —3 4 5 S ee al s o H a v el o ck P ro c L o nd o n M a t h . S oc .
(2 ) II .

—1 0 6
.
. . . . .
,

pp . 1 2 2 —1 3 7 , an d ) Va ts o n , M es s eng e r , xx x v I . pp . 98 .
 12 6 T H E OR Y OF B E S SEL F U N CT I O N S [ C H AR IV

The p hy s i ca l im p t or anc e o f th i s p t i l ar cu ar s o u t i o n l lie s i n t h e fa c t th a t it

i s th e ge ne l ra s o u t i onl i n w h ich th e w a v e s al l ha ve th e s am e f e qu e n y k c
r c .

N ow l e t th e d i n t e s o f (x y ) b e ( 9 plnd l e t (
o ar c oor
X”) b e t h e a , ,
2 r, ,
a to ,

an gul co o d i n t e s
ar f t h e d i e c t i on ( v ) e fe e d t o n e w a e s f
r a w h ich th
o r u, r rr x or e

p l xis i th d i e c ti n (9
o ar a snd t h e p l n e p ss e s th gh th e
r o ,
a a e a ro u

z ax-
i s T h e w e ll k n w n f m l e o f s p h e i c l t i g on m e t y th e n s h e w th t
.
-
o or u a r a r o r a

c os (0 cos 9 co s it sin 9 sin u co s (1) gb) ,

s in n s n i ( s i n a) s i n
n p)
( l
‘’~

Now t k e th e
a ar bit rar yf u nc ti on F (u ,
v ) to b e S n (u , v ) sin u , w he re Sn d e
no t e s a s f eh
u r ac ar m o n i c in (u ,
v ) of deg ree n ; w e m ay th e n w i t e r

S n (u ; U ) S n (9 9b ; ,

w he re Sn is a s u f r a ce h ar m o n i c
”
e
in (w y
r
) , of d g
e ree n .

We thu s g et th e so lut i on

e
"
ct r
e
fk r c o s w
sn w a; ,
w, a) s i n wdwd
w .

S i nc e S n i s a s u r a ce f h a r m o ni c o f d eg ree n i n (w , p)
x ,
w e m ay w r i te
S n (9, (b ; w 3 0 ) , An (9 (p) P 7 , , (cos w )
2 9b) co s m t Bu m s , p s al ms } P m
(co s w ) ,
m =1

w he re A ” (9 gt) A 7 , ,
5“ )
(9 , p)
( a nd Bn l ml
(9 (p) , a re in d e p e nd e n t o f a) a n d
i
« f

Per fo rm n i g th e i n t e g t i onra wi th r es p t ec to xf
j ,
we g et

V” Qw e i k ct
A n (9 a ) s i n w d c)
(cos
Os
, (0

"” ( )
(w W
f
n f
k
A . (a ,

by
N ow t h e
q ti n of w m o t i on s i s n ff e c t e d i f w e m lt i p ly x
e ua o
n d av e u a u
y , ,
2 a
t by t h m e o ns t n t f c t
e sa i e i f w e m lt i p ly
c
n d t by t h e s m e co ns t n t
a a or , . . u r a a a
f c t o l e i ng 9 nd p n l te e d ; o th t
a r, av a
m y b e t ak e n t b i n
( u a r s a a o e
d ep nd e n t l o f t h e co ns t n t k w h i h m l t i p l i s
e
' ’

nd t a c u e r a .

—
H e nc i m (l V ) i s l ti n f th e q t m o t i ons t h t i
n
e o
i n f w s a o u o o e ua o
l [ o
n o a ve ,
a s

t o say A (9 (p) i s a s l t i n i n d e p n d e n t f t
n
( ) f th e e q ti n o f w a
r o u o
, n , e o o ua o ve
m t on
o i n d s c n s qu e n tly a s o l ti o n f L p l
s, a i o q t i n H e n e A" (9 (p)
e u o a ac e
’

s e ua o . c ,

hT i s fo l l o w s fr o m th e fac t t h at p
L a l ac e ’
s O p e r a to r is an i n v ar i a n t fo r c h a ng e s o f r e c tan g u l a r
ax e s .

1 T hi is ot h er w i s e o b v ious , b be p
'
s S n m ay
e ca u s e t ak e n i n d e end e n t o f k .
 12 8 T H E OR Y OF B E S SEL F UN CT I O N S [ CH AR I v

and s o we ar e l e d t o th e ex p a ns o n i *

J O {In /(p 2
a
2
2ap co s
qb) }
7n:
E
0
e m (h p ) J m (lea ) c os m 4) ,

of h i c h m o e f m l p f w i ll b gi e n i n
w a r or a roo e v

Ag i n i f w e t k e
a ,
i l t i n f t h e e q t i o n o f w e m o t i on s
a s a so u o o ua av ,

and w h i h p e s n t s w e m o i ng i n t h e d i c t i on o f t h e x i s o f f o m
c re r e a av v re a 2 r

t co w i t h f e q e n y k c nd w
o so
—l e ngth 2 /lc w e e p c t th i s e x p e s s i on
r u c a av e 7r ,
x e r

t b e e xp n i bl f i n t h fo m
'

o a s e e r

27
; 6
M
M U M
.
(k r ) P n (cos
[Cr
1;
n =0

w h e re on is a c o ns t a n t; so t h t a

i ’m ”
e
os e
2 cn i M h
,( ) Pn
r
(co s
n =0

I f we co m p ar e th e coe ffi i
c en s of t (h r co s on e a c h id e s ,
we fi nd

”
(2 n)
n l
i cn l
q?
(2 7 ) 2 n+i
F (n + ”
n ! 3 2

an d so cn we ar e th us l e d to th e ex p a n s i on

t ’ m os " E ( i J M , (h r ) P n (co s
n
e n
n =0

of w h ic h a m or e f or m a lp roo f w i ll be gi ven in

S ol uti ons o
f th e w ave e
q u a ti on i n s p a ce o
f p d i m ens i o ns .

Th e a na ly si s j u st e x pl ai n e d h as bee n e xten d d by e H o b s o n § t o th e ca s e o f

th e e qu ti a on

9 V 2
8 V 2
8 V 2
1 8 V 2

+ + +
7
m

92 3
82 a
‘ '
2
1 2 r c
g
at i

A no rm a l so u l t i on of th i q s e u a tio n o f f eq
r u e nc y k c w ic h h is ex p r e ss i bl e as a
f
u nc ti on o fr an d t o n ly w h e e ,
r

x/ acl (
2 2
r $2

m us t be a nn i h i l a te d by th e o p e r a or t
8 2
p 1 9
91 2
r dr
an d so su c h a so lu ti o n , c on a n n t i i g a ti m e - f t ac o r ei c‘
k
,
m
’

u t
s be of th e fo rm

e
ffec t
ap p —l 2
,

h
T i s i s d u e to N e u m a nn , T h eor i e d er B es s e l ’s c h e n F unc t
i o ne n L e i z i
( g , 5 9— 65 p pp .

h b b
.

T T h e te s s er a l ar m o n i c s d o n o t o cc u r e c a u s e th e fu n c ti o n i s s m m e tr i ca l a o u t h
y t e ax i s o f 2
p
I T h i s e x a n s i o n i s d u e to B a u er , J ou r na l f ur M a th L VI 1 0 4 , 1 06 . pp
pp —
.
.
.

P r o c L o n d o n M a t h S o c xx v
. .
49 7 5 . . .
.
4 18 3 3 D I F F E R E N T I AL E Q UA T I O N S 129

H o b son d es c i b e th q t i n t
r s e uo e as a cyl i nd er fu ncti o n

o f r a nk s c h a f n tio n m y b e u c a w ri tt en i n th e fo rm
p ; u

( )
6 (k r I p )

By us n i g thi s t
no a t i o n c o m b i n d w i t h th n ce p t
e f p dim en i n l p e co o -
s o a s a ce ,

H b s on
o s u cc eed e d i n p rov i ng n mb f th
a em uf yl i n d e f nct ion
er o eor s or c r u s of

in t e g l ra or de r an d o f or d e q l t h lf n o d d i n te ge i m l t n
er ua o ly a a r s u a eo us .

AS an e x a m pl e o f su c h t h o e m s w e h ll co n i d e n e p ns i n f
e r s a s r a x a o or

J {k ( K
r
?
a
2
2 ar c os (
p) lp } ,

w he re i t is con v e ni e n g d p s b i ng n n e c te d w ith by t h e q
t to re ar ( a e co to
p
e u a ti o n

T h i s f n c t i on m ult i p l i d by “ is s l ti n f th e w ik
u a t i o n,
ar
p
r co s u e
q e e a o u o o ave

an d w h en we w it p r e i n b i t i s e xp ss i bl s
r s f n cti n f p p t
( ,
re e a a u o o , ( ,
an d of

no o th e r co o r d in t e a s .

H e nce

J {13 yo pl
i k ct
e
n
a
?
2 ar cos

is a n ni h i l t d by
a e th e o p e r a t or

8 2
2 8 6 2

+ 33
510 2
p as 86010 2

t h at is to sa
y,
by th e o p t
e ra or

a 2
p
—l a (p —2 ) co s d> 9 1 a
+
_

ar Br si n c 84> d cp
2 z
p
z
' '

r r r

N ow n or m a lf u nc t i on s w h i c h ar e a n n i h i l t e d by t h is p e t
a o ra o r a r e o f t h e fq r m

r /D
é nfi
'
p
—(k ? )
l

w h ere P , , (cos 91> p ) i s t h e coe ffi c i e n t

*
of a
“
i n th e ex p a ns i o n o f

—510
(1 2a p 6
1
c os ( 01

B y th e r eas on n i g u ed s in g 48 2 , we In erf th at

J { K 2 ar p) )p }
? 2
1c ( r a co s (

1 0°

— 5 Aa + ép —1 (4 7 J n + 1§ p _1 (lt d ) Pn (
COS (
p p)
(k a fi
,

P l
” 0

/ N ow ex
p an d al l th e B es s e l f u nc t i o n s a nd e q u a te th e co e ffi c i e n ts

(k
g
a r co s o n ea c h s id e ; w e fi nd t h t a

2 ”
An —1 )
w n — ‘
1)
1

%p ) l
1
n ! l (n
{ fa 1
I (n n!

so t h t
a An Qty 1) F (5p
S O th a t, i n G e g e n b a u e r s n o ta ti o n ,
’

“
(c o s C
i t
(c o s 2 )

W . B . F .
 13 0 T H E OR Y O F B E S S E L F UN CTI ON S [ C H AR IV

We thu s o bt ai n th e ex p a ns o n i

ip —i
( 2 ar N
2 2
r a c os (
—1
22 P
g
17 1 1 00
U 1
l
1 ) Ja e —
“

T
1 (for ) J a e ( ) r
k o
(

a ( b)
5 ( n n w oo s
v
m
-
1

( ” 0

An a na lyti l p oo f o f t h i
ca r s ex p a n s i o n, h h h o ld s fo B e ss e l f n t i ns o f
w ic r u c o

or de rs (t h o gh t h p u f g i e r oo v en he re is v a l i d o n ly w h e n
p i s n i n t e g e ) w i ll a r ,

gi ven in g 114 .

ener a l i s ed eq u a ti o n o
f th e g f wa ve m oti ons
’
B a tem a n s s o l u ti o ns o .

T wo s ys te m s o f n or m a l so lu ti o ns o f th e e q ti ua on

9V 2
9V
2
8 V 2
9 V
2
1 9 V 2

1 + +
823 2 2
8x 3 2
dx 4 2
0
2
at ?

h av eb e e n i nv e s ti g t e d by B t e m a a an
*
,
wh o l
a so e s a t bl is h e d a co nn ex i on b e t w e e n
th e t w s y s te m s
o .

I f w e t k e ne w a i bl es p v ar a , a , X (If
) d e fi ne d by th e e q a t i o ns
u

to, cos a} , cos « t

i
°

0
p 90 ,

s in
i
‘
513 2
p X »
a, l l ,

th e e qu a ti o n t r ans o r m s f in t o

9V 2
1 9V 1 9V 2
9V 2
1 CV 1 CV
i
2

(2 ) +
0
5 9p p 9X 9 2 2
0
2
0
‘
90 "
ad» ?

A no m a l s o lut i o n o f th i s e q u a t i o n
r wit h f e qu e ncy r he is

J“(h p cos J (k , g Sin c

f

w h e r e (I) i s a ny c o ns t an t .

F u r th e r i f w e w r i t e
,

p r s in ( )
p r cos ( , i ,

so th t ( a r,
x ,
« f
I , for m a s ys t e m of p l o ar co o r d i n t e s e q at i on 2 ) t
a , u ra ns or m s f
i nto

8 V 2
3 9V 1 9V 2
cot
gt
—tan 9b 3 17
C r
?
r ar r
2
act) 2
9g!)
1 9V 2
1 8V
2
1 8 V 2

+
8X sin Bb
7 1 at
2 2 2 2 2 ? 2 2
r c os () r () i 0

N ow n or m a l so u l t i on s of th i s e q ti on w h i c h hua av e e
f < fl x+ v l f + k 0 9
as a f cto
a r

a r e a nn i hil a te d by th e o p er a or t

”
"
a? “

i ¢
f 7 2
s n

M es s eng er , x xx r n . pp . 1 82 —1 88 ; P r oc L ond on M a t h
.
. S oc .
(2 ) I I I . pp . 1 11 —1 2 3 .
 C H AP TE R V

M I S CELLAN E O US P R OPE RT IE S OF B E S SE L F U N CT I ON S
I nd e fini t e i n teg r a l s co nta n n i i g a si n
g l e B es s e l f u nct on i .

th i s c
In e h pt
w e s h ll d i sa s som e p r p e ti e s f B es s e l f ncti ons w h i c h
a cu s ro r o u

h a e no t fo u n d a p l a e i n t h e t w o p e d i n g h p t e
v c nd w h i h h e b t rec c a rs . a c av u

on e fe tu e i n c m m o n n m ly t h t th e y
a r o e l l bt i na bl e by p c e s e s o f
,
a e a ar a o a ro s a

d e fi ni t e ly e l e m e n t y h t ar c a r ac e r .

We s h ll fi s t lu t e s o m e i n d fi ni t e i nt g l s
a r eva a e e ra .

Th e r e c u e nce f m l e g 3 9 (5 ) n d (6) t o nc l e a d t o t h e e s ult s

rr or u a a a e r

(1 ) (2 ) d z

(2 ) (2 ) d z a
(
n ,

To ge ne l i se th es e fo
ra rm ul a e , co n s i de r

( 3
f (2
) 2 (2 ) d2 ; )

let th i s i n t e gra l b e e q l
ua to

{A (2 22 3 (Z ) B( Z)
w h ere A (2 ) a nd B (2 ) a r e t o b e d e t e r m i ne d .

Th e r es ult o f d i ffe r e n t i a t i o n i s th a t

2 . (z ) z 12 (z ) A <2 ) 2 . < ) z Ac ) 2
l
2 “
() {
B8 ()2 72 2 2 1 2 2

In d e th t A (2 ) d B d p d yl d f t
'

or r a an
() 2 ma y n o t e e n n t h e i n e n c i on o c r u ,

t ak e A (2 ) E B
’
an d th e n
f (2 ) A (2 )
’
5 A (2 ) B
H e nce it fo ll ow s t h t a

(3 ) B (Z )
,

B (2 ) B (2 ) (2 ) dz

12 2 2 . (2 ) B (2 ) 2
T is h resul t was o bt ai n e d by S o n i ne
,
I ll a th . A nn . X VI .
p . 3 0, t h ou g h an e q u i v a l e nt
fo r m u l a (W i t h a d i ffe r e nt n o ta t i o n ) h ad b een o bt ai ne d p re v i o u s l y by L om m e l , S tu d i en ti ber
d i e B essel s ch en
’
F u ncti o nen (Le i p zi
g , p 70 S m
. . o e d e v e l o m e nt sp of for m u l a (3 ) ar e
d u e t o N i e l s en , Nyt Ti d s s/cr ift, Ix pp 7 3 —83 a nd An n d i M a t (3 ) VI
—4 6
.
.

pp
. . .

. 43 .

F or s o m e as s o c i at e d h
i n t e g r al s w i c h i nv o l v e t h e fu n c ti o n s h e r a nd be i , Wh i te h ea d
—3 4 0
s ee
Qu a r ter ly J ou r na l , X LI I . pp . 3 3 8 .
,
 5 1 1] M I S C E L L AN E O US T H E OR EM S 13 3

Th efo ll o wi ng re d u ct i on fo r m u a, l w hi hc is an o b i
v o u s c on se q u e nc e o f

sh o uld be no t e d

( )
4 d2 (p
2
v
2
22
1
2 (2 ) d z
,

() z ( u v ) t 24

r a l s co nta i n i n
’
L om m el s i nteg g tw o cyl i nd er
f u n ct ons i .

Th e s im pl es t in teg l ra s w ic h h co nt a in t wo Besse l fu n t i ons c a re t h os e

de r ve i df rom th e Wrb ns k i an f m l f
or u a o na m ly e

J (z )
. () z
(a n (2 ) M
7 TZ

w ic h h gi ves

dz 77 J_ , (2 )
z 2 8 111 11 7 J , (2 )
dz J _ (z )
(2 )
,
10 g
2 J ( ) J_ ( )
, 2 , 2 2 sin v 7 r J , ()
2

an d S i m i ar l ly f o m
,
r

dz 7r Y (2 ),
10 g
2 J (2 )

dz 71 J (2 )
(5 )
,

()
2 2 Y , (2 )
T he re a d e r s h oul d h a v e no d i fi i c u l ty i n
c
e va l u at i ng th e s i m il ar i n t eg ra l s w hi h
c co nt ai n

a ny t wo cyl i nd e r f u nc t i o n s of th e s a m e o r d er i n t h e d e n o m i nato r . T h e fo r m u l ae ac tu a l l y
gi v e n ar e d u e to Lo m m e l , I ll a th . Ann . IV . pp . 1 03 —1 16 . Th e r ea d e r s h o u l d co m p are

(3 ) w it h th e r es u l t d u e to E u l e r w i c h hw q as u o te d in 12 .

S o m e m ore i n t e r e s ti n g l ts l s Lo m m e l ‘ bt df rom
d u e to
ae
r es u ,
a o ar e ,
o a i ne

g e
n/
enal l s a t i o ns o f B ess e ls q t n e ua i o .

It is a t o nce v e r i fi e d by d i ffe re nt i t i a on th t a ,
i f y a nd 7 7 sa t i s fy th e e q u a ti o n s

M a th A nn . . XI V . pp . 520 —5 3 6 .
13 4 T H E OR Y O F B E S S E L F UN CTI ON S [ CH A R V

N ow a pp ly th i s r es u l t t ny t w o e qu t i on s f t h e typ e o f g 4 3 1
o a a o If
d t c yl i n d e fu n t i n s fo d s e s p e c ti e ly h
(
61 , e no e a n
yt w o r c nd o o r er u a
,
v r v ,
we av e

W i
c i
d g
N f
f s
(6) g v
,
d

2 (z ) 2 2) r (z )
«
2
2 2)
2 12 2 ) “+ 4i

‘
i’
(Z ) +
22 2 )

(Z ) ‘
l )
’
(2
x 2. {2
w he re !g ) (2 ) a nd i
t (2 ) b i t y f nc t i on s o f
ar e a r rar u 2 .

T is h fo rm u a l i s to o g e n e a l to b e o f p
r ti ca l u rac se . As a s p e ci al c e t ak e as ,

4 (2)
) a nd « f
I() 2 to b e m l ti p l es f
u s
yI o nd Z 2 ,
a ez a 2 . I t is th e n fo u nd t h t a

(7 )
( 0
(h l )2 ( )6
1 (l z ) d z
2 2
62 ,

2
(p . u
) (k 2 ) (l z ) .

Th e ex p r e ss i on o n th e l e ft s i m p l ifi e s s ti ll furt he r in two s p ecia lc as e s (i ) u = v ,

(i i ) 10 Z .

If we t ak e p . v, it is fo nd th t
u a

k 2 _ l 2

T is h fo rm u a l m ay b e v er i fi e d by d i ffe r ent a t i n g th e e p e s s i
i x r on on th e r i gh t .

It b ec om e s nu
g at o r v w h en k : l fo r t h e
,
d n m i n t o i s th e n
e o a r zero , w hil e th e
nu m e t o i s o ns t
ra r a c a nt

I f th i s ns t n t i s co a om it e t d ,
an a pp l i t i ca on of l H
’
os
p i t al
’
s ru e l s hew s t h at ,

w h en l I t

3
(9) 2 2 , (fez ) 2 , (h e ) dz
QTC {k g

fez ? “ (lez ) (k z ) (102 )

The res u lt of u sin g r e c u r r e n ce f o rm u l ae to re m ove th e de i
r v a es on t th e
r i ght of i
( ) s
9

( 0)
1 2 2 4 12 2 2 4 12 ) d z as { 2
2 .
(fez ) sew (k g ) (Icz )
13 6 T H E O R Y O F B ES S E L F UN CT I ON S [ CH A R v

I nd e fini t e i n teg ra s l conta i ni ng tw o c

yl i n d er f u n ct o ns i ; Lom m el
’
s

second m eth od .

An lt ernat i e m e th d h s b e n gi e n by L m m e l fo
a v o a e v o
le
a
r ev a lu t in g s m e
a o

of th e in t e g l j s t d i s c s s e d By t h i s m th d th e i : lu es
ra s u u . e o r va ar e o bt ai ne d i n a
f m m e u i t bl e fo n m e i c l om p ut a ti on
or or s a r u r a c .

T h e m th o d con s i s t s i n ddi n g t h e t w o e lt s
e a r su

5 ,
{ g o 2 1 (z ) 2 . 2 9 (2 ) (z ) (Z ) 2
2
,

(P 2 1 2 Z “ 2 1 ( )2
z .

i
C
{ 2 9 g i t -
H (Z ) % V+ l (Z )
l
Zp
lg fl (Z ) g
—
(
t/ + 1 (Z ) g r i d (3 ) % v

(p u,
’
V

‘ Q5?) (Z ) (Z ) d Z (P V ”
Z) 5 Z
H ( )
Z
fl Z 9 15 m ( m () d Z

2 9
(g ; (2 ) g , (2 ) (2 ) g , “
and th e n gi ing s p e v c a i l va lu e s to p .

T h s we h e
u av

(Z ) 2 m (Z ) dZ

2 (u ,
v 1)

u + v+2
Z
4” v
( )
2 1
£ (z ) d z
-

Z v

As s p e ci a l cas e s o f t h es e

— —
<3 )
° 1
(2 (z ) 2
u 2 2
2
.
4, 2

(4 )
4514 + 2 ig hf ( ) Z g
o

wn

Agai n i f p b e m ad e
, zer o , it is f ou n d th t a

(“l -
V
)

(Z ) Z
( ) 2 2 “ (Z )
"
g i m ,

th at by s u m m i ng fo
, rm ul ae of th is t y p e ,
we g et

(5 ) (u v ) fi , ( )g
2 , (z ) 7 (p . v 2 n) g um (2 ) g wn ()
z

n —l
g (Z ) % (Z ) 2 Z
()g (Z ) (Z ) g (Z )
D r
fl V ir -
Mn M+ n v - l- n

M a th Ann . . x rv . pp . 5 3 0— 5 3 6 .
5 1 2 5 1 4] -
M I SC E LL A N E O US T H E OREM S 13 7

In p rti ul
a c ar , if u
,
v 0 ,

dz
(6 ) Z (z ) Z (2 )

(Z )
”
(2 ) Z (z )
(
Z o (3
o

) 2 2 (Z ) Z n, (2 ) 0 (
7, n
” 1

W he re n 1 2 3 , , ,
But th e r e se e m s to b e no S im pl f e or m u a l fo r
dz
(Z ) (Z )
(
60

Fo r a S p e c i a l c as e O f
(1 ) s e e y
Ra l e ig h ,
P h il . Ma g (5 )
. . XL .
p . 2 17 .
[ S ci entific P a p er s ,

I . p .

S o ni ne s i nteg l
’
r a s co n ta n n i i g two cg l i n d er f a nctzo n s .

The ana l y s is O f 5 1 h as b e e n e x te n d e d by S o mi ne , M a th An n . . XVI .

pp . 3 0— 3 3 ,

to th e d i s cu s s i o n O f co nd i t i o ns t h at

If ( ) 61 kl) (Z)}
(
Z
. { xix dz
m ay b e e xp re s s ib l e i n th e fo r m

A o t l
-

J
+0 l (l) ( ) f % +D
a
( ) gfi
2
p ,
Z
V+ 1 {if (Z) { ff
bu t t h e r e s u l t s ar e too c om pl i c a t e d a n d n o t s u ffi c i e n t l y im p o r ta nt t o Ju s ti f y th eir i ns ert i o n
h ere .

A re du c t i on f or m u a l fo r
“
(2 ) d z
(
z 6 1
2
,

W ic h h is a na tu l ra t
e x e n s i on O f th e f
or m ul a b e e n d is co e e d by
h as v r

S c h a fh e i tl i n *
a nd a pp l i d by h i m t d i
e o s c u ss th e ra t e o f c h ng e O f t h e e s f a z ro O

Z1 (z ) as v v ar e s i

TO O bt a n i th e for m u a l we O b s e r ve t h at

2“ ( ) () dz
2 2
2 v 2

l
Z i
dz
g

l
“
( Nd
’

ZM Z V () z
{ Z Z
Z/ 2
()
z (u 1 Z Z (z ) Z Z Z

N OW ,
by p t i l a ar a in t g ti
e ra on,

d ,
[ W Z 3
(Z ) ]

if ( Zfl d
]

g ()
2
+1
t
Z f y ( ) Z 2 ,
“

B e r l i ne r S i tz u ng s be r i c h te , v . p . 88 .
13 8 TH E ORY OF B E S S EL F UN C T I O N S { C H AR v

an d s o

“ ” m” 3
(u [ e “+ if 2 (2 )% (z ) (2 ) dz
2 2
1) ( ) dz
?
,
e
?
g ” 2
3
,
e v , .

H e n ce , o n s u b s ti t ti u on

(n 1) z“ )Z (z ) d z
(z
2 ?
V .

[s Z
’ ’2
u (Z ) (Z 1) Z“ ?
Z ( ) Z) Z .
’

( )lZ

Zng ( m; (z ) d z {
(u } (z ) Z i a) d z
)
2 i
, g - v

[
‘+3 ”
(u 1) “ Z d Z) (Z ) “+
$ (z )
3
Z ()
+ 2 3
z f z z z
? ,

it (n v
l
(n+ 3 Z “+ 2
Z?( Z) (n 1) {t (e v
2
} Z“ Z ? (Z ) d Z

B y r e ar ra n i n g g w e fi nd th t a

(M 2)
'

Z “Z?
(Z ) (Z (n + 1 ) i i) “
i (u , D}
2
Z “ (Z
? ( ) (Z Z
‘“
Z[ M {Z Z J ( ) z 1
2 (n 1) Z v ( )?
z Z {Z v
?
Z(n 1x}Z
?

an d th i s is th e re du t i c on f or m u a l in q u es ti on .

E xp ans i ons i n s er i es o
f B ess el f u ncti ons .

We S h a ll no w disc u ss som e Of th e Sim pl t es ex p a n s i o ns Of th e ty p e Ob

ta i n e d fo r in 2 7 . Th e g e ne l th e o y
ra r Of s u ch ex p a n s on s i is r es er v e d
for C h ap t e r X VI .

Th e r es u lt of g 2 7 a t o nce s u gg es t s th e p os s i bi l i ty Of th e ex p a ns o ni

0‘ F 0" )
<1) an 73
3
n
(z ) ,

n=o n:

w h ic h i s d u e to G e g e nb a u e r
le
a
a nd is va l id w h en u.
,
is no t a n e gat i ve i nt e ger .

To t bl i s h
es a th e ex p an s o n , O i b s er v e th t a

is a ser ie s o f an a lyti f c u nc t i o ns w h i c h co nv e r ge s u n i or m f ly th rou gh t ou an

y
b o und e d d o m ai n o f th e z -
p l ne ( f
a c . a n d s i n ce

at
em
de l 2” a M+ 2 7 L —1 < Z ) (f‘ 71 ) J n+ 2 n + 1

i t is evi d e nt th a t th e d i
e r v a e Of t th e s e r i e s no w u n de r c ons i d e ra t i o n i s

F 0‘
e r
z “
E
Wi e ner S i tzu ng s ber i c h te, L xx 1 v . pp . 1 2 4 —1 3 0 .
1 40 TH EOR Y OF B ES SEL F U N CT I O N S [ C H AR v

By a S l i ght -

m o d ifi c a ti o n Of th e a na lys i s ,
w e m ay p rov e t h a t i f It i s
,
an
y
co n s t a n t ,

P M ")
(3 ) k
e >z fl

15 )
2

T is h f or m u a l wi ll be re q u i re d in e s ta blis h i n g s om e m ore gene al r ex p a ns i o ns

m g 116 .

f {M(z
’
L oni ni el s ex
p a ns i ons o (z

It is evi d e nt t h t a ( z W(z f n ti o n O f z qu a u c lyt i c

I S a na

fo r al l v a u es O l f th e v ar a i bl e ,
an d co ns e q e n tly by T yl o s th e o
u ,
a r
’

rem com b i n e d

wi th (6 ) we h av e

m
Z
(1 ) (z h) + 10 } Iz J (d z ) }
-
v
.

m
—
z e m wa m

Aga i n , (z + li ) h ) } is a na lyt i c e x ce pt wh en z + It
p rovi d e d th t a h I I z
l ,
we h av e

co
hm d m
%V
(2 ) < Z + h) 5”J
V
m , W Z
m
00
(ah )
l
§ (v—ni )
J y _m
2
m !
Z (V2 ) .

ni = 0

T h e s e fo m l e a e r u a r d ue to Lo m m e l ?
If w e t ak e g i n ()
1
if n d =
% a v

(2 ) w e d d ce f o m e u r a fte r m a in k g som e s l i ght c h ng e i n no ta t ion

a s ,

m
t
(3 ) cos V( z
2
2 z t) g —
m , q () z ,

m =
=0

()
4 S i n d/ z (
2
2 2 t) JP ", z () ,

e qu t i
a b e in g t
on o n ly w h e n
( )
4 IIt 5 I | T h se f m l a e d e to
rue z . e or u ae r u

G l ai s h e I w h eg d e d t h e l e ft h a nd S i d s a t h e g e ne a tin g f nct i on
'

r ,
o r ar -
e s r u s

s c i t e d w i th t h e f n t i o n s w h
as o a d i h lf O f n Od d i n t e g e j s t s
u c os e or er s a a r, u a

e
p {% (t
x 1 /t) } i s t h e g n e ti n g f n c t i n as s oc i t e d w i th t h e B e s s e l
z e ra u o a cO

e ffi c i e n t s .

Pr oo f s Of (3 ) an d (4 ) by d i t re c ex p an s i on Of th e ri ght h n d S i d e s h a
-
a ve

been g i by G l i s h e
v en a r ; t h e lg e b
a ra i nv o l dve i n inv e s t i g t i ns
a f t h is n t
o o a u re

is so m e w h t fo m i d bl a r a e .

S tu d i e n fi ber d i e B es s e l
’
s c h en F u nc ti o ne n (L e i p z ig ,
pp . 1 1—16 . F orm ul a (1 ) w as g i v e n
by B e s s el , B e r l i n er A bk 1 82 4 p 3 5 , fo r t h e B e s s e l c o e ffi c i e n ts .

—
. .

1 Q uar ter l y J ou r na l
"
XI I p 1 3 6 ; B r i ti s h As s oc i a ti o n R ep o r t, 1 87 8, pp 4 69 470 P hi l
—7 8 1
. .
, . . .

T r a ns . of t h e R oya l S o c . CL XX II . pp . 774 ,
813 .
5 22]
-
M I S CE L LAN E O US T H E OREM S 14 1

We Sh a l l now e n u m e at e r i
v ar o u s d
m o i fi c a i o ns t Of (1 ) a nd

I n (I ) re pl a ce z an d h by a nd l
ez
z
,
a nd th en

7 7 1, c
I
I

a nd , in p t i ul
ar c ar ,

If w e d i id e
v (5 ) by (1 an d th en ma k e It l , w e fi nd th a t

In i l ke m ann e r , f rom
oo
—Z"
(8 ) J { V(1
, z k )} (1 k) 2 (z ) ,

p ro v ided th t [ k
a 1 .

If we m a k k e e .
1 -
I0 ,
w e fi nd , by Ab e l s th e ’
or e m ,

—>m e m
k —1 + o
.

p d e d th t th e s e
rov i a ri e s on th e ri ght i s c o nv e r ge n t . Th e c on v e r ge n e i s Ob c i
v ous

w h en i s n i nt e ge If v is i nt e ge r , th e n fo r l ge l e f
“

u a r . n o t an , ar va u s O 77 1 ,

—) m (Z W Z

{ 1 O

H e n ce d i t i n f o n g e n e i s R ( ) 0 nd i f t h
th e con o or c ver c v ,
a e c on d i ti on is
sat i s fi e d t h e co n
, ge n e i s b s l t e Co nse q e n tly w h n R ( )
ver c a o u .
u , e v 0 ,
a nd a so l
w h e n v i s a ny i n t e g e r,

(9)
“

In i l ke m a nn e r , if R () v an d a so l w h en v i iS
-

an
y i n t e ge r w e ,
h ave

—i
(1 0 ) J , (z d z) 2 u
E
m=0

It h ld b e b e e d t h t f n ti
S ou O s rv a u c o ns of th e s e co n d k i nd m ay b e su b ti t
s u te d
f f nc ti o ns O f th fi rs t k ind i n
or u e
(5 ) a nd (8 ) p rov i d d th e at It z

a nd Il < 1 ; a th t SO a
m

i iP
Y E (
(H ) (z , h)} Z
m =0 /

(1 2 ) (z fo r
m =o
Z (
a
fim it s . we ,

(1 3 )
.
) n =0

2
'

(1 4 ) 1 , I z (
K
l le) }
1 42 TH E OR Y O F B E S SE L F UN C T I O N S [ C H AR v

T h ese m ay b e p
d by e p e s i ng t h e f n t i n s f t h r ov en d k i nd s x r s u c o o e s e co a a

l in m b i n t i n O f f n t i o ns f t h e fi t k i n d ; by p
e ar c o a e e d i ng t o t h e l i m i t
o u c o rs r oc

w h en t e nd t o n i n t e g l a lu e w s e e th t th e y h o ld fo fu nc t i ons o f
if s a ra v ,
e a r

i nt g le dra or er .

By m b i ni n g (1 1 )
co w i th t h e o e s p nd i ng ult s fo f n cti ons O f c rr o res r u

th e fi s t k i n d w
r se th t w e m y ub ti t t e t h s y m b o l fo t h e s y m b l
,
e e a a s s u e r o

Y th gh utro u o .

Th l t f m l
e se w ast d by L m m l S t d i
or p 87 N m u ae g l i ti e re n o e o e ,
u en , . . u erou s en e ra sa o ns

O f t h m w ill b g i
e i Ch p t It h b
e b d by Ai y P h i l M g (6 ) XXX
v en n a er X I . as een O s e rv e re ,
. a . VI .

pp . 23 4 —2 42 ,
th a t t h e y are Of s o m e u se in c a l c u l a t i o ns co n ne c te d wit h ze r os Of

B es s e l fu n c t i o ns .

Wh e n we co m b ine (5 ) an d and t h en re pl ace ( Kl k) by ) x, w e fi n d

th at w h e n IV 1 I 1
—1
, ,

m m
( ) —(Z )
m
co

E
( 1 2
2
g
%
p

x
(1 5 )
v
v
1
unm ,

O m

a nd , in p ar t cu a r ,i l w h en 7 » is u nr e s r c e ti t d ,

1)m m
( (g o J
2
K
’
o A -
z

( 6)
1 J , ( )
) cz )( v
i
m !
, +m () z .

m =o

T h e se two re su lt s ar e f eq r u en tly d e s i b e d cr
*
as m u l tip l i ca ti o n th eor em s fo r
B esse l fu nct i ons .

I t m ay b e O b s er v e d t h at th e res u l t of t r e a t i ng (1 4 ) i n th e s am e w ay as (8 ) is t h at

h
(w e n v i s ta en k e q u al to an i n te g e r n )
( 52 WY
0° “

( 1) 1
( /)9 Z n
(1 7 ) l l d “
77
m =o
2
m 0
n

An a l t er n a t i ve p r o o f Of p
th e m u l ti l i cat i o n fo r m u l a h as b g iven
ee n B o m e r , B e r l i nerby h
S i tzu ng s ber i ch te, I I I X . p . 3 5 , w it h th e ai d Of th e h
m e t o d s O f c o m l e x i nt e g r at i o n ; p
s e e al s o N i el s e n , M a th . Ann . LIX . p . 1 08 , and (fo r n u m e r ou s e x t e ns i o n s of th e

fo r m u l ae ) Wag n e r ,
B er n M i tth ei l u ng en , 1 8 95 , pp . 1 15 —1 1 9 ; 1 8 96, pp . 53 —60 .

[ N OT E . A S p ec i al ca s e Of for m u l a na m e l y th at in w ic h h v =l
,
w as d i s co v e r e d by
Lo m m e l s ev en y e ar s b e fo r e th e p bl i
u cat i o n O f h i s tr e a ti s e ; s ee Ar ch i e d er M a th . XXX VI I .

p . 3 56 .

H is m e t h o d co ns i s te d s k
i n t a i ng t h e i nte g r al

cos (g r c os 6 + 17 r s i n 6) d 5 d q

o v e r t h e ar e a O f th e c i r cl e § 2
+ q = 1, 2
a nd e v a l u a t i n
g it by tw o d i ffe r e n t m e t h od s .

The r es u l t of i n t eg ra t i ng wit h r es p ec t to 7; i s

I)
ig
“
G
Sin (g 6+q r S in 6)
—é “)
r co s
x/(l r Sin 6
dé
co s (g r cos 6) s i n { J(1 $)
2
r s in 6}
r s in 6
m
1 ) (r sin
COS (g r COS 9) (1 d5
0 (2 m 1) I

m =o ( r C OS 6) m + 1

See , e .
g . S ch afh ei tl i n , D i e T h eor i e d er B ess e l s ch en F u n k ti one n (L e i p z ig ,
p . 83 .
1 44; T H E O R Y O F _B E S S E L F .
‘

U N C T I ON S [ CH A R v

It wi ll fi s t b e s h e w n th t
r a th e series on th e ri gh t Of (1 ) i s a u n i or m f ly
co n v e r ge n t e i e f n lyt i c f
s r s O a a u nc t i o ns of b th o z a nd t w h en

I l s
z r ,
R s l t ls A ,

whe re r , R; A qu l p osi t i e n
ar e u n e
-

a v um be rs in a s c en d in g or de r Of m a ni t g ud e .

Wh e n m is l g e a nd p s i t i e J
ar o v , , _m (t) J m (z ) i s co m p ar a bl e wi t h
m
F (ni v )
R) ( /R )
"
Sin v 7 r Q r
m !

a nd th e con v e r g e nce Of th e se r i e s is com p ar a bl e wi th th at Of b ino m i l

th e a

s e ri e s for (1 Wh e n m is l g ar e an d ne g ti
a ve —n ) th e ge ne a l
, r

te rm is co m p ara bl e wi th
C A) C M )
" ”

an d th e f
y O f t h c n e ge n f ll
u n i or m i t e o v r ce o ows for bo t h t
s e s O f va lu e s Of m by
t h e t s t f We i e s t
e oss r ra .

T e m by t e m d i ffe e n t i t i n i s c n e q
r - -
r r a o o s u en tly p e r m i s si bl e SO t h at

2
l
J
I u

1
z
-
OO
(t) (t) } J m (Z )
1 <1 )

=
E J ib (t) {J n— (Z ) a 1
77 l

an d i t is s e e n, o n r e a r r an g e m en t th t
,
a al l th e t e r m s on th e r ig ht c a nc e l , SO

th t a

at CZ § v _
—m i t) J m (Z ) 0
m

H e nc e , w h en z It I th e , s e ri e s 2 J _m (t) Jm (z ) is a n an a lyt ic f u nc t ion

—w
,

Of z an d t w h i ch i s exp r es s i bl e as a f u ncti on o
f z + t on l
y ,
S i nc e i ts de i
r v a te s

wi t h res p t ec to z a nd t a re i d e n t i lly e q l ca ua . I f t is h f
u nc ti o n be ca ll e d
F (z i ), t hen
F (
z + t) 5
—
m ao

I f we p u t z =0 ,
we s ee th t a F (l ) 5 J , (t) , an d t h e tru t h b e co m e s
ev i d e nt .

Agai n i f t h e s i gn s
, Of v an d m in (1 ) be c h n ge d
a ,
we h av e

J -
v (Z + t) E —) m J —m v (t) J m (Z) ,

an d w h en th i s res ul t i s co m bi ned wi t h we see t h t a

Y (Z
(I )

(3 ) , t) z Y —m (t) J m
v (Z ) °

(
D

C f Ilf od er n A na l ys i s ,
.
 M I S C E L LAN E O US T H E OR E M S . 1 45

Wh e n th i s is b i ne d w i th
co m e q a t i o n (2 ) b e co mes u e vi d nt e .

Th e r ea de r w i ll ead i ly p o e by t h e s m e m e th d th t
r r v a o a ,
wh n e z t

<4) J . <t -
.
z
) = 3 a m i n o)

(5 ) —) = z

(6) Y, (t —z ) = J, (z ) :

Of t h es e r e s u l ts , (3 ) w as g i v e n by L o m m e l , S tu d i e n u ber d i e B essel ’
sch en F u ncti o n e / i
(Le i p z ig ,
w h e n if is an i nt e g er ; w il e h (5 ) an d( )
6 w e re g i v e n * e x l i c i tl
G ra f, p y by
M ath Ann . . X LI II L
'

pp . 1 41— 1 42 . Var i o u s g e ner al i s ati o ns O f t e s e fo r m u l ae w i l l b e h

g i v en i n C h pta er x 1 .

P r od u cts f
o B es s el f un ct o ns i .

Th e a s ce n d i ng s e ri es fo r t h e p du t Jro c (z ) J , (z ) h a s b e e n g iv e n by v ar o u s i
wri t s ; t h e e p n s i on i s s m e ti m s s t at e d t o b d e t S ch On h l e I w h
er x a o e e u
-

o
'

O z r
'

,
o

p bl i s h e d i t in 1 8 7 7 b t i t h d i n f t b e e n p e i s ly p ub l i s h e d (i n 1 8 7 0 )
u ,
u a ,
ac ,
r v ou

by S h l afl i i M o e
c e n tly t h e p d c t h b e n e x m i ne d by O § w h i l e
. r rec ro u as e a rr ,

N i h o l s on IIh as g i e n e p n i o n ( f
c fo p du t s f t h e f m s
v x a s s c . r ro c O or

J ( ) ( ) an d I m ( ) Y ( ) z z
’
z n z .

I n th e p s e n t s e cti o n w e S h ll cons t u c t t h e d i ffe e n t i a l e qu ti on s t i s fi e d

re a r r a a

by th e p od c t f t wo B es s e l fu n c t i on s nd s o l e i t i n s e i e s We S h all th e n
r u O
‘

,
a
‘

v r .

bt ain th e e x p ns i on ne w by d i e c t m ult i p l i t i on f s i e s
O a a r ca O er .

G i en t wo d i ffe enti al e q t i ons i n th e i no m a l fo m s

v r ua r r r

d d w
v
— —
fl

I -

I Jw = 0,
dz 2

i f y d e n o t e s th e p du t ro c c w, we ha e v

” ” ' '

y o w 2v w mu

(1 + J) y 2v w
' ’

w he re p r i m es i n d i ca t e d i ffe r en t i t i o ns
a w i th re s p tt ec o z .

See al so E pti s e n, D ie v i er R ec h n u ng s op er a t i o ne n m i t B ess e l

’
s e h en F u nc ti o ne n (B e r n ,
—1 8 94
.

[ J a h r bu c h ti ber d i e F or ts c h r i tte d er M a t h . 1 8 93 ,
pp . 8 45
W e be r d i e A u s wer th u ng bes t i m m ter I n teg ra l e mi tH ul f e v on Ve r d u d er un g e n d es I n teg r a t i o ns w e g es

(Ber n , p . 13 . Th e au t h o r i ti e s wh o a ttr i b u te th e ex p an s i o n to S c h o n h o l z e r i n c l u d e G r a f a nd

G bl u er , E i nl e i tu ng in d ie T h e o r i e d e r B es s e l
’
sc h en F u n k ti o ne n , II .
(Be r n , pp . 85 — 8 7 , a nd

Ni e l s e n , A nn S c i d e ZEco l e . .
’
no r m . s up .
(3 ) xv i i I . p . 50 ; H a nd bu c h d er T h eo r i e d er C yl i n
d e rf u nh ti o nen (L ei p zi g ,
p . 20 . Ac c o r d i n g to Ni e l s e n N o zw , . A nn d e M a th . .
(4 ) II .

p . 3 96 , M e i s s e l O bt ai n e d s o m e s e r i e s fo r p ro d u ct s i n th e I se r l o h n P rog r a nu n, 1 8 62 .

I M a t h Ann . . 1 11, pp . 1 41 —1 4 2 . A tr i v i a l d e fec t i n S c h l i fi i

’
s p roo f is t h at he u s es a

c o n to u r i nte g r al w ic h h( as h p e o i n ts o u t ) c o n v e r g e s o nl y w h en R (,u I - -
V 1) > 0 .

§ P r oc . Ca m b P h i l S o c
. . . x . pp 9 3 —1 00 . 2 .

H Q u a r ter l y J ou r na l , X LII I . pp 7 8— 1 0 0
. .

W . B . F .
 1 46 TH E OR Y OF B E SSEL F U N C T I ON S [ CH A R v

l—
i J) y} ”
fo ll ows th at ' '
It
t z
{y (I 2v w 2v w
’
2v 2J v w
’

a nd h e nce y + (I
’
—J )
H ence i n th e sp eci a l
,
cas e w h en I J , y s a ti s fi es th e eq u a ti on

I
ZI y
/
4I y 0;
()
1

bu t i f I,
J i tli s
,
e as y to s h e w by d i ffe r en ti a t i on th t a

d y
(2 ) (I J)y .

h
T i s i s th e for m Of t h e d i ff er e nt i al e q u a ti o n u s e d by O rr ; in c o nne xi o n wi t h s ee

A pp el l , Com p tes R end u s , X CI . pp . 211 —2 1 4 .

TO a pp ly th
l ts t o B e s s e l s e q t i on th e e qu at i on h s to b e e du ce d
es e r esu
’
ua , a r

{,O a n o m a l fo m ;
r b o th O nd N i c h o l s on e ffe c t th e
r e du c t i o n by t k i n g
rr a r a

() s n e
z w d e p e nd e n t
a aa i bl e b t f p u p os es o f s o lut i o n i n s e i e s i t
v r a ,
u ,
or r r ,

i s S i m p l e to t k e a n e w i nd e p e nd e n t
r a i bl e by w i t i n g v ar a r

d d
Z e
a
Zd z d6
3 ,

£5 5
d 2
)
SO th t a (8
29
v
2
) J (), z 0 .

H e n ce th e e q at i on
u sa t i s fi e d by J ( ) J ( ) ,
z , z ,
w hen v
?
,
is

d yg
dy
9 2 2
+
2 _ v
2 2—
) y 0
79
,
d 6

th a t i s to s ay
”
(3 ) 2 (a ,
2
11
1
38
2
(a
?
) ]y v
2 2
4c ?
(3 1 ) (S 2) y 0 ,

an d th e e qu a t i on s t i s fi e d by J a ()
z Ji ()
z ,
is

(4 )
S o lut i on s i n s erie s O f (3 ) ar e

7 71:
C7 71 ,

m =o
w h e re a :
i a
, 11
; v a nd

4 (a + 2m cm _
f
1

— a
,

I f we t ke
a a ,
a y an d '

l
F <H + 1 )
we O bt a n i th e se r i e s

—) m F ( )a v—
I 2m 1)
—
m + I) F ( v + m +

an d th e th e
o r s er i e s h h a e s o l t i o ns
w ic r u Of (3 ) ar e O bt i
a ne d by c h ang i ng th e

si g ns o f e i th e r u
,
or v o r b th p nd o . a v .
1 48 T H E OR Y OF B E S SE L F
. UN CT I O N S
T hi b s O v io us m od e Of p r o ce d ur e d oes no t s e e m t h b o ti av e ee n no ce d by a ny o f th e
e ar l i e r w r i t ers ; i t wa s g i v e n by N i el s e n , hfa th A nn . . LI I p; 228
. .

The s er i e s fo r J O (z) c os z a n d J O (z ) s in z w e re Ob t i d by B l B
a ne es s e ,
er l i ner A hh 1 82 4 , .

pp . 3 8—3 9, an d th e c o r re s
p o n d i ng r es u l t s for J , (z ) c os z a nd J, (z ) s i n z w er e

d e d u ce d f r om P oi sSon S i nte g r al
’
by L o m m el , S tud i en uber d i e B ess el s c h en
’
F u ncti one n -

(L e i zpi g 1 6— 1 8 ppS o m e d e d u c ti o n s
. . c o nce r ni ng th e f u n c ti o n s ber a nd be i h ax e

b een m ad e by Wh i t h e ead , Q u a r ter ly Jo u r na l , X LI I .

(1 9 1 1 ) , p 3 42
. .

M or e ge ne lly i f w e m ulti p ly t h e s e i e s
ra r for J ( ) ,
az an d J (bz )
, we Obt ai n
—
, ,

an e x pan i on i n w h i h t h e coe c t
s ffi i e n o f ) c
m ‘
a b
"f
is

m
'

a
zm — 2n
bzn

1
5
0 71 ! —)! n —n + 1 )
a
g ’n
, F ( m — —m ; ,
u.
,
v + 1 ; b /a
Q 2
)

an d s o
1
.
1
b v

Ad ) J d )
2
< 2) z ,
z

—m — —m ,
a
, ; v + 1 ; l / ) a
Q

m r o m !

an d th i s r es u lt can be si m p l ifi d e w h ene v er th e hy p e g r eom e r ic t se ri es is

ex p e ssi bl e
r in a co m p tf ac or m .

On e ca s e o f r e d tiuc on i s th e cas e b a w ic h h h as l
a re a dy b e e n d isc u ss e d;
an o th e r i s th e case b i a, p d e d th a t
ro v i p
. v
’

In th i s c as e we u se th e f m ul
or
"
a
e?

N et —6 +
F 3
r < ea + e) r e a —B + 1 )
a + 1 ;
2 a

an d th en w e s ee t h t a

—) m c OS
em u
1) F ( V + % 7 7t i
" “
1)

—) m e a z nw
m z
om l T (u m 1 ) F (v 2m +

—
2
l
m + 1)
’

If we t k
a e a e i m
’

i n (3 ) w e fi nd t h t a

m = 0 7n i

an ex p a nsi on O f w ic h h th e l e ad i n g t e rm s w ere gi v en in

Cf K u m m er , J o u r na l
.
f ur M a t h . xv . p . 7 8 , for m u l a
5 42 ]
-
MISCELLANE OUS T H E OR E M S 14 9

T h e fo r m u l ae (5 ) w e r e d i s c o v e re d by N i e l s e n, Atti d el l a It Acca d d ei Li ncei , (5 )

—4 97
. .

XV . pp . 4 90 a nd JII o na ts /i ef te f ur Ill a t/i . u nd P /i ys . XI X . pp . 1 64 —1 7 0 ,

f r o m a co n s i d e r at i o n o f th e d iffe re n t i a l e q u a t i o n s at i s fi e d by J , (a z ) J
S om e s e r i es h av e b ee n g i v e n Q u a r ter l y J ou r na l
, ,
X LI . p . 5 5 , for p r o d u c ts o f th e
t yp es J, 3 () z a nd J, 2 (z ) J bu t t hye ar e to o cum b ro us to b e o f an
y im p o r ta n c e .

By gi v n i g a t h e p e ci a l s .
va lu e s i é in i t is e as y to p rov e th t a

n _§f
P (v )
”
i Z
v+

2 sin 9) 9 SI“9
() )
9
7 ( i (co s
2 003
6 “
F (2) ” , F (2 , n )
The s p e ci a l ca s e o f th i s for m ul a i n w ic h h 2 11 i s an i n t e g e r h as b e e n gi v en

by H o b son *
.

P r od u cts i nvo l vi ng B es s el f uncti ons o

f th e s eco nd ki nd .

Th e s e ri e s for th e p du t Jro c s , (Z) Y , (z ) , Jm (s ) an d

h a e b e e n th e s ubj e c t f d e t i l e d s t dy by N i ch o l s on i
v o a u
‘

; th e fo ll o w i n g is an

o utl i ne o f h i s a n ly s i s w i th so m e m o d i fi ca t i o ns
a .

We h e av

mi . ()
2 Y. () z =
a U i
—
(z) J . . u (2 ) L
. .

w he e v r i s t o b e m ad e e qu al to n a fte r th e d i ffe ren t i a ti o ns h av e been pe f r o rm e d .

N ow
8
81}
{J N ()JZ ,
l og (% ) z J“(Z ) J ( ) V Z

F (M v 27 °
1)

an d

a
iJ . (z) J < >1
z —l o g e z > J (z ) L (z ) .
. .
Ell
1)

{\p (n —‘lf (
12 1 co

We d i v i d e th e l st
a s e r 1 es i n o t two p ar ts 5: an d 2 I n th e fo rm er p ar t

h a ve

lim
v —> n

P r oc L ond o n M a th
. . S oc . xx v . p . 66 ; s ee al s o Ca i l l e r , M e m d e l a S oc
’

. . d e P h ys . dc

G enev e , xx xi v .
(1 902 p . 3 16
b
.

1Q
‘
u a r ter l y J ou r nal , XL I I I pp 7 8 — 1 00 The ex p a ns i o n o f J O (z ) YO (z ) h a d ee n g i ve n
p 2
. . . .

p r ev i o u s l y by Ni el s en , H a nd bu c h d e r T h e o r i e d e r C yl i nd e zf u nlct i o ne n (L e i p z ig ,
. 1 .
150 THEO R Y OF B ESSEL F U N C T I O N S [ CHA R v

w i h le l att e p t th e e i s n o
i n th e r ar r u nd e e r m ne t i d fo rm to b e ev a lu a t e d Wh en
.

r is r ep l e d i n th i s p r t by n
ac a r, it is seen th t a

Th e ex p ression on th e r i ght i s a co n tin u ou s fu n c ti on of p . he e

at u.
,
=m w r

m O, 1 2 , ,
an d so th e s e r i es fo r 7 e (z ) Y , (z ) is o bt ain e d by e p l cing i r a t

by m on th e r i ght i n

Th e s e ries for ca n be ca c l ul t e d by
a c on s r u cti nt g s e r i es for

a/L aV = m, v =n

in a s i m i l ar m an n e r . Th e de t a i l s o f t h e ana ly s i s ,
h i h i s e x t e m e ly l ab o
w c r ri ou s ,

h av e b ee n gi ve n by N i c h o l s on, a nd wi ll no t be r epe te d h e e
a r .

Th e i n teg ral
f or J , (z ) J (z ) , .

Ag l i s t i on of
e n er a a N e u m ann
’
s i n t e gr a l fo r J , 2
(z ) i s o bt ain bl e by
a

a pp ly i n g t h e for m ul a
*

+ v + 2m
C OS“ 6 COS (pl , V ) 9d 9 2 M+ y + 2 m + l P (M 77 7, 1) P( y m 1)

to t h e r esu lt o f th e i n t e g a l h as th i s
r va ue l w h en m 0, l ,
2, p rov i d ed
t h at 1 .

It i s th e n ev i d e nt th a t
fi u + v +2m a
2 00 n u l v-
9
- -

Z CO S

m ! v
-
l m
-
1)
CO S ( u.
,
v ) 9 d 9,
0

so th t a ,
w h en R 0 1. v ) 1

(1 ) J ()J ()
,
2 , z , (2 z c os 6) c os (p . v ) 9d 9 ;

th e h angec of th e or de r of s u m m ti a on an d i n t e g ra t i o n p r ese n s t no s e ri o us
d iffi c lty u .

h
T i s fo r m u l a i s d u e to Ca uc y ; f or h a p r oof by c o n to u r i n teg r a t i o n , s ee M od er n Ana l ys i s ,
p . 2 63 .
1 15 2 T H E OR Y —
O E B E S S EL En NiOr ION S
'
T om a V
-

H e nce , by g 5 1 1 we h av e

()
1 1
. J. < z >J .
>
5
o+

o n t k i ng s th e l l i m i t w h e n R ( ) 0 ; by add i n g o n t e rm s t t h e
o w er v a
a ei o z a

b e ginni ng f th e s e i e s o r ,
it m ay b e s e e n th a t t h e es t i c ti o n R ( ) > 0 1 s s u p e r l r v

fl u o ns .

I f w e t k e i n tu n v d ad d d ubt t th e lt s s o Obt a i ne d
3

a r 1
0
0
an an s r ac r esu ,
1

w h e e (
g
av

(2 )
Z
E(n (Z ) .

77 n =o

81 1 22
(3 ) 2 77 n
§
O
<
w h i l e by t ak i n g
,
v 1 we s ee th at
(4 ) { a
J e + J r < 1
z> 2
n = 0

Ano th e r fo rm u a O f l th e s am e ty p e is de r ve i d by d i ffe ren t i t i ng

a th e s e ri es

J (Z )
2
v+ n i

for i t i s e vi d e n t th t a

d
(Z )
i

2 en J 2
v+n
i “
2
dZ

2 en J u+ h (Z) {J v +n —(Z )
1 Ji
z -
n -
1
” 0

J ( NJ Z u

. . v J ,
~

a nd so w h en R ( ) v 0 we,
O b tai n a mo i d fi c t i on a Of H ans e n s
’
for m ul a
n am e ly
?
d )

2 en
(z ) 2v J ,
2
(t)
n =o

An i m p t nt
or a c on s e qu e nc e Of th i s f o r m u a, l na m e ly va lu e u pp e r

bo nd
u fo r | J , (x ) ,
will be gi e n in § 1 3
v 42 .

By t k ing
a v
2 ,
i t is f u n d th t
o a

00
“
S P s in
(2 )
fi
6,
M , t

a nd s o

(6) J 2
n+ § () z 1 Si '

n z
o 77

wh e e as u s l , t h e s y m b o l S i d e n t s th e
r ,
ua o e s i ne t e g l T h is es lt i s g i en
in ra . r u v

by Lo m m e l l n t h e th i d of t h e m e m i s t r o r o w h i c h e fe e nce h as b e e n m d e
r r -

a .
 5x61 ; in
M ISCEL LANE O US T H E O R E M S 1 53

Conti nu ed f r a cti on f or m u l a e .

Ex p q t i n ts f
r e s s o ns i for uo e O B esse l f u nc t i ns s co nt i n d f
o a ue r ac t o ns i a re

d e du ci bl e i m m e d i t e ly f o m t h e a r rec u r r e n ce fo m ul a g i e n by § 3 2
r v t h us,

i f t h e fo m ul b e w i t t e n
r a r

it is a t o nce a pp ar e n t th at

T ish fo rm ul a i s e as i ly t f
r a n s or m e d i n to

1
(2 ) 2 v /z 1 ) /z 2 m ) /z J
2 (v (v , +m (z )
h es e e s u lt s
T r ar e t e fo g e n e l l e s O f ; (1 ) w s d i s co e e d by
ru r ra va u v a v r

B e s s e l fo i n t e g al
*
r r v a lu e s O f An e qu i l n t r es lt d e t o S t m i l h l i s
v . va e u ,
u c c
‘’

th a t i f Q ( ) , , z J-
zth e n ,

1 i s? i zz
4 4
3 Q (Z ) ,
v + 1 —V + 2 — V + 3 ;

O th er fo r m u ae , l g i v e n b y Lo m m e l i , ar e

Z 2
2
Z ?
Z
2

( )
4
J, (z ) 2 (v
2 1 3 2
Z
(5 ) J, (z )
T h e B e s se lf u n c t o ns i in al l th es e fo rm ul ae m ay O b v i o u s ly be re pl ace d by a ny

I t was as s u m e d by Bess el th t a ,
w h en m oo th e
‘

l as t q o ti
u e nt m ay b e

ne gl e cte d ,
so t h at

£69

B er l i ne r Abh
’

.
p . 3 1 . F orm u l a (2 ) s ee m s n o t to h b
av e een g i v e n by th e e a r l i e r
w r i te r s ; s ee E ncyc l op ed i c d es S c i M a t h . . 11 . 2 8, § 5 8, p . 2 17 . A s l i g h tl y d i ff e r e n t fo r m i s u s e d by
'

G r af, Arm d i M a t (2 ) x x I I I
. . . p : 47 .

1 Z ei tsc h r if t f ur M a th u nd P h ys
"
. . 11 . p . 1 42 S c h l o m i l ch co n s i d e r e d i n te g r a l v al u e s O f

j: S t u d i e n i i be r d i e B ess e l
’
sc h en F u nc t i o ne n p
(L ei z ig , p . 5 ; s ee p
al s o S i tz e r , Ar c h i v d er
'

M a t/t u n nel P h ys n x xx : -
p . 3 3 2, a nd G u th n er , Ar c h i v d er M a th . u nd P h ys . L VI .

pp . 2 92 — 2 97 .
 15 4 T H E OR Y OF B E S SE L F UN CT I O N S [ CH A P . V

I t is b i u s th a t th is ass m p t i on i s j u s t i fi abl e th o ugh i t h app e ns to

no t O v o u ,

b e s o an d ,
i g o o u s p oo f O f t h e e p ns i on O f a qu t i e n t O f B e s s e l fu nc t i on s
a r r r x a o

i n t o n i nfi n i t e con t i n e d f ac t i on w i ll b e g i e n i n
a wi th th e h e l p O f t h e
u r v

th e o y O f Lo m m e l s p lyno m i l s
r
’
o a .
”

[ N OT E . Th e r eas o n w h y th e assu m p ti on is no t O b v i ou s l y co r r e c t is t h at, e v e n t h ou

g h
t h e frac ti on ge m /g m t e nd s t o a l i m it as m 00 i t is n o t ne c es s ar il y th e case t h at
am
p m +p m + l

am
9m g m+1
t e nd s t o t h at l i m i t ; t i s m ay b e h s een by ta i ng k
m + sin i n, = rn,
pm g m am

Th e r ead er wil l fi nd a n el a b or at e d i scu s s i o n on th e re p r e s e n ta t i o n of J, (2 ) as a

c o nt i n u e d fr acti on i n a m e m o i r ?le by P e r r o n, M u ne/i ener S i tzu ng s ber i ch te, XXX VI I .

pp 4 83 .
— 5 04 ; s o l u ti o n s O f R i ccati
’
s e q u at i o n , de p e nd i ng on su c h a re p r es e nt a ti o n
,
h av e

b een c o n s id er e d by Wi l t on, Q u a r ter l

y J o u r na l , LV I X . pp . 3 20 —3 2 3 . The c o nn e x i o n

b twe ee n co nt i n u e d frac t i o ns Of th e type s co ns i d e r e d i n t i s h s ec ti o n an d th e r e l a ti o n s co n

ne c ti n g c o n ti
g u ou s h yp er g e o m e t r i c f u ncti o ns h as b ee n n o ti ce d by H e i ne , J ou r na l f ur
M a th . L VI I . pp . 2 3 1— 2 47 a nd Ch r i s to fi e l , J o u r na l
'

f u r M a t/z . LV I II .
(1 8 6 1 )
pp . 90 — 92 .

H f or J (2 )
’
5 7 a ns en s ex r ess i on lim i t f h yp er g eom etr i c
.

p , as a o a
f u ncti on .

I t w as s ta te d by H t th t
'

an s e n
-

J e r z
(1 ) V (Z ) -
2 Fl

We s h all p rov e th i s es ult f ge ne a l (co m p l e x )

r or r v a u e s ofl v an d 2 w h en A a nd

u.
, t end to i nfi n i ty th o ugh co m p l ex l es
r va u .

If A :
a th e (m + 1 ) th te rm Of th e ex p a ns i o n o n t he ri gh t is

(é ) +2 m m 1
v
z

h 7 a e r b i t a y p os i t i e
T is is a c n t i n u o u s f nc t i o n O f 8
o nd 7 ; nd if 8 u a 7 a 7 0 r a r r v
, 0 ,

n u m b e s (l e s th n 2
l l ) th e s e i e s f w h i c h i t i s th e (m 1 ) th t e m co n
‘
1
r s a z r O
, r

e ge s u ni f m ly w i th e s p e c t t 8 nd 7 w h e n e e b o th 8
I | g 8 and l 7 l S 7
v r or r o a 7 v r , 7 7 0 .

F t h e t e m i n q e s t i on i s n m e i c lly l e s s th n t h e m o d lu s O f t h e m
(
or r u l ) th u r a a u

t e m O f t h e (a b so lut e ly c n e g e n t e p n i n O f
r
) o v r x a s o

2 F 1 (1 /80 1 ; 80 7 70)
i
2
) V 2 1

an d th e un i for m i ty Of th e co n v e r ge n ce f ll o ws f o m th e t e s t O f We i e s trass
o r r .

S m ee t h e c o nv e r g e nc e is u n fo m t h e s m f t h e t e m s i s co nt in u o u s
i r , u O r a

h
T i s m e m o i r i s th e su bj ec t Of a pp a er by N i e l se n , M u nc h e ner S i tz ung s ber i c h te , x x xv 1 1 1
pp —88
.

. 85 .

T L e ip z i g er Ab h . 11 .
p . 25 2 s e e al s o a H al b er s tad t d i s s e r tati o n by F N e u m a n n , 1 90 9 .

p
.

[ J a h r bu c h ti ber d i e F or ts c h r i tte d cr M a t h . 1 90 9, . 57 5 ]
15 6 T H E O R Y _O F B E S S E L F U N C TI O N S [ C H A R v

We t ak e M ur h y s p ’
fo rm u a l
P, (co s e u /) 2 17
, n, n 1 ; 1 ; sin 2 /)e u

a nd th e r e a s o ni n g Of th e p r e ce d ng s e c t on
i i 1s a pp l i bl ca e wi th th e s l ight
mo i d fi c ti a on th t a we u se th e I ne q l i ty
ua

S in lg tI /
(Z n) l .

w h en 2 s 2 n
I
, a nd th e n We ca n co m p ar e th e t wo s e ri e s

9 80
2
7
1 1 n, n 1 ; 1 ; i
s n
2
2 F, 1 ; 1 ; 2 3
2
2

w he re 80 i s a n ar u m b e l ss th an g l [ nd th e om p i s on
b i tr y p o i t i
ar s ve n r e z
4
a c ar

is m d e w h e n 1n
a T h e d e t i l s f th e p oo f m y n o w be l e ft t o t h e e ad e a O r a r r .

Wh e n n i s e s t i c t e d t o b p os i t i e i nt e g e th e s e i e s fo P (COS /n)
r r e a v r, r r ,
z

t m i n t e s nd i t i c n e ni e nt to a pp e l t o T nne y s th e e m t c m p l e t e
er a ,
a s o v a a r
’
or
*
o o

t h e p oo f T h i s f c t w s fi s t n t i ce d by G i l i n i ; th e
r . a a l ie w i t e s t o k fo
r o u a e ar r r r o r

g nt e d th e p e m i s si b i l i ty O f th e p ss ge t o t h e l i m i t
ra r a a .

I n th e s e O f g e n e a l i s e d L e g e n d r e f n c t i o n s ( f u n es t i cted o d e nn )
ca r u O r r r r ,

th e d e fi ni t i n d e p e n ds n w h e th e t h e
o gu m e n t O f th e fu nc t i o ns i s be t w e e n
o r ar

1 and 1 o no t ; fo l a lu e s O f (b t w e en 0 nd ) w e h a e
r r rea v a
s e a 7r v

t (
l n) a
"
— au
m
2
a
c
2 F, 1 ; m l 1 ; /)
2
n, n S i n g zc n
a ‘ ,

I (on 1)
so th t a

m
(2 ) l im u P

but o th e r wi s e , we

m
—m h ta n h (2z /n)
P, 2 F, ( 1
/)
1
cos ‘ n, n 1 in 1 ,
s 1n 1
2
.

2 2
-

n ,
I (7n + 1 )
so t h at
z
m m
(3 ) lim P, cos h
“

Th e co r r es p nd i ng f
o o rm u a l for f u nc ti o ns O f th e s e co n d k i nd m ay b d d e e u ce d
f omr th e eq t i on w h i c h
ua
Q ,
m
in t e rm s Of P, m
an d P i t is

h f m l h s b e n gi en (w i th d i ff e n t no t t i n ) by H e i ne i ;
T is or u a a e v a er a o

eas i ly p d by b s ti t t i n g th e i n t e g l O f L p l e s ty p e fo t h e ’
rov e su u ra a ac r

fu nc t i on p e e d i n g to t h e l im i t
,
rocn d u s i n g fo m l
(5 ) O f 2 a r u a .

i Cf B r o m wi c
f
. h ,
T h eor y of f nfi ni te S er i es , g 49 .

1 C f B ar n es , Q u a r ter l y J ou r na l ,
"
. x xx i x . p : 1 09 th e e q u a ti o n is
Si n m 7r nn n7r Pn a
‘

i
‘ m
21 m n ) Q u ‘ —m + n )
I (I
°

11

i n B ar n e s
’
no ta ti o n , w ic h hi s ad o p t e d i n t i s wo r k h .

1 J ou r na l f ur M a th m m
‘

. . p . 13 1 .
 M S I C E LLANE O US T H E OR E M S 157 .

An o th e r fo m ul a l i ghtly d iff t f om j u s t d is u s e d
“

r ,
s e ren r th ose c s ,
is

h
t i s i s d u e t o La u r e nt and i t m ay b e p rov e d by u s in g th e se co n d o f Mur phy ’
s

fo l
r m u ae , n a m e ly
P, ( cos —n —n ; ,
1 ; t an 1 9)
‘
1

[ N OT E The e xi s t e n c e Of t h e for m ul ae
-

of h
t is s e c ti o n m u st _
be em ph as i ze d b ec a u s e it
u s ed to be g e n e r all yb e l i ev e d t h at t h e1 e w as n o co nn e x i o n b e tw e e n Le g e nd r e fu nc t i o ns a nd

B e s s el fu n c t i o n s T . h us i t w as s ta e d t by T d h o u nt e r l n h i s E l e m enta ry Tr ea ti s e On L ap l a ce’s
F u ncti o ns ,
”
La m e 3 F u ncti o ns a nd B es s el ’
s F u n cti o ns (Lo nd o n, 1 8 7 5 ) , p v i , t at t e s e p . h h
[i e
. . B e s s el fu nc ti ons
] ai e n o t co nn e c t e d wit h th e m ai n su bj e c t Of h
t is

M eh l e r f
’

I nteg r a s as s oci a ted

l wi th s or m u l a .

A co m p l t ly e e d i ffe r e n t m e th o d O f e s t abl i s h i n g t h e fo rm u ae l of th e l as t

sec t i on w as g i v e n by M e hl er a n d a l s o l a t e r b
y R a yl e i gh , , ,
t h i s mth od d e p e nd e s

on a u s e O f La pl ace s
’
in t e g l th ra ,
us

”
1
P, ( co s 9) (c os 9 i s i n 9 co s d d;
7r 0

10 9.
e
n
d¢

S i nc e
n l og { co s (z /n) i si n (z /n) cos gt } is cos ( )
l
u ni f or m ly as n 00 w h en 0 s g!) g 7 r, we h av e a t on c e

i z “0 3 9
lim P , (cos z /n) d gb J O (2 )
—
e
n > oo

H e i ne ' '

l an h a e m ad e si mi l a p ass ge s t o t h e l i m i t w i th in t e g l
d d e B a ll i v r a ra s

of La pl ac e
’
s ty p e fo L e g e n d e f n c t i on s
r I n th i s w y H e i ne h s d efi ned
r u . a a
“

B es s e lf n u c t i on s f th e e on d n d th i d k i nd s ; e fe e nce w i ll be m d e t h i
O s c a r r r a o s

resu lt s i n w h e n w e d ea l w i th i n t e g l e p en t t i ns f Y ( ) ra r res a o O , z .

h
M e l e r h as l
a so gi p f f h i f m l by i g t h M h l Di i h l t i t g l
v en a r oo O s or u a us n e e er -
r c e n e ra

2
P, (c os 9)
“

7?

If n gb = x/ , l i t m ay b e s h e wn t h at

c os 4, q

/
b u t 15m pa s s ag e t o th e l i m i t p r e s e n ts som e l i t t l e d i ffi c u l t yb e ca u s e t h e i n te g ra l is an im
p p ro er i n te g r al .

Va r i o u s fo rm ul ae h av e b e e n gi v e n r ece n tly w h i h c ex h ibi t th e w a

y i n w h ic h

J o u r na l d e M a t h .
(3 ) I . pp . 3 84 —3 85 ; th e fo r m u l a ac tual l y g i v e n by L au r e nt i s
er i o n e o u s o n a c c o u n t O f a n a r i t hm e t i c al er r or
J
r J ou r n a l f ur M a th . m m . p . 13 1 . S ee al s o S h p
ar e, Q u a r te r l y J ou r na l ,
x xi v .

pp 3 83 —3 86
—4
. .

3: As tr N a c h. . c x xv 1 1 1 . cc] . 1 .
 15 8 THEO R Y OF B E S SE L FUNCTIO NS [ CHA R v

t h e Le ge nd e fu n t i on pp ac h e s i ts l i m i t s
r c a ro a i ts d eg r e e t e nd s t o i n ni fi ty .

T hu s ,
a fo m l e x p ns i n d e to M acd nald i s
r a
*
a o u o

()
1 9)
m
( o
r
( cos lo o [ J (o)
-

o ..

s in
2
29 J , “ () a
s (as ) 2x
“
1

w he r e as (2 n 1 ) sin 29 .

O th e r f o r m u l ae , h h e h i b i t nu pp e l i m i t fo th e e
w ic x a r r rr o r d u e to re pl ac n i g
a Le ge n d re f u nc t i n O f l ge d e gre e by a B e s se l f nc t ion
o ar u ,
ar e
-

t
(2 ) P. ( n) 1 cor
l
o (c o s n)
-

co s
—
.

Q /( S Q C 77 )
ta n nl
[ {
J o (n 2) tan 7 7 } i{1
7
0 {(n 2) ta n 7 7 ”
4 91 x/(S S C )
71

o
(R (o
> 5
9 s in h n ‘
5 2 2§
’

g
3 ) P, ( c os h E) hf
I, ( 5)71
62 13
sin (n )
-

(4 ) Q , ( cos h E) M(s ce h E) K, {( n 2) t n h f}
a

2 93 V(S e ch g f”
) e
‘
WH fi

R (n ) 2
w he re, in 0 g 77 a nd , i n (3 ) a nd $2 0 ; th e nu m be rs 91 92 93 , ,
ar e

l e th
ss an u n i ty i n b s lut e m a o a
g ni u t de ,
an d n m ay b e co m pl ex p ro v id e d th a t
i ts r ea l p t i s p os i t i e B u t
ar v . th e p roo f Of th e s e r es ult s i s too l e ngthy t o b e

gi v en he re .

T h e f or m u l a e o
f Ol br i ch t .

The th t a B e e l f n ct i on i s e p
fac t a ss u x r e ss i bl e by H f m l s
an s e n s
’
or u a a a

l i m i t O f hy p e ge om e t i f n t ion h s l d
a r r c u c a e O lb r i c h t i t o i n s t i g te m th d ve a e o s

by w h i h B l e qu t i n i e xp e s i bl e
c ess e
’
s a o s r s as a confl e nt fo m O f e q a t i o ns
u r u

o i t e d w i th Ri e m n n P f n ti ns
’
a ss c a a s -
u c o .

I f w t k e t h e e qu t i on
e a a

d 2p 1 dy
= 0.
dz ?
2 dz 2 a
2

Of w ic h h a f nd
u am e n a t l sys t e m O f s o u t on s l i i s th e p i
a r O f f u nc t i o ns
z
‘
“ J , () z ,
z
‘
“ Y, (z ) ,

a n d co m p ar e th e e q t i on
ua wi t h th e e q t i on d e fi ne d by
ua th e sc h em e
a, b , c,

3
. .
(
y,
'
a
y .

P r oc . L o nd o n M a th . S oc .
(2 ) 111 1 1 . pp . 220 —2 2 1 ; so m e a s s o c i a te d r es u l ts h ad b een

Obt i d p i
a ne r ev o u s l y by t h e s am e w r i ter , P r oc . L on d o n M a t h . S oc . x xx r .
p . 2 69 .

+W t T a s on, r a ns . Cam b P h il S oc x xI I pp 2 7 7 —3 08 ; M es s eng er , X L VI I

pp 1 5 1—1 60
. . . .
.
.

. .

1 N ov a Ac ta Ca es L e0 p Aca d (H a l l e )
"
.
-
.
-
.
, 1 888 , pp . 1 —4 8 .
 C H AP T E R V I

I N T E G RAL RE P RE SE N T ATIONS O F B E S SE L FUN CT IO NS

Gen er a l i s a ti ons o f P oi s s on s i n teg
’
r al .

In th i s h p t w s h ll s tud y i o u s con t o u i n t e g a l s s oci a t e d w i th

c a er e a v ar r r s a

P oi s so n s i n t e g l 2 3 3 3 ) n d B e s s e l s i n t e g l (g 2 By s i t bl e c h o i c s
’ °

ra ,
a ra u a e

O f t h e ont ou O f i n t e g
c ti on l g e n u m b e s f e l e g n t fo m l ae c n b e Obt ai ne d
r ra ,
ar r O a r u a

w h i c h ex p e Ss B e s s e l f nc t i o n s as d e fi ni t e i nt e g a l
r u T h e c nto i n t e g a l s w i ll r s . o ur r

a l s o b e pp l ie d i n Ch p t e s V I I and V I I I to b t ai n pp ox i m t e form ul e nd
a a r o a r a a a

a s y m p t o t i c e p an s i on s fo J ( ) w h e n o v i s l a ge
x r , z z r r .

I t h app e n s th t t h e pp l i t ions o f P o i s s on s i nt eg al a e O f a m o e ’

a a ca r r r

e l e m en t y h t e th an t h e pp l i ca t i o ns O f B e ss l s i nt e g l nd acco d i ngly ’

ar c a r ac r a e ra ,
a r

w e s h ll n o w s t dy i n t e g
a l s O f P i s son s ty p e de f i n g th e tudy o f i n t e g l
u ra o
’

,
e rr s ra

e l s ty p t g 62 T h e i n e s t i g t i n f g e n e a l i sat i ns f Po i s n s
’ ’
O f Be ss e o . v a o O r o O s o

i n t g l w h i c h w e s h all no w g i e i d e i n s ub s t n e to H a nk e l
e ra v s
‘
u a c
*
.

T h e s i m p l e s t O f t h e fo m l e o f g 3 3 i s $ 3 3 s i nce th i s fr m ul c on t i ns
u a or a a

a S i ngl e e p n e n t i l x nd e t h e i n t e g
o l S i gn w h i l e th e o th e fo m l e cont in
a u r ra , r r u a a

i c ul a f n c t i n w h i h
c r r u e e xp e
o i bl e i n t e m s O f t wo e p o n e n t i l s \V
s, c ar r ss r x a . e

s h ll th e e fo e e
a rm i ne t h c i c m s t an ce s i n w h i c h
r xa nt o i nt e g a l s f t h e ty p e
e r u co ur r O

wt
e Tdt

ar e s o lut i o ns o f B esse l
’
s e q u a t on i ; i t is s u pp o e d th a t T i s a f nct i n o f t b t
s u o u

not O f z , an d th at th e end -
p i
o n s , a an d t b ,
e c m p l ex nu m
ar b e i nd e p e nd e nt
o rs

Of z .

Th e r esu lt Of o p e ra t i ng n t h e o in te g l ra wi th B e ss e l s d iff
’
eren t i l op e rat o
a r

V d e fi ne d in 3 1 is
, as f ll w s o o

"
Zt
T dt Z “ m T (I t ) dl 1 ) iz "+ 1 "
?t
T td t
(2
?
e e ix e

—i z "+ m T ( — d t,
(2 v + 1 ) T t
"+ 1
1
e t 1)
2
+ iz

M a t h A nn . . I . pp . 47 3 — 4 85 . T h e d i s cu s si o n Of th e c or r es p o n di n g i n te g r al s for L, (z )
and Ky ()
z i s d u e to S c h l afl i , A nn d i M a t . .
(2 ) I . pp . 23 2 — 2 42 ,
t h ghou S ch l afl i
’
s r es u l t s

ar e e x p r es se d i n th e n o ta ti o n ex pl a i ne d in Th e i n te g ra ls h av e a l so b ee n e x am i n e d in g r eat

Gb
d e tai l by u l er , Z ii r i c h Vi er te lj a h rss c h r if t , xx x m . pp . 1 47 —1 7 2 ,
a nd , fr o m t h e as p ect O f

h
th e t eo r y O f th e l i n e ar d iff er e n ti a l e u ati o n s w i c q h h th y e s a ti s fy, b y G r a f, M a th Ann . XL V .

4 3 2 —4 4 4
.

pp 2 3 5 — 2 62 ; W I pp S ee al s o
'

d e l a Va ll e e P o u s s i n , Ann d e l a S oc S ci d e
—1 43
. . . . . . .

B r u x e l l es , m ax . pp . 1 40 .
6 1]
-
I N T E G R AL R EP R ESENTATIONS 1 61

by a p a t i l r a in t e g ra t i on . Acco r d i n gly w e O bt ain a s ol ut i on o f B e ss e l s e qu ati

’
on

if T , a, b ar e so c ho s en th t a

4 1r a c
Tt ,
T (t 2
1
dt

Th e th e s e e q t i o n h e w s th t T i s c ns t an t m lti p l f
fo rm er Of ua s s a a o u e o

(t nd t h e l tt er s h e w s th t w e m y c h o os e t h e p a th f i n t e gr t i n
2
'

a a a a O a o ,

e i th e s o th a t i t i s a c l os e d
r i i t s c h th t m
(t — 1 ) H re tu ns t i ts c rc u u a e
2 " r r o

i ni t i l lu e a ft e r t h as d esc i b e d th e C
a va t o so th a t e (t ni h es r l r cu i ,
r
i r‘’ t 2
va s

a t e ac h l i m i t .

A c nt O f t h e fi rs t ty p e i s a fi u e O f e i ght p s s i ng
o ou r o u nd th p oi nt r a r
g e
- -

t = 1 c o u n t e r c l o c k w i s e an d o und t = 1 c l ckwis e
-
And i f w e s u pp e r o .
, os

t e m p o a i ly th t th e r ea l pa t O f i s p s i t i e co nt o r f t h e s e co nd ty p i s
r r a r z o v ,
a u O e

one w h i c h s t a ts f om i an d e tu n s th r ft e e n ci l in g b o th t h e p oi n t s
r oo r r er e a r rc

1 1 co n t er c l c k w i se (F i g 1
, nd F i
u
g If-
w e t ke
o b i 1 i . a . a a, :
, s

Fi g . 2 .

n e ce s s ar y to s u pp o s th a t e R (v a nd w e m ere ly b t O i
a n P o i ss on
’
s

in teg l ra .

TO m a k e th e m a n y -
va lu e d fu n ti n (t c o
2
d e fi ni t e *
,
we t kea th e p ha ses

t:
/
Of 1 a nd t + 1 to va ni s h t t h e p oi n t
a A w h er e th e t
c o n o u r s c r os s th e r ea l
ax i s o n th e r i ght Of t 1 .

We th er e fo r e p r oce e d to e x am i n e th e co n o u r t in teg ls ra

—1
m —od l
(r )
r
e (e dl ,
o i v
.

+ oo i

It is supp d th t h ose a v as n o t o n e O f th e v al u e s 2 2 2 , , , fo r t h en th e i n teg r an d s a r e an al yti c

d b th i t g h h eo r e m
’
at 1
: : 1, an ol n e r a s v a ni s , by C a u c h y s t
,
.

W
V . B . F .
 62 TH E O R Y OF B E S SEL FU NC T I O N S [ CHA R v1

I t i s t o be O bs e
d th t w h e n R (z) 0 b o th i n t e g l s a e con er g e n t
rve a , ,
ra r v ,

a n d d i ffe e n t i t i o n s u n d e
r th i n t e g l i gn
a e p e m i ss i bl e Al s o b o th r e ra S ar r .
,

int e g l s e a n lyt i c f n t i on s Of v f
ra ar all l e Of u c or a va u s v .

I n o d e t e p e s s t h e fi s t i n t e g l i n t e m s j f B e s se l fu nc t i ns w e
r r o x r r ra r o o ,

e xp n d th e i n t e g
a nd in p ow e of th e s lt in g s e i e s b e i n g u ni fo m ly
ra rs z, re u r r

c on e g e n t w i th
v r e sp e t t t n t h e co n t o u r I t f ll ws th t c o o r . o o a

—1
i zl —2
oo
i m
z
v +m
m —
E
_ dt od t
1 (1 )
2
e t v
r 2
i v

m O m i

N o w t (t m 2
is an e v e n o r an O d d f
t i on O f t acco d in g
u nc r as m is e v en

or o d d ; an d s o t k i n g th e c n t u t
,
a o o r o b s y m m e t i c l wi th e s p ec t t
e r a r o th e or i gi n ,

we se e th t th e lt e n t e t e m s O f
a a r a r t h e s e i e s o n t h e i ght a ni s h
r r v ,
an d we ar e

th e n l e ft w i th t h e e q t i n ua o

+3 1
— —
“
C
1)

m od t = 2
u i ) z (e ) ocu
?
e
v
i v

a
m ” ? u —l V ‘
i du
(
,

m =o 2 Nl
’

)
on wr i in t g l s t i n t e g l t h e p h s s O f an d
t= Vu ; i n th e 1 ni s h w h e n a ra a e u u va

u i on th e e l
s i s n t h e i ght O f r 1 a ax o r u .

T e l at th e i n t e g l n t h i ght w e a ss m e t e m p o i ly th t
O va u e ra s o e r ,
u r ar a

th e c nt o m y th en b d e fo m e d i n t o th e s t i ght l ine
o ur a e r ra .

f m 0 t 1 t k n t w i e ; n t h e fi s t p t g o i ng f m 0 t o 1 w e h e
ro o a e c o r ar ro av
—)
, ,

u 1 nd n t h e s e co n d p
u t t ni n g f o m 1 t 0 w e h
a o ar ,
re ur r o av e
,

u 1 (1 ) w h e i n e c h e t h e p h s e Of 1
u is e o re, a cas , a u z r .

We thu s g e t
m i
(u da { m 1 I
( du
"

u
‘
‘

e u

_ 2m
'

s ”
-

2)
N ow b o th s i d e s Of th e e q tiua on

m f I ( in + 2) F (y + 2 )
(u du 2i
‘

u c os V7 T
F (m v 1)
ly t f n t i ons O f v f
ar e a n a ic u c or al l v a u es O f v l ; an d s o , by th e g e n l t h e y Of e ra or
an lyt ia on t i n ti n t h is
c c ua o r es u lt , w ic h h h as been p ro v e d w h n R ( 2) 0 e v ,

p sis t f l l l e f
er s or a va u s O v .

M o d er n A na l ys i s , Th e r e ad e r w il l al s o fi nd i
t p ossi bl e to O bt ai n th e r e s u l t, w h en
R (u 2) < 0 , by re p e ate d l y u s i n
g th e r ec u r r e n c e for m u l a
1
7n + u +n+ 1
f
( u du m 1
"
2
u (u da ,
n+ u +
2
w ich h i bt s O ai n e d by i n te g r a ti n
g th e fo r m u l a
d
{ u
ni -
1
t;
(u _
1
m — 1
+ 7t + 2 r n- 2 +n
(
f V
du
u u 1) (V + n + )
1
u (u _ 1)
v

th e i nte g r al is t h en e x p r e s s ed i n te r m s O f an i n te g r al o f th e sam e ty p e in w ic h h th e ex p o nen t O f

u 1 h as a p o s i ti v e r e al p ar t .
 164 THEO R Y OF B E S S E L FUNCTIONS [ C H AR v r

T hu s ,
w h en R ( ) z O an d v 2 is no t a p i ti os ve i nt e g e r ,
'

m
P C3 ) )
u u
V e Z
m 5 dt
(t
W
(2 ) () 1)
2
z 6 .

2 7 75 P C?
T is h q a t i on w
e u as a s o o l bt ai n e d by H an k l e .

N e x t cons i d er
2dt
(t 1)
zzt z th -

e ,

m:
c exp ( in )
w he e is r (0 a n ac ut e angl e p s i ti ,
o v e o r ne g tia ve . T is in h t e g l d e fi ne s a fu nct i on
ra

of z w h i ch is a n lyt i c w h e n
a

—2 7r + w
an d , if ubj e c t t o th e fu th e con d i t i n th t l g I 2 th e o n t u r
z is s r r o a ar z 71 3 c o ca n

b e d e fo m e d i n t o t h e s e c n d f th e t w o on t s j u s t co ns i d e e d
'

r o H e nce
o c ou r r . th e
a n lyt i c c n t i n u t i on o f
a o c n b e d e fi ne d by t h e n e w i n t e g
a l ve a ra o r an

e x t e n d e d ran g e o f l e s o f g ; s o th t w h e
va u ar 2 a e av

m
0

(3 ) (t 1) dt
t ? v
e
—
,
m i e xp ( i ) w

w he r e ar
g 2 h as an
y lu
va e b e t w e en 2 7 w an d
2 77 w .

By gi v n i g a) a s i t bl e
u a lu e w e va
*
,
ca n o bt a n a i re p resen a t t i on of (z )
for an
y a s s ig ne d va u l e o f g b e t we e n ar 2 7 . an d 77 .

Wh en R (z) O and R (1! + 2) 0 we m ay t a k e th e c o nto u r to be t h at s h ewn i n Fi g . 3 ,

Fig . 3 .

h h i t i pp d t h t th d ii f th i
in w ic s su os e a e ra o e c rc l e s are u l ti m at e l ym ad e i n d e fi ni t el y s m al l .

By t k i g
a h t ig h t l i i th
n e ac t p
s ra ne n e co n o u r s e a r a t el y ,
we g et

F (é — )
—2)
w ri
J _V )
V e
ie t —3 7r i
(u _ t2 v
\2 (1 ) l dt
-

' e e ,
2m (2) F

l zt —3 i(
f l i d lf
(1 y
7r u -

e e

em e
‘
W —
m ) (1 —
‘
t ) z
s 2
'
V
dt

t zt _ z2 v dz
e
(1 )

iz t ph 2
e g
r a
(l £ )
v-
2

If to b e i n cr eas e d i n a s er i e s o f s ta g e s to an a pp p i ro r a te v al u e
(g r ea te r t h an a r ep r e
s e n tat i on o f
(z ) v al i d fo r a ny p r ea s s i g n e d v al u e o f ar
g z m ay b e o bt ai n e d .
 I N TEG R AL R E P R ESENTATIONS 165

On bi s ec ti ng th e t i r d h p h at of i n t eg r at i o n a n d re pl ac i ng t i n th e v ar i ou s i n t eg r al s by i t,

i t, t, t, i t res p ec t i v el y ,
we O bt ai n a for m u l a for J d u e t o G u l er *, w i c b h h cor r e

s p o nd s t o P o i s s o n s i nt e g r al fo r J , (z ) t h e for m u l a i s
’

—6
n
2
(4 ) () z e
2
(1 t )
V
d t+ c Os (zt w r) .
(1 a y -

if d

a nd , h
if t i s b e co m bi ne d wi t hP ois s o n s
’
i nt eg r al , i t i s fo u nd t h at

(5 ) zt
-

a fo r m u l a w i c h hw as al s o d i s co v e re d by G b l u er , t h ou g h i t h ad b ee n p rev io usl y s ta te d by
We b e r + i n th e cas e o f i nteg r al v al u e s o f v .

Aft e r w h h as g on e
at b e fo r e th e rea d e r s h ou l d h av e n o d i ffi c u l t yi n o bta i ni ng a fo r m u l a
cl o s el y c o nn e c t e d w i t h na m e l y
‘
fr iI (t)
in w ic h h it i s su pp os e d t h at th e ph as e o f t2 1 v a ni s h es w h en t i s o n th e r e a l a xi s o n th e
r ig ht Of t= 1 .

Me d ifi ca ti ons of H
’
a nk e l s con tou r i nteg ra sl .

T a in k gR() z 0 l et
,
us d fy th e
mo i t wo co n o t u rs o f 6 1 i n t o th e con o t u rs

s h e wn i n Fi gs . 4 and 5 r e s p e t i e ly
c v .

Fig . 4 .

By m a in k g th os e p ti or o ns of th e con o t u rs w ic h h ar e p ara ll e l to t h e r ea l
Z ii r i c h Vi er te lj a h r ss c h r if t , xx xn I . p . 15 9 . S ee al s o G r a f, Z ei ts c h r if t f ii r M a th . a nd

P h ys . xxx v n I . p . 1 15 .

J ou r n a l f ur M a t h . L xx v I . p . 9 . Cf H . a asy hi ,
N yt T i d s s k r if t f or M a t/z . x xm . B,

pp . 8 6—90 . T h e fo r m u l a wa s e x am i ne d i n th e ca se u z 0 by E s c h eri c h ,
M ona ts h ef te f i i r M a t h .

u nd P h ys . III . pp . 1 42 , 2 3 4 .
1 66 THEO R Y OF B E S S E L F UN C T I O N S [ CHAR VI

ax i s m ov e O ff to in fi n i ty (s o th t th e a in t e gr l s a l on g th e m t e n d
a to z e ro ) , we
O bt i
a n t h e t wo fo ll owi ng fo m ul ae r

‘
2 7 ri I (2)
-
1
w i z‘ 2
e 1) dt (t
—
? v
e e
1 + oo i

)
”
Z
(2 ) (z ) 27 , F (2 ,
t
(t
2
dt
1 + oo z
e
w
m i )
v -
é d

In th e fi st
r res ult t h e m an y -
va lu e d fu nc t i ons ar e to b e i n t e p e t e d by t k i ng
r r a

th e ph as e o f t 2
1 to b e 0 at A an d to be W at B w h i l e i n t h e s e con d t h e
—
,

ph ase o f t z
’

—l i s O at A a nd is 7 r at B .

To av o i d fu s i n i t i s d e s i abl e t o h e th e p h as o f t 1 in t e p e t e d
co n o r av e
2
r r

i n th e sam e w y i n b o th fo m l e ;
a nd w h e n i t i s s u pp o s e d th t t h e p h s e o f
r u a a a a

t2
1 is 77
“
a t B t h e fo m
, l (1 ) i s f co u s e n lt e e d w h i l e (2 ) i s e p l a e d by
r u a o r u a r , r c

P (2
1“

(3 ) 2 77 1 F,
(2)
—1
m dt
(t ”t
(t
2 2
d
‘

e e e
1 + oo i —1 + oo z
°

l as t o f th e s e i n t e gral s th e d i e c ti o n o f th e cont o h as b e e n e er s e d
I n th e ,
r ur r v

a n d th e a lt e ra t i on i n th e co n e n t i on d e t e m i ni n g t h e p h as e o f t —1 h s
v r 2
a

n e ce ss i t t e d th e i n s e t i o n o f t h e f c t o (f m
a r a r

O n c om p ar i n g e qu a t i ons (1 ) and (3 ) w i th 5 3 6 1 e qu a t i o ns (1 ) and we

s e e th a t

< )
4 w e) e
m
< t — 1 > % dt 2 v -

M g , 1+
.
,

1 _ l
P 6
v 1
-

v .

(5 )
i zt
(t
2
’

e
7 :
” -
l + oo i

u nl e s s v i s an i nt e ge r i n w h i c h
, cas e e qu t i ons
a (1 ) a nd (3 ) a re n o t i nd e p nd n te e .

We ca n , h owe
btai n (4 ) and (5 ) in th e cas e w h e n v h as an int e g l
v er, o ra

va lu e (n) f o m c ns i d e a t i on o f th e f c t th a t al l th e fu nct i ons i n o l e d are

,
r a o r a v v

co n t i n u o u s fu n c t i on s O f v n e v n T hu s ar .

H ‘
“ H
n (z ) li m (z )
Vfi n

F (ii ) 1 + oo 7:

i zt __ —2 d t
(t 1)
2 n
e ,

an d l ly
s i m i ar for H ()
z .
1 68 THE O R Y O F B E S SE L F UNCTIO N S [ CHAR VI

S i m i l ar ly fro m
(2 ) H ‘
f’
y
W V< 2 7 T Z ) co e xp ifi
W .

w he re B is an
y ac ut e an gl e (p o i t i s v e or n e g tiv e)
a an d

l by
S i n ce H
‘’

, ( ) H i t fo ll w s th t w e l o s e n o th in g z e
m o a

by e s t i t in g v s o t h t R ( 2) 0 ; nd i t i s th en p e m i s si bl e to d e fo m
r r c a v a r r

t h e co nt s i nt th e l in e j i ni n g t h e o i gi n t o
ou r o e p i 8 t k n t wi e ; fo th e r 00 x , ,
a e c or

i n te g l s t k en
ra nd m a ll ci c l e (w i th ce n t r e a t t h e o i g i n) t e n d to e ro
a r ou a s r r z

w i th t h e ad i u s f t h e i l i
r O c rc e .

O n d e fo m i n g th e on t o u o f (1 ) i n t h e s p e i fi e d m nn e w e fi nd th a t
r c r c a r,

00 e xp iB v —2
(3 ) H f” M “f du
i

2) 0 F (v
’

w he 8 m ay b e an a c ut e an gl e(p os i t i v e or n e ga t i ve ) and
re , y
ar
g z <
2 7r + B .

In i l ke m a nn e r , f om
r

“Z -
iw v

ifl )
(4 ) HV (2 )
() z
P( e
‘
u
u
V ‘
i
ZL
—f
v
2) 22

w he re 8 m ay b e
,
an
y ac u te an gl e (p o si t i v e or ne g t i e)
a v a nd

E (u + 2) > O,

Th e r e s u l ts (3 ) and (4 ) h a v e n ot ye t b een p ro v ed w h en 2 u is an o d d p o s i ti v e i nteg er .

Bu t i n v ew of i th e co nt i nu i t y n e ar v =n+
2 o f th e fu ncti o ns i n v o l v e d (w h er e n = o, 1 , 2 ,
i t fo l l o w s , as i n th e s om e w h at S i m i l ar w or k of t h at (3 ) and (4 ) a re t ru e w h v en
2
,

2 2 , ,
Th e r e s u l ts m ay al s o b e bt i d f
O a ne or su c h v al u e s o f v by p
g th e i nt eg r and s ex a nd i n

i n t er m i n ati ng s er i e s o f d e s ce n di g p w n f o e rs o z , a n d i n te r a t i n
g g ter m b y t er m ; t h e or m u l ae
- -
f
SO O bt a i ne d ar e e as il y r e c o nc il d w i t h t h
e q e e u a t i o ns o f

Thege ne l f m l e (3 ) and (4 ) e f fu nd m e n t l i m p o t nce i n t h e

ra or u a ar o a a r a

d i s c si n o f sy m p t o ti c e x p n i ns f J i ( ) fo l g e alu e s o f z I T h es e
us o a a s o o , z r ar v .

a pp l i t i ons f t h e fo m l e w i ll b e d e lt w i th i n Ch p t e V I I
ca o r u a a a r .

A u se f l m d i fi c t i n of th f m ul i s d e to S ch fh ei tl in § I f w e t k e
u o a o e or ae u a . a

ar g 8 (s o th a t
s g i s e s t i c t e d t o b e an c t e ngl e ) nd th e n w i t e
ar s r r a u a ,
a r

a 2 co t 0 i t f ll w s th t
s ,
o o a

H (1 ) — 2z ts

Q “ 9 i fe
—
V ”
2 f
()
(6 ) H ()
2 2z c ot o
V Z ‘ e de
r (u 2) I < 2) S in
ZV H
H
’
'

i o

To o btai n h
t i s fo r m u l a , w r i te

—u )
'

m
, t I z ee (1
TT h ere s e e m s to b e n o sim pl e d i r ec t p r oo f t h at

" i
e -
u ) 1

is an ev e n fu n cti o n of v .

1 Of M o d er n Ana l ys i s ,
.
J ou r n a l f u r M a th . c xrv . pp . 3 1 —4 4 .
6 13c

] I N T E G R AL R E P R E S E N T AT I O N S 1 69

a nd h ence that
é" 9 s in (Z 9 é )
u+ 1
2 u
fi —ez co t 9
W
Z V
(7 ) ) e de
S i nw
F (v + a r e ) ’
’

(8 ) Y v (Z ) ”
F ( v si n
? 1
9

h e s e f m ul e
T or a w ic h h ar e o f co u r s e va l id on ly w h en E (u + > O w ere
,

a pp l i e d by S c h fh e a i tl i n to o bt a in p p ti
ro er es o f th e z e r os of B e sse l f u nc t o n s i
T h y we
e bt i ne d by h i m f m th e ns i d e t i n th t th
re o a ro co ra o a e

ex p in re ss o s on th e r i ght ar e s o l t i n o f B e ss e l s e q
u ot i on w h i h b h i n t h
s
’
ua c e av e e

a pp p i tro r a e m ann e r n ear th e o i gi n r .

T h e i n te g r al e
‘
“
(1 + w ic h h is red u ci bl e t o i n t eg r al s of the t yp es

o c cu r r i ng i n (3 ) an d (4 ) w h en
P
: v, h as b ee n s tu d i e d in som e d e tail by N i e l s e n, M a t/i Ann . .

LI X . pp . 8 9— 1 0 2 .

T h e i n te g r al s of h
t is s e c t i o n ar e a l s o d is cu s s e d fr o m th e as p e ct o f th e t h y e or o f as ym p

t o ti c s o l u t
i o ns of d iffe re nt i al e q u at i o ns by B raj tz e w , Wa r s ch a u P o lyt I n s t N a e/i
. . . 1 90 2 ,
no s . 1, 2 [ J a k r bu c/i il her d i e F or tsel ni tl e
’
d er l ll a t/i . 1 90 3 ,
pp . 575

Th e g en er a l i s ed M eh l er S oni ne i nteg -
r a ls .

S om el gan t d e fi ni t e i n t e gr l s m y b e bt i ne d to e p e s e nt B e ss e l f nct i ons

e e a a o a r r u

of pos i t i e a i bl e o f a s u i t bly e s t i ct e d o d e T o c ns t u c t th e m ob s e e
a v v r a a r r r r . o r ,
rv

th t w h en i s p os i t i e
a ,
2
) n d t h e e l p t
v f v i s l ess th n ix i t i sape r a ar o a ,
r

m i s s i bl e t o t k e % in a 0) nd t o t k e 7r
§ in s a a a) 7r o

t h t t h e co nt o u s
a th o s e s h e w n i n F i g 6 Wh e n in dd i t i on th e l p t
r ar e . .
,
a ,
rea ar

of v is g e te r th n i i t i s p e m i s s i bl e to d e fo m th e n t o u ( ft e th
a r a ,
r r co rs a r e

m anner o f s o th t t h e fi s t c o n t u c ns i s t sa f th e l xi f m 1 r o r o o rea a s ro

to t ak e n t w i ce w h i l e th e s e nd o nt o u on i s t f th e l i f om
00 co c r c s s o e r a ax s r

1 to t k e n t wi ce
00 a .

F ig . 6 .

We thu s obt ai n th e fo r m u ae l
P 1
- l
—( —) S
g dt
(t
i xt

( )
2 ni
1 _ e
v g e ,

l _ l 93
F ) — —i x
V
-

(1 _ e
o
-
(
u 5) m
) e 0 v i
dt ,

th e s eco n d b e ing d e ri v e df rom by re pl a ci n g t by t .

17 0 THEO R Y OF BE SSEL FUNCTIONS [ CH AR VI

In th e s e fo r m u ae r e l pl by
ac e y v a nd u se th e t r ans or m a f t i o n fo m ul r ae

g i v en by It f ll ow s th t
o a ,
w h en x O a nd R (v ) 1
5 th en
2

s e
w dt
we v ) P e) e r x .
«
2
1> s v+

i x‘
dt
“

so th t a

si n (act) dt
(8)

()
4 Yv < ~r >
r a ) P el e e
”
-
v

Of t h e s e r e s u l ts ,
(3 ) w as g i v e n by M h l e er , M a t/i . Ann . v . p . 1 4 2 , i n th e s p e ci al

ca s e if z:
h
0 , w i l e S o ni ne, M a t/i . An n . XVI . p . 3 9, g a v e o t b h
(3 ) a n d (4 ) i n th e s am e

s p ec i al cas e . Ot h er g e n er al i s a t i o n s o f th e M e l erh -
S o mi n e i nte g ral s wi l l be g i v e n i n

Sym bo l i c f or m u l a e cl u e to H ar
g re a v e a n d M a cd ona l d .

Wh en R (z) 0 a nd R (v + 5 0, i t is e v i d e nt f ro m for m u l a (6 ) t h at

m t?) V al l ,
e (1
+ 00 1,

w h er e th e ph as e o f 1 2
$ l i es b et w e e n 0 a nd —% 7r .

If D d enote s (Cl /d z) a nd
f is any p ly
o no m i al , t h en

i2 ‘
= m
f (i t) e
f D
( ) e ,

and s o , wizen v is a p os i ti v e i n teg er , we h ave

(2 ) B e —i aw dx
y }
T (V P (i ) 1 + oo i

(1
—
De i v
em dr

Wh e n V + % i s no t a p os i ti v e i n t e g e r , th e l a s t ex p i r e s s on m ay b e r eg ar d e d as a s ym b ol i c
re p r e s e nta ti o n o f E v a) on th e u nd e r s tan d i n
g t h t f (D ) a i s t o b e i nter p r e te d as

f (i ) d z t .

() D 2
s i n 2. i co s Z
( + )
1 V
2
( (5)
,
r v 7

B y
”) (2 )
m (1

=
r ( ifi r e)
(1 + 0 2
”
”
(i ) Z
17 2 THEO R Y OF BE SSEL FU N CTIONS [ CHAR VI

i n w h i ch th e ph a s es o f t 2
1 an d of 1 t 2
ar e b o th z e ro . N ow , f omr

we ha ve

e x)
"

(2 ,
a nd s o

P v ) S i n 2 1/ 7 r

th at i s to sa
y
*

”t
(4 ) K, () (t dt
‘
2
2 e ,

w h e n ce we o bt i
a n th e fo rm ul a

1 l 2
F (2 ) ( ) —z cos h
v
2
s i nh Hd e
e
(5 )
QV
e ,

a ult s e t by H b s o n as p b l e m i n th e Math e m a t i c l
r es o a ro a Tri p os , 1 8 98 . Th e
f m ul e e l l l i d w h e n
or a ar a > 0 nd
| g |< §
va a ar z 7r . Th e r ea de r wi ll
fi nd i t i ns t u c t i e t o o bt i n (4 ) d i e tly f om
r v a r c r

f K
’

6 16 . B asset s i nteg r al or ,

Wh en a
'
is p iti os ve an d z is a co m pl ex n u m b e s ubj e c t to t h co nd i ti n
r e o

ar
g z é n,
' '

th e i n teg l f ra or H de r vi ed f om r
(6) m y b e w i tt e n a r

i n th e fo r m
e
— az t
Cl i
H 91( az e i "i
) %
>
+
l v

N ow w h e n E , t e g l t ak e n
(u ) > nd cs o f ci c l e f th e i n
m p to ra ,
rou ar a r ro

p t e n d t o e as p by J o d an s l e m m a
s H e n
z c e by C a u
roc hy s co r
’
.
,
’

th e o e m t h e p th o f i n t e g t i o n m y b e Op e ne d o u t u n t i l i t b e co m es t h e l in e
r , a ra a

o n w h i c h R ( t) 0 I f th e n w e w i t e t
z i t h e p h as e o f
.
( / ) 1 i s — r z u, u
2
z
2
7z

a t th e o i gi n i n th e
r pl n u -
a e .

I t th e n f ll ws f m g 3 7 (8 ) t h t o o ro a

K Wi e
“

i V '-
”
i
,

— i — — i/ —
I (% )
w xz t
ao
dt
r v z
e xZ e

2P < t> (t
i
m y.
i x“
(
"
F (2 z ) cl u
‘

v e

_ oo

an d s o we h av e B a ss e t s fo
’
rm ul a

(1 )
va l id w h en R (V 2 0 , a: 0, l ar g z ] fo§ 7r . Th e rm ul a w as o bt a i ne d by
B a ss e t l
' ‘

,
for i n te g l ra v a u es l of v o n ly by e g d i ng
,
r ar K o (a ) °
as th e l im i t o f
Th e i n te g r al o n th e rig ht w as e x a m i n e d i n th e c as e b y R i e m an n , Ann d er P h ys i k . a nd

Ch emi e, (2 ) xc v . pp . 1 3 0— 1 3 9 .

1 P r oc Ca m b
“
. . P h il . S oc . VI . p . 1 1 ; H yd r o d yna m i cs , II .
(Ca m b id g
r e, p . 19 .
6 1 6, 6 1 7 ]
-
INTEG R AL R E P R ESENTATIONS 17 3

a Le ge nd e fu nc ti n o f th e s e cond k i nd nd e p e s si ng i t by th e c es p nd i ng
r o a x r o rr o

l i m i t f th e i nt e g l o f L p l e s ty p e (M o d e n A n l y i s
o ra Th e f m l a ac
’
r a s , or u a

fo K ( ) i
r , btai n bl e by ep e t e d pp l i t i on s f th e p e t
50 2 s o a r a a ca o o r a or
z z

B as s e t lso in a v es t i g at e d a Sim i l ar fo rm u a l fo r I (we ) b u t , t he re is a n e r r or

i n h is r e s u lt .

T h e i nte g ral on th e r ig ht i n (1 ) was s tu d i e d by nu m e r o u s m at h e m a t i c i ans b e fo r e Bass e t

h
.

A m o ng t ese i nv e s tig ato r s w e r e P oi s s on ( s ee J o u r n a l cl e l ’Eco l e P o tech n i u e I X

y q , l
pp 2 3 9— 2 4 1 ; pp
.

. Cata l an , J ou r na l d e M a th V . . 1 1 0 — 1 1 4 (re r i nt e d w i t
.
p h
s o m e c o r r e c t i o n s , M em ol e l a S oc R d es S ci d e L i e
'
.

g . . . e, (2 ) X II .
pp . 26 a nd
S er r et , J ou r n a l ol e M a th V I II 2 0, 2 1 ; I X . . pp . . pp . 1 93 —2 1 0 ; S c h l o m il c h ,
An a lyti sch en S tu d i enh n .
(Lei p z ig ,
pp . 96— 9 7 . T h es e w r i ter s e v al u a te d t h e i nt e
g r al
i n fi ni te t er m s w h en u + 5 is a p os i t i v e i n te g er .

Ot h er w r i t er s w h o m u s t b e m e nti one d ar e M a l m s t en, K S irens/ca V Alca d H .

. . a nd l L X II
pp —7 4 (s e e
. .

. 65 S v a nb er g ,
N o va Acta R eg . S oc S ci Up s a l a ,
. . x p 23 2
—2 1 5
.

pp
.

Le s l i e E l l i s , T r a ns Ca m b P h i l S oa . . . VI I I . . 2 13 ; E nnep e r , M a t/i Ann VI

pp —3 6 5
. . .

. 3 60 ; G l ai s h er , P hil . T r a ns . o f th e R oya l S o c . CL XX II . pp 7 92 _
3 7 7 —3 8 1 ; Oo a tc s Qu a r ter l
”

h X pp
.

81 5 ; J . J . T o m s o n, Qu a r ter ly J ou r na l , VI I I
y
.
.

J ou r na l , XX . pp 2 5 0 —2 60 ; . and Ol tra m a r e , Comp tes

,

R end us ol e l ’Ass oe F r a n ca i se
XX p t pp 1 67 — 1 7 1
.
,

IV . ar II . . .

T h e l as t nam d w it ep d by r er r ov e c o nt o ur i nt e g rati o n t h at

°°
cos x u wl u —) n ‘
1
7r

—> n -
1
w

1) l

T h e for m er of t h e s e r e s u l ts m ay b e o bt ai ne d by d iff e r e nt i at i n
g th e e q u a ti o n

ol u
M N/ P
‘

co s x u we
2 2
u + 2
p 22 Jp
and th e l att er i s t h en o bt a i na b l by e u s i n g La g r an
g e s ex
’
p an s i o n .

Wh i tta k er s ’
*
g ener a l i s a ti ons o
f H a nk el s
’
i nteg r a ls .

F o r m ul ae of th e ty p e con a n e t i d in su gge t th t s a so lut i o ns o f B ess e ls

’

e q tiua on s h o uld be con s r u c e t t d i n th e fo rm

—
75 “ Td t .

I t m ay b e s h e wn by th e m e th od s oi
§ 61 t hat
i zt
<1 ) Et
2
e l

Z; ff;
O
m
(1 e) el g) T u
( ,

an d s o teg l isth e i n ra a so u l ti on i f T is a s o u ti o n o fl Leg ond re s e

’
q u a ti o n fo r
f n c ti n s o f d e v
u o or r an d th e v a ues of l th e i n t g t dp t
e ra e ar ar e th e s am e a t

ea h e n d o f th e co n t
c ou r .

P r oc L on d o n M a th
. . S oc . xx x v .
pp . 1 98 —2 0 6 .
17 4 T H E OR Y OF
'

B ESSEL FUNCTIONS [ CHAR VI

If T b e t k en
a t o b e t h e Le ge nd e f r u nc t i on (t) , t h e con t o u r m ay s art t
an d e nd a t 00 i ex p i co ) ,
whe e is r a) a n ac ut e an gl e (p os i ti v e or ne g ti
a ve )
p r ov i d ed th t z a s a ti s fi es th e i ne q l i ti e ua s

t k e n t o be h e sa m e c n t o u i s p os s i bl e ; b t t h e
I f T be (t )a t ,
o r u

l ga i th m
o ri s i n g l i ty c f ()
t t t =u ar 1 (w h e n i s n o t n i n t e ge )
o a v a r

m k e s i t i m p ss i bl e t o t k e th e l i n e j o i nin g
a o 1 t 1 s a co n t o
a e ept i n o a ur xc

t h e S p e ci l s e c on s i d e e d i n
a ca f a d e t ai l e d d i s c u s s i o n o f t h e i n t e g
r l or ra

i n th e g e n e l c s e s e e 1 05
ra a ,
.

We n ow p oc e d t t k a i o u s con t o u s i n d e t ai l
r e o a e v r r .

F i t c n si d e
rs o r

—i ) Q — (t) d t
V
l
z ;
oo i e xp w

whe re th e ph as e o f t is zero at th e p oin t on th e ght f t = 1 at w h i h t h e

ri o c

con t o u r cr o s s e s th e rea l ax s i . Ta k e th e c on t o u r t o l i e w h lly o ut s i d t h e c i l e

o e rc

| |
t = 1 an d e x p nda (t) i n d e s ce nd i n g p ow e r s of t I t i s thu s f n d s i n
. ou ,
a

th e l
S i m i ar a n a ly s i s of 61 , th t a

t e —s o n a r
(g a
(1 ) J ” (Z )
F — Q —i (t) d t
V ’
71 ( oc i e xp ( i
an d th f
e r e or e

I 2 1 6 i (v {r ) n i
( )
-

2
(2 ) — (t) cl t .

m i e xp ( i ) a

b i ne th f m l
If w e co m ese or u ae an d u se th e re a l ti on
*
c o n ne c t i ng
k ind s o f Leg e n d e f n c ti ns w e r u o ,
fi nd th at

m
’

H ”
(g z y .

m
(3 ) , () z
7r F 0 0 8 1x7 7
“
e (t) dt .

Ag a i n ,
c ons i d er

oo i e xp —i ) m

th i s i s a s l t i on o f B e s e l s e q ti o n nd i f th e c n t
o u s
’

ua ,
a ,
o ou r b e ta k en to l i e on th e
ri ght o f t h l i n e R (t) e it i s cl e t h a t th e i n t g l a, ar e ra is 0 ex
p a z as

z i H e n ce t h e i n t e g l i s
00 . m lt i p l e f H ra a u o S im i l ly by m k i ng
ar a

z i w fi nd t h t
oo ,
e a

(t) d t
e xp ( —iw )
Th e r e l a ti o n , d i s c o v er e d by S c h l afi i, i s

Q—
ta n n 7r
P 11 . () z '

7T
{ Qn ( ) z -

cf . H o b son , P hil . T ra ns . o f th e R oya l S oc c nxx xv n . . p .

 17 6 THEO R Y OF B E SSEL FUNCTIONS -

[ CH AR VI

an d so we ha v e a t o n ce

(i Z )
"

(1 ) J <z > ” l
a
“

.
e Xp .

2 7 ri

T is ult w h i c h w s d i s o e e d by S Ch l afi i w s e d i co e e d by S oni ne ;
h res ,
a c v r , a r s v r

and th e l a tt e w i t e w s t h e fi s t t o p o i n t u t i ts i m p o t n c e
r r r a r o r a .

Wh e n I g I $ 7 w e m
y
ar w i nzg u n d t h e co n t o u
71 b o ut th e o i gin u n t i l
a s ro r a r

i t p sse s t i nfi n i ty i n a d i e c t i n m ak i n g an an gl e
a o g z w i th th e n e g a t i e
r o ar v

r e l ax i s
a .

On w iti ng t § rw e th e n fi n d th a t w h e n | a g
eu , I % , r z 7 r,

(2 ) J () z — 1
. u exp
1
g Z
‘

27 2
,

T ish fo m r w as gi v en in S o n i n e
’
s e ar l i e p p er (p
r a .

Ag in a , w ri ti n g u e
”
, we h av e

oo + 1r i
m
(3 ) J ( V Z) —i
6
2 5 w ‘
”
div ,
oo rr
.

va lid w h en I g I % T h i s i s th e fi s t o f t h e es lt s o bt a i n e d by S c h l fl i
ar z 7r . r r u a .

I n th i s f m ul t k e t h e c n t o u t o c n s i s t o f th e e s i d es o f a r e c t ngl e as
or a a o r o r a ,

in F i g 8 w i th e t i ce
.
, t m ni
v i nd
r m s a 00 7 , ,
7r a so .

Fi g . 8 .

If w e wr i te t 74 7r i fo r w on th e si d e s p a ll e l ra to t h e r ea l i
a x s a nd :t i d for w
on t h e i ne s l j oi ni n g O to i 7r i w e g e t S ch l afl i
,
' ’
s g en er a l i s a ti o n o
f B es sel
’
s i nteg r al

8m WT
(4 ) J (2 ) V S (v 9 2 sin 9) d d d t,

va l i d w h e n I g I é— n ar e
‘
.

If w e m k e g i % th e fi s t i n t e g al on th e i gh t i s cont i n o s nd
a ar e 7r, r r r u u a ,

if R ( ) v 0 s l i t h e con d nd J ( ) i s k n wn to b e con t i n o u s S o (4 )
,
o a so s e s ,
a , z o u .

i s s ti ll t e w h e n z i s
ru p e i m gi n y i f R ( ) i s p s i t i e a ur a ar v o v .

T h i nt g l s j s t d i c u s d w
e e ra m i n e d m e th o d i c lly by S o ni n e i n h i s
u s se e r e e xa a

s e co n d m m i ; i n th t m e m i
e o r h b t i n d n m e o u s d e fi ni te i n t e g l s by
a o r e O a e u r ra

a pp o p i t e m od i fi t i n f th e nt o F o e am p l i f I b e n ac ut e angl e
r r a ca o s o co ur . r x e, «f a

(p i t iv e o ne g ti e ) n d i f
os r a v a

g < % ar e 7r
 INT E G R AL R E P R E S E N T A T I O N S 17 7

th e c on t o u r i n (3 ) m ay b e re pl a ce d by one h h g es f om
w ic o r w (7 1 e) i to
so (7 1 + I
xr
) i . By t k i ng
a th e c on to u r to b e t h e e id of r S es a r e cta n gl e w i th
c o r n e r s at 00
( b ) i (7 1 xr I) i (W i) i a nd w (7 r wr
I ) i w O bt i n
'

sr
77
3 , , , ,
e a ,

as a mo d i fi ca t i o n of ( )
4

e
—iI v \/

i z sm‘'c o s "
(5 ) J (), z e l cos (v d z co I i
s xr S n d) d d
0
—t
—t d t
/ cc
e S ID 1 7 7
.

u
e
7T 0

Aga i n i f w e t k e I t o b e n n gl e b e t w e e n 0
, a «f a a a nd th e co n to u r i n (3 ) m ay
b e e p l e d by on e w h i h p ss e s f m (% i to —
r ac c a ro 00 7r xr
I) 00 7r xr I) i ,
an d
s o w e fi nd th t a

a w
J (), 2 cos (v d z Sin d) d d

—"t
S in ( 2 cos h t co s
4 ; V‘’
i l d t

p d e d th t
ro vi a ar
g z
Ii s l e ss th an b th I o « f a nd 7 1
°

‘
l’ °

Wh e n R ( ) v 0 and z is p si t i e
o v w e m ay t a k e xr
j = 0 i n t h e l as t

f m ul nd g e t
or a, a
*

J ()
1
— —
(7 (a cos h t
g
( e i n e) d d t
s in ) dl
‘

, a cos y a s
'
e
v
I m .

An o th e r i m p t nt f m l d i d f m
or a or u a, er v e ro is o bt a ne d by p e d i n g t
i s r a ou

t h e con o u r t u n ti l i t i p ll l t th i m gi n y
s ar a e o e a ar a xis on th e i gh t o f t h r i gi n ; e or

by J o r d nsa
’
l m m th i i p m i i bl i f R ( )
e a s s er ss e v 1, a nd w e th e n bt i n t h O a e

f m l
or u a

J
(% Z )
V
— ex 2

dt
(8) ()
V l
Z
p
I

, ,
2 7ri

in w ic h h c m ay h e ny p osi t i
av a ve v a lu e ; th i s i n t g l e ra IS th e b asis o f m an y of

S o mi ne
’

s i nv e s ti g ti na o s .

I n te g r al s w ic h h re s e m bl t h g i i h i e os e v en n t s s e ct i o n ar e o f im p o rt a nc e i n th e i n v e s t ig a

ti on o f th e d i ff ra ct i o n f l i g h t by
o p i m; a r s s ee Ca r Sl a w , P r oc L o nd on l[ . i a th . S oc . XXX .

pp . 12 1 —1 6 1 ; W H J k . P L . ac s o n, r oc . o nd o n M a th S o c (2 ) . . I . pp . 3 93 —4 1 4 ;
Wh i pp l e , P r o c L ond o n M a th S oc
. . .
(2 ) X VI . pp . 94— 1 1 1 .

I nteg r als w h i ch re
p r ese nt
f u n cti o ns o f th e s eco n d an d th i r d k i nd s .

f
-
If we b t i t t Sch l afi i i nt e g l $
su s
5
u6 e( )
7 4 f b th f t h e S ra or o o Be ss e lf u n c ti o n s

on th e r i ght o f t h e e q t i n ua o

Y ( ) J ( ) t m J ( ) se m , z , z co r _, z co c r,

w e fi nd th t a

77 Y v () Z co t v7 r co s ( v d 2 S n i d) dd co s e c mr (r d Z s i n d) d d

—z s in h ut
— i nh t d t
CO S v
vt t
dt e
zs
‘

C f G u l e r , M a th
. b . A nn . xm x . pp . 583 —5 8 4 .

W . B . F .
 178 THEO R Y O F B E S S EL F UN C T I O N S [ CHAR VI

Re pl ace d by 7r d in th e s e co n d i nt e gr a l on th e ri ght ,
an d it i s f ou n d on r e

d u c t i on th t a

Y i d) d d ‘ — z S i nh
(2 ) s in d "
(e )e
t
()
1 (
V t
d t,
‘

,
2 S n v e cos v 7 r

a f orm ul a p ,
r act i lly d i s co e e d by S ch l fi i (wh
ca v r a o ac u a t lly ga e th e co e s p ond v rr

i ng fo m l
r u a fo N e u m nn s fu nc t i on ) w h i h i s
r a
’

, c va li d w hen a g z § r 7 1z

B y m ea n s o f th i s e s ult w e n e a l at r ca v u e

z s i nh w —w d w v

—
e J
v
d)

w h en ar g e £ 7 ; for w e t kea th e co n o u r t to b e re c t i l i nea r , as in Fig 9 .

, an d

Fi g . 9 .

w ri te t, i d , t + 7r i for w on th e th re e p t a r s of th e co n o t u r ; we th e n see th t
a

th e ex p r e ss on i is e q l ua to

6
ut -
2: s i nh t
dt +
1
_ ,

e
i (z s i n 9 —) d 9 +
v 0
e
—t— i nh t
v zs
dt

an d th i s is e qu l a to J , (z ) i Y , (e ) f om f
r or m u a l (1 ) co m b ine d wi th (4 )
H e nc e , w h en ar g e we h av e

E u) 2 s i nh —w d
(Z )
w
y 6
v
w ’

ao — Ir i
’

(3 ) H (2 )
() z smh w vw
dw
-

v
Z e

F o r m u l ae e q u i v a l e nt to t .
h es e w e r e d i s c o v e re d by S om m e r fe l d , M a th An n X LV I I
3 2 7 —3 5 7
. . .

pp . . Th e o nl y d iffe r e nce b e t we e n h t es e fo r m u l ae a nd S o m m e r fe l d
’
s is a r o ta t i o n

of th e c o nt ou r s t h r o ug h a r ig ht a ng l e, w i th a cor r e s p o n d i ng c h a ng e i n th e p ar a m e t r i c

v ar i a bl e ; s e e al s o H o pf and -
S o m m e r fe l d , A r c/i i i d e r M a th °
. a nd P hys (3 ) X VI II .

1 —1 6
.

pp . .

By an o b v o i u s h ng e c a o f v ar i a bl e w e m ay w r i t e (2 ) an d (3 ) i n th e f orm s

00 e xp 1r i
H ()
z u
" " 1
ex
p

—i )
H i? )
1 r oo e xp
_ ( 1r
——
u () Z
I u
v l

0
 1 80 THEO R Y OF B E SSEL F UN C T I O N S [ CHAR VI

M o d i fi ca t i on s Of ( )
2 an d (3 ) ar e o bt a i ne d by re pl ac in g w by w
th us fo n d th at
u
*
— i
er é —w
vn

(8 ) E “()
) Z
V
e
i z c os h w v
dw
7 Tl _ cn

’
2e
‘

1!

’
e
” 0 0 5 1] w c
os h vw dw ,
7 TL

(
ei VF Z
— i z co s h w —w d w
H ()
2l v
y Z e
7 T7 :
1
:
2 e% v 1ri <1 ) 3; 77 2

e
"
‘
2 0 0 3 1] w
co s h vw d w,

p rov i d e d th t a ar
g z I< % 7 r .

F m l aeor u of s p
by t k i n g p os i t i e ) in (6 ) nd (7 )
e ci a l in te res t ar s e i a z v a a

nd R ( ) < 1 A d b l e pp l i t i n o f J o d n s l e m m (t c i c l es o f
’
a 1 v . ou a ca o r a a o r

l ge nd m ll ad i s e s p c t i e ly ) s h e w s t h t i n u c h i c m s tan e w e m y
ar a s a r u r e v a , s c r u c s, a

t ke w
a
% i n (6) n d in 71 I t i s thu s c l e if be e p l ce d by
a to ar , u r a
‘
i i e th t ,
a
i
—
'
Vfl <1 )

m 1“
os h
( )
1 0 ()
x
m
e
H
d t e t dt
_w
ix GOS "t 003 t
c v ,

m)
e $v wi
— —t —
(1 1 ) H u ( )
a? e
i x c os h t v
dl e
i x co s h t
Co s il Vt dt ,

a nd h e n ce , w h en a 0 an d 1 R (u ) 1 , we h av e

2 f °°

(1 2 ) J , (a ) s in (a: c o s h t 5 1 m ) cos h vt . dt ,

(1 3 ) Y , ( ) a = c os a c os h
( t —g vn ) . c os h v t . dt ;

a nd , in p ti l
ar c u ar (of .

(1 4 ) J o (x )

(1 5 ) YO (cc)

w h en we re pl a ce co s h t by t .

T h e l as t t w o for m u l a e ar e d u e t o M e l e r , M a th h . A nn . V . p . 142, an d S o ni n o,
M a th A nn . . XV I .
p . 3 9, r es p e ct i v e l y; a nd t hyh e av e a l s o b een d i s c u s s ed by B as s e t ,
P r o c Ca m b P h i l S oc
. . . . VIII . pp . 122— 128 .

A S l igh tl y d i ff t f e re n or m of
(1 4 ) h as b een g iv en by H ard y Q y J ou r na l ,
u a r te r l XXX II

pp 3 69—3 84 ; i f i
,

.
n (1 4 ) w e w r i te x = 2 we fi nd t a t h
(1 6 ) {2
N OT E bt
—
The r e ad e r w il l fi n d i t i n s tr u c ti v e t o ai n t h e for m u l a
.
O
(1 4 ) fr o m
2
p , (c os (9)

c om b i ne d w i t h th e fo r m u l a h
T i s was M e h l e r ’
s or ig i nal m e t h od .

Cf C o a te s ,
.
Q u a r ter l y J o u r na l ,
xx r . pp . 1 83 — 1 92 .
6 22]-
I N T E G R AL R E P R E S E N T AT I O N S 18 1

I nteg ra s re l p r es enti ng I , (z ) a nd K , (e ) .

The m o i d fi c ti a o ns o f th e p re v ou s i ly s i an a s w ich h e i n l v d i n th d is
ar vo e e

c u ss i o n o f I (z ) a nd K (e ) a r e o
, , f ffi i e n t i n t
su c er es t t b g i n f lly ; th y
o e ve u e are

d u e to S ch l a fli *
th o u gh h e e x , p e sed h i
r s s r es u lt m i nly i n t e m f t h e
s a r s o

f u nc t i on F ( t) o f a,

T h e n ly s i s o f
a a 6 2 is e as i ly mo i dfi d e s o as to p rov e t h at

2
Z
(1 ) I () z ex —
p
-

,
4t
a nd h e nce ,
w h en ar
g zI y r

1
L() —
(2 ) 2
2m
u ex
p u du ,

I”( Z) —
2 7 7 7; -
e
z cos h w we

Th e f o r m u ae l (2 ) an ) d l
(3i d w h e n g =
ar e v a i% ar e 7r if R (v ) 0 .

I f i n (3 ) th e co n to u i s t k e n t o b e t h e e s i d e s o f
r a r a r e c an t gl e w i th co r ne r s

a t 00 v i , r i ,
7r i ,
i i t i s fo u n d th a t
so 7r ,

sin vn
'

e
“0 0 5 9
co s v d dd e
‘
z 00 5 “H "d t
,
W
so th a t
I () z I , (z ) e
‘
z cc’s h t
co s h vt dt ,

an d h e nce ,
w h en I g e I ar
{7 m
K “ c os h v t d i
5) ( z)
2 005
“

, e ,

a fo rm u a O l bt ain e d by S ch l a fi i ’

I by
‘
m e ans of s o m ew h t e l b o at e t
a a r f
ra n s o r m a

ti ons .

F rom th e res u l t s j u t o bt s i
a ne d ,
we ca n e v a lu t ea

co + 7r i
3 c os h w~ w
6
u
dw
— —i 00 rr

w hen ar
g z F or i t i s e asi ly s e en th t a

1 + 1r i
2 co s h
1 z cos h w —w d w
w v w
dw v
-

e
——i
6
2 7 7 7:-

—i
00 7r

co 7r

z co s h w — [
(It !) (Z )
uu)
e
—
V

1T Z

—z c o sh t— t
dt [ (Z )
v
e V

yn i
'

e
lI + 1 .

2 i S in V7 T

Ann d i M a t
. .
(2 ) v pp 1 99—2 05 . .

I Ann . di M at .
()
2 V . pp 1 99—2 01 .
;
h t i s fo r m u l a w a s u s ed by H e i ne , J o u r na l fu r
M a th m . ax . p . 13 1 , as th e d e fi ni ti o n to w hi h c r e fer e n c e w as m a d e i n
1 82 T H EO R Y O F B E S S E L F UN C T I O N S

1 co + 1r i e
w ri
I —( )v Z er
r /I i
I (Z )
v

2 7 ri 27 . sm V fl ' '

m ay w r i te (5 ) i n t h e

— z Cos h t t
(It,
K ()
-
v

(7 ) ,
Z e

a nd h e nce by ,
th e p r oce s s e s used in

e Xp ( i w)
-

(8 ) K, () 2 ex
p % z da ,

0 exp tu

w h en and
1
-

S i m i l ar ly
xp (w —w ) i
—l
(9)
m
I_ (Z ) (Z )
‘
V
u ex
e ,
—+ p
1r w) i

th i s l i d w h e n 0 < < 2 nd
is va a) 71 a
% W + w ,

T h e con t s f t h e fo m ul e
our or r a (8 ) an d (9 ) ar e s h e w n in Fi g s . a nd 14
r e s p e t i e ly
c v .

F ig . 13 .

F u r th e r , w h e n 2 is p iti
os ve a ) a nd 1 R (v ) l ,
th e p tha of i n t eg ra

t i on in (8 ) m a
y be sw u n g o n d u nt i l r u it b e co m e s th e p i ti
os ve h lf
a of th e
g
i m a i nar y ax i s ; it is thu s f u nd th t o a

K ( ) % i
% ix
m
‘

c
c e ex
, p 1)

so th a t
c i
— —t d l
(1 0 ) ()
x s inh
K g
i t
‘
v
, a e ,

an d ,
on c h n gi ng
a th e Si gn o f v,

K y (3 7 ) i —
(1 1 )
w ri i x s m h t+ v t
f e e dt .
1 84 T H E OR Y OF B ESSEL F UN CT I O N S [ C H AR V I

If w e re pl a ce t by we t
,
it is c e ar l th at

5 ‘ —t
;
” dt
i a e ) S i n (we
sin t sin ( )
"
t " 1
dt s n e
“

—si a: cosh —
}
i e x s i nh t
atx co s h t si x s i nh t vt
dl
{
t
e e e e e

me— mew
g i
v
[ Am t
H S) )
(2 03 H (2 x )
—t '

5 m :
2e vfl
K v (2 x ) 26 K_ ,

a nd h e nc e we ha ve

”
(1 i n t sin t l
dt [J (2 56 ) (2 x ) I_ ( )
2 I (2 n]
‘
V
x
I
, , , ,

—
an d s i m i l ar ly
2
Wa
(2 ) cos t cos
é t ‘fl
dt
4 8 111 4
i
§ V7 T
(i n ) J . (i x ) 1 ,

Wh e n v h as t h e s p eci a l l
‘

v a u e z er o, th e s e f orm ul ae b e co m e
(3 ) S in t s in
a
d t
ée (2 x ) KO
?
.
o
t

Ci t
—
%
— K 0 (2 a )
(4 ) cos t co s .

t
% 7 Y0 (2 a ) -
.

Th e i s i ng
’
ral
’
er s ex ten s i o n o
f B es sel s i n teg .

A cu r i ou s e xte ns i o n o f J ac o b i
’
s f o r m u l ae o f 2 2 h as b e en o bt a i ne d i n th e cas e o f J0 (x )
an d J, ( ) by T h
x e i s i ng e r , M o na ts h ef te f ur M a th . u nd P h ys XX
. IV . pp . 3 3 7 —3 4 1 we
S h all n o w g iv e a g e n e ra l i s a t i o n o f T h e i s i ng er s
’
for m u l a w hi h i c s v al i d for fu ncti ons o f or d er

v w h er e

If a is a ny p o s i t i v e 11 11 m b e r
*
,
it is o b v i ou s f
ro m P o i s s o n s i n t eg
’
ra l t h at

"

J,
2 G2 m) 0 cos 9) 2y
ddd
(x ) (
-
a :c 5 1 n
e a cos Si n

2 (2 l x v) am ?"
(1
n
)
9 co s
( 6) s n d d d
i
‘

e 3 3 co s .

?”
2 (1 9
) co s ( 7; co s d) Sin d dd
n
1 e
-
a x si n e
?"
S 1 nh ( Si n (9 i x co s 6) Si n dd d
h(
°
i
.

s in 3 : s i n (9
0 )
1 —i xp 1
ax i —
é
1
( l z

i
z
f
sm h -
i x2 )
4 si ih r i (z
w h er e th e c o nt o u r p as s e s a b ov e th e o r ig in . Ta k e t h e c o nt o u r t o be th e r e al a x i s w it h an

i nd e n ta ti o n at the o r ig i n, a nd w r ite 2 : + tan

54) on th e t w o p a rts o f th e c o n to ur ; we th us

fi nd t h at th e l a s t ex p res s ion is e q u al to
1?
1 e xp a r i co t

s in (a c ot

fr
1 e xp
(a ni co t gt )
s in (a: c o t
s in (33 a m c o t c os
(g a p co t g!) u rr
)

I n T h ei s i ng e r is i nte g e r
’
s a n a l ys i s , a an e v e n .
6 24 6
- 6 -
I N T E G R AL R E P R E S E N T AT I O N S 1 85

a nd t h er e fo r e

r F m ‘s i w "
6 s i n? 0d 9
‘

e c os n: c o s
2 sa
y

(a s in
: t a n Hp) d d)
l ew l ax cot ( 5
2 8 1 11 ( 2
w cot co s (2
. ) I v ”)
s m (13 c o t Sin (
if
T h e t r a ns f or m a t i o n fa i l s w h u2en 5 , b ec au s e th e i nte g ral r o u nd t h e i n d e n ta t i o n d o e s
no t t e n d to z er o w it h th e rad i u s o f t h e i nd e n t a t i o n . T h e fo r m g i v e n by T h e i s i ng e r i n th e
c as e v = 1 d i ffe r s fro m (1 ) b e ca u s e h e wor k s w it h 3 3 (7 ) w i c g i v e s h h
mc S l n 9 s i n 2 "“ 2
J () ( 6) in 0 c o s 6 059
'

, x e n c os s -

(5x t an 5 b)
2
s in
2 V “2
s in CO t (50 56 wt 1 WT) cot
1
'

008 () ()
S i n (x c o t

p r o v id ed t h at v 2
4

63 . T h e eq u i v a l ence of th e i nteg ra l re
p r es e nta t ons o i f K”

T h re e d i ff e ren t ty p es Of i n te g ls w h i h
ra c re p res e nt K y () h
z av e n o w b een
O b ta i n d e in 6 2 2 (5 ) an d 61 6 nam e ly
KV ( ) z e
*
zt
(t
2
dt

S h vt dt ,

P( v c os a nt dv .

Th e e q l i ty
ua fi st
ly d e m on s t at ed i n 1 8 7 1 by
of th e r a nd s e co n d wa s di r e ct r

S h l afl i ; b t P o i s s n p o e d t h e e q i l e n
c
r
u f t h e s e on d nd th i d
o r ly v u va ce o c a r as e ar

a s 1 813 w h i l e M l m s t en g
,
e l e d i e c t p o f o f th e qu i l e n e f th e
a av a ss r r o e va c o

se ndco n d th i d i n 1 8 4 1
a We p o d t d es i b e th e th e t ns fo m ti o n
r . r ce e o cr r e ra r a s

i n qu e s t i o n .

tr a ns

We fi rst g iv e an a b s tr a c t O f th e an al yi s s u s ed by S ch l a fi i , Ann d l M .
’

at .
(2 ) w .

pp . 1 99 — 2 0 1 , t o p ro v e th e r e l a ti o n

e
‘
2 ‘ t2
( 1) V ‘

% dt e
‘
Z C OS h "c o s h u ddd

w ich h ar i s e s fr om a co mp ar i s o n o f t wo Of th e i nteg r al r e p r e s e nt a t i o n s o f Ky ()z ,

a nd h h
w ic

m ay b e e s ta b l i h d bys e a na l y s is r es em bl i ng t h at o f S 2
‘
3 2 3 .

We h av e , o f c o u rs e , to s u pp ose t h at 1{ () z O to s e c u r e c o n v e r g e nc e , a n d i t is c o n v e ni e n t

at fi r s t to t a k e t 5 R (v ) 1 .

An e a r l i er p roo f i s d u e to K u m m er, J ou r na l f ur M a th . X VI I . pp . 228 —2 4 2 ,

bu t i t i s

m uc hm o r e el a b o r a te th S hl
an c afi i
’
s i n v e s ti g a ti o n .

I The
‘'
re s u l t is e s ta bl i h d f
s e or l a rg e r v al u e s o f R ()
u e i th e r by t h e t h eo r y o f a n a l yti c c o n ti n u a

ti o n or by th e u s e o f r e c u r re n c e fo r m u l ae .
1 86 T H E OR Y OF BE SS EL F UN CT I O N S [ C H AR V I

N o w d e fi ne S by t h q e e u at i o n

2
S (t

w h er e x 3 1 ; an d t h en, if t=x (x 1) u, we h av e

—f
W
1
"
—
v

I
‘
(1 f > p x —1
¢ +q 1
x +1

on ex p a nd i n
g th e l as t fact o r Of th e i nt e g r and in p ow er s o f n a nd i nte g r a t i ng t e r m b y te r m - -
.

R pl e ac i ng x by c os h6 ,
we s ee t h at

I
‘
(1 — )I
‘
2
(t 2 l[
v
s in h v 9,

so t h at , by a p ar t i al i nt e g r at i o n ,

l
2v F < +2)
V
v 0d 6= e
‘
Z COS h e s i nh é s i nh v 6 d 6
‘
1 (t ) o 0

e
"
“ j h
0r 9 S s in h Ed e
2
(
‘
zx
e t

(w t) "

dudt
l )
tl
if
-

e
v
u

‘ t2
(
’
z
e

t h e i nv e r s i o n of th e or d e r of th e i n te g r at i o ns p r e s e nt s no g r e at t h e o r e t i c al d iffi cu l t y ,
a nd

th e t rans for m ati o n i s e s ta bl i h

s ed .

’
P o i sso n s tr a ns fo r m a ti o n .

T h e d i r ect p r oo f t h at

e
— xz co sh t — llvt
C
F (v co s (se n) du
” ‘
n2 +
l
x I 0 (
i s d u e t o P oi s s on J ou r n a l d e l Ecol e P ol ytech n zg u e I X
’ ‘ '

,
. pp . 2 3 9 —2 4 1 . Th e e q u a ti o n

i s tr u e w h en x > 0 an d R (v ) > bu t it is conv eni e n t to as s u m e i n th e

1—
c ou r s e o f th e p r oo f th at R (v ) an d
1 4 a nd
a rg z < 7r
,
t o d e r i v e th e r e s ul t fo r ot h er v al u es

o f z a ndv by an a pp e al to r ec u r re n ce fo r m u l ae an d th e t h y e or o f an a l yt i c co n t i nu a t i o n .

If w pl e re ace t hy a n e w v ar i a bl e d e fi n ed by t h q e e u at i o n we see t h at i t is
su ffi i t t p
c en o r ov e t h at

‘
co s (an ) ol n I (5)
P e xp dv .

S ee al s o P ao l i , M em d i JlI a t . . e d i F i s d e l l a S o c I ta l i a na d e l l e S c i
. . . xx . p . 172 .
188 T H E OR Y OF B ESSEL F UN C T I O N S [ C H AP . VI

a nd th e fi rs t i s co n s e q u e ntl y a l i nea r com bi na ti o n o f th e s e c o nd a n d h

t ir d . In v ie w o f th e
un b ou nd e d ne s s of th e t i r d h as 3 9 + + 00 i t is o b i
v ou s t h at th e fi r s t m u s t be a c o n s ta n t

m u l ti l e p of th e s eco n d s o t h at

P G)

(c os x u ) 2 , ol t,

k —O
:
a

w h er e 0 i s i nd e p e nd e n t o f at T o d e te r m i ne 0 , m a e x > a nd t h en

0 zt
l 2v —l d l
,

so t h at
2V ‘
22 I (v
a nd th e re q u i red t ra n s fo r m ati o n fo l l o w s , w h en R (v ) 0 , i f we use p
t h e d u l i cat i o n fo r m u l a
for th e G a m m a fu n c t i o n .

An i m m e d i a te c o ns e q u e nc e of M al m s t e n s t r a ns fo r m a t i o n i s t h at

ex p r es s i bl e i n fi ni t e t e r m s ; fo r i t i s e q u al to

71
'
8
_ xz
” —m
1 ) Im
2
z o m ! —
( m n

h
T is m e t h od o f e v a l u a t i ng t h e i nt e g r al is s im pl er t h an a m et h odg i ve n Ca tal a n , by
J o u r na l ol e M a th . V . pp . 1 10 —1 1 4 ; a nd h i s i n v e s ti g a t i o n i s n o t r i g o r o u s i n a l l i ts

s ta g es . T h e t r ans fo r m at i o n i s d i s cu s s e d by S e r r e t, J o u r na l ale M a th . VI II . pp . 2 0,
21 ; IX . pp . 1 93 — 2 16 ; s ee al s o C ayl e y ,
J ou r n a l al e . ] ll a th . XI I . p . 23 6

[ Co l l ected P ap er s , I . p . 3 13 ]

A i r y s i n teg l
’
ra .

T h e in t g l
e ra

( i ) ol t
3
co s t at

h h pp e d i n t h e e se h e s f Ai y On t h e I nt e ns ity f Li gh t i n t h e
w ic a e ar r ar c O r
* “
o

n e i ghb o h d o f C tic is m e m b e f l f i nt e g l w h i h
”
ur oo a e au s a r o a c a ss o ra s c ar

e x p es i bl e i n t e m s o f B s e l f n t i n
r s T h e i n t e g l w s t b l t e d by Ai y
r e s u c o s . ra a a u a r

by qu d t b t t h e p oce s w i ly l b i s L t e D e M g n i ‘‘
a r a u re s , x e u r s as e c ss v e a o r ou . a r, or a

o bt ai n e d se i s in nd in g p w
a f by p c e s w h i h n e e d j s ti fi c t i n
r e as c e o e rs o 60 a ro s c s u a o

e i th e by S t k e s t n f m ti n (w h i c h w i ll b e p l i ne d i m m e d i t l y ) by
’
r o ra s or a o ex a a e or

th e u s e O f H dy th e y f g n e l i e d i n te g l s i
ar
’
s or o e ra s ra .

T r a ns . Ca m b P h i l. . S oc . VI . pp . 3 7 9— 4 0 2 . Ai r y u s ed th e fo r m

co s % w (w —m w) d w ,

b ut t i s i s h e a s i l y r e d u ce d t o th e i n t e g r al g iven a b ov e .

1
‘
Th e re s u l t w as co m m u n i c a te d to Ai ry on M a rc h 11 ,
1 8 18 ; s ee T r a ns . C a m i) . P hil . S oc . III .

pp . 5 95 — 5 99 .

3; Q ua r ter l y J ou r n a l , x xx v . pp . 2 2 —66 T r a ns Ca m b P h i l
. . . S oc . XXI . pp . 1 — 48 .
 I N T E G R AL R E P R E S E N TA T I O N S
18 9

I t w as n o ti c e d by S t k e s th
o
*
at th e in teg l ra is a nni h i l t e d by th
a e O
p e rato r
d z
-

cl x
2

a nd S to k es a so o l b t i ne d a th e as y m p t o ti c ex p a n s i o ns o f t h e i nte g l ra fo r l ar
g e
va lu e s of x, b o t h p s i ti o v e an d ne g t i e a v .

The r e ad e r w il l O b s er v e t h at S to k es
’
d i ffe re nt i a l e q u a ti o n fo r A i r y ’
s i nt e g ral i s i d e nt i ca l
w it h o ne o f t h e t r a ns fo r m e d fo r m s of Be s s e l ’
s e q u ation h
T i s fa c t w a s no t i c e d by
S to k es (l oc . ci t p . b t . u no s p e c i al u se w a s m ad e Of it u nt i l N ic h o l s o n,
P h i l M a g (6 ) .

X pp 6— 1 7 p
.

VIII . .
,
ex re s s e d Ai r y ’
s i nt eg r al d i r e c tl yi n te r m s O f B e s s e l fu nc t i o n s o f

or d e r s 1 5 . Th B l f
es e es s e u nc ti on s h av e l a te l y as s u m e d c o n s i d era bl e i m p o r ta nce ‘
r; s ee
Weyl ,
Ma th . A X nn . L V II I . p . 2 67 , a nd th e a pp r ox i m ate fo r m u l ae d e s c r i be d i n

Su b q tl y H d y
se uen ar , Qu a r ter ly J ou r na l ,
X LI . pp . 226 p o i n te d o u t th e co n

n e xi o n b t w Ai y i
e een r
’
s nt e g r al a nd th e i n te g r al s d is c u ss ed in 6 2 2, a nd he t h en

e x a m i ne d v ar i o u s g e ne r al i s a t i o ns O f Ai r y ’
s i n teg ra l 10 2

lu Ai r ys i n t e g ra l ” w e b th a t i t m tt f
’
TO e va ate , o s er v e a
y be w ri en in th e orm

2
ex p (i s ii at ) dt .

N ow d e th i s i n t g n d t k e n l ng tw
c on s i r e ra a a o o ar cs o f a c rc e O f r a i l di us p wi t
h
” p
°

nt e t th e i gi n t h e cs t e m i n t i n g ly
i 7r l
a nd
t p pa “
ce r a or ,
ar r a a ,
p e res e c ti v e .

T h i n t e g l a l on g th e e s t end t by J o r d an l
’
e ra s e s p s ar c o z ro a oo s e m m a , a nd

h e n ce by C c hy th ,
m w e Ob t in S t k e t
au
’
s e or e ,
a o s
’
f
r a n s or m a t o n i

e xr tr ?
co s (i s
i at
) ol t ‘
ex
p (i t
3
ii xt
) (l t
00 e x p gm
w

em
_
_l
1
“
{ an ex
i n
3 3
i i ;
7
3
ex c
p 7
p 7 e ar

th e co nto u r of th e d i nt e g ls e c on ra c ons i s ts of t wo r a
y s em e r g i ng f rom th e
”
or i gin an d th e t h i d i n t e g l i s Ob t
r ra a nei d by wri in t g r e
g fo r t on t h es e

ra ys .

N ow, Sin ce th e res ult in g i

s e r e s a r e co n v e r g nte ,
i t m ay b e s h e w n th t § a

m finm i m
)
t 00
i z
e x
‘ '

ex
p 7
3
i e
f f? ”
x7
) l
c r
m =o
E
m !
7
7”
ex
p 7
3
) dr ,

T r a ns . Ca m b . P hil . S oc . Ix . pp . 1 66— 1 8 7 .
[ : l i a th . a nd. P h ys . P a p er s , II .

pp . 3 2 9—3 4 9 ] S ee al s o S to k e s
’
l e tte r of M ay 1 2 ,
1 8 4 8, to Ai r y, S i r G . G . S to k es , M e m o i r a nd

S c i e nt ifi c C o r resp ond e nce , II b idg

.
(Ca m pp r e, . 1 5 9— 1 60 .

1 T h e f u n c ti o n s o c cu r i p bl m
n a i g ro e c o n ce r n n th e s ta bi l i y t Of m o ti o n o f a v i s cou s fl ui d ; an

acc o u n t o f th e p blro em (w i t h b i bl i g ph y) i g i
a o ra s ven by R ayl e i g h ,
Phil . M ag .
(6) XX VII I .

pp . (3 09 —61 9 ; xxx . pp 3 2 9—3 3 8 [ S i fi

. . c e nt i c P ap e r s , VI . pp . 2 66— 2 7 5 ; 3 4 1

1 T h e i n teg r al is c o n v er g e n t . Cf H . a r d y, l oc . ci t . p . 2 28, or d e l a Va l l ce P o u s s i n , Ann d e l a .

S o c S c i d e B r u x e l l es ,
. . X VI . pp . 15 0 —1 80 .

B rom wi c h , T h e or y o f I nf i ni te S e r i e s , 17 6 .
 1 90 TH EOR Y OF BE SSEL F UN C T I O N S [ C H A R VI

and s o
m
( l w) 2
00 1
“ “ .
__
_
C OS (t i
3
xt ) dt= 2

sin
”
E (i a
t
) 1) 7T . P (% +
m g
m =o
m m
1 x
( 1 37
)
3 00 3
3 3
2 é “ ,
2 2
om l P On -
l g
- 2
) m z o rn l l

h
T i s i s th e res ult O b t i d by D M o g n Wh e n t h s e i e s n
a ne e r a . e r o th e r i ght
ar e e x p re ss e d in te m r s o f B s s e l f n t i o ns w e Obt ai n N i h o l s n s fo
e u c ,
c o
’
r m u ae , l in
w ich h as i s to be t k en
a to b e p s i t i e o v

(1 ) c os (t
3 — t) x

2x
f3 92
?
( )
2 CO S (i
s
di L i
.

B a r n es i n teg l r es enta ti o ns o
f B es s el f u ncti ons
’

6 5 . ra re
p .

u s i ng i nt g l s f ty p e i nt o d e d by Pi n ch e l
By e ra o a r uc r e
*
a nd M e ll i n -

lg B ar n e s }:
h s o bt i ne d e p e s e n t t i o ns f B s s e l f n ti o ns w h i h
a a r r a o e u c c ren de p r o ss i bl e an e a s y
p f f K m m s f m l Of 4 42
roo o u er
’
or u a .

Le t u s co ns i d th e id e f er res u o
‘
I 2
( 77 7 . s ) (i s )
9

at s 2m r ,
w he re r 0 1 2
, , ,
T is h r esi d ue is so the sum

—) m z m —i z
Of th e r esi d siue s e .

H en c e , by C au c hy s th e ’
or e m ,

(é z y 2: P (2 m ) (i s )
' 00 8
s
iz
J () ds
n

V
2 e
”l l P
,
2 7 ” m =o 0, (1) rn 1)

i f th e l
c o n tot h e p int s 0 1 2
u r It m
e n c os e s o , , ,
a
y be v e ri fi e d by u s i ng
,

S t i l i n g s f m l th t t h e i n t g l s e c n e ge n t
’
r or u a a e ra ar o v r .

N w s pp s e th t R ( )
o u nd c h o s
o th a v a o e e con o u r t so t h t a ,
on it ,

R( v ) 4 Wh n t h i s l s t cond i t i n i s s t i s fi e d
s . e a o a th e s e rie s

1
3 P(2 7 77 . 8 )
2m
2 . 7n l P
(v r n 1)
is c on v e r gen t an d e q l ua to
‘
P ( -
s ) I (
F1
. ( H 1 ; 1)

R e nd d el R I s ti tu to L o m ba r d o , (2 ) x x pp 559 —5 62 ; A tt i d e l l a R Acc a d d ei
—
. . . . .

—7 99
.

L i ncei , ser . 4 , R end i co nti , Iv . pp . 69 4 7 00 , 7 92 .

1 M el l i n h a s g e a s
‘
i v n u m m a r y o f h s e a c e , M a t h An n
i r s e r s'
h .X . L VI I I . pp 3 05 —3 3 7
—
. .

1 C a m b P h i l T r a ns x x
. . 270 2 7 9 F or a i l i o g
. . pp . . bb phy ra o f r e s ea r c h es on i n te g ra ls
h p
o f t i s ty e , s e e B ar ne s , P r oc L o nd o n M a t h S o c (2 ) v . . . . pp 5 9—65 . .
 1 92 T H E OR Y O F B E SS E L F UN C T I O N S [ C H AR V I

.
p rov ide d th t l a g i l 4
a r z 7 ; a nd

1
—+ c ac i

(6) 7 e% l “ l H (1 )
() z P v s )
‘

P s ) ds ,
:
27 W

p r ov th t l a g i ) 4 ; n d i n e c h i n t e g l 0 i s ny p os i ti e n m b e
ided a r z 7 a ,
a ra ,
a v u r

e e e d i n g R ( ) an d t h e p th o f i n t e g a t i o n i
xc v p all l to th e i m gi n y a xi s a r s ar e a ar .

T h e e i s n i n t e g l e s e m bl i n g th e s e w h i c h e p e s e n t s t h e f n c t i o n f t h e
r a ra r r r u O

fi s t k i n d o f o d e b t i t on e ge s on ly w h en R ( ) 0 nd th e a gu m en t
r r r I) ,
u c v r v a r

o f t h e fu nc t i o n s p s i t i e T h e i n t e g l i n qu e s t i n i s
I o v . ra o

1
(7 ) 27 i P ( v s 1)

an d it is bt i ne d i n
o a th e s am e w ay as th e p r e ce d ing t e g r l ; th e r e d e
in a s a r

wi ll no t i e th t w h n
c a ,
e | s
[ i s l ge
ar on th e co n o u r ,t th e i n t e g nd i s 0 ( s ra

i ff un cti ons o th e thi r d k i n d

f
’
B a r n es re
p r es enta t o ns o .

By u i ng t h du pl i c t i o n f m l
s e a or u a fo r t h e G am m a f u nc t ion w e m ay w r i t e
th e r e su l ts j t o bt i ne d i n t h e f m
us a or

(2 z )
"
2 iz ) d s 3

(1 ) J (Z ) 6 ”
,

Cons i d e r no w t h e i nt e g l ra

(2 2 V —
P ( s) P ( 2v
-
oo i

in w ic h h th e i n t e g nd d i ff f m th e i nt e g n d i n (1 ) by f c t o w h i h i s
ra e rs ro ra a a r c

p e ri od i c i n I t i s to b e s pp s e d t e m p i ly th t 2 i s n o t n i nt e ge nd
s . u o o rar a v a r a

th t t h e p t h o f i n t g t i n i s
a a d w n t h at t h e s q e n e s f p o l s O 1 2
e ra o so ra e u c o e , , ,

2n 1 ,
2 2 2n l i e n t h e i ght f t h e
p , nt u w h i l e t h e s e qu e nce
,
f o r o co o r O

p les
o 4 v 4v
—
4 l i e n t
, h e l e ft f t h co n t u I n
, t h fi s t u
,
s o o e o r . e r

p la ce w e S h ll
,
h ew th t i f a
g i 4 t h s
e i n t e g a l t k e n o n d s am i ,
ar z 7 ,
r a r u a e

i cl e f
c r d i s p n t h i gh t o f t h e i m gi n y i s t nd s t e
o ra u o s p e r ; a ar ax e o z ro a 00

e h
w w
for , if s pe ,
av e

s P ( s ) P 2v s ) P (v + s -
1
an d , by S ti r l i n g
’

s f or m ul a,

P (v 4) (2 i z )
8
+ s +
l og

w 10 w w
N
P e
g (2 132
) (v
p e ) 1
( g 1
0 ? + 159
) p e

and th e re a lp t ar of t hi s t e nd s t o co w h n 4 9 4 b ec s e th e d om i n nt
e 7 7 ,
au a

ter m i s p c os 6 l og p . Wh e n 9 is n ear ly q l t i 4
e inua i mp o bl e 7 , s s7 s co ara

wi th 4e xp {p 7
l 9
si n ( an d th e d o m i na n t t e m in th l p t o f t h e l g i th m
r e re a ar o ar

Of 3 ti m e s t h e i n t e g ra n d i s

p d l o
g
co s
l 2 2
1— p s in 9 ar
g 2 i z — cos d l o
p .
g p + p 9 sin 0 +
p . co s d —2 p [ s i n d l ,

a nd t h i s t e n d s t o cc i f
00 a s
p i g
ar i z
i< 47 .
 I N T E G R AL R E P R E S E N T A T I O N S
1 93

H e n ce 8 ti m e d te nd s t e l l l ng t h e s m i i cl nd
s th e i n teg ran o z ro a a o e c r e, a so
t h e i n t eg al nd t h e s e m i c i l t e n d t o e
r r ou i f t h e s e m i i cl e i s d w n rc e s z ro c r ra so as

t o p a ss b e t w n ( n d n o t thee ugh ) th e p o l es f th e i n t g r nd
a ro o e a .

I t fo ll o w s f om Ca u c hy s th e o e m th t w h e n |
’
r
g i 4 a nd 2 i n t r a , ar s 7 v s o an

i n t e g e th e n
r,

“ ‘
I s ) I 2v s ) P (v s
4)
"
M

m ay b e ca c l ul t e d bye l t i ng
a va u a th e resi d u e s at th e p l o es o n th e r i ght o f th e
t
con o u r .

Th e r es i du es of

I
‘
( —2 1/
at s on a n d s 2v m ar e r e s p t i ly
ec ve

7 P (v
Sin 2 v7 r 77 l l Si n m! P 2 1} m 1)

and h en ce

2i d 7
P ( 2v

P (v 4) 2ie )
Sin 2 17 7 P (2 1)

P (4 ) F
y
(4 —v ;‘
1 1 1 —2 v ; 2 iz )
sin P (1 2 v)
2 1?
W 6
J
{ ()
2 V
8 111 2 1m “

It fo ll ow s th t a ,
w h en | ar
g i e
l 4 7 ,

e co s (v 7 ) (2 2 )
7 3

P —
( s) P ( 2n

a nd s i m i l ar ly w h e n , ar
g is ) I 47 ,

l —
m”
e l co
s (v 7 ) ( )
2 e
"

F (— ) P (—2 S v —2 i ) z
s
ds .

Th e t t i on t h t v i s n t to b e an i nt e ge m y b e e m o e d i n t h e
r e s ri c a o l r a r v u su a

m a nn e r by a l i m i t i ng p o b t th e t i t i n th t 2 m
r t n t b n dd
ce s s , u res r c o a 1; us o e a O

In e t g er cann o t b e e m o e d s i n ce th e n p l s w h i h m
r v t b n t h e i ght f t h
,
o e c us e o r o e

co ntou r w o ld h u e t i n i d w i th p l
av wh i h m
o co t b on t h e l e ft
c e o es c us e .

W . B . F .
 CH AP TE R V II

A S Y M P T O T I C E X P A N S I O N S OF BES S E L F U N CT ION S
Ap p r oxi m a te f or m u l a e f or J () , e .

I n Ch a pt e r I II v ar o u s i re p re s e n t a t i on s Of B esse l fu n ct i on s w e e O bt i n e d r a

i n th e fo m o f s e i e s o f asce n d i ng p w s f th
r r o er O e ar g m e nt 2 m ult i p l i e d i n s m e
u ,
o

c s e s by l o g
a T h e se s e i s w e ll d ap t e d f
2 .
r e ar e a or n me i u l co m p t a t i on w h e n
r ca u

z i s n ot l g e com p e d w i th 4 (
2
ar 4 ( 4 ( + ar i nce t h s e i es v v v s e r

co n ge f i ly r p i dly fo s h a l e s O f B t w h e n | [ i s l g e th s e i e s
v er a r a r uc v u 2 . u ,
z ar ,
e r

c on e g e s l o w ly
v r
nd n i ns p e t i n o f t h i i n i ti l t e m s
,
a ffo d s no l e t th e
a c o e r a r a r c u o

a pp o i m t e l u e s o f J ( ) and Y
r x a va T h e e i s o n e xce p t i on to th i s s t t
, z , r e a e

m en t ; w h e n + 4 i s a n i n t e g e w h i h i s no t l g
u th e p es s i n s fo Ji ( ) r c ar e, e x r o r , z

i n fi ni t e t e m s na bl e t h e f n c t i on t
r b e c l c l t e d w i th
e t d i ffi c ul ty u s o a u a ou .

T h e O bj e c t o f th i s c h p t i th e d t e m i n ti n o f f m ul w h i c h e nd e
a er s e r a o or ae r r

p os i bl e th e cal ul ati on f t h e l e s f f nd m e nt l s y s t e m f s o lut i ns O f

s c O va u o a u a a o o

B e ss l s q t i on w h e n i s l g e
’
e e ua 2 ar .

T he e e lly t w o a p
r e ar t Of t h e p o bl e m t b e cons i d e e d ; th e i n es t i
r a s ec s r o r v

t
a i on w h e n i s l g e is y d i ff e e n t f m t h e i n e s t i g t i on w h e n
ar i s no t
v er r ro v a 1}
g v

l a g e T h e fo m e i n e t i gati n i s i n e e y s p c t f m o e e c n d i t e
r . r r v s o ,
v r re e , o a r r o

ch ct e
ar a th an t h e l tt e nd i t i s p os t p o ne d n t i l Ch p t e V I II
r a r, a u a r .

I t m u s t h w e e b e m e n t i n e d th t t h e fi s t t e p t o w a d s t h e s l t i o n f
,
o v r, o a r s r o u o

nd i t e p bl m w m d e by C l in i o m y e b e f e P i s s n S l le
a ’

th e m o e
‘‘
r r e co ro e as a ar s e ar s or o o

i n s ti g t i on o f t h e b e h i
ve a f fo l g e p s i t i e l of w s
av o u r O r ar o v va ues a
s, a

p ubl i s h e d .

T h e fo m l e p n s i n O bt i n e d by P o i s s o n w s
r a x a o a a

2 ! (8a ) 2
4!

1
S in ( x J
11 18 3 : 3 ! (8x ) 3

w h e n x i s l ge nd p s i t i e B t S in e th e e i e s on t h e igh t e n t c n
ar a o v . u ,
c s r r ar o o

v e g n t an d s i nce P i ss n g
r e , e n o i n e s ti g ti n f th m i n d e s i n th e
o o av v a o O e re a r

s e i e s h i s a n ly s i s ( p
r ,
t f m h i s m e t h o d f O b t i ni n g t h e d m i n n t t e m ) i
a a ar ro o a o a r s

to b e ga d d s s ugg e s ti e nd i ng e ni o s th t h n n i n in g
re r e a v a u ra er a co v c .

R i ce r c h e s nl l a co nv e r g e nz a d el l a s e r i e c h e s e r v a a l l a s o l u z i o ne d e l p r o bl e m a d i K ep l er o (M i l a n ,
An accou nt o f t h es e i n v e s ti g a ti o n s h as a l r e ad y b e en g i v en i n
f J ou r na l d e ZEco l e P o l ytec h n i q u e
" ’ ‘
, xi 1 .
(
ca hi er pp . 3 50 —3 5 2 ; s ee An i n
v e s ti g ati o n O f J, (as) s im il a r to P o i s s o n
’
s i nv es ti g ati o n o f J O (x ) h a s b e e n co n s tr u c te d by G r ay a nd

M at h ew s , A T r e a ti s e on B es s e l F u nc ti ons (L on d o n , pp 3 4—3 8
. .
1 96 T H E OR Y O F B E S S E L F UN CT I O N S [ C H A R V I I

T h e g e neral c ar acte r o f t h e fo r m ul a fo r h Y () h d b i d i t d by L m m l S t d i
2 a ee n n ca e o e ,
u en

u ber d i e B es sel sch en F u ncti o nen (Le i z i g ,

’
p j t b f th p b l i i f H k lus e or e e u ca t o n o an e
’
s

m e m o i r ; a nd t h e r e s e ar c h es of We be r ,
Mat h A . pp 1 4 6—1 4 9 m t l b
nn . VI . . us a so e

m e nt i o ne d .

The as ym p t tic o ex p a ns o n i of K , () e wa s i n v e s i t gat e d (and p o e d t o b e r v

as y m p t o t i c ) t n e ly d t e by K u m m er th is a a ar a
*
re s ult w s e p ro du ce d w i t h
a r ,

th e a dd i t i o n o f t h e co e s p n d i ng f m ul a f I by K i c hh o ff i an d l i ttl e “
rr o or or , r a

k no wn p p e by M l m s t é n i a l s o nt ai ns an i n
a r a co ve s t i ga t i o n o f t h e y m p t o ti c as

ex p a ns o n o f i K , (e ) .

A c l o s e s tu d y Of th e re m a i nd e r s i n th e as ym p t o ti c e x p ans i o n s of J O (x ) , YO (x ) , [ 0 (x )
(x ) h a s e e n m a d e y S t i e l t es b b j (3 )
’
and K0 ,
Ann . S ci . d e l E co l e no r m . su
p . III .

pp . 23 3 — 2 5 2 a nd ar ts o f h i s a nal ys i s
,
p h av e b e e n e x t e nd e d by C a l l a nd r e a u , B u l l d es S ci . .

Ma th .
()
2 X I V 1 1 0 — 1 1 4 to
. pp .
,
i n c l u d e fu nc ti o ns of an
y i nt e g ral o r d er ; w h il e

r e s u l t s c o nc e r n i ng th e r e m ai n d e rs wh en th e v ar i a bl es are c om pl hex av e b e en O bt a ine d by

We b e r ,
M a th Ann . . XXX VI I . pp . 404 —4 1 6 .

Th e ex p a n s i o ns h av e al s o b een i nv e s t i g a te d by Ad
g P e ter s bu r
g A nn I st p o l yt
a m ofl
n
'

,
. . .

1 90 6, pp . 2 3 9— 2 6 5 , an d by V a l e w i nk ”i n a H aar l e m d i s s e r tati o n , 1 90 5 .

t g t i n s c n e ni n g y m p t t i c e p n i n s O f J ( ) n d Y
I nv e s i a o o w h en c r as o x a s o , z a ,

[ ] 2 i s l g e w hil vari s fi xe d s e e m t b m s t i m p ly ca i d o t w i th t h e id
e ,
o e o s rr e u a

f i nt e g a l s o f P o i s s n s t y p e B u t S c h l afl i l h s s h w n th a t
'
l ge n m b e f ’
o r o . a e a ar u r o

re s lt u e bt i n bl e by p e c ul i t tm e n t o f i nt e g l s o f B e s s e l ty p e
s ar o a a a ar rea ra
’

s ,

w h i l e m o e e ce n tly B n e s
,
r h as d i s c s se d th e
r y m p t o t i c e p nsi ns by , ar
**
u as x a o

m e ns f t h e P i n c h e l e M e ll i n i n t e g l s i n o l i n g g m m a f nc ti on s w h i h
a o r -

ra ,
v v a -
u ,
c

w e e e x m i ne d i n
r 65 a ,

A s ymp toti c exp a n s i ons o

f H (z ) a nd H (z ) a
f ter H a nk e l .

We s h a ll b t i n t h e s y m p t o t i c e p an s i n s o f t h e f n c t i o n s o f t h e
now o a a x o u

th i d k ind l i d fo l g
r lu e f l l th e an ly s i s p t f o m s m e s l i gh t
,
va r ar e va s o z a , a ar r o

m d i fi a t i o n s w i ll f ll w t h t g i e n by H a nk e l fl
o c ,
o o a v
'

T k th e fo m l a e n am e ly r u a

i iz f i —b
2 e
wr r l co e xp iB
—i in
H T ) 2 w T
u
m
22

va l id w h en 47 a nd p rov id ed th at

The ex p an s i o n o f th e f ct o (1
a r in d e s c en ding p o wers Of z is

J o nr na l f i l r M a th . xv u . pp . 2 2 8— 2 4 2 . I bi d v nI pp 3 48 —3 7 6
—7 4
. . .

I K . S v ens k a V A k a d . . H a nd l . a . pp . 65 .

p
h

S ee th e J a h r buc h ii ber d i e F or ts ch r i tte d er M a th . 1 90 7 , . 4 92 .

ll I bi d 1 905 , p 3 28 ‘ A nn
ll d i Mat (2 ) VI pp 1 —2 0
—2 7 9
. . .
. . . . .

T r a ns Cam b P h i l S oc xx pp 270
—495
. . . . . . .

M a th Ann . . I . pp . 491 .
 7 2]-
AS YM P T O T I C E X P AN S I O N S 1 97

bu t th i s
i
s nce ex p a ns i on is n o t c o nv e r g nt e al l l ga on th e p th a of in t g ti
e ra on,

we s h ll epl a r ac e it by fi ni t n
a e um be r o f t erm s pl s u a r e m ai n d er .

For al l p i ti
os ve i nte g l l ra v a u e s Of
p ,
we h av e
*

—ZJ—ii
p l
(é ) 2 _
)p “t
i
V
V m V

(1 t) l " 1

(p U
'
m =o 7 71 ! -

2m

It is c o nv e n e n i t t t ke p o a so l g th at R ( p 4) g
ar e v 0; an d we th e n c h o ose

an
y p i t i os ve a ngl 8 whi h e c sa t isfi e s th e i ne q l it i e ua s

lB ls t w —S , l ar e z
Th e e ffe c t of th i s c h o i ce is th a t ,
w h en 8 is gi v e n, 2 is t t d
re s r ic e so th at
7 27 23 .

Wh e n th e c h oi ce h as be en ma d e th e n ,

1 2 sin 8 ,

for t h e v a u es of l t an d a un d e r co ns i d e ra t i o n , a nd s o

‘—
e ”“1 il A
R " P
S (s i n 8)
‘
V

sa
y w , he re p nd n t f
A, i s i nd e e e o 2 .

On s ub t i tut in g i t p n i n f
s s ex a s o or (1 an d i n t e g r a t i ng te rm -
by
te rm ,
w e fi nd t h t a

H () t (e 4 —4 ) -
l m +
-

4)
()
1 11 7 7
" Z e
m !P (v 4)

—t) —d a
iB

i
co e x
l p
p “ "+P
(I 1 1
0
di
" “
f
e u
(p l ) ,

Bp l | P
‘

. e ,

w he re B, i s a fu n ct i on o f v,
p a nd 8 w h i ch i s i nd e p nd nt
e e of 2 .

H e n ce , w h e n R ( —p v
4) 0 a nd R ( v 4) 0 we,
ha ve

m
m =0 m 1< 2 2 2 >
w h en z h th t 28 S a g g 2
is su c 2 8 8 b e i n g ny p o i t i a 7 r e 7 ,
a s ve a cu te
an e ; an d t h e s y m b l 0 i s t h e B c h m n n L n d sy m b l w h i h d o a a -
a au o c e no e s at
fu ncti o n f t h o d e f m g n i t u d i O f
O s l I
e r r o a e
‘
Z
‘
P a e 00 .

T h e f m l (1 ) i s l s o l i d w h e n R ( —p 4) 0 ; th i m y b
or u a a va v s a e see n by
Cf M o d er n Ana l ys i s ,
. Th e u se o f h
t i s fo r m of th e bi p
n o m i a l e x a n s i o n s e e m s to be

d u e to G r af an d G bl u er , E i n l e i t u ng i n d ie T h eo r i e d e r B es s e l
’
sc h en a lf ti o nen , I .
(B e r n , 1 8 98 ) v

pp 8 6— 8 7 Cf Wh i t k t a er , M od er n An a l ys i s (Ca m r i d g e , b § 1 61 ; G i b s on, P r oc E d i nb u rg h
.

—1 9
. . .

M a th S o c . . x xx v u I . pp 6—9 ; an d M ac RO be r t i bi tl
. ,
. pp . 10 .

T Of M o d er n Ana l ys i s ,
.
1 98 T H E O R Y O F B E S S E L F UN C T I O N S [ C H AR V I I

s u pp o s i ng th t ( p a th e n t ak i n g
R v n i nt e g e q
—4)
s o l ar g e th t 0 and a r a

R ( —q v 4) O i f t h e e p e s s i n w h i c h i s Oon t i n e d i n i n (1 ) i s th e n
x r o a

re w i tt e n w i th q i n p l
r e f p th o gh o t i t m y b e e p esse d as p t e m s
ac o r u u ,
a x r r

fo ll w e d by q p 1 t e m s e c h o f w h i c h i s O (r ) o
o r and t h e s m a ? r u

of t h ese q p 1 t e m s i s th e e fo e O r r r

In a s i m i l m nn e (by c h an gi ng th e s i g n o f i th o ugh o ut th e p e i
ar a r s r r v ou

w o k ) w e an d e du ce f m
r c th t ro a

"
2ie) n

p d e d th t R ( 4)
ro v i a v 0 a nd th t a th e d o m ain Of v a lu es Of z is no w gi v en

by th e i n e q al i t i e s
—2 8
u

If ,
f ll
o ow n i g H an k l e ,
w e wri te
2
r <v + m + 9
m ! P (v

9 97”
H m l
th e s e ex
p a ns I O n s b eco m e
2 —i ) —p
(3 ) B “
) Z
() .

e
i (2 _i V" fl
0 (Z )
(2 i e )
y
7 z

— — O“m )
(4 ) H AW) ii z i w iw x oa p
)
- -

e
m = o (2 1 2 0
7 71.

F or b r ev i ty w e w r i t e th e s e e q t i ua ons t hu s
T
(V WI )
N 2 00

(1 ) ” _ I _ 1

2
.

E” ()
") ,

(5 )
Z I
Z e

(2 ) N -
i (Z —} ) 7T (V ,
772 )

S i nc e (v ,
f nc t i on o f i t fo ll w s f o m th e fo m l e o f
m ) is an e v en u v, o r r u a

w hich nn c t f n c t i o n s o f t h e t h i d k i n d
co e f de u w i th th o e r O or r u e c rr

s
p o n d i ng f n c t i o n s O f o d
u th t t h e t i c t i n t h t th e e l p t O f
r er D, a e r s r o a r a ar v

exc eeds 4 i nne e s y S t h e fo m l e (1 )

s u c s ar e a l i d fo
. l l v lu e s
O r u a ar v r a a

of v, w h en i s on fi n e d t o n e o o th
2 c f t w o s e t s f n gl e j s t l e ss th a n 3
o r er o c or o a u 7

I n t h e n o t t i on O f g e n l is e d hy p e g e om e t i f n ti ns th e e xp an s io ns e
a e ra r r c u c o ,
ar

<1 > re w a n
H () ~ F, 4 + 1)
-

, z e .

— —é w —
< 8) e r m a 4+ m 4 2a

of w ic h h (7 ) is va l i d w h en 7 ar
g z 27 ,
an d (8 ) w h en 27 ar
g z 7 .
2 00 T H E OR Y O F B E S S E L F U N CT I O N S [ C H AP . VI I

The as ym p tot ic ex p an s i o n bt ai ne d by of J, (z ) w as O Li p hi t
sc z
*
by int e
g at i n g
r e
m
(1 t 2
)
“
5 o u n d a e c t n gl e i n d e n t e d a t i 1
r ( r ) a ,
wi th c o r ne r s at _
l ' '
1
Cau c hy s th e o e m gi e s
’

an d i 1 w i . t o nce r v a

h" ?” 217 4 da
t
(1 al t (2
°

e e

00

4 2 cl u
( 0
‘

u ,

an d ly si s th e n p o ce e d s on t h e l i ne s l e ady gi e n ; but i n o d e to
th e an a r a r v r r

O bt i n sym p tot i e p nsi n s s l t i o n s O f B es s e l s e qu t i n i t

’

a a f p a i O f c x a o O a r o u a o

s e e m s n e ce ss y to s e m e th o d w h i h i n o l e s a t s om e s t g e th e l op
ar u a c v v a o

in t e g al s d i s s s e d in C h p t e V I
r cu a r .

I t m ay b con e ni n t t o n o t e e p l i ci tly th e i n i t i l t e m s i n t h e e xp ans i o ns

e v e x a r

i n o l e d i n e qu t i n (1 )
v v th e y as f ll o w sa o s ar e o

is 2m ) (4 v
2 —1 ) (4 —3 2
v
2 2
)
1
m: 0 (2 2 )
2m
2 l

4 ! (8 z ) 4

—) m (v ,
2m 4 11 2
1 2
1 2
) 3 2
) 5 2
)
m =o 1 8z 3 !

Th e r e ad er s h ou l d n o ti c e t h at

Jr (2 ) (2 ) arm ) ,

a by L m m l S t d i p 67
fo r m u l a g i v e n o e ,
u e n, . .

N E T h m t h d by w h i h L m m l d
OT . e d t b t i th y m p t t i p i
e o c o e en e av ou r e o O a n e as o c ex an s o n

of Y ( ) i hi St di ,
pp 93 — 97 w by d i ff ti ti g th p i
z n s u f J ( ) w ith
en , .
,
as eren a n e ex a n s o ns o i ,
z

r esp tt ; b t fec it i w k
o u w t h t thu t m b y t m d i ff
o ti ti
co u r s e f s no no n a e er - -
er ere n a on o an

as ym p t t i p i w i t h p t t p m t
o c ex ia ns o n i th ti l d i ffi l ti r es ec o a a ra e er ra s es v ar o u s e o re ca cu es .

It h ld b
S ti d t h t L m m l
ou l t w k M h A
e no ce p 1 03 i f f m a o e
’
s a er or ,
at . nn . Iv . .
,
s re e ro

th lg b i l
e a whi h e i hi
r a ca li w k Th
e r r ors h b m t d c o c cu r n s e ar er or . e s e er r or s av e ee n e nu e ra e

by J l i A h i A l d i XX
u us, rcpp 2 2 1 —2 2 5 T h ym p t ti p i
ves
’ ’

eer a n a s es
,
VI I I . . . e as o c ex an s o ns

of d h l b t d i d by M M h
an A f M th av e a so ee n s u e c a on, nn . o a . V II I .

pp 5 7 — 6 1 d K p t y M t h f t f lf th d P hy
.
,
an a pp 2 7 5 — 2 82
e n, ona s e e ur r a . un s . XIV . . .

An l pp l i t i n f th ove y m p t ti a p n i n h b n di ca d
o o es e as o c ex a s o s as ee s co v e r e

in nt y r e ce th y f m im p t n ear s : in th n ly t i th y f th e ar e o so e or a ce e a a c eor o e

di v s or si u m b e s I n s u h i n s ti g ti n th e d o m in n t t e m s O f th e x
of n r . c ve a o s a r e

p ans i ns e d qu t e fo th p p os e i n i e w T h i s fa t m b i ne d w i th t h
o ar a e a r e ur V . c co e

c on s i d e t i on th t t he th y f B e se l f n t i ns f m s nly a t i i l p t f
ra a e or o s u c o or o r v a ar o

t h e i n e t i g t i o ns i n q e s t i n h
v m d e i t s e m d i bl e m e e ly t m e n t i o n
s a u o as a e e s ra r o

th e w k o f Vo o noi l nd VVi g e t jt nd t h e m n t p ap e s by H dy § ‘'

or e r a r a or r e ce r ar .

J o ur na l f ii r M a t h . LVI . pp . 1 8 9— 1 96 .

J
r A nn S ci de l
’
Eco l e nor m s up
(3 ) H I pp 2 0 7 — 2 68 , 4 5 9 — 5 3 4 ; Ver h d es I n t
pp 2 4 1 —2 45
. . . . . . . .

M a th . [ f o ri g r es s es i n H ei d e l ber g ,
1 904 , . .

1 Ac ta M a th em a t i ca , x x xv n . pp 1 1 3 —1 40 . .

§ Q u a r ter l y J ou r na l ,
X L VI . pp 2 63 —2 83 ; . P ro c . L o nd o n M a t h . S oc .
(2 ) xv .

pp . 1 —2 5 .
 AS YM P T O T I C E X P AN S I O N S 201

’
S tok es p h enom en on .

The fo rm ul g 7 2 1 (1 ) f J ( ) w s e s t bl i s h e d
a or ,
e a a fo r v a u es l of 2 su c h th at

g l< I f w t oo k l i e b e tw nd th t li
'

t n 0 2 77 (s o
m
‘

o
ar e o
r .
g
e ar z ee a a ar
g z e es

b t we e n
e 77
“
nd
a ) w e h ld
7r n se q e n t ly h
s e ou co u av

—
(Z)
ym: i
J V e JV (e )
z
n

— —) m (v 2 7 71 )
N 8
” f
co s
i —
1
V7 T
,

2 m 2m
(2 2 8 )
-

m = 0

—) m
(v ,
2 7 77 . 1)

so h at
t ,
w h en 0 ar
g z 2 7r ,

J , ()
z w e wfi
"i
' co s (2 —V7 T + '

7 2
0

(2 3
s 27 n+ 1
m =0

an d th i s ex p an s i o n is su p fi i lly qu i t d i ff
er c a e e r en t f rom th e ex p an s o n i o f
We s h a ll now m ak e l
a c o s e e x a m i na ti on o f h
t is c h nga e .

Th e ex p an s i on s o f ar e de r ve i d f om r th e fo rm u a l
J V () 2
{ H m( ) u Z H y“
)

a nd th ugh t t h e s e t
ro ou c or in w ic h h 77 ar
g z 2 7 r th e ,
f u nc t i on H ( ) 3 h as
th e as y m p t o t i c e x p ans i on

” g
m
e
re -
W m , ) (If m ) .
,

”
m =0 ( )
2 m

Th e c or re s p nd i ng
o ex p ans o n i for H (z ) ,
na m e ly
—i (z % w )
00
7 71
(2 ) E
(1 ) H ()
-
r
z N
,
m
m :
o (2 i z )
is , h owe v er, va lid for t h e s e c or t 27r < ar
g z 7r . To o bt ain an ex p a ns i o n

va l i d fo r th e s e ct o r 0 ar
g z 27 : we u se th e fo rm ul a of g na m e ly
H m(z ) H m “ m
i

) 26
u
2 co s mr . e H y ( ) ,

and t ish gi v es

_i z —% w
w
(2 )
(2 ) H V (Z ) N e ( r

+ Z C OS
‘
V

The ex p an s i o n s (1 ) a nd (2 ) ar e b o th va lid w h en O< ar

g z < 77 ; n o w th e

d i ffe r e nc e b twe
e en th e m h as t h e as y m p t t ic o ex p an s on i

g ) (
m
V m)
'

n =0 ( y
Ol z n

a nd , o n ac c o u nt of th e f ct a or e
” w ic h h mu lt ip l i s t h e e s e ri e s , t hi s ex
p r e s s m n IS

of l ow er or d er o
f
'

m a g m l u d e (w h en l | z is l g ) t h n th
ar e a e e rr o r d u e t o s to p p i n g
2 02 THEO R Y or B ESSEL FUNCTIO NS [ CH AR V I I

at an
y de fini t t e er m of th e ex p an s o n i for th is e o i s O rr r w h en
we s o t p at t h e p th te rm . H e nc e t h e d i s cr e p n cy b e t w e e n (1 )
a an d w h ich
occu rs h en 0 g W w i s ar z ,
on ly pp a ar e nt , s i n ce th e s er i e s in ()
1 h a s to b e

u se d i n co nj n t i o n w i th i t s u c r e m i nd a er .

G ene ally w e h e r av

t( — (
2" 00
2 v
00
m)
J , e §
z vn
2 m
+ 0 2
,

( )
2 i z 7r z

w h e e th e cons t an t s c 0 h v e a l e s w h i c h d e p e nd on th e d o m i n f lu e
r l , 2 a v u a o va s

a s s i g ne d t A nd i f i s c n ti n lly i n c e s e d (o d e c e as e d ) w h i l e a r
g g
o ar 2 .
, ar z o ua r r

| |
z i s n lt e e d u t h e l e s
a o f 0 nrd 0 h a ,
e t o b e c h n g e d ab u p tly a t a i o s
va u 1 a 2 v a r v r u

s t ge s t h e c h n g
a , in eith e on s t n t b e i n g m a d e w h e n t h e fu nc t i n w h i c h
a e r c a o

m ult i p l i e s i t i s n e gl i g i bl e o m p e d wi th t h e f n t i n m ult i p ly i n g th e th e c ar u c o o r

co n s t n t T h t i s to s y c h ng s i n c
a . a cu w h en I ( ) is po i ti e w h i l e
a ,
a e 1 oc r z s v ,

c h n g e s i n 0 occ u
a w h en I ( ) i ne g ti e
2 r z s a v .

I t i s n o t d i ffi ult t o p e th t t h e l e s t o b e s s i g ne d t o t h e c n s t n t s
c rov a va u a o a

c an d 0
1 e s fo ll w s 2 ar a o :

gfl fi i lm
01 02 é e , [( p
2 1) 7r ar
g z (2 p 1) ] 7T ,

01 02 [ 2p 7 r ar
g z
( p
2 2 ) 7 T] ,

w he re
p is an
y i n t e ge r ,
p iti os v e o r ne g at v e i .

h p h e nom non f t h e d i s conti n i ty of th e cons ta nts w s d i s o e e d by

T is e o u a c v r

S t o k e s nd w s d i sc s s e d by h m i n
a s e ie a f p p I t i s a p h e n o m n on
u i a r s o a e rs . e

w h i c h i s n o t co nfi n e d t o B e ss l f nc ti n s a nd i t i s h c t e i s ti f integ l e u o ,
c ar a r c o ra

fu nc t i ons w h ic h p oss e s s sy m p t o t i c e p ns i ns o f s i m p l e ty p e a x a o a
*

T h f t t h t th e t t i acl d i th ym p t t i p i f t h
a e co n s a n s l yt i f ti nv o v e n e as o c ex a ns o n o e a na c u nc on

J () ,
di z ti ar e w di d by S t k
s co n i (M h 1 85 7 d t h d i
nu o u s as yw s co v e r e o es n ar c ,
an e s co v e r as

pp tl y f th whi h m d t th l k i th m
’
a ar e n o ne o i g
ose S Si G g c ar e a e a r ee o c oc n e or n n . ee r eo r e

G a br i el S tok es, M em oi r a nd S ci e n tifi c Co r r esp o n d ence , I .

(Cam b r i d g e ,
p . 62 . The
p p a er s in w ic h h S t k p bl i h o es u s ed h i s d i s co v e r y ar e t h e fo l l o w i ng t : Tr a ns Ca ni b P /i i l
pp 4 1 2 —4 2 5 ; A t lf t/ XX
. . .

S oc X pp 1 0 6— 1 2 8 ; XI c a l a t VI pp 3 93
pp 7 7 —1 0 9 2 83 —2 98 ;
. . . . . . . .

3 97 .
[ I
ll/ a m . a nd P lays P ap . er s , I V . . V . pp . 2 83
T h e t i rd h of t h ese s eem s to h av e b een th l t p p
e w i tt
as by S t k a er r en o es .

A s ym p toti c ex
p a ns i on s o f I , (z ) a nd K,

Th e f o rm u a l ( )
5 co m b in e d w i th e q u a t on i $3 7 w ich h c o nne c t s

K , () 2 a nd s h ew s at o n e th t
c a

(V m)
1 Ky Z N e
‘
z
2
’

m =0

4 11 2
1 (4 1 1 ) 3 )
2 2 2 2
1

1 18 2 2!

Cf B r o m w i c
. h , T h eor y of I nfi ni te S e r i es , § 1 3 3 .

"
t S to k e s i l l u s tr ate d th e c h a ng e W i t h
th e a i d o f B e s s e l f u n cti o n s w h o s e o r d e r s ar e 0 and fi
g ,

th e l a tte r b ei ng t h o s e a s s oc i ate d wi t h Ai y r
’
s i n te g r al
2 04 THEO R Y OF B ES S E L F U N C T I O N S [ CHA R VII

be qu ot e d h e e T h e f n c t i ons o f e o o d e h d b e e n e x m i ne d p e i o s ly by
r . u z r r r a a r v u

R u ss e ll ; h e fo u n d i t con e n i e n t t o d e l w i t h t h e l og
*
i th m s i f t h e fu n t i on s ‘
v a ar o c

o f t h e t h i d k ind w h i h re in ol e d nd h i s fo m ul e m a b e w i t t e n s f ll o ws
c y ar v v ,
a r a r a o :

b er (z ) ex (2 ) c o s
p a
(1 ) 6 (Z)
¢ (2 w z ) s i n
’
b e i (z )

k er (z ) e xp a z ) cos 8 Z)
(2 ) ' (
k e i (z ) M(2 s /n ) sin
’

w he re

z 1 25 13
< >
W +
a Z N

8z V2 3 84z N/ 2
3

2 7T 1 1 25
B( ) Z N

as aa 1 62 3 84 2 as
3
8 82 2

The r an ge s of v a l i d i ty of th e f or m ul a e ar e
l g ] i n
ar e in th e cas e o f (1 ) a nd

l ar g e I g n i n th e ca s e o f

T h es e r e s u l ts h av e b een e x p r es s ed in a m od ifi e d fo r m by S av id g e, P hi l M a g .
(6 ) XIX .

p . 51 .

H a s ymp toti c exp a ns i o ns

’
a d am a r d s m od i fica ti o n o
f th e .

A r es u lt w ic h h is of c on s th e o e t i l i m p o t
i d e r a bl e r ca r a nc e is d u e to
H ad a m a r d i ; h e h as s h ew n t h t i t i s p ss i bl e t m o d i fy t h e
a o o v ar o i us as y m p t oti c

ex p i
a n s o ns , s o th a t th ey beco m e con ve r g ent s er i es tog eth er w i th a ne
g l i g i bl e r e
m a i nd er ter m . The form ul ae l s t a t e d fo
wi l b e r rea l va lu e s of th e bl v ar i a es bu t ,

th e d e s h uld h
r ea r o av e n o d i ffi ulty i n m k i ng
c a th e m o d i fi c t i ns a pp o p
a o r i
r a e t
t o co m p l e a i a bl e s x v r .

We t ak e fi s t t h e r case o f I , () re w h en v d Wh e n we re pl ace si n
%9 by
u, we h a e v
—
(i )
”
iv
"s i n?” Od d
i

I (x ) e
x cos

F (v t (t)
) F
”
2 (2 x ) —
”
e ‘
ex
p 2 u m) 3
u
?”
(1 (fl y 5 d u
" °

F ( V + P (t)
2 (QT Y8 (é: )
x O
V m
i u
Q V H ’"
ex
p 2 u m) d a ,

th e l st
a res ult b e i ng l i d b e ca se t h e e va u s i
r es o f in t e g ls
ra is co nv e r ge n t .

We ma y w i t th i
r s e qu t i o n i n t h e f
e a or m

x
e
(1 ) — t +m
u

m s) F e we
‘
I x
)
x
e

”
F (v m ! (2 m)

w he re
y d en t e s
« o th e
“
i nco m p l t G m m f n ti n
e e a a -
u c o of Le g e nd § re

P hi l . M ag .
(6 ) XVI I . pp 5 5 3 7
. 3 1, .

J
r Of th e . s im i l ar p r o ce d u r e d u e to M i l h i h il l b p l
e sse ,
w c w e ex ai ned in 8 11 .

1 B u l l d e l a S o c Ma th d e F r a nce
. . .
, pp 7 7 —8 5
x x xv r . . . Of M od er n Ana l ys i s ,
.
7 25 , 7 3
-

] AS YM P T O T I C E X P AN S I O N S 2 05

F o r l ar g e v al u es o f r , . th e d i ffe re nce b e t we e n

7 2 50 )
a nd (2 V n
)
is 0 e
‘
zx
) w ich hi s o (1 ) fo r e ac hi n te g r a l v a l u e o f n .

In t h e cas e of th e d in yor ar B esse l f u nc t i on s, we ex p r e s s on i

th e f u nc ti on o f th e th i d k i n d
r

” —
d

H f to ( )
‘
u V
‘
f
u
1

h ei lx m
2
g ? O % _
>
{
U m
2

as m ,

so th t a

—) ( V(
l
—
00

ML—g w
1 2
(
V “
i "
771 2
()
1

H () S
;
2 1
0 (
’
r q n v 2x
V T
L 6
m
‘
i
‘
C
C 6
7 72 50 m =o P O ! 7 7l l
( x)
2 l
’

an d s i m i l ar ly
l _ V
( )i n 7 (V m I 2l
)
00
2
"
l
“
l 2, " "

(2 ) % ’

(3 ) H (at) E 0
-
t lx ~ v vr
y e
m =o F (v 2 i ce ) m

From th e s e r es u lt s i t i s e y as to de i
r v e c on v e r g en t s e ri e s fo r t h e f u nc t i o ns

of t h e fi r s t an d s e co n d k ind s .

H ad am ar d g av e t h e o r m u l ae for fu nc ti o n s f o f o rd e r ze ro o nl y; bu t t h e e x t e ns i o n t o

fu nc ti o ns of any o rd e r e x ce e d i ng i s o v i ou s b .

F or m u l ae f or th e r em a i nd er s i n th e as m
y p to ti c exp a ns i o ns .

In we g ave an i nv e s t i g a t i o n w h i c h s h ewed th t a th e rem a n i d ers in

ym pt ti c e p an s i o n s o f H d f “ z a nd
th e as o ()
x e f th s m () ,
z ar o e a e or er o

m g ni t d e s t h e fi s t t e m s n e gl e t e d
a u a I n th g e f fu n ti o n f t h fi s t
r r c . e ca o c s o e r

an d s e n d k i n d s i t i s as y t o o bt i n a m o e
co ,
ct nd ath e m k bl e a r e xa a r er re ar a

t h e o e m t t h e e ffe t th at w h n
r o is e l nd i p i ti
c th e m in d e v r a
*
a a; s os ve e r a e rs

a ft e e t in s t ge in t h e
r a c r a y m p t o ti p an i ns f J i (x ) nd Y ( )
a as c ex s o o ,
a , se are

n m e i c l l y l es s th n t h e fi
u r a t t e m s n gl e t e d n d by a l i gh tly m e rs r e c ,
a ,
a s or re

co ndi t i n e s t i g t i on (g
e v it n b p d th t th m i nd
a e
f th e ca e ro v e a e re a e rs a r o

s th e fi s t t s n e gl e t e d
sa
m e sig n m a r er c .

Le t s w i t e u r

2 40

iu in
2x 2x

We m a} ta k e °

u
2 0 w it h ou t l o s i ng g eneral i ty .
2 06 THEO R Y OF B ESSEL F UN CT I O N S [ CHA R VI I

so th t a

[ ( % —
) sin ( ? évn
(1 ) J i ( ) x ;c
'
as
'

,
r co s v7T v

—
é )P ( ) ( % vw
(2 ) Yi () [ sin ( I m i n x, v COS a: 7k
’

, x to u

N ow I ( ) v O a nd i n th e ,
an a ly s i s of 72 ,
w e m ay t ke a 8 to be % 7r s in ce

th e v ar a bl e s
i ar e r e a l ,
a nd s o A 22, 1 .

It f ll w
o o s t h at , if p b e t k e n s o l g th t 2p >
a ar e a v
—
1
2 th e re e xi s s t a

nu m be r 9 ,
n o t e xce e d g
i n u ni ty i n b s l t e a lu e s c h th t
a o u v ,
u a

1 9 (2 7
01 L“
2 1
2 »

2x m =0 (2p ) ! 2 i ae

an d ,
on a dd i ng t h e res ul ts co m b i ne d in th i s f o rm ul a, we h av e
*

5
33
)
w he re
| 60 l g 1 an d ,
s in ce 8, i s o b i
v ou s ly r ea l ,
1 g 90 g 1 ,

It f ll ow s
o on i n t e gr a t i o n t h a t

(2 p ) ! (2 x ) F
3P
(2 m ) ! (v
’

m =0

a n d s i nce

“ m —
p e i
90 r da r ge
da r ( 2p a)
- :

a u v ,

we s ee th at th e r e m ai n de r a fte r
p te rm s i n th e ex p a ns i o n o f P (r
.
,
v
) d o e s no t

e xce e d th e (p 1 ) th t e rm in a b l s o u te v a u e , l p ro v i d e d th t a 2p v
F ro m th e form u a l

w e fi nd i n a s i m i l ar m a nn e r th t a th e r e m a in d e ft e p t e r a r rm s in th e ex p an s i o n

of Q( a, v
) d o e s n o t e x ce e d th e (p 1 ) th te r m in b l t e a so u v a u e,l p ro v i d d th t
e a

2p 2 v —g .

T h ese r e s u l ts w ere g iv e n by H k l ll th an e ,
I a . Ann . I . pp . 4 9 1 — 4 94, a nd w e re
re p r o d u ce d by G ra y an d Ma th w ie th is T n e r r e a ti s e on B ess el F u ncti o n s (Lo nd o n ,

p . 7 0, b u t s m al l i nac c u ra c i e s h b pi td
av e een o n e ou t in b th o i nv e s t i g a t i o ns by Or r , T r a ns .

Ca m l) P h i l S oc
. . . X VI I . pp 1 7 2 — 1 80
. .

I n th e ca s e o f K , () a we h av e th e fo rm u a l
6
“ —i
K (x )
‘
v
, e a
F (v +

T is h r esu l t w as o bt ia ned in a r at h er d i ff e re n t m a n n er by Li p s ch i tz , J o u r na l f il r M a th L VI

—1 96
. .

pp . 1 89 .
 2 08 THEO R Y O F B E S S EL F U N C TI O N S [ CHAR VI I

It is th e n evi d ent t h at
(1
1 -

ia) —
1L
ia )
3 , 2

s in
“
{1 i f G
2
ee s n
4
g () it

> ea i n/sin
< 1 sin
n
p ? 4 fo :
-
o ,

w he re
p is an
y p i t i os ve i n t e ge r (z e r o i n c lud e d ) .

N o w, o b v o i u s ly ,

—
( n sin
1
3,
“ 2

wh er e 6 l i es between 0 a nd 1 an d h e nc e
1 1
—
01 10
2
+
2 1

—>p -
1

—i
If w e m u lt i p ly by th e p os it i ve f u nc t i on l (l an d i n t e g ra t e i t i s , evi d nt
e

t h t a
2 2

<1) P a 1

—) P 0, (p
4 1)

(21 016 5 0
2 10

w h e e O 0 1 and p i s any p os i t i e
r 1 ,
v i nt e ge r ( z er o i ncl u d e d ) ; and th i s i s th e
r es ult w h i c h h a d t o b e p o e d f P ( r v or ac,

S i m i l ly f o m th e fo m ul a
ar ,
r r
"
é u s in
if "
i (1
2
b dd
( )

0 1
w e fi nd th t a

1 2

(2 ) Q (cc 0 )
0

,
1 1 8 93 3 I (2 p

w he re O 92 d p i s a ny os i t i v e i n t e g e r (z e r o i n c l u d e d ) ;
1 ,
an p a nd t h is i s th e
r es u lt w h i c h h a d t o b e p r o v e d for (x O) Q ,
.

In th e c as e o f S t i e ltj e s t oo t h e for m u l a k
K, (cc) it
”
1°
(1 d i t,

61
an d re pl a ce d (1 by
1 1
a2 2 11
2
() l
th e p r o ce d u re t h e n f ll ows o th e

me th o d j s t u ex pl ai n e d ,
an d gi v es a g ain th e r esu lt of

B y a n i ng e n i o u s d e v i ce , Cal l a nd r e au i lé s u c c e e d e d i n a l i n g t h e r e s u l t o f S ti e l t e s t o pp y j
o b p
t ai n t h e co r re s o n d i n g r e s u l t s fo r fu n c t i o n s o f a n y i n te r a l o r d e r b u t w e s al l n o w e x l a i n
g h p
a h h h b
m e t o d w i c i s e ffe c t i v e i n o ta i n i ng t h e r e c i s e r e s u l t s fo r fu n c t i o ns o f a n r ea l o r d e r
y p .

B ul l . d es S ci . M a th .
(2 ) XI V . pp . 1 10 —1 1 4 .
 Y
AS M P T O T I C E X P AN S I O N S 2 09

T h e sig ns
f o th e r e m a i n d er s i n th e a s ym
p to ti c ea
p a ns i ons a ss o ci a ted

w i th J , (x ) a nd Y , (as) .

I t h as a rea l dy b e en s e e n th t J a , (ac) a nd Y , ()
cc ar e e x p ressi bl e i n te r m s of

tw o fu n c t i on s P y m p t o ti
(cc v ) , pnin fa nd Q (x ,
v
) w ic h h h av e as c ex a s o s o a

s im p l ty p W h a ll n o w t e nd t h e
er e . l t o f S t i e l tj
e s t ex re s u es so as o

s h w th t f l al h d d f t *
e an
y ae f
or t e t h e m
r i n a e t v m f ue o or er v, e r a r a er er
p s o

t h e e p n s i n o f P (x ) i s f th e s a m e ig n a (i n dd i t i n to b i n g n m i lly
‘

x a o , v o s s a o e u e r ca

l s s th n i ) th e (p 1 ) t h t e m p o i d e d t h t 2p 5
e a
“

5; e s p nd i n g e lt r r v a v
1
a co rr o r su

h o ld s f Q ( ) w h e n 2p v 2 T h e e t i t i ns w h i h t h s e cond i t i n s l y
or a, v
a
. r s r c o c e o a

o n p e n bl e t h e th ea e m t o b e s t t e d i n t h e fo ll w i n g m nn
or a o a er :

I n th e os ci l l a tor
y p a r ts
f
o th e se r i es f or P (a ;
v
) a nd Q( a, v ) , th e r em a n i d er s
are o
f th e sam e s i
g n a s , a n d n u m e r i ca l l y l es s th a n th e ,
fi tt rs er m s n e l
g ected .

By a s l i ght mo i d fi c t io n a of th e f or m u a e o f l 73 ,
we h ave

P —i
(x , v
) (1 g a
y } da ,

” "t
Q( a
t, v
)
45
i
v‘ i
é i u)
"
(1 da ,

a nd , e xac tly as in g 73 ,
w e m ay s h e w th at

1 —> e ear
4
0 r n
5
(1 § i n) ”

(2 m ) !

1 —t 219 —3 1
2 i 1 l
z
. i ut 1 l
T
z
i ut ” i f “? d t .

Th e r ea de r wi ll see th t we c a an es a t bl i s h t h e th e o m i f w e n p e th re ca ro v at,

w h en 2 p v
l
. th e l s t te m a r o n t h e i gh t i s f fi d i gn nd i ts s i gn i s th t
r o xe s a a of

(i 1 01
2 »

It is l
c e ar ly su ffi c eni t to s h ew t h t a

1 — —
l ty m (a
(1 ir e 2
at sa (1
e

is p i ti
os ve . N ow th i s ex p r e s s on i is e q l ua to i

—M l —i i u tl
(1 0
23 7 2 (1 + é i u t)
) d x d t
-

—3 6 —A —t 21 ; —
:

l M tt d t d x
X fir m
(2
2
l s1 n
k .

F (2 p .

As i n 73 w e m ay ta k e v
> 0 wi t h ou t l os s of g e n e r al i ty .

“
h
FT i s h as al r e a d y b ee n p r ov e d in
I S i n ce l s i n (é Ni t ) [ s axm, th e
/

co n d i ti o n 2p > u 2
«

d
; s ec u r e s th e a b s o l u te c o n v e rg e n c e o f th e
i nfi n i te i n teg ra l .

W . B . F .
2 10 TH E O R Y OF B E SSEL F UN C T I O N S [ CHAR V II
N o w (1 t) 21" 2 '

is a m on o on i c t d ec r e as i n g fu nc t i on of t; a nd h e n e by t h e c ,

s e co n d m e an -
va lu e t h e o re m ,
a nu m b er 5 ,
b etw e en 0 an d 1 ,
e x i s t s s u c h th a t

(1 t) 21" 2
sin Ru t) dt i n (é—
Xu t) d t 2 0 .

S i nce I
‘
(2p v is p i ti os ve, we h a v e s uc c e e ded in t r a ns o r m i nf g
1 1
_ —P + h wy dt
0 (1
2
(1 217 §

2p v
g
i nt o an i n fi ni t e i n t e g r a l i n w h i c h t h e i nt e g r a nd i s p os i ti v e ,
an d so th e ex p i
r e ss o n
°

un d er c o ns i d e ra t i o n i s o s i ti v e p .

T h at i s to sa
y ,

—
t stu r (1 s r fl
l u

1
< n e v c — xp e r
u p v
E
' '
m =0 ( )
2 m ( P)
2

w h e 9 2 0 wh e n 2p >
er And i t h s l e dy b e e n s e e n 7 3 ) th a t i n
v a a r a

th e s e i c u m t an e s l d l < 1 C n eq n tl y 0 < 0 1 ; nd th e n on m lt ip ly ing

c r s c . o s ue a ,
u

t h e l s t e qu t i n by
a n i an d i n t e g a t i ng w e at o n ce o bt i n t h e p o p e ty
a o
"
r a r r
,

s t t e d fo
a P (x ) r ,
v .

T h e co e s p o n d i ng p p e ty f
rr Q ( ) fo ll o w s f o m th e e q t i o n ro r or x, v r ua

p
v_
_
é % _
i _
v .

m =o

—1 — —
i i
p +1
)
(i f —i u t n ”
ii
F att
i
e r l ;
”
(1 0 210 1
)
" P -

(l ea
?

th e d e t i l s f t h e n ly s i s w i ll
a o a a e as i ly be su pp l i d byt h e e r ea de r .

N E Th
OT . l y i f il w h
e an a s s a s en < 1 if w t k p = 0
e a e ,
bu t t h en th e ph as e of

i l ie s b etw e e n 0 a nd + 1
(v TI ,
'

a nd so —l i u) " i } h as th e
s am e s i g n as u n i t y ,
an d , in l i k e m a nn e r , (1 h as t h e s am e S i g n a s

% (v u , an d h e nc e P (x ,
v
) a nd Q (x , 11 ) h av e th e s am e s i g n as th e fi r s t te r m s i n t hi e r

ex p ans i o ns , s o th e c o n cl u s i o ns ar e s til l tr ue ; a nd th e c o n cl u s i o n i s t r u e fo r Q (x ,
11
) wh en

% < V if p = 0 .

Weber s f or m u l a e f o r’
th e r em a n i d er s i n th e exp a n s i o ns o
ff u n ct ons i
of th e th i r d k i n d .

S o m e i ne q u al i t i e s w h ic h t i fi e d by th e e m i nd e s i n th e y m p t ti ar e s a s r a r as o c

e x p ns i ns o f H d H ‘
( ) h e b e n g i e n by We b e T h es in q *
() li 2’
a o n z a , e av e v r . e e ua

ti e s o we th e i i m p tan ce to th f t th t th e y e t u e w h e th e
r or nd v e l e ac a ar r r 2 a ar e r a

o r com ple I n t h e i n e ti g t i n w h i h w e s h a ll g i e i t w i ll b e s pp o e d f
x . v s a o s c v u s or

s i m p l i c i ty th t is l t h gh i t w i ll b e b i o s th t m d i fi ca t i o n f d e t i l
a v rea ,
ou O v u a o s o a

on ly e d e qu at e to m k e t h e m o d e o f n ly i s pp l i bl e t c m p l e a lu e s
ar a a a a s a ca o o x v

M a th A nn . . x xx v n . pp . 404 —4 1 6 .
2 12
‘

THEO R Y OF B E SSEL F UN CT I ON S [ C H AR VI I

w he re A() z an d B() e ar e fu n t i c o n s of 2 so c hosen t h at

'

()
Z B “( ) y
Z B
’

()3 H m( u Z) 0 :

2
2

It foll ows th t a

eH
—t w p H
(2 1 77 2
) (2 )
(z )
z
7r , ,

an d s o

i ( +i—§ w — p (v p)
A (z ) A 1
? 77
l e
z } r 7r )
’
(2

w h er e A is a co n s a n t t .

We O bt ai n a si m i l ar e x p res si o n for B() z ,

a nd h e n ce it f ll
o ows th t a

BH (Z
p)
l?) e
“
7f
V

t) H M (a r m( 2 + t)

d e i n g t h b h i o f b o th s i d
B y co n s i r e e av ur o es of th i s e q tiua on a s e 00 it
is n o t d i ffi lt to s e t h t A 1 nd B 0
cu e a a .

H n e w e m y w i t e H nk l s f m l e i n fo
’
e c a r a e or u a th e rm s

H “
2 — —t") m 2 ; Rp m}
( {
I

,
e
l lz EV fl
g ( p) y ,
77

‘
2 —uz —i ww — m 2
H Q’
(2 ) e l n)
{ g ( ; p) RP M}
T2:
P

V y ,
7

Wh ere the r e m ai n de r Rp m m ay b e d e fi ne d by th e e q u at o n i

t) H m (Z ) H
u V
(1 )
(Z t)
p)
1_
R19 (1 ) _
z
wp (v 2i ( t) }p
,
2

S i n ce R (z ) > 2 O w e h av e | z + t | 2 M(r + a nd s o by u s i ng th e cr u d e 2
, ,

i n e qu a l i t i e s w e s e e th a t th e m o d u l u s o f t h e l a s t i n t e g ran d d o e s n o t e x c e e d
,

2 2 —
p 77
— G . 1 2
t) 2

II e n ce
—1
Rp m g 2 1 0
G } , (v p )
2
, (r
?
t2
) dt ,

an d s o , w h en p 2 1, we h av e

F (% —
— + l )
Rp 2G
2 p
4 (1 )
(V P )
2
<
F § p + 2 )
an d S i mi l ar l y
(5 ) Rp m) S g g g
uv w F (%17 + 2 )
T he lt s bt in e d by We b e
s e ar e th e n d i t w i ll
r es u o a r a be b s e e d th t i n
o rv a

t h e n ly s i s n o hy p th e s i s h s b e n m ad e co nce n i ng t h
a a o a e r e r el ti ea l es ofv va u v

n d p ; i n th i s e s p ec t We b e s s lt s d i ffe f o m th e e s ult s o bt i n e d by
’

a r r re u r r r a

o th e w i t e s
r r r .
7 3 4]
-
AS Y M P T O T I C E X PANSIONS 2 13

Ap p r ox i m a ti ons to r em a i n d e r s i n th e as
y p toti c
m ex p a ns i ons .

Wh e n th e a rgu m e n t of a B ess e lf u nc ti on is y l g th ym p t ti
no t v er ar e e as o c

ex p an s i o n ll d p t e d f n m e i c
is no t we a a or u r a l om p t t i n b
c e th m ll s t
u a o e ca u s e s a e

t e m i n i t (w i th th e e m i nd e ft t h e
r r a r a er m ll t t m ) i n t p t i
s a es l ly er s o ar cu a r

s m ll ; a t t h e
a m e ti m th gu m e nt sa e e ar m y b e s ffi i n tly l g f th e
‘
a u c e ar e or

as cend i n g s i es t n e ge e y s l w ly
er o co v r v r o .

An i n g e n i o s m e th d f m t i n g th e n m e i c l d i ffi lt i w d i se d
u o or ee es u r a cu es as ev

by S ti l tj i ; w e s h ll e p l i n th e m e th d i n d e t i l s pp l i d t th e f n ti n
e es
'

a x a o a a a e o u c o

K ( ) nd s t t e th
0 x a es lt s w h i ch w e e o bt i n e d by S ti l t
a
j s by
e r pp ly i n guth e r a e e a

m e th o d t o J () .
(x ) a nd Y0 (x ) .

We a pp ly th t e r a ns o r m a f t i o n i nd i ca te d in to th e fo rm ul a

so th t a
—mu
e d tt
x/ Q ‘
at (1 —
é ufi
x“
x
V2 d d du
" ‘

e e

%u s in 9
( )
2
0 1 (

— —
V2
a; 1r xu
e e

u sm
2
9) p
old da

T h t a i s to sa
y ,

1) Rp

w he re
g
(T u
2
-

Si n

N o w th e va lu e of m fo r w i c h h (0 ,
is l e st
a is n ear ly e qu l t a o 2x
w h e n i s la g ; a
: r e ac c o r d in gly i n o d e ,
r r to co ns i de r th e r e m a i nd e a ft e r r th e
s m ll e s t t e m f t h e
a r o s e r1 e s for K o (x ) we ,
c h oos e
p so th t a

%p + m
w he re a is n um e i
r ca lly l e ss th an u ni ty ; and th en

Mr

J .

—é “
fl o w, a s i t i ncr e a s es from O to co
é ue i n c r e as e s f om 0 u p to
r a m ax i m u m

(w h e n th e n d e c w e write
1
u 2) an d r e a s es to z e ro ; so

1
ue W e
1 52
g ,

w he re 5 i ncr eas es f om
r co to co an d fo r
,
l
s i m i a r r e as o ns , we w r i t e

sin
?
9 e
‘
” 2

Th e r a n g e o f v al u e s o f a: u n d e r c o n te m pl a ti o n fo r th e fu n cti o n s J o (w) , Yo (as) a nd Ko ( is

fr o m a b ou t 4 to a b out 10 .

TA nn . S ci d e l
.
’
Eco l e nor m . s up .
(3 ) I II . pp . 2 41 —2 5 2 .
 2 14 THEO R Y or B E SSEL F UN CT I O N S [ CHA R VII

Th ed m in o a of i n t e g ra t i on bec om es th e w hol e of th e (f ,
77
) pl an e ; an d it is
f n d th t
ou a

e 2 d fd n ,

r, s =0

w he re

2G 2
a’ o 2 52
‘
:

by s om e th e t e d i o u s a i th m t ic I t f ll ws th at
ra r r e . o o
*
th e d o m in nt t e a rm s of

th e a s y m p t o t i c e p a ns i o n o f R f l a ge lu e s o f p
x , or r va ar e
}

‘
m
e

P P
so th t a

(2 )
P

It is e as yt o v e r if y by S ti r l i ng s
’
t h e or e m t h at

(0 r ),
2
(2 51W
)
10
so th a t t h e err or d u e to s to pp i ng a t o ne of th e s m al l e s t t er m s r ou g hly
t er m o m i t t ed .

In i l ke m a nne r S t i e ltj e s p rov e d th t a ,

if P (as 0 )
,
an d Q( x, O) ar e d efine d as

in 7 3 th e n
,

(3 )

—1 m
< 2 1)
Q( so. 0)
f z
2W
(5
? —) p R m

_
6 i
P P

p rov i ded th t a
p is c h os e n s o as t o b e n ear ly e q l ua to as, an d 7 is d efin d e to
be x p .

R es u l ts of h
t is c h ar ac t e r are u s e fu l fo r t a b u l at i ng B e s s el f u nc ti o ns i n th e c r i t i ca l r a n e ;
g
s om e s im il ar fo r m u l a e h av e b e e n ac t u al l y u s ed fo r t h t p p b y Ai y A / i d
a ur os e re rc t n er M a t/2
pp 3 0 —4 3 ; d B i t / A
, .

a nd P l ays .
(3 ) XX . pp . 2 40— 2 4 4 ; (3 ) XX II . . an r
'

ts i s s o c i a ti o n

R ep o r ts , 1 9 1 3 ,
1 91 4 .

It w ou l d b e of s o m e i nte r e s t t o e x t e nd the r e s u l ts , w h i h S t i l tj
c e es h as e s ta bl i h
s ed fo r
B e s s e l fu nct i o ns of z er o or d e r
(as wel l asfor t h e l o g ar i th m i i t gc n e r al and s om e ot h er

fu nc ti o ns ) , t o B e s s el fu nc ti o n s o f ar bi t y r ar or d e r .

Cf B r o m wi c
. h ,
T h eo r y of I nfi ni te S er i es , 13 3 , 13 7 , an d 1 7 4, or th e l e m m a wh i ch w i l l b e
p r o ve d in
 THEO R Y O F B E S SEL F UN CT I O N S [ CHAR VI I

J ()
,
h2e n zwi s l g e nd i s fi xe d ye t S c h l fl i s m e t h o d no t o n ly s u cce e d s
ar a v ,
a
’

i n o bt i ni n g t h e p n i on b t l s i t e p e s es th e e m i n d e
a e x a s i n a n ea t and
,
u a o x r s — r a rs

c om p t f m ac or .

S h l a fl i s p ce d on s i s t e d i n t ak i n g i n t e g a l s f t h e ty p e
’
c ro ure c r o

§ d a,
"

ex
Qt
p re

an d l
s e e c ti n g th e co n o t u r of in t e g t i on i n s c h
ra u a w ay th t a ,
on i t th e p h a s e
,
"
*
f
o

—
/ )
i“
é
re (u 2 l u

is co ns ta nt . H e t k oo t wo con o t u rs , th e co n s a n s t t for t h e re s p e c ti v e con o t u rs

b e i ng 0 an d a nd it is su pp d th t
os e a r is p i ti os v e an d a is r e al .

(I ) L et us fi t t kers a th e ph t b as e o e 7 ; wr i te
it 1 e
w
p ,

w he re
p i s p it i
os v e an d 9 is r ea l ,
an d th e n
w w
/
m
(1 )
2 2
re e e
p p
is ne g tia v e , an d is co ns e q u en tly e q al u to i ts co n u j g a t e co m pl ex .

H e nce we h av e

s in (a 2 9) s in 9
(1 ) [3
S i n (a 9) sin 9)
(a
N ex t c h oos e a ne w p ar a m e t r c v a r a i i bl e 4) s c h th a t u

d ) 29 a 7 r,

%( i t —l ) —r s in
( d)
2
a

t (a
Now ,
as 96 v ar e s i f om
r (7 r a ) to (7 7 a ) n ,
t rac e s ou t a c on t o u r g ing
e m er

fro m th e ori g in a t an an gl e ( 7r a ) w i th t h e p i ti
os v e rea l a xi s a nd p ass i n g t o

i nfi ni ty a t an a n gl e ( 77 a ) wi t h th e p os i t i v e r ea l ax s,i p r o vi d ed th a t O a 2 7r .

If th i s res t i ti n
r c o is not l id n a th e
a o c o n t ou r p a ss e s t o i n ni fi ty m o re
th a n on ce .

We S h all n ow l ay th i s r e s tr i c ti o n on a ; a nd t h en th e co n o u r t is of th e ty pe
S p ifi d
ec e for f orm ul a p r ov id ed th t a we gi ve a) a nd ar
g z th e s am e

l
v a u e a, a s is p er m issi bl e .

It fo ll o ws t h t a

e
m
I re
f“
) e
“ ’
fr i I , ( re
m
) 1
‘
a

in
22 8 111 2 77 1
“
11 7 7 n _a
;
(
.

w he re n is d e fi ne d i n t e rm s o f i
() by e q u a ti o n

p th g h h h th
-

Th e r e a d er w i l l fi nd i t i n te r e s t i n g to com ar e e e ne ra l m et od s of t is s e c ti o n wi t e

m et h od of s te e p est d e s c e nts ”
w hi hc is a pp l i d t b t i
e o o a n v ar i o u s a s ym pt o ti c e x p an s i o n s in
C h pta er V I I I .
 A S Y MP T OTIC E X P A N SI O N S 2 17

C h angi n g t h e s i g n o f gb i s e q i
u v a en l t to p l re ac i n g by 1 /
u u , an d s o, re
p l ac ni g
t h e ex p r e s s i o n on th e l ft by
e i ts va ue a l s f n a u c ti o n o f th e t i r h d k i nd ,
we h av e

d log u
(3 )
Lt )
d¢ .

d
Fr o m (2 ) it f ll ws th t
o o a re
“
(u l ) /u i
‘
z
n c r e as e s s e a t d i ly f *
ro m O to w

f
ci v ar l e s mo no t o n i c lly f a ro m Ot o 77
“
a ; an d i f w e w rit e
,

) /n
i“
re
(u l 2
t,

so th t a t is p os i ti v e w h en u is on th e co n o t u r, we h av e

th e g
ra n e of v a u e s of a r l g it b e i ng l e s s t h an 7 r .

Ne t b y Ca u c hy s th e o
’
x ,
re m ,

u
5 dé
{
W ’

2
: u ,

C 1 /tt
,

it is co n v e n e n i tt k e t h e p o i n t C 1 i ns i d e
to a th e co n o u r ,t bu t é
’

,
0 m us t
o ut s i d e th e co ntou be c s e th e
r igin i s
au b or a ra n c hp -
oi n t .

It f ll ow s
o th t a
_
we “ é C
v t
(g 1 ) (i f
-
”?

4 v -
v

wo
u u
“
2“ (c e )
H e nce
— Q( _ 1 d édt
1
e i t
t i
C g )
’

p( )
‘ -
7 1 ir
e ex 7 8
4

(5 ) g m r em é
( )
)
fl
y
ff“
e (g
N ow it is evi d e n t th t a

—
p l
( yC_ n m
tm
if? t?

w he re
p is an
y p i t i in t
osg ( i n lud d )
ve e er z er o c e . I t wi ll be co n v e n i e n t s u bs e

q u en tly to su pp th t pose d b th R (a e xc e e s o v a nd R v

On m a in g k th i s su b s t i t ut i on i n th e l st
a in t e g r an d an d o b ser v in g th at

‘
(n + , I ( v m 5) on ! (v ,
m)

0c & th e t
n o a ti o n o f 7 we d e du ce th t a

(u m)
“
,
ml
(6 ) H ) e xp (r e ia
(2 7 6 )
y . nt
m =o

w he re
—é t tp
(n + l /l t + é
§
+p ir
d dt
' - -
v
, ,
e
Rp (1 )
ia
Ct/(
,

2 77 1 Te

9
(1 2 co s gt )
?
d Sin s in + (1 c o s ¢ + co s
S i nce
d¢ co s a + cos gt) (co s a c os
2 18 THEO R Y OF B ESSEL F U N C T I O N S [ C H AP . V II

Fi r s t co ns i de r

vi
—
éd
1 ( g
-
p ‘

2m (C I ?“ {(C
Wh e n p l ge th t i t e xc e e d s b o th R ( i ) n d R v
is so ar a w e t k e th e v a a

con t t o b e s s h e w n i n Fi g 1 5 ;
ou r n d w h e n t h e a d ii o f th
a l a ge nd s m all. a r e r a

ci l es t nd t
rc an d 0
e esp t i ly th e i n t e g l s a l ong th e m t e nd t e o
o so r ec ve ra o z r .

I f no w w e w i t e r
m
5 e u -
x >/x
on th e tw o ra y s (w h i h c ar e a l l th at s u rv iv es o f th e t
co n o u r ) ,
w e fi nd th t a

1 (n + , l /u + ,

27 2

(1
1
as p

1 tx (1

Fig . 15 .

N ow th e nu m er a or t of th e i n teg ra n d i s p o i t i (w h en v i s
s l ) nd t h e
ve rea ,
a

mo dulu s o f t h e d e n om i n t o i s n e e a r v r l es s th n 1 w h e n 5
a a
3 m fo o th e 77 7 r r

va lu e s f a i t i s n e e l e ss th an s i n I
o v r a .

T h e fo e re r

9 | co s m r ] V —t d wel t
1
Rp m l i t p lf if
(1 m ph 90
‘

S 6 t asp

w he re
l 0
9 l i s l or c os e c a
I ac co r d i n g a s co s a is ne g t i ve
a or p iti os ve . Wh e n v

is co m pl ex, it is e as y to see th at
220 THEO R Y OF B E S SEL F U N C T I O N S [ C H AR VII

a nd h e nce ,
if n ow
“
(a 1) /
2
t re a,

w e fi nd th t a

e 5m ‘4
'

t é ”?
if (g; 1) d g dt
‘ ’

—i n ) ex
p
(1 2 ) 1 m (w a t

2M .

We h a v e co n s e qu en tly e p e e d s e con d s o l t i n o f B e e l e q t i n i n a
x r ss a u o ss
’
s ua o

fo rm f om r w h i h i ts cs y m p t t i c e p n s i o n c n b e d e du ce d ;
a nd t h e
o n ly i s x a a a a a s

p r oc e ed s a s in t h e s e of H m ( ) t h ca fi n l e l t b e i ng th t w h e n
,
z ,
e a r su a ,

g—w g z % ar 7 r,

0
2 —
i( i z —")
z
I (v ,
77 1
) (v p ) 3

w h e re d o e s n o t e ce d 1 o s ec g ] acc d i ng s
92 < 0 o
x e 2 0 r ar z or a r ,

p o i d e d th t v i s e al nd p
r v a l v n d R (9 ) 2 0 wr h n < 0a I f i s a 2 e . v

co m p l e x t h e f m o f th e e m i n d e h a t b e m o d i fi e d j u s t s i n t h
or re of a r s o ,
a e c as

I t s h o ld b e o b s e e d t h t s i nce t h e in t e g n d s i n (3 ) an d (1 1 )
u rv e en a ,
ra ar e v

f n c t i ons o f i t i u nn e e s y i n th i s i n e s ti g t i n t s u pp e th t R ( )
u v, s c s ar v a o o os a v

m s t e xc e e d
u w as n e s a y i n i n e s t i g t i ns b s d o n i n t e g l s
as f ec s r v a o a e ra o

P o i s s n s ty p e
’
o .

*
B a r nes i nves tig a ti on
f oti c exp a ns i o n s o
f B es s el f u ncti ons
’
o as
ym p t .

Th e asy m p t t i c e p ns i ns o f f n ti on s o f th e t h i d k i nd fo ll w i m m d i t e ly
o x a o u c r o e a

f om
r B ar nes f m l e w h i c h w e e o bt i n d i n
’
or u a 65 Le t u s c n s i d e r a e , o r

“W V
-

p
‘

—i —
p 3 ) I 2 1/ s ) F ( v s
t) 2 52 ? d s
poo - v

—2 i z ) “

F ( —s 2iz ) d s 3
.

If ar
g iz ) g g w —B w h ,
e av e

F( —— s v + p ) F (s —2 i z ) ds
8

| P ( —S — v + P) F (s
a nd th e l st
a i n t e g ra l i s c o nv e r g e nt a nd s o th e fi str i n t e g ra l o f al l i s
0
But , by t h e argu m e n t s f o fi st
teg l is 2 i tim e th e
th e r in ra 7r s s um

of th e es id e at th e p o l e s t h e i ght o f t h e c nt nd s o i t i l
r u s n o r
q o ou r, a s e ua to
A U” cos mr p l u s 2 i t i m e t h e s m o f t h e e id e s
7r s u r s u at

—V —v — v The res id u e at — —m —% i s
v

m !

T r a ns . Ca m b P h i l . . S oc . xx . pp . 27 3 —2 7 9 .
7 5, 7 5 1]
5 -
A SYM P T O T I C E X P A N S I O N S 22 1

a nd s o , w h en
Ia r g ( iz ) Ig g -
irr 8

(v 7 r )
7:
6 CO S

— v + iii

m =o

— —
g s p
e
i ( %w
z r
0 ( )

th i q l t t th e b n d g ti
a nd is u i va e n l tt i in § 7 f2 Th e i n v e s ti of
°

s e o resu o a e . a on
_

H () 2 m ay b e co n s t u c t d by
r e r e p l ac i ng i by -
i th ro u gh o t u .

Th e rea d er s h ld
t i e t h t lth o gh t h e d e t e m n ti n f t h e d f
ou no c a ,
a u r i a o o or er o

m g ni t d e o f t h e e m i n d e
a u by th i m th d i t n p e n tly i m p l e i t i n t
r a rs s e o s ra s ar s ,
.
s o

po s i bl e t o bt i n con c e t e fo m l
s o n an i ng t h m g ni t d nd t h e
r ig n r u a e , co ce r e a u e a s

m i nd w h ich e ult i m t ly s pp l i e d b
of th e re a ers
y t h m th d s w h i h h ar a e u e e o c a ve

b e e n p e i ly n d e d
r v ous co si re .

A s ymp toti c exp a ns i o ns o f p r od u cts of B es s el f u nctions .

d oe s n ot s e e m p s s i bl to o bt i n sy m p t o ti c e p n i o n f t h f
It o e a a x a s s o e ou r

p d ct s J i ( ) J i ( ) i n w h i c h th e e ffi c i n ts h e s i m p l e f m e n
ro u ,
z ,
z co e av or s, ve

w hen n= f th i i h h p d t H “ nd
Th s o n 1) . t t t ee r ea s () or s s a ro uc ,
z a

h e sy m p t o t i c e xp n s i ns fo w h i c h n i m p l
av a pe in a o r o s e ex r ss o

e s t s fo
xi t h g e n e l t e m ; t h l e d i n g t e m s i n t h e tw o ex p n i n
r e ra e
r e a r a s o s ar

zei Zi z i Fé (u —
l—v l—lfi -
r i
2 11 1
2
2 12 2
1
1

7 TZ 4 42

p d tH
Th e ro uc s
,
‘
U
(2
)H ()z an dH ( e )H ,
(1 ) h o wev er , d o p ossess si m e pl
as ym p t ti p n i
o c ex a s ons ; a nd f ro m th e m we ca n de d u c e as y pt t
m o i c e x a ns i o n s
p
fo r
J, (M (z ) .
Y, (z ) Y . (z )
J, () z Y , ()
z Y, (z ) J (z ) . .

T he s im pl t es way o f co n s r u c t i ng th e e p ns i n s
t x a o is by Barne s m e t h d
’
o ,

j ust ex pl d in
ai n e A c ns i d t i on o f i f
o e ra ser es o th e t yp e o bt i n e d i n
a

§ 5 4j
‘
su gg s t s th t
e a we sh ld ou m in t h e i n t g l
exa e e ra
/

“
j;
v
F (2 8 + 1 ) F . J
s (é i z yd s ;
s

th e c on o u rt h t th e p l f F (2 8 1 ) l i e n t h l ft f th
i s to b e c h os e n so t a o es o o e e o e

c nt u
o nd th
o p l e s o f th e t h e fo G m m f n ct i ns li n th igh t f
r a e o o r ur a a u o e o . e r o

th e nto ;
co n d i t i s
urt e m p r i lya p p d th t n d n t or a su os e a u
, ,
1' a v a re o

i n t e g s s th a t t h e i n t e g n d h
er ,
o n d b l e p o l e ; T h e i nt e g l i n g nt
ra as o ou s ra s co ver e

p id e d t h t I g (i ) i 2
'

ro v a ar z 5
7 7 7:
222 THEO R Y OF B E SSEL F UN C T I O N S [ C H AR V I I

F i rs t l t th e i nt e g a l by s wi n gi n g o n d th e o n t o u to e n cl os e th e
e va u a e r r u c r

s e qu e nce s o f p l e s w h i c h l i e t o th e i ght o f t h e
o i gi na l n t o u ; t h e e x p e s s i on r or co r r

i s e qu l to m i n u s t h e s u m o f t h e e s i d e s at th e e p o l e s a nd t h e e s i d e at
a r u s ,
r u

is

W S H u l - -
v h ri
e

It fo ll ow th t s a

‘
1 (2 s 1) F

V M+ V
—
(é i z f ds
s

‘
W W J
eé (z ) J (z ) J
(z ) J _
' 3 V
7r , , ,

S i n ,a 7 r sin S il l ( ) S i n (a v) 71
“ “ "
1x7 7 a
,
v 71
,

W W W ”
J ()J 2 , (z ) e 5
‘
”i
J ()J () z z

S in ( v —) ,
a 7r

_
W e %
3 I h ”) IL
-

Sin l
YM ( Z) J V (Z ) I
(H lI
-
V ) 7 T S Il (u ,
y )

YAZ ) n et

y ) vi
'

Y v (Z > YF (Z ) J (z ) l iV

7r
3
i
[ M (Z ) J (Z ) V Y“ ( Z) Y ,

t an a v ) w {J r () z i n(z ) Y. (z ) J , (an .

By w ri in t g —i f or i th o ugh
r ou t th e a na ly s i s we ded e th t
uc a ,
if b ot h
ar
g i z an d I ar
g iz ) ar e l s th e s an
% 7 ,
i . e . if I ar
g z th e n
7 r,

3
7
(1 ) YAZ )
7r

V ) 7 7" IJ n (Z ) Y (Z )
,
J ,

x r ds ,
224
“
T H E OR Y OF B E SSEL F
. UN C T I O N S [ C H AR V I I

In th e S p e ci a l cas e w h en p
. v, th e l as t fo rm ul a re du ce s to

(v )
mm
M
(5 ) n ew 2 em i n
an d in ,
p t i ul
ar c ar ,

i
m
)
(6) (
m g ) + Y°

For m u l a (5 ) s eem s to h av e b een d i s co v e r e d by Lor e n z, K . D a ns /ce Vi d ens /c S ets /ca bs .

S h i f ter , (6 ) V I (1 890 ) [ Oe u vr es sci en tifi g a es I

. w il e ,
. p . h t h e m ore g e ne r a l

fo r m u l ae (3 ) a nd (4 ) w e r e s tate d y O H P r oc Ca i nb P h i l S o c x b , . . . . . p . 99 . Ap r oo f
o f (5 ) w i c h h p
d e e nd s o n t ra n s for m at i o n s o f r e e at e d i n te g r al s was g i v e n p by N i l e s e n, H a nd

bi tch d er T h eor i e d er Cyl i nd ei f a nlrti o n en (Le i z i g 2 45 — 2 47 ; p ,

pp .
‘
th e ex p a ns i o n (5 )
is, h o we v e r , a tt r i bu t e d to Wal te r G r eg or y by A . Lo d g e, B r i t is h As soci a ti on Rep or t, 1 90 6,
pp . 4 94 —4 98 .

It is n o t eas y
t im t e e ctly th e m g ni tud e to th
es S i gn o f th e
a e xa a or e r

m i nd e
a fte ny n u m b e f t e m s i n t h e s y m p t o ti e p n i ns w h e n th i s
r a r a r o r e as c x a s o

m e th od i s u s e d An lt e n t i e m e th d f bt i n i ng t h e y m p t o t i e p n i n
. a r a v o o o a as c x a s o

ofJ ( ) ,
2
( ) w i ll b e g i e n i n
z n d i t w i ll th e n b e p o s s i bl e t o f m
2 v a or

such n e tim te a s a .
 C H AP T E R V I II

BE S SE L F U N CT I O N S OF LA RG E O R D ER
B ess el f u ncti ons o
f l ar g e or d e r .

The ubj ec t o f th i s c h a p t e i s th e i n e s t i gat i n o f d e s c i p t i e p op ti e

s r v o r v r er s,

i n c l d i n g app o i m t fo m l e co m p l e t e
u r y m p t ti c p n s i o n s n d i n
x a e r u a ,
as o ex a , a

eq l i t i es f
ua i o s ty p e s co nn e c t e d w i th B e s se l fu n ct i n s ;
O v ar u nd t h e o o a r
p
p e ti e s w h i c h w i ll b
r x m ined e f p i m a y i m p o t nce w h e n th e o d e s o th e
e e a
f ar o r r r a r r

ncti ons conce ned a e l a g e th o gh m n y f h e s lt s h pp e n t o b e t

f u r t e r e r ,
u a o r u a ru

for f n ct i on s o f ll p os i t i e o d e s
u a v r r .

We S h ll fi s t o bt ai n e s l t s w h i c h e o f
a r p u e ly fo m l c h ct er r u ar a r r a ara ,

i t e d w i th C l i n i s f m l N t we h ll obt i n ce t i n ’
ass oc a ar or u a ex s a a r a

ap p i m t e f m ul e w i th t h e f K e l in s p i n i p l e f s t ti o na y
* “
id
’
r ox a or a a o v r c o a r

p h e And fi n lly w e s h ll e xam i ne t h e c nt o u i n t e g l d i co e d by

as .
”
a ,
a o r ra s s v re

D ebye I th es e w i ll b e e m p l y e d fi s tly t o o bt ai n
' '

y m p t oti e x p ns i n s w h e n o r as c a o

th e i bl e s con ce n e d
v ar a e e l e co n dly t o bt in n m e o s i n e q l i t i es o f
r ar r a ,
s ,
o a u r u ua

v a y i n g d e g e e s o f i m p o t n ce
r n d th i dly t
r o b t in s y m p t o t i c e x p n s i o ns
r a ,
a r ,
o a a a

o f B es s e l f n c t i on s i n w h i c h b o th t h e o d e
u nd t h e g m n t e co m p l x r r a ar u e ar e .

I n d e l i n g w i th th e fu n c t i n J
a in w h ich nd e p s i t i e, i t i s o , v a a
c ar o v

fo n d th t th e p obl e m s u n d e con si d e at i n h e to b e d i i d e d i n t o th e e
u a r r r o av v r

l s s e s c d in g as / i s l e s s t h n ne l y e q l t o g e t e th n ni ty
c a ,
ac or ac v a ,
ar ua o, r r a r a u .

S i m i l a s u b d i i s i on s a l so h e t o b e m ad e i n th e
r -
v e s p on d i n g th e m av cor r or e s

co n ce n e d w i th co m p l e x
r i bl e s v ar a .

T h e t r i v i al p blro e m of d e t er m i ni ng th e as ym p t o ti c e x p an s i o n o f J, w h en v i s l arg e

and z i s fi xe d , m ay b e
“

n o t i ce d h er e .

It i s e v i d e nt , by
'

a pp l yi ng S t i r l i ng
’
s t h e or e m t o th e ex p an s i o n o f g 3 l
°

, t h at

‘
i
‘

J, ()
z ~ ex
p { v -
I
-
u l og l og y
} ,

w h er e t ish r es u l t h as b ee n p o i nt e d ou t by H o r n , di a th . Ann . LI I .

p . 3 59 .

[ N OT E . F or ph y i s cal a pp l i c a ti o n s o f a pp r o x i m at e fo r m u l ae fo r fu n c ti o n s of l ar g e or d e r

th e f oll o w i ng w r i t e r s m ay b e co n s u l te d : M ac d o nal d , P r o c R oya l S o c L xx 1 pp 25 1

pp —
. . . .

258 L XX II pp
5 9— 6 8 X C A 50 6 1 ; P h i l T r a ns f
O th e Roya l S o c c xx A
1 1 3 —1 4 4 ;
. . . . .
.

—1 3 6 ;
. .

pp . De by e, A nn d . er P h ys i /t °

a nd Ch em i e, (4 ) x xx . pp . 5
3 7

M ar c h ,
A nn . d er P hys i lc a nd Ch em i e, (4 ) x x xv n . pp . 2 9— 5 0 ; Ry b yn k i cz s ,
Ann d er .

P h i l M a g (5 ) I II
. . XX . pp . 2 5 2— 2 5 5 .
[ M a th . P h ys P ap er s , I v
a nd . . pp . 3 03
In c o nn e x i o n w i t th e r i nc i l e , h p p see S to k e s , T r a ns . Ca m b P h i l S oc I x
. . . . p . 1 7 5 fo o tn o te .

[ M a th a nd
P h ys P ap er s , 11 p .

—5 5 8 ;
. .

I
""
M a t h Ann v i i . . . pp . 53 5 M i tnc h e ner S i tz nng s be r i c h te ,
XL .

W . B . F .
 2 26 U N CT I O N S [ C H A P VI II
T H E OR Y O F B E S S E L F .

P hy i / d Ch m i
s c un ()
4 e pp 1 9 1
e,— 208 ; N i h l P h i l M g (6 )
X LI c o s o n, a x1x

pp 83 —99 5 4 6—
. . . . .

pp 5 1 6— 5 3 7 ; L P h i l T
.
f h R y
ov e , l S A . pp 1 0 5 —
r a ns13 1 W t . o t e o a oc ccx v
. . . a s o n,

P R y l S
r oc . o a A oc . xcv .5 63 T h w k q t d l l d l wi th .
,
. e or s uo e a ea

th p bl m f th p p g ti
e ro e o f l t i w e ro th a f f th
a th
on o d e ec r c av e s o v er e s ur ac e o e ea r , an a re

l g ly
ar e d w i t h tt m p t t
c o n c e r ne il t h ti l w i t h
a p im t l l t ]
e s o r e c on c e e or e ca ex er en a re s u s

M ei s se l
’
s fi r s t ex tens on o i f Ca r l i ni
’
s
f or m u l a .

Th e a pp ro xi m a ti
bt ain e d by Ca l i ni i s t h e fi s t t e m o f t h e
on O r r r

a s y m p t o t i c e x p ns i o n o f B es s e l fu n c t i on o f l a g e o d er ; s ub s e q e n t t e m s
a a r r u r

i n t h e e p an s i on w e e fo m lly c a l c l t e d by M e i s s e l A s t N a ch C X X I X
x r r a u a , r . . .

co l 2 8 1 — 2 8 4 i n t h e f ll o w i n g m an n e
.
,
o r :

I t i s cle th a t B e s s e l s e qu t i on m ay b e w r i tt e n ’

ar a

i f we d efi ne a fu nc ti on u (z ) by th e e
q u a ti o

i
0 l 1)
V
J( ) , vz 1
ex
p u () 2 dz
1 /

th en e qu a t i on (1 ) t r a ns o r m s f int o

[ u (z ) I ( I
z) ] (z )
’ ?
() (1 )
2 2
2 2
2
n z u v z 0 .

If n ow we a ss u m e th t a ,
for la g r e va lu e s o f v, u
(z ) is ex p an s i bl e in a se ries

of d e sce nd ing p o w e rs o f 11 , thu s

u
() Z v u0 + it 1 +

w h e re u u o, , ,
u, ,
u, , d e no t e f ncti ons o f z w h i c h e i n d e p nd e n t o f by
u ar e

s ub s t i t t i n g i n (2 )
u a nd e qu a t i n g t o e o t h e co e ffi ci e n t f th e a i o s p o w e s z r s o v r u r

of v o n t h e l e ft w e ,
fi nd t h t a

z 4 2 Z
3

l (
N/ l Z ) l/Z ul
(1
)
2
.

8 (1
4 2 + l 02 + 5
z
5
64 z + 5 602 + 4 5 63 3 5
+
8 (1 1 28 (1
1 62
3 2 (1 z )
? 7

H e n ce on i n t e g r a t i on i t i s ,
foun d ( cf . t h at
u (z ) dz = v — ) —l —% l
z
2
o
g (1 —z )
z

42 2
Z
4

(1

3 65 42 4

(1 r )?

2 8 82 4
2 3 22 6

(1 )
2 6
Z
2 28 T H E OR Y O F B E S S E L F UN CT I O N S [ C H AR V I I I

“
(4 sec
2
8
,
sec B)
cot
12
B
(3 2 8 2 88 8 23 2 8 13 8)
,
2 4 6 8
sec ,
s ec ,
sec s ec
1 2 8 12 4 ,

c ot
18
B
(7 68 se c 8 4 1 2 80 ,8 +
1 4 884 B 1 7 4 93 B
2 4 G B
se c sec sec
3 07 2 v 6 ,

4242 5 1 03 8)
10 12
sec sec ,

(2 ) Q v
= v (tan 8 , on e s ea t?)

8
9
cot

0 0 13
15
8
(2 5 6 720 88 0
2
3 1 8 91 2 00 560
4
3 4 7 4 4 64 0 s ec
G
B
1 91 4 2 1 0 s ec
s
fi 6 7 5 99 s e c 10

To dete r m ne i J ( u s ee 8 ) in te r m s of th es e e x p ans i o ns w e t k e 8 t o t e nd a

—
, , , ,

to an d c o m p ar e th e res ult s s o O bt i n e d w i th t h e e x p an s i o n s o f H a nk e l s
a
’

ty p e gi v en in we s e e th a t ,
as 3 %7 r ,

P , 0, Q ,
~ v (s e c , 8
a nd we i n fer th at
2 Co t B
(3 ) H “
) V S OC 8
( )
P 1

H ‘ (v 6)
2 cot B —P
(4 )
g’
y sec e ,

It f ll o w s th a t
o

2 C “B
<5 ) J . (u sec 6 ) e a s (Q ,

2 5
< 6) Y . (v s e c /3 ) . e
‘

v in (Q

w he re P , d e fi ne d by (1 ) nd
an d Q , I t w i ll pp e
ar e s ub s qu e n tly a a ar e

th t th es f m ul e ar e ac tu lly s y m p t o ti c e p ns i ons f J ( s e e 8 )
a e or a a a x a o , u ,

a nd Y ( s e c 8 ) w h e n
, v
i s l g e a nd 8 i s ny ss i g n d
,
ut e ngl e
v ar ,
a a e ac a .

F o m ul ae w h i h
r e l i d f s m ll lu es o f 8 i e asy m p to t i c e p nsi ons
c ar va or a va , ,
. . x a

of J ( ) ,
nd Y ( ) w h i h r e
z a l i d w h en nd a e b t h l ge n d e n e ly
,
2 c a va 2 a v r o ar a ar ar

e qu l a nn t e
,
i ly b e o bt ai n e d by t h i s m e t h o d ; but i t w i ll b e s e e n i n g 8 2
ca o as

th t for s c h l es o f t h e
a ,
u i bl e s
va u pp oxi m t i ons c n b e obt ai ne d by v ar a ,
a r a a

i g o o s m e th d s f m S ch l afl i s e x t e n s i on o f B es e l s i n t e g a l
’ ’

r r u o ro s r .

Th e r e ad e r wil l o b s er v e t h at th e a pp r o x i m ati o n h as b e en c arr i e d two s tag es fu r t h th

er an in
th e co r r e s p on d i ng a n al ys i s o f
8 2]
‘

-
F UN CT I O N S O F L AR G E O R D E R 229

N OT E . T h e d o m i nant t er m s i n t h e ex p a ns i o ns (5 ) and w ic h hm a
y b e w r i tt e n i n th e

J, = M, (Q M , s i n (Q,
( ) x c os , in) ,
Y, (x ) in)
w h er e

2
Q , J( v
. v
2
) % Vfl
'
v are s i n

h ad b e bt
e n o ai ne d t wo y ears b e fo re th e p bl i
u ca t i o n o f M ei s s el ’
s p p by L
a er . Lo r e n z i n a

m em oi r on P hy i s cal p
O ti cs , K . D a nslre Vi d e ns h a bernes S el s/ca bs S h if ter , (6) VI
—4 3 6 ]
.

[ Oeu v r es S ci en ti fi q u es, I . pp . 421

The p r o ce d u r e o f Lor e nz w as t o t a k e fo r g r a nt e d t h at, as a cons e q u e nce o f the r es u l t

w hi h h b
c as e en p r ov e d in

2
77 3 ?

and t h en to use th e e x ac t e q u a t i on

dx nx ll ’

w ic h hi s e as il yd e d u ce d f r om th e Wrons ki an for m u l a of 3 63 to p rov e t h at

Q , x —é vn d x,

w h e nce th e a pp ro xi m ati o n s t a t e d fo r Q , fo l l ow s w i t h t d i ffi
ou cu l t y .

Su b q se u e n t r es ea r c h es on th e l i n es l ai d d o w n by L o re n z a r e d u e to M acd onal d , P h i l .

Tr a ns . o
f th e R oya l S oc COX . . A pp . 1 3 1 —1 4 4, and N ic h ol s o n, P h i l M ag (6 ) X I
. .
V
.

pp . 697 —7 0 7 ; (6 ) X I X . pp 2 2 8— 2 4 9 ; 5 1 6— 5 3 7 ;
. P r oc . Lond on M a th S oc (2 ) . .

IX . pp 6 7 — 80 ; (2 ) X I
. . pp 1 0 4—1 2 6 A l t . . res u co n ce r ni ng Q , + 1 Q , ,
w ich h
is cl o s e l y c o nn e c t e d wit h h as b p b l i h d by A L d g
e en u s e . o e, B r i ti sh Associ a ti on Rep or t,

1 90 6, pp . 4 94 — 4 98 .

8 2 . Th e p r i nci p l e o
f s ta ti ona r
yp h a se . B essel f uncti ons
f
o e
q u al or d er

a nd a r u m ent
g .

Th e p i
r nc i pl
t t i on y p h s e w s fo m ally e nu nci at e d by K l i n i n
e of s a ar a a r e v
*

c onn e i n w i t h p obl e m o f H yd dyn m i th o ugh th e e s n e f th p i nci p l

x o a r ro a cs , se c o e r e

i s t o b e f n d in s o m e m h l i e w k by S t ok e s I n Ai y s i n t e g l 64 )
ou uc e ar r or
-
o r
’
ra

a nd P s e l s i nt e g l
ar nd l s o i n p os thu m o us p p e by Ri e m nn }
va
’
ra a a a a r a

The p r o bl e m h hK
w ic el v i n p p ro o u nd ed w as to fi n d an a pp r o x i m ate e x p res s i on for t h e
i nt eg r al

el m ,
2 7]
00 8 [ i n {x
w ic h h p ex r es s e s th e f
e fi e ot a t pl ace a n d ti m e ( x, t ) of a n im p ul s ive d i s tu r b a nc e a t pl ace a nd

tim e (0 , w h en
f( ) in i s th e v el o c i t y of p p g ti ro a a on o f t w o d i m e ns i o n al w a v es i n w a t e r
-

c orr es p on d i n g to a w av e l e ng t -
h2 / 7r 7 n . T h p i ipl e r nc e of i nt e r fere nc e s e t f th by
or S to k es

P hi l M ag . . pp 2 5 2 —2 5 5 [ M h . . at a nd P h ys P ap er s , I v
. . pp 3 03 .

I Ca m b P h i l T r a n s Ix pp 1 7 5 1 83 [ M h at a n d P h s P ap ers , I I
y pp 3 4 1 ,

—
. . . .
. . . . .
,

i G es M a th Wer k e
. .
(L i p ieg z pp 4 0 0
, 40 6 . .
23 0 T H E OR Y O F B E S S E L F UN CT I O N S [ C H A R VII I

and Rayl e i g h i th n eir tr eat m e nt of g r ou p -

v e l o ci t y an d w av e -
v el oci t y sug g e s t ed t o K e l v i n
t h at, for l arg e v al u e s o f x tf (m ) , th e p ar t s o f j sh e i nteg ral o u ts i d e th e r an
g (p e .
n I a) a, - -

o f v al u e s o f m ar e neg l ig i l e b o n a c cou n t o f i n te rfer e nce i f I“ i s a v al u e (o r t h e v al u e ) o f m

w ic h hm k a es

d
,m Im {x

I n th e ra n g e (I
i — a, n+ a ) , t h e e x r es s i o n m {x p is t h e n re pl ace d

t h r ee te r m s of i ts ex p a ns i on by y
T a l o r s t e or e m , nam el y
’
h
7“ ix tf <n>l + 0 o
(m —n>
-
” —
tt i ef (M+ 2f (l l l (m nl
z ’
u .

a nd i t i s fou nd t h at, if
N/ Q,
°
0
m
Jl

{W
2
. } a.

I n th e l as t i nteg r al th e l i m i ts fo r a, w ic h h ar e l ar g e e ven t h ou g h a be s m al l , h av e b e en

re pl a ce d by co an d co

fr om th e fo r eg o i ng anal s i s t at K el v i n s r i nci l e i s , e ffe c t i v e l , t at i n

I t w il l b e s een y h ’
p p y h
th e ca se of th e i n teg r a l of a r ap id l y os cil l a ti ng f u ncti o n , th e i m p or ta nt p a r t of th e i n teg r a l i s

d u e to th a t p a r t of th e r a ng e of i n teg r a ti on nea r wh i ch th e p h a se of th e tr ig ono m etr i ca l

f u ncti on i nvol v ed i s s ta ti ona ry t .

ub se qu en tly b e e n n t i ce d ]: th t i t i s p o s s i bl e t g i e f m al
It h as s o a o v a or

m a th e m at i c l p o f o f K e l i n s p i n ci p l e for l g e l s s o f o s i ll a t i n g fu n t i o n s
’
a ro v r ,
a ar c a c c ,

byu s i n g B o m w i c h g e ne ra l i s t i on § o f an i n t e g l fo m ul a d u e to D i i c hl e t
’
r s a ra r r .

T h e fo m o f B o m w i h s th e o e m w h i c h w i ll b e ad e q t e fo th e pp l i ca
’
r r c r ua r a

t i ons o f th e p i nci p l e t o B e ss e l fu n c t i o ns i s s fo ll o ws
r a

L et F f
()
x be a u n cti on o
f x whi ch h a s l i m i ted tota l fl u ctu a ti on wh e n x 2 0;
l et 7 be a f u ncti on of wh i ch i s s u ch th a t Th en if 1

—
vr 00 as v oo
v y ,

F (+ 0 ) F (+ 0 ) F s in l aw ;

a nd , a ced b c o s i n e s th r ou g h o u t
if 0 ,u 1 , th e S i ne s m a y be re
p l y .

Th e m e th od w h i h c h as j u s t b e en ex pl ai n e d wi ll no w be u s ed to O bt i
a n an

h
T i s i s th e a pp p i
ro r ate s u b ti t
s u ti o n w h en m {x—tf (m) } h as a m i ni m u m at m z
a; fo r a

m ax i m u m th e si g n of th e ex p re s s i o n u n d er th e r ad i c a l is c h an g e d .

A p er s i s ten t s ear c h r e v eal s trace s of th e u se of th e p i i pl

r nc e i n t h e w r i ti n g s ofCa uc y S e e h .

e .
g . e q u ati o n (1 1 9) i n n o te 16 of h i s T h eor i e d e l a p r op a g a ti o n d es 0 nd es , cr o wn e d S e t 1 8 1 5 , p .

M em p r es en tes p a r d i v er s
.
’ ’

s a v a n ts , I .
[ Oeu v r es , (1 ) I . p .

1 P r o c Ca m b P h i l S oc
. . . . x rx . pp . 4 9— 5 5 .

B r om w i c h , T h eor y o f I nfi ni te S er i es , 17 4 .
 THEO R Y OF B E S S EL F U NCTIO N S [ CH AR VI U

B y m e ans o f som e t e d i o u s i nt e g rat i ons by p a t s r

*
,
it is p os s i bl e to o bt ai n
a s e co n d app ro xi m a t i on n m e ly ,
a

F e) 3 %P ( g
(2 ) + o ( u ) ,

2 h i 4.o7 m %
1

and i t m ay a l so b e p rov e d th t a

—
?
3 1 F e)
(3 ) JV (v ) o (v
2, W ,
a n a ss o c a e i t df orm ul a is
3 % r ( ) 1

<4) m o m

2, 7 TU 1
The y m p t o t i c e p ns i on s o f w h ic h t h e s e e s ult s gi e th e d o m i n nt
as x a ,
r v a

te r m s, w i ll b e i n e s t i g t e d w i th t h e a id o f m o e p o w e ful ana ly t i ca l m a h i ne y
v a r r c r

in 84 2 .

M ei ss el
’
s th i r d exp a ns i on .

Th e i n t e g ra lj u s t d is c u ss e d h s b e e n u s e d by C u c h yl nd M e is s l i: to a a
'
a e

o bt i n t h e fo m l
a s y m p t o t i c e p n s i on o f J (n) w h e n n i s a l a g e i n t e g e
r a a x a , r r .

I t w i ll n o w b e e p l a in e d h o w th i s e x p n s i o n w as o bt i n e d by Ca c hy n d (i n
x a a u a

a m o e com p l e t e f
r m ) by M e i s s e l ; t h e th e o e t i ca l j u s t i fi t i on o f t h e p o
or r ca r

c e s s e s e m p l o y e d w i ll b e i n e s t i g t e d i n v a

T k i n g t h e f m ul
a or a

J n (n) cos
{
n (9 sin 99 ,

l et us wr i te 9 si n 9 M; 3
it th e n fo ll o ws th a t ,
fo r s uffi ci e ntly s m ll a va lu e s
m“
2 i m a ;
m =0

>‘o = 1 , K1 hs =
fi im > X4 = f
T r§ 4
3
0

It fo ll ows th t a

J" (n) 2 (2 m m
(% ffi d 9
1 ) Km t ) cl 9
3
c os 72t .

m : 0

Wh en n is l ge ar , é nt
3
is l a ge r at th e u pp l i m i ter ,
an d M e i s s e l i n fe r r e d th t a

N 1 00

2 (2 m
‘
Jn ( )
n 1 ) Km . G t c os (lg n t ) (l t
3
,
77 m : 0 0

S ee P r oc C a m b P h i l S oc x rx pp 42 —4 8
—
. . . . . . .

T Comp tes R end u s ,

-
x xxv n I pp 990 —993 1 1 04 1 1 07 [ Oeu w es (1 ) XII
—1 7 0 ]
.
.
, . , .

pp 1 61 — 1 64 , 1 6 7
—1 5 4
.

I As tr
. . N a ch . c xx v n . c ol . 3 59 —3 62 ; c xxv m . co l . 1 45 . Co n ce r n i ng
for m u l a M ei s s e l s tat ed Sc h o n v or d rei s s i g Ja h r en w a r i ch zu fo l g e n d en F or m e l g el ang t .
”
 -
22 ] F U N CT I ON S OF LAR G E O RDE R 23 3

w h e e G i s thr e s i g n i n d i ca t i n g a ge n e l is e d i nt e g l
ra an d h n by ra e ce ,

i n t e g at i n g t e te sing E l e s f m l M e i ss e l d e d d th t
’

r rm -
by -
rm an d u u r or u a, u ce a

(1 ) 2 an r em e b os e m r -
aw .

M eis s el al s o g av e a n a pp r o x i m a ti o n fo r v al i d w h en m i s l ar g e ; a nd t i s h a p p ro xi m a

hb
t i o n e x i i ts th e d i v e r g e nt c h ar ac t e r o f th e ex p ni
a s on

Th pp e a ro x i m a ti o n is o bt a i na bl by th e e th yd
e or ev el o p ed in t h e m e m o ir of D a r b o u x,
Sur l p
’
ap r o xi m a ti o n d es f o nc ti o ns d e t r es g
i
r a nd s n o m b re s ,
”
J ou r n a l d e M a th .
(3 ) IV .
(1 8 7 8 )
pp . 5 — 5 6, 3 7 7 — 4 1 6 .

We co ns i d e r th e s i ng u l a r i ti e s o f 9 g aa fu ncti o n of t; th e s i ng u l ar i ti e s
(w h er e 9 fa il s t o

b e m o no g e ni c ) ar e t h e p o m ts at w h h 9= 2ic r 7r a nd
L
w h ere r : 1, i 2, i 3 ,

a nd ne a r * t= th e d o m i na nt t er m s i n th e ex p a ns i o n o f 9 ar e

j; 2 71 i
'

By th e t h e ory o f D ar b o u x, an a pp r o x i m at i o n t o Am i s t h e su m of th e coe ffi c i e nts of

t2m + 1
i n th e ex p an s i o n s o f th e t w o fu n c t i o n s co m p r is e d i n t h e l as t f or m u l a t h at i s to sa
y
t h at

(l en fi
nfl
'

an d s o , by S ti r l i ng s
’
f o r m u l a,

(9 )
(1 8 9 1
‘

T hi s i s M e i s s e l
’
s a pp r o xi m at i o n ; an a pp ro xi m a ti o n o f th e s am e c h ar ac t e r w as O bt a i ne d

by Cau c hy ,
l oc . ci t .
,
p . 1 106 .

Th e ap p li ca ti onJ ( sec o
f K e l vi n s p r i ncip l e to
’

, v

T h p i n ci p l e o f s t t i onary p h s e h s b e e n pp l i e d by R yl
e r a a a a a e ig h l
' ‘
bt i n
to o a

a n a pp o i m t fo m l fo J ( s c 8 ) w h e e 8 i s
r x a e fi e d p si ti
r u a r , v e ,
r ,
a x o ve ac ut e ngl e a ,

a nd v i s l g ei ar .

As i n we ha e v

J , ( v sec 8) cos
{ v
(9 —s e c ,8 s i n

a nd 9 sec 8 sin 9 is
,
s a t t i o na y r (a m i ni m u m ) w hen 9 8 ,
.

Wr i t e 9 - sec 8 sin 9
, B ta n ,8 s o th t t d e c e a
q s to
a e r se z r o as 9 in
c re a s es f omr 0 to 8 ,
an d th e n i ncr e a se s a s 9 i nc e s e s f o m 8 t o W
r a r ,
.

T h ese
‘

ar e th e s i ng u l a r i ti e s w hi hc ar e n ea r es t t o th e ori g in .

1 P h i l M a g (6 ) x x
'
. . 1 00 4 [ S c i e n tifi c P ap ers , v
. p . p 62 0 ]
—144 ;
. . .

2: S e e al s o M ac d on al d , P h i l T r a ns of t h e R oya l S oc c cx A . . . . pp . 13 1 and P r oc .

R oya l S oc . L XX I . pp . 251 —2 5 8 ; L xx n . pp . 5 9— 68 .
23 4 THEO R Y OF B E S S EL F UN C T I O N S [ C H AR V II I

c os
{ v (9 sec 8 s in
,
d9

"~ B+ tan B

t an B —B
cos
{ v
(qb B ta n fi nd ‘ gP
_ d d)

d9 1
a nd as 9
d c]; t an ,8 )

H if gb (d 9/d ct) h as l i m i ted tota l

e nce ,
’f
fl u ctu a ti on i n th e r an e
g 0g 9g r ,
it
l ows f r om B r o m wi ch s th eo r em th a t
f
’
o l

co s
{ V (9 s ec 3
1
sin al l d 9 N 2 COS {D MD B t an E xt/
(2 533 1 151 3
, )

co s
{v(t an
6 8)
, in} ,

an d so

c os v (t an 8 B)
(1 ) J , (v s ec 8)
,

3 )
,
tan

Th e fo rm ul a

Sin
{ (
u tan 8 —} } 7 7r
(2 ) Y (v sec B) ~
,

MG} v 7 r t an 8 )
,

is de i
r ve d in a s i m i l ar m ann e r f om g 6 2 1
r

The r ea d er wi ll ob s e rve th at th ese e ar th e d om i n nt t e a rm s i n M e i s se l

’

ex p an s i o ns

To c om pl e te th e r1
g or o u s p r oof o f t h es e fo r m u l ae w e h av e to s h ew t h at ( )
j 5 h as
l i m i t ed t o tal fl u ct u ati o n .

N ow th e s q u ar e o f t ish f u nc t i o n, n a m e l y 1
<) is e q u al to

9 —s e c i n 9 —B 4 ta n — 8
(1 sec 8 co s
sa
y Bu t
—
.

co s B c os e c 9 (l s ec 8 co s 2 (9 sec Bs i n 9 S + t an
h (e)
’

cos B co s e c 9 (1 s ec {3 cos

The n u m e r at or , lv of h
t i s fr act i on h as th e d i ffe r en t i al c oe ffi ci e n t

2
co s 8 c os 9 cos e c 9 (1 s ec 3 co s

an d so h (9) d e cr e as es
'
s t e ad i l y as 9 i n cr eas e s fr o m 0 t o 1
3 5713 and t h en i n cr e as es s t ea d i l y
as 9 i ncr e as e s f ro m
$ 71 to s i nc e lc (9) = 0 wh e n i t fol l o w s t h at h
’

(e) g o
w h en O< 9 S B and h
'
(9) c h ang e s s ig n o n ce (fr o m ne g a ti v e to p o s i ti v e ) i n th e r a ng e

8s0 S 7h

H en ce J h (9) i s m o no t o n i c (and d e cr ea s i n g ) w h en 0 g 9 g B, a nd i t h as o n e s ta ti o nar y

p o i nt ( a m i n i m u m ) i n th e r a ng e [3 9 11
'
s i n ce | Jh is b o u nd e d a nd co n t i n u o u s

w h en 0 < 9( 77 it cons e q u e n tl yh as l i m i t e d t o t a l fl u ct u a t i o n w h en 0 9 < 7r

,
as h ad t o b e
p r ov ed .
23 6 THEO R Y OF BE SSEL F UN CT I O N S [ CHA R VI I I

Th e t u h s no w b e e n s e l e c t d * s th t th e i n t e gr n d d o e s n o t
co n o r a e o a a

o s i ll t e
c a p i dly o n i t ; nd o w e m ay e x p e c t th t n pp o i m t e l e o f
ra a s a a a r x a va u

t h e i n t e g a l w i ll b e d e t e m i n e d f o m
r on i d e t i on o f t h e in t e gr n d i n th e
r r a c s ra a

n e i ghb u h oo d o f t h e p ss
o r f o m t h e p hy s i a l p oi n t o f i e w w e h a e e a d e d
a : r c v ,
v v

t h e i n t e fer e nc e e ffe c t s ( f
r w h i c h o cc u w i th ny o th e t y p e of co n t o u
c . r a r r .

T h e m o d e o f d e i t i on o f as y m p t o t i c e p ns i on s f o m t h e i n t e g l w
r va i ll b e x a r ra

s e en c l e ly fr om th e s p e i l f n c t i ons w h i h w i ll b e s tud i e d i n 8 4 —8 4 3
ar c a u c ,

86 ,
but i t i s co n e n i en t to e n u n ci t e t th i s t g e l e m m a l w h i h w i ll
v a a s a a
' '
c

b e s ful s ub s e qu e nt ly i n p o i n g th t t h e e x p an s i on s w h i c h w i ll b e o bt a i n e d
u e r v a

ar e as y m p t o t i c i n t h e s e n se o f P o i n e car .

LE M M A . L et F (r ) be a n a l yti c wh en 7
lg a 8 w h er e
, a 0 8 ,
0 a nd l et

—
00

F (r )'
2 1
,
m =1

wh en | 7
'

g bei ng p os i ti ve ; a l s o l et
a, r ,
K b’
e , wh er e K a nd b ar e

os i ti ve nu m ber s i nd e end ent o h i s p os i ti ve a nd Th e n th e

f w 2
‘
p en a
p T , 7 7 .

a s ymp toti c exp a ns i on

dT ’
N am I
‘
(i n /1 ) 1P M "

is va li d i n th e s ens e o
f P oi nca r e w h e n v is su fi i ci entl g l ar g e a nd

| ar
g v
| g % —A -
7r ,

wh er e A i s an ar bi tr a r y p os i ti ve nu m ber .

It is evi d e n t th at ,
if M be an
y fi ed x i nt e g e r ,
a co ns a n t t K, ca n be fo u nd
s u c h th a t
Il l —l
m =l

w h ene v er
-
r 2 0 w h e th e r 7
'
S a or r 2 a ; an d t h e r e fo r e

dT ‘
2 RM ,

m =1 0

w he re X1 T own —eb 1 r
d,

(v ) bl fl /r

0 (v
p rov ided
th at R ( ) b w h i c h i s th e cas e w h e n v b co s e c A
, 1! . Th e a na ly si s
r e m ai n s V l i d e v e n w h e n b i s
a f n c t i o n o f s c h th a t R ( ) a u 1! u v b is not s m a ll

c o m p are d w i th We h a e th e e fo e p o e d th a t
v . v r r r v

111 -
1
e
‘
W
F (
7 ) dT '
2 am F (m /r ) v
“
m ” '

0 01
m=1

a nd s o th e lem m a is es a t bl is h e d .

F or an ac c o u n t o f r e s e a r c h es i n w ic h h th e co n to u r i s th e r eal ax i s s ee pp . 1 3 43 13 50 of

B ur k h ’
ar d t s ar ti cl e i n th e E ncyc l op ad i e d er M a th
'

. Wi s s . 11 . 1
1 Cf P r oc L ond on M a th S oc (2 )
. . . . xv rr . p . 13 3 .
8 3 1]
-
F UN CT I O N S OF LAR GE O R D E R 23 7

’
*
88 1 . Th e cons tr u cti on o f D ebye s contou r s w h en th e va r i a bl es a r e r ea l .

I t h as b een s e en in h t th e a i u s ty p e s
6 2 6 21 t
,
a v r o of f u nc ti on s a ss oc i a t e d
wi th J , ( ) x c an be r e p e s e n t e d by i n t e g
r l s o f t h e fo m ra r

a: s i nh w v w
dw

ta k l g s i t abl e co nt s O n th e hy p th es is th t n d a e p s i ti e
e n a on u ou r . o a v a a; r o v ,

w e s h ll n o w am i ne w h e th e n
y o f t h e co n t o
exa s pp p i a t e fo th e r a ur a ro r r

m e th d o f s t e p es t d e s c e n t s
o o f t h e ty p s i n e s t i g t e d i n
e 6 21 ar e e v a .

I n cc d ance w i th t h e p i nci p l e s o f t h e m e th o d o f s t e e p e s t d e s ce nt s
a or s r , a

e xp l ine d i na 8 3 w e h a e fi s t t o fi nd t h e s t t i o n y p o i n t s o f
,
v r a ar

in h w w a sc v ,

a f nc t i o n o f w i e w e h a e t
u s l e th e q ati n v o o v e u o
q u , . .

(1 ) ac c o s h w —v = 0 ;

a nd it is th a t w e s h ll h av e t h r e e d i s t i nc t c s e s to co n i d e
at o nce s e en a a s r,

i n w h i c h x / i s l e s s th n g e a t e th n o e q
v l t 1 e s p e c t i e ly We con
a ,
r r a , r ua o ,
r v .

sid e th e s e th e e cas e s i n tu n
r r r .

(1 ) Wh e n x /v 1 , we can fi nd a p os i t i v e n u m be r a s u c h th a t
(2 ) v
. v sec h a,

an d th en th e com pl t e e so lut i on of (1 ) is

w i a 2 n7 r i .

It w i ll b e su ffi ci en t
fi n e o a t t e n t i o n t o t h e s t a t i o na y p o i n t s t i a t
to co n ur r a

th e s e p oin t s t h e i m gi na y p t o f x sin h w w i s e ro nd s o t h e q t i on
a r ar v z ,
a e ua

o f t h e c on t o to b e d i s c u s s e d i s
ur

[ (x s i n h w w) 0 v .

W i te wr i w he e u v az u e l n d th i s e q
v, ti on b e com e s
r ,
re r a ,
a ua

c sh in v v c sh 0 o u s o a ,

s th t v 0 o
o a ,
r

(3 )

Th e co n to u r v t e g l We th e fo e ons id e
0 gi v es a d i v e r gen t in ra . er r c r th e
c nto g i e n by e q t i on
ou r T v lu e o f v b e tw e n 0 nd W c ua o va s e a ,
o rr e

o nd p i s o f v l e of w h
a r i ch e eq l b t o pp
a u i t e in isg n ; nd it ar ua u os s a as v
s
p
i n c e s e f m 0 t W t h e p os i ti e
r a s l u e o f s te d i ly i nc e s s f o m t
ro o ,
v va u a r a e r a o co

Th e c o n to u r s i n v e s ti g a te d in t is h s e c ti o n ar e t hh h w di
ose w ic er e s cu s s e d i n D e ye s b ’
e ar l i e r

pp a er , M a th A nn . . L X VI I . pp . 53 5 —5 5 8 , e xc e p t th t t h i i t i
a e r o r e n at o n is d i ffe r e n t ; c f .

1 Th e
1
e ff ec t of t ak i n g s tati o n ar y p o i n ts o th erth anld b i a wou e to tra n s l a te th e co n to u r

p ar al l e l to th e i m a g i n ar y a x i s .
 THE O R Y — CHA
23 8 O F B E S SE L FU N CT I ON s [ R VI I I

The qu t i on i s u n l t e e d by ch n g i ng t h e i gn
e a a r a
‘

s of v an d so th e con o t u r is
s y m m e t i ca l w i th
r eg d t o th e e s ; t h e s h p e
r ar ax a of th e p t ar of th e c nt
o ou r

b e t w e en v nd = i s h e w n i n Fi g 1 6
71 a v 77 s . .

If s in h a a cos h a (s i n h w w co s h a ) ,

it is ea s y to v er i fy th t
h h i s e a l n th e c u
a 7 (w i c r o r v es s h e wn in t h e figu re )
i nc r e a s e s i n th e d i e c t o n s i n d i c t e d by t h e
r l ow s a ar r .

As w t e l s a l n g t h e co nt
r av f om w
o i to ou r r 7r 00 wi , 7 d ec r e a s es f om
r

00 t 0 n d th e n i n
o a s e s to n d s i n e by
cr e a co a c ,

x s i nh
J V ()
x e
w v w
dw ’

we h av e o bt a i ne d a cu r v e fro m w ic h h we can de r1 v e I n o r m a f t i o n c nce ni n g o r

J , ()a h e n w
w n d e l g e and / < v1 T
ar h e de t ar a x v . a i l e d d i c s s i on o f t h e
s u

i n t e g l wi ll b e g i e n s ub s e qu e n t ly i n
ra v 84 8 5 ,
.

T eh co n t o s f o m t ur i i g i
r e i n f m t i n co
co n e n i nog s
00e co n d 7r v or a o c r a

s ol t i n o f B es
u o l s e q ti n ; but th i s p r bl m i s co m p l i te d by S t k
se
’
ua o o e ca o es
’

p h e n o m e n on n c n t o f t h e t w o s t t i n a y p i n t s n t h e c n t u
,
o a cou a o r o o o o r .

1
( )1 W h en / 1 w e c n fi nd x v p i ti e ,
t n gl e 6 s ha th t a os v acu e a ,
’
uc a

(4 ) a; 11 s e c 5 ,

a nd th e l
r e e v an t s t a t i on ar yp oin s, t w hi h c ar e n o w r oo t s o f th e e q ti
ua on

c os h w os 8 c ,
0 ,

ar e w i i8 , .

Wh e n we t kea th e s t a t i o nar y p oin t i B , th e co n o u r t w h ich we o bt ai n is

[ (s i n h w —w c os B) —
B B CO B S ,

so t h t a ,
re pl ac in g w by u i v th e
,
e q i
u a t on o f th e c nt u o o r is

(5 )
2 40 THEO R Y OF B E S SEL F UN CT I O N S [ CHA R VI II

(I II ) Th e ca s e h h = m may b e d e i ed as l i m i t in g ca s e e i th e
in w ic u r v a r

f om
r (I ) or f om
r (I I ) by t k i n g o 8 e qu l to 0 T h e u e s n ow t o b e co n
a a r ,
a . c rv

s id e r e d ar e v 0 an d

(6) co s h u
/
v si n v ,

a nd th e y ar e s h ew
n in Fi
g . 18 .

Fi g . 18 .

”
We obt ai n i f
n or m a t i on co n c e r ni n g J (v ) and H (y ) by cons i d er ing th e
H
c u r ve s fro m to i i while on 00 7r ,
i n fo r m at i on c on ce r n i n g J (v ) i s o bt ai ne d ,

f o m th e c u e w h i c h p ass e s f m
r rv ro 00 7r i to 00 ml Th e d et i led
a i n v e s ti ga
t i on w i ll b e gi e n i n v

G eo m etr i ca l p r op er ti es f D e bye s ’
o co n tou r s .

A n i nt e r e s t i ng r es ul t w ic h h w il l b f e o u nd to be i m p o rt ant i n d ea l i ng w it h z er o s of

B e s s e l fu n c t i o n s (S an d whi h i l c s a s o u s ed in p ro vin
g ce r ta i n a pp r o xi m a t e f
o r m u l ae

h h wil l
w ic be s t a te d in is as s o c i a t e d wit h th e s e c o nd o f th e t h re e co n t o ur s j ust d is
c u ss ed (F i g 1 7 . of The t h e ore m in q u e s ti o n is t h at th e s l op e * o f th e br a nch fr om
co to co + 1r i i s p os i ti v e a nd d o es no t ex ceed J3 .

It i s e v i d e nt t h at , for t h e cu r v e in q u e s t i o n,

fi s in (v —B) —( v B) cos v co s B
h C t -

sin u
dv Si n v
;
But sin (
v 6) s ec v (v 8) co s B h as th e p os i t i v e d e r i v at i v e c os 3[ t an2 v, a n d h e n ce it
fo l l o w s t h at
sin ( v 6) —
( B) c o s
v v co s B
h as t h e s am e s i g n i
L
as v —B . T h e re fo r e s i n c e v 8 and u ar e b th p
o o s i ti v e or b th
o ne g a t i v e

fo r th e c u r v e u n d e r c o n s i d era t i o n, d v/d u i s p o s i ti v e .

P roc . Cam b P h i l . . S oc . xi x . p . 1 05 . S i n c e , i n th e l i m i t i ng cas e (Fi g . 1 8) i n w i c h h

5 = 0 th e s 10 p e i s 0
. on t h e l e ft of th e orig in a nd is i m m e d i ate l y on th e rig ht of th e or i g i n, n o
b tt
e er re s u l t s o f h
t i s ty p e e xi s t .

1 T is ish o b v iou s fr om a fi g u re .
8 3 2 , 8 4]
- -
F UN CT I O N S O F LAR GE O R DE R 241

Ag ai n, t o p rov e t h at d v/d u d o e s -
n o t e xc e e d $3 ,
w e w r i te

a nd t h en it is s u ffi c i e n t to p rov e t h at

2 ?
()
’
3 l
xf v
i (v )
«f 1 2 0 .

N o w th e ex p re s s i on o n th e l e t (w i c f h h v a n is h es w h en v z
fi ) h as t h e d e r i v a te
far <v >13 V (v ) v < v>1
w ()
3
v
—
[ ( B) {
v
2
sin v 3 co s
2
v } co s B + s in
2
v sin B 3 co s v s in (v
sin v

s in
2
v S in [3 3 c os v s i n (
v —B)
(v 3 ) co s B+ sin 2
z
v 3 co s v

4
4 s in v co s 6
h a s th e p os i ti v e d e r i v ate
i 2 2 2
a nd so, s i nce it is p os i tiv e w h en v = 0 i t is
+3 )
,
(s n v co s v

p o s i ti v e w h en 0 v T h f
e r e o r e , s i n ce \ V(v ) h as t h e s a m e s i g n as v B, i t f llo ows t h at

(v) If
‘ (v) ]
h a s th e s am e S i g n as v 3 ,
a n d co ns e q u e n tl y
Sr ? —
() v
v
2
<v >+ 1
h as v= B for i ts o nl y mi ni m u m b e tw e e n v =0 a nd v = 7r ; a nd t h e r e fo r e i t is no t n e g a ti v e .

T ish p rov es th e r e s u l t s ta t e d .

Th e as m
y p toti c exj ii a ns i on
le
f
o J , (v s e c h a) .

ult s ob t in d i n
F ro m t h e resw e s h ll n o w o bt i n t h e s y m p t t i c a e a a a o

e p n s i n o f t h e fu n c t i on
x a o f th e fi t k i nd i n w h i c h t h e gu m e n t i s l es s th n
o rs ar a

th o de e b th b e i n g l ge nd p si t i e
r r, o ar a o v .

We e t i n th e n o t at i on o f 8 3 1 (I ) ; nd i t i s l
r a
-

t h a t co e p nd i n g t o a c e ar ,
rr s o

a n
y p os i t i e al e f th e e
v e twv a lu e s o f w w h i c h w i ll b
u o
‘
T ca ll e d w
,
nd r ar o v ,
e 1 a

w ; th e al es f w
, vn d w d i ffe
u n ly i n th e s i gn o f th e i i m ag i na y p
o 1 a t nd 2 r o r r ar ,
a

i t w i l l b e s pp o e d t h t u s a

I (w ) ? 0
We t h en h av e
J , (v s e c h a )

w he re x v sec h 01 .

N ex t w e d i sc u ss th e ex p a ns i o n s of w1 an d w2 i n as ce n d ing p o w e rs of 7 .

S i nce h w h en w =
1 and d T /d w v an i s a, it fo ll o ws th t t h e p ns i o n f
a ex a o T in
p w e s o f w b e g i n wi t h t e m i n
o r a s a r (w by e e ti n g th i s e p n
r v r x a i
s on,

w e o bt i n e x p ns i n f th e f m
a a o s o or

7 5 mm )
,
wz _ a = g am .

m =0 m 1 m 1

Th e a s ym pt tio c ex p an s i o n s c o n tai n e d in t i s h s ec ti o n an d in 8 42 were e s ta bl i hs ed

b
by D e ye , M a th Ann . . v 11. pp . 53 5 —5 5 8 .

W . B . F .
2 42 THEO R Y O F B E S SE L F UN CT I O N S [ CHA R VIII

an d , by Lagran g e
’
s t h e or e m th e s e exp
,
an s o n s i ar e v a lid fo r s uffi ci e n tly sm a ll
va lu es of 7 M or e o v e r
1 d i v1 dr
(d
‘

27 m r T%
' W“ )
1 (“fl dw
2 77 i 7 5 W“ )

Th e d o ubl e ci c i t i n th e p l ane i s n e ce ss y i n o d e to d i s p os e of t h e
r u r -
ar r r

fr act i ona l p o we s o f and a s in gl e ci c u i t o u nd i n t h e w p l ne co re s p ond s

r r r a -
a r

to a d o ubl e ci c u i t o u n d th e i gin i n t h e p l a ne F r m t h e l s t c nt
r r or T -
. o
“

a o ou r

i n t e g a l i t f ll w s th t m i s t h e c oe ffi ci e n t f 1 /(w —a) i n th e e p n s i n o f
r o o a a o x a o

i n asce n d i ng p w e s o f w — a ; we e thu s e n bl e d t o c l c u l a t e t h e
o r ar a a

c o e ffi ci e n t s a m .

W i t e w a W a nd w e h a e
r : v

s i n h a (co s h W
7 1) co s h a (s i n h W W)
W (o 2
o 01 Wl - -
c2 W+ 2

w h er e 0 0 sin ha ,
c1 cos h a, 02
1
7 ,
sin ha , T h e r e fo r e am i s th e
co e ffi c i e n t of W m
i n th e ex p a ns i o n o f {0 0 c1 W+ 0 W 2
2

Th e coe ffi c i e n s t i n t h is ex p an s i o n wi ll be ca ll e d ao (m ) , al (m ) , a2 (m ) ,

an d so we h av e

ac (m )
—5 ( m + l c1
(m )
ia
al 00 '

2 . 1I c0
2
m + l
'

cl
{ (m + 1 )
(m )
r
‘
’
cs
m + 1 2 cl og
a. (m ) co
2 . 1I
'

c0 00
2

(m +

m + 1 c4
a4 ( )
m
2 l ! C0
4

(m + 1 ) (m 3 ) (m 5) c2

2 3
. 3 ! 00
3

(m 1 ) (m 3 ) (m 5 ) (m 7) 01
4

00
K

On s ub t i t t i o n w e
s u fi ndth t a

ao ao
% s i n h ) 5 a ,

a1 a1 (1 ) — s i n h ) {4
2 a
‘
1

si nh th
(2 ) {g 2 }
5 2
a2 a2 7 co a
4 ,

sinh co th co th
(3 ) ) l
‘
2 4 3
a3 a3 a a d
7 7 ,

a4 a4 —l s i n h
2 {n 3 5 — ot1 + 3, g
7 7
. c
2
1 a
‘
3
-

coth a
4
} ,
2 44 THEO R Y OF B E SSE L F UN CT I ON S [ CHAR VII I

Th e as ymp toti c exp a ns i o ns

-

bf J (11 s e c 8 ) , ,
a nd Y , (u s e e
In § 8 4 we y m
o p t o t i c e p n s i o n o f a B es s e l f nc t i o n i n
bt ain e d th e as x a u

w h i c h t h e a gu m nt w s l es th an t h e r d e
r e b o th b e in g l a g e ; w e s h a ll n w
a s o r, r o

o bt ai n t h e as y m p t o t i c e x p n s i n s o f f nd m e nt a l s y s t e m f s o lut i ons o f
a o a u a o

B e s s e l s e q a t i n w h n t h e a gu m e n t i s g ea te th an t h e o d e b o th b e i n g l g e
’
u o e r r r r r, ar .

We e tai n th e n o t t i on o f 8 3 1 (II ) i t i s c l e th a t c o e s p on d i n g to ny
r a ar , rr a

p os i ti e alu e o f th e e e t w o alu es o f w lyi ng o n th e con t o u w h i c h

v v T, r ar v r

p ass es f om r to i th e s e v l e s wi ll be ca ll e d w nd w
00 00 7r nd i t w i ll a u 1 a , ,
a

b e s u pp o s e d th t a

R (w, ) 0 ,
R (w , ) 0 .

We th en h av e
e
"i “
M B 5)-

d w1 d w2
H ( U see 8)
,
7r i dr dT ‘

w he re x = v sec B . The ly s i n ow p o e e d s e c tly o n t h e l in e s o f § 8 4

a na s r c xa

e xce p t th t a a is r e p l ce d th o ugh o ut by i 8
a n d t h e B e s s l fu nc t i on i s o f t h e
r , ,
a e

t h i d k i nd
r .

It i s thu s fo u n d th at
d i v1 d wg l am F (m
dr dr i x
W i
r t

d ete ph th bse th at
—
To rm ine th e of a, is
as e ,
at of
% i s in we o rve

ar
g {( 1
w i ,8 ) /r } i n as 7 0 ,
an d s o

W
a0 e / (} 1 S in

Con s e qu e n tly
v i (t a n fi —fi ) -

} 1r i so
Am
w
e
2
1 H fl)
( ”s e N
S
fin B)
y

ve v vr t an s
. r e) e m t an

l ke m
In i a nn e r , by tak i n g a s c on o t u r th e re fl e i
x on o f th e p r e ce d i ng cont o u r

in th e e l r a ax i s o f th e w p l n e -

a ,
w e fi nd th t a

—i v (tan B co
e

th e s e fo l h i ch l id wh en fi e d p si ti te
'

In r m u a e, w ar e v a 8 is
,
a x o v e ac u

an d v i s l ge ar an d p os i ti v e w e ,
h av e to m a k e th e su b s t i t t i o ns
u

AO : — 0 0 b2 8
4 , ,

(3 ) A2 1 3s 3 7 6
7 7
00 9 3 co t
“
,
8 ,

If w e co m b i ne (1 ) an d w e fi nd t h t a

< 4) J . < v s ec s )
P <2 m + 2) Az m
CO S (V E
0 P (F) tan 3 )

+ s in
( v ta n ,8
— 8 —i ) 2
v, 7r
m= o
 F UN CT I ON S OF LA R GE O R D E R 2 45

(5 ) Yy (1/ S OC B) N

m ‘
l I (m+
2 l
) Ae
00
2 m
( tan ,8 E
1
In V . .

4
m z
o F V tan 3 )

F (é v ta n g )
am +
’

m z
o 1

Th e d om i n nt t e m s i n t h es e
a r ex p a n s i on s ar e th ose o bt ain e d by th e p r nc i i pl e

o f s tati n y p h as e i n g
o ar

A s ymp toti c exp a ns i ons o f B ess el f u ncti ons wh os e or d er a nd a r

g u m e nt

a r e nea r l eq u a l
y .

for m l e w h i c h h e b e e n e s t bl i s h e d i n 8 4 8 4 1 o b i o s ly f i l
Th e u a av a ,
v u a

t o gi e d qu t e pp o i m t i n s w h e n a (or 8 ) i s s m all th t i s w h e n t h
v a e a a r x a o , ,
a e

ar gu m en t nd o d e o f th e B es s e l f n ct i o n n ce ne d a e n e ly qu l I t i
a r r u co r r ar e a . s,

h o w e e p os s i bl e to u s e t h e s m e m e th d f d e t m in i ng sy m p t t i e
v r, a o or er a o c x

p ans i ons i n th e s e ci c u m s t ance s and i t h pp e ns th t no comp l i ca ti ons a i s e by

r ,
a a r

s up
p os i ng th e va r i a bl es to be comp l ex .

Acco r d i n gly w e s h ll d i s
a cu ss th e fu nc t i o ns
H r) H i m
() z ,

w he re Z an d v l g e m dul s s u ch th t
ar e co m pl ex nu m be rs of ar o u ,
a z — v is
n t l
o g I t w i ll pp e a th t i t i s n e e ss y t s s u m e th t
ar e . a r a c ar o a a z v 0 ( ) at ,
in
o de
r th t th e t m s o f l o w n k i n th e e xp ans i o ns m ay b e s m ll
r a er ra a .

We s h ll w i t e a r

v z (1 e ) ,

a nd it is co n v e n i e n t to s u pp os e t e m p o rar i ly th t a

a
g z r
% 7r .

We th en h av e
v)
. + 1r i

s inh
1) H (z ) 7r
ex
p {2( w w) z ew
} dw ,

w he re th e co n o u r t is th a t s h e w n i n F i g . 18 ; on th i s t
co n o u r s i n hw
an d ne g tia ve .

\Ve w r i te
7 w S l nh w,

an d th e lu e s o f w cova r re s p nd i ng t ny p i t i
o lu o a os ve va e of 7 wi ll be ca ll e d w1

an d w of w hich w is
, , 1 a co m pl nu m b
exw i th p iti er a os v e rea lp t ar ,
a nd w2 i s
a re al ne g ti e n u m b e a v r .

We th e n h e av

H () ( ) dr
(2 ) z ex
p 2 6 10 2 .
2 46 THEO R Y OF B E SS EL F UN C T I O N S [ CHA R VIII

8
The ex p a ns i o n o f 7 in p ow e r s o f w b e gi ns w i th a te rm in W , a nd h e nce w e
o bt ai n ex p an s on s o fi th e fo rm

e xp (
z e wl ) _
“
7 bm T
d7 m =0

d w2 "m m
zew ) 2 3 ( bm
(
“
" 3
ex e
p dT
o r
m =o

an d th e s e are v a l i d w h en 7
°

is s uffi ci e n tly sm a ll .

To d e t er m ine th e coe ffi ci e nt s we o bse rv e th a t

ex (z ew l )
p

dw
ex
? h <m + 1 >
(w s in

As i n t h e l go u s i n e s t i g t i o n o f § 8 4 s i ngl e ci rc u i t i n t h e p l n e
a na o v a ,
a r -
a

i s i n d e q t e nd t h e t i p l e ci c i t i s n e ce s s a y t o d i s p os e o f t h e f c ti o n l
a ua ,
a r r u r ra a

p ow e s o f ; t i p l e ci cu i t o u n d th e o i g in i n th e p l ane co e sp ond s
r 7 a r r r r r -
rr

to aS in gl e ci c u i t i n t h e w p l an e
r -
.

It fo ll ow s th a t is e q l ua to mu lt i p l ied by th e co e ffi ci e nt of w ’”

in th e ex p a n s i on o f

e xp (z ew ) {(s in h w

Th e coe ffi ci e n s t i n th i s ex p an s i on wi ll b e c ll e d b (m )
a 0 , b1 (m ) b3 (m )
, , so th t a

bm (m ) .

It is ea s y to s h ew th a t
b0 (m )

b1 (m ) 62

b2 (m ) 6 2 W“ )

F or b r ev i t y w e w r i te

bm (m ) 3 m “ Em
6 )
(ez ) ,
2 48 THEO R Y OF B E S SE L F UN C T I O N S [ CHAR V II I

We n e x t co ns i t t t w h i c h th e nd i t i n | a g l 5 3 w h i c h
de r th e e x en o co o r z 71

h as s f b e en i m p o s e d n fo m ul e (5 )
o ar i s r e m o bl e o r a va .

T h e s i n gul a i t i e s o f th e i n t e g n d i n
r
q fu n c t i on o f ar e th e al es ra ua T, v u

of for w h i c h w (
7 w ) f i l s t o b e a m o no g e ni c fu n t io n o f
1 or 2 s o th t t h e
a c 7 ,
a

s i ng l i t i es a e t h e a lu e s o f c
u ar r e s p o n d i n g t o th o s e
v l u es o f w f w h ic h or r va or
°

d r /d 'w
'
0 .

T h ey ar e th er e fo re th e p oi n s t
‘
T 2 n 7 ri ,
w he u m e s al l in t e g l a lu e s
r e n ass ra v .

I t i c ons e qu e n tly p e m i s s i bl e t o s w i ng t h con t o u r th o ugh ny n gl e 7

s r e r a a 7

l es s th n a i ght n gl e (e i th e p os i t i e ly o ne ga t i e ly ) nd w e th e n
a r a r v r v ,
a

o bt i n t h e
a n lyt i c co n t in u t i o n o f
a a () 0 e th ng a ov r e ra e
°

2 1

én 7 g 5
7 7 Bar
y g i i n g 7 s u i t bl e a l e s w e t h s fi nd th t
z 7 7 . v 7 a v u ,
u a

t h e e x p ns i o ns (5 )
a e l i d o v e th e e t en d e d re gi on ar va r x

If we co n fi ne o u r a t te n ti o n to r eal v a r i a bl es , we s ee th at th e s ol u ti o n of th e p bl ro em is
not q u i t e co m pl e te ; we h av e d e te r m i n e d as ym p t o tic e x p a ns i o n s o f J, (x ) va l id w h e n x a nd

v ar e l ar g e a nd (i ) x v / 1, (ii ) x / v 1, (iii ) x v
I not lar g e co m p ar ed wit h x
ii
. B ut t h e re

ar e t ra ns i ti o nal r eg io ns b et we en (i ) an d (ii i ) a nd al s o b e twe e n (i i ) a nd

(ii i) a nd in th es e

—|
,

tr ans i ti o n al r eg i o ns x / v is near l y q e u al to 1 w i l e h | x v i s l ar g e . In t h e se t r a ns i ti o nal

r eg i o ns sim pl e ex p a ns i o ns (i nv o l v i ng e l e m e nt ar yf u n c t i o n s o nl yi ht
n e ac erm ) do no t e xi s t .

Bu t i m p or t an t a pp r o x i m at e fo r m u l ae h av e b ee n d i s co v e r e d by N i h l c o s o n, w ic h h i nv o l v e
B es s e l fu n ct i o n s o f o r d er s 1 4 . F or m u l ae of h yp
t is t e w i l l no w b e i n v e s ti g a te d .

Ap p r oxi m a te f or m u l a e va l i d i n th e tr a nsi ti ona l re

g i o ns .

Th e fai l u re o f th e f m l e o f 8 4 — 8 4 2 i n t h e t n i ti
or u a ra s on a l egi r o ns l ed
N i ch o l son *
to i n v e s t i g t e s ec o nd pp oxi m at ions to B es s e l s
a a r
’

i n t e g al r i n th e
fo ll ow i n g m ann e r :

In th e cas e o f f u nc t i on s of in t e g al r or de r n,

J , ( ) x (71 9 as s i n 9) d 9 ,

an d , h e n x a nd n a e ne ly e qu al (b o th b e i ng l g e ) i t fo ll o ws f o m K e l i n s
w .
r ar ar ,
r v
’

p inci p l e o f s t t i on y p h s e (g 8 2 ) t h t t h e i m p t nt p t o f th e p ath f
r a ar a a or a ar o

i n t e g t i on i s t h e p t on w h i h 9 i s s m ll ; n o w o n t h i s p rt o f t h e p a th
ra ar c a ,
a ,

s i n 9 i s a pp ox i m a t e ly e q l t 9 49 I t i s i nfe e d th t fo th e a l e s o f 3
r ua o . rr a ,
r v u

x a nd n n d e r co n s i d e
u t i on ra ,

J ” x ( ) N c os (n9 x9 % x9 ) d 9
3

N cos (n 9 x9 4 )
x 93
d 9 ,

P h i l M ag . .
(6) x rx .
pp . 2 47 —2 4 9 ; s ee al so E m d e , Ar ch i v d er M a t h a nd P h ys (3 )
—2 5 0
. .

xxi v . pp . 23 9 .
 F UN CT I O N S OF LAR GE O R DE R 24 9

an d th e l st
a ex p r e s s on i is o ne
“

of Ai ry
’
s in teg ls ra It f llo o ws t h a t,

w hen x n,
23 ( n x ) 3
(1 ) Jn ( )
x N

3 3 g

an d w h en
, x n,

(2 ) lJ -

1 Jl l ’

w he re th e ar gu m en t s o f th e B e ss e l f nc t i ns on th e i ght u o r ar e
4, { 2 ( x
n/
u i xi

The c o rr e s p o n d i n g fo m ul fo Y (x ) w h e n > n w
r a r n
, x as l
a so fo nd by
u

N i c h o l s on ; w i t h t h e n o t a ti o n e m p l y e d i n t h i w o k i t i s o s r

n
7
(3 ) 7 7, J _ g, .

h i e f d i s d an t age o f t h e s e fo m ul e i s th a t i t s e e m s i m p s ibl t
Th e c a v r a os e o

d e t e m i ne by go o u s m e th o d s th e i d om ains o f l i d i ty and th o d e f
r ,
ri r , r va e r r o

m g ni tud e f th e e o s i n t o du e d i n s i ng th e m
a o rr r r c u .

Wi th i e w to e m e dy i n g th i s
a V d e fec t W t s on e m i n d D bye fs
r ,
a
*
xa e e

i nt e g l s nd d i s co e e d a m e th o d w h i c h i
ra ,
a t h e o e t i c lly s i m p l e (t h o ugh
v r s r a

ac tu lly i t i s e y l b i o u s ) by m e n f w h i c h f m l e n l o g o t o
a v r a or ,
a s o or u a a a us

N i c h o l son s e o b t i h e d t o g e th e w i th n pp e l i m i t f th e e o s in l ed
’
ar a r a u r or rr r vo v .

T h e m e th d m p l oy e d i s t h e fo ll o w i n g
o e

D e by e s i nt e g l f B e s e l f n c t i o n w h os e d e e e d s i ts g m e n t
’
ra or a s u or r if x ce ar u

( s e c h ) m y b e w i t te n i n th e f m t
-
x 5 v a a r or

e
v(ta nh a —) a
+1 i r

J , (v s ec h a ) e
‘
m
dw ,

w h e re h (co s h w 1 ) c os h a ( i n h w w ) s in a s ,

t h e con t o u b e i n g h os e n s o th t
r i s p os i t i e o n i t
c a 7 v .

i s e p nd e d i n s c nd i n g p we of w C l i ni s f m l a i s o bt i n d ’
If 7 x a a e o rs ,
ar or u a e

w h en w e pp o i m a t e by n e gl ct i n g l l p w r of w sa e t h e l ow t
a r x e a o e s v es ,

—% w s i nh ; nd w h e n a 0 C u c hy fo m ul o f
2
a a i s s i m i l ly b
:
,
a
’
s r a ar o

t ai ne d by n e gl e t i ng a l l p w s o f w e th l wes t % w 3
c o er s av e o ,
.

T h e s e co ns i d e t i o ns s ugg e s t th t i t i s d es i bl e t e xa m i n e w h e th e t h e
ra a ra o r

fi s t tw o t e m s na m e ly
r r ,

sm h é w cos h
3
a a,

n a
y n o t gi e n pp ox i m a t i o n
v a l i d t h ro ugh
a a t t h e fi s t t ns i t i n l e g i n
r v ou r ra o a r o .

T h e i n t g a l w h i c h w e s h ll i n e s t i g t i th e f e
e r a v a e s er or

e
‘
”
d W ,

w he re 7 %W
2
s in h a
(;
1
W 3
c os h a,

P r oc . C a mb . P h il . S oc . XI X . pp . 96 —1 1 0 .

J
Thi i s d ed u c i bl e f ro m by m a k i n g a c h a ng e o f o r i g i n i n th e w pl a ne
-

r s .
25 0 T HEO R Y O F B E S S EL F UN C T I ON S CH
[ AR V II I

an d th e con o t ur i n th e pl an e o f th e co mp l e x v ar i a bl e W i s so c h os e n th at 1 is
p i ti
os v e ou it . If WE U+ i V , th i s co n o t ur is t h e r i ght h an d b anch O f -
r th e
hy p b l er o a

U ta n h U =
% 3 17
2 2
a ,

d th is u t t o f th e th i d o d er w i th D e by e s cont o u r at th e o i g in ’
an c rv e h as con a c r r r .

It th e e for re h as to b e s h e wn th a t an a pp oxi m a t i o n t o r

ex p (i n )
dw is e
“
”
d W
00 ni e xp

T h e se in t e gral s d i ffe r by

4; fl
dr
'
d?

an d so th e p blro em is re du ce d d e t e m i n t i on o f n u pp er b u nd fo
to th e r a a o r

l{d (w W) /d i -
r And i t h as b e e n p ed by e xc e e d i ngly h e a y na lys i s
rov ,
v a

w ich h wi ll n o t b e r e p o du c e d h e e th a t
r r ,

d (w W)
3 7 1 sec
°

h a,
d?
and so

dw d W
T
d7 '
d?
H e nce
+ 1ri
co
1
x’
dw ”
dW
‘ ‘

e e
.

w h er e 91 l< 1 .

lu a t e th e i n t e gr l on th e i ght (w h i c h i s o f th e typ e d is cu s se d i n
To ev a a r

m o d i fy t h e co n t o i n t o t w o l i n e s s t t i ng f o m th e p oin t a t w h i h
ur ar r c

W t n h a nd m ak i ng n gl e s i 4 w i th t h e e l i s
a a a 77 r a ax .

I f w e w i t e W= tan h a fei h o n th e e s p e c t i e y s th e int e gr l b e com es

'

m
r r v ra ,
a

e
l
f ”?
ex
p t nha e xp t n h a} d f
a
2

e
‘
W ex t an h 3
) e xp i ? t anh a} el f 2
p a t .

Ex p d an t e g n d s i n p o w e s o f t an h a and i n t e gr a t e t m by t e r m —
th e in ra r
2
er - -
a

p oce d e w h ic h i s e s i ly j u s tifi e d — nd w e g e t on e du ct i on
r ur a a r

% i t nh e p (4 t n h ) [ 1 (4 t nh a) I 3
7r a a x 1)t nh a
3
a - 1
3
1) a
3
a
3

an d h e nce w e o bt i n t h e fo m l a r u a

t an h a
t h
(4 ) J ( s e c h a) { (t h t h ) } K ( )
3
4 t 4
3
ex a n a n n a a
, v
p a v a a 1;
V3
—
°

71

3 9 e
{ (t nh 1
x a a
p 1 1/ v

w h er e 9 l 1 T h i s i s t h e m o e p e c i s e f m o f N i c h o l s o n s app o x1 m ati on
’

1 . r r or r
252 THE O R Y OF B E S S E L F UN C T I O N S [ CH AR VIII

ex p nd th
a e i n t e gr a n d s i n p ow e rs of tan ?
,8 i n t e g r a t e
,
te rm -
b y t er m
-

,
and i t is
fo u nd th a t
411i
—
00 exp

e
xr
d W a s tan 5 ex
p v i t an 3
s)
— —i t oo an B
i i J , (4v tan
[
’

’r i
J _ % (41) t an 8 ) 3 m 3
‘

x e ,
e _

ta n 6 ex t an “
i B) H g (4
3
p 4 1/
3
ix tan
/
N 3

On equ t i ng e l a nd i m g i n y p t s i t i s at
a r a a ar ar ,
o nce fo u nd th t a

( )
5 J ( s e e 8 ) 4t n 8 cos { (tan 8 4tan 8
, u ,
a ,
y ,
3
, [J _ , J %]
3 l t an 8 sin I (t an 8
4 t an ,8
3
[ J _§ J g]
“

, v ,

(6) Y , ( u s ee 8)
, 4t a n ,8 sin
I( v t an 8
, 4 ta n 3
8
,
J
[ gi
_ J ,]
tan ,8 cos
Iv (tan 8 , 4 t an 8
3
,
8)I
, J ,] 2 4 93 /v ,

w h e re th e ar l fu nc t i n s J4 4 n th e i ght i s
gu m e n t of e ac h of t h e B ess e o o r

b th l th h e m o e p e ci s e
n 8 a nd
I I
9 a n d I9
I T h
3
41; t a , a e o s a n 1 e
2 se e t 3 r es . ar r r

fo m s f N i c h o l so n s fo m ul e (2 ) nd
r o n d t h ey g i e e ffe t i e
’

pp ri m a a a v c v a ro x a

t i ons e ce p t ne a th e e os o f t h e d om i n n t t e m s on th e i ght
x r z r a r r .

I t i s h i ghly p b bl e th t th e u pp e l i m i t s o bt ai n e d fo t h e e ro s a e
ro a a r r r r r

l ge ly i n e xce s s o f th e ac tu l l e s o f th e e o s
ar a va u rr r .

f J
*
D es cr ip ti ve p r op er ti es o , ( ) vx w h en 0 x g 1 .

Th e co n t o u bt i ne d i n 8 3 1 (I ) to e p r ese nt
r i nt e g l ra ,
w ichh w as o a r

J ( s e c h ) w as s h e wn i n g 8 4 t o y i e ld n a y m p t o t i c e p ns i on f th e f n c t i on
, v a a s x a o u .

B t th e con t o u i n t e g a l i s r e lly f m u c h g e t e i m p o t n ce th an h s h i th e r t o
u r r a o r a r r a a

a pp e ed ; f
ar an i n t e g a l i s n x ct
or e p e s e nt ti n f a f nc t i o n w h e e as an
r a e a r r a o o u ,
r

a s y m p t o t i c e x p ns i n c a n o n ly g i e a t b e s t a n a pp o x i m t e
a o e p e s e n t a t i on v , ,
r a r r .

And t h e con t o u i nt e g l (t o g e th e w i th th e l i m i t i n g fo m o f i t w h e n x 1 )
r ra r r

i s p e c ul i a ly w e ll d a p t d for g i i n g i n t e e s t i n g i nfor m at i o n conc e ni ng J (m )

r a e v r r ,
e

w h en i s p os i t i e
if v .

I n t h e co n t u i nt e g a l t k e to b e p os i t i e a nd w ri t e
o r r a if v

m
w l og { re
} ,

so th at u l og r, v 9 .

Wi th
,
th e t
con o u r s e e c e l t d ,

x si n hw w
is e qu l a to i t s co n j ug t e co m p l e
a x, an d th e p th a of i n t e g ra t i on i s i ts ow n r e

fi e x i on i n t h e re a l i s H e nce
ax .

J " (x s m h w —w) d w
V (v x ) 6

(x s i nh w w) — dv .

Th e r es u l ts of t ish s e c ti o n are i nv e s ti g a te d i n r at h er g re at er d e tai l i n P roc L o nd o n M a th S oc

. . .

(2 ) xv i . pp . 1 5 0 —1 7 4 .
8 5]
-
F UN C T I O N S OF LAR GE OR D E R 253

C h an g i n g t h e no a t ti on, w e fi nd th t a th e e q ti ua on o f th e co n to u r is

r +
r x sin 9
so th t a

9 x
2
Sin
2
9
x Sin 9 9 2

an d w h en
,
t his s u b s ti tu tl o n i s ma de for r, th e va ue o l f (w x s i nh w) is

9 (
t/9 s in 9)
2 2 2
x
l og
x sin 9

h l st
T is a e x p r e s s 1 on wi ll i n v ar a i bly be d e no e t d by th e s y m bo l *
F (9 ,
x ) ,

so th a t
J
—m d9
(1 ) ( ) v
v
, ux e ,

an d by d i ffe e n t i a t in g u n d e
r r th e i n t g al
e r Si gn (a p r oce du re w hi h
c is easi ly
j s t i fi e d ) i t i fo u n d th t
u s a

/
F (e
9 —x 2
sin 9 co s 9
(2 ) J V (um)
v , x,

x t/ (9 2
x
2
Sin
2
9)

h
T is is l
a so e as i ly ded u ce d f om r th e e q tiua on

J ’ ° (
‘ “ WW —”s i n h w d
(v x ) w
u
, e .

Be fo re p r o ce e d in g to bt ai n f th e
o ur r res ult s co nc e r n i n g B e s se l f u nc t i o ns i t ,

t e co d e ad e w i ll
'

is con v e n i e n to s e t on r io s p e r ti e s I of F (9 ) Th e
'
r v ar u ro
p ,
x . r r

e asi ly v er i fy t h a t

V(1 )
2
00
(4 ) F 10 w) ,

so th at

(5 )
and a s o l
a 9— x
2
S in 9 co s 9
(6 ) F (9 ’
x )
dx 9
A s in 9)
’
? 2
x « x

N e xt w e s h a ll es a t bl i s h th e m or e a b s t u s e p p e ty
r ro r
/

(7 )
To p rov e it w e
, s h ll fi s t s h e w th t
a r a

9 —x 2
i
s n 9 c os 9
g (0 ’ x ) S x )
V(9 sin 9)
3 2 2
x

h
T i s fu n c ti o n w il l no t be c o nfu s ed wit hS ch l afl i
’
s fu n c t i o n d e fi n e d i n
I It is su pp o s ed th r o ug h ou t th e f o l l o wi n g an a l y i th s s at O . c g 1 0g 9S ,
7r .
 254 THE O R Y OF B E S SE L F UN C T I O N S [ CHAR V II I

It is l
c ea r th t a

so th t i f g (9 x ) q a f n t i on f 9 a tt i n e d i ts g
a , , ,
u u c o ,
a r ea es t t va lu e at 0 or 77 ,

th t l e w o uld b e l e ss th an
a va u I f h o we , v er ,
g (9 x ) ,
a tt ai n e d i ts
g e t e s t a lu e w h e n 9 h ad
r a v lu e 9 b e t we e n 0 nd a va 0 a 7 r, t h en
1 x
2
c os 2 90 (90 x s in
2
90 c o s
(90 si n s in
2 2 2 2 2
x a

an d th e e fo r re

(9 x ) g (90 ) t/ (l 2 90) g K
l )
2 2
g , g ,
x x cos ( x ,

so th t a ,
no ma tt e r w he re
g (9 ,
x
) a tt ai ns i ts g r ea es t t v a u e, l th a t va lu e d oes

n o t e xc ee d« 1 + x
2
) .

H e nc e

8F (9 9 —x sin 9 c os 9
)Z / 9 —x
2
x
x(
, a
2 ~ 2
SI n
89 M(l + x
2
)
a nd s o

9— x
2
s 1n 9 cos 9
F (9 ,
x ) d9 2
« 1 a)

w h e nc e fo ll o w s t o nce
(7 ) a .

Ano th e but s i m p l e i nequ l i ty

r, r, a of th e s am e ty p e is

(8 )
To p ro ve th i s o b s e ,
r ve t h t a

Wl
l
)
we
50
et o )
2
2 x ,
e
a nd t e g t e ; th e n t h e i n e qu l i ty i s o b i o s
in ra a v u .

F o m th e s e e ult s w e
r e n w in p s i t i on t
r s ar o a o o O bt ai n t h e o r e m s c o nce r n n i g
J ( ) nd J ( x ) q fun c ti n o f
, ux a ,
’
v ua o s v .

T hu s in ce s,

OJ (vx )
,
F (e ,
x ) e
‘
" m 4 d eg 0 ,
Or

th e i n t eg d b e in g p os i t i e by
r an v it f ll
o ows t h t J ( x)
a , v is p os i ti v e d e
a

cr ea s i ng f i f ; i n l i k e m nn J ( ) is os i ti v e d ecr ea s i ng f u ncti on
’
unct on o v a e r, , vx a
p
o
f v .

Al s o ,
i
s n ce

a{6 v F (0 ,
xl
J , (V$) I l
11

F (0 ) — F (9
d OS 0
IF (9 ) F (0 »
_ v x V xl
x a, e , ,
,
OD
, )
77 0

teg d b e i ng p f ll hat e ‘a”J

'

th e i n r an o s it v e i by it o o ws t
V F O’
, ( ) vx is a d ecr eas i ng
F ‘ ) J
f uncti on of a nd s o a l s o, s i m i l a r l y, is 0’ x
V
v ; e
 25 6 THE O R Y OF B E S SE L F UN CT I ON S [ CHAR V I II

If x/(9 2
x
2
sin
2
9) E H (9 ,
x ) ,
we S
"

h ll fi t p
a rs rove t h at
dH (9 ,
x )
d9

is a n on -
d ec r eas n i g fu nc t i on of 9 th a t i s to sa
y th t a

(1 9 cot 92 —x ‘
’
-

s in
2
9

is a non -
d e c e s i n g f nc t i o n o f 9
r a u .

Th e d i ffe e nt ial o e ffi cie nt o f th i s l as t fu nct i

r c on of 9 is

(9 x sin
2
9 cos co s e c
2
9 1 4 sin
?
9) (1 x
?
)
2 (9 2
cos ec
2
9 93
co t 9 cos e c 9 2
4 si n
2
9) (1 Q x
?
)
2x 2
(1 9 co t 9) (9 cos e c 9 co s s in
2
9 (1 x
2
)]
2
,

an d e v e ry g o u p o f t e m s i n th i s e p e s si n i s p os it i v e
r r x r o (or zero
) in c o nse qu ence
o f e l em ent y t i gono m e t i ca l i n e q l i t i e s
ar r r ua .

To e s ta bl i h t h s e t r ig o no m e tr i ca l i ne q u al i t i e s , we fi rst o b s er v e t h at , w h en 0 g 9g
2
(i ) 9 + s i n 9 c os 9 s in
1
29 9 2 0,
‘

(ii ) 9 + s i n 9 co s 9 2 92 co t 9 2 0,

(i i i ) sin 9 —9 cos 9 —4 Sin

3
92 0
b e cau s e th e ex p r es s i o n s on th e l e t f v an i s h wh en 9 : 0 an d h av e th e p os i t i v e d i ffe r e nt i a l
c o e ffi c i e nts

s in
(i ) 2 (cos 9 (i i ) 2 (c o s 9 9 cos ec (i i i ) si n 9 (9 sin 9 co s
a nd t h en

2
9 2
s
co e c
2
9 9 3
cot 9 c o s ec2 9 4 s in 9

(9
2
co s ec
2
9 1 ) (1 9 c o t 9) + c o s e c 9 ( s in 9 9 co s 9 4 sin
3
9) 3 0,

9 2
c o s ec
2
9 1 —4 s i n 2 9
"

s in
2
= 9 c o s e c2 9 (9 + s i n 9 c o s 9 9) + c os e c 9 ( si n 9 9 co s 9 4 s i n3 9) 2 0 ,
so t h at th e i ne q u al i t i e s ar e p ro v e d .

I t h as co n s e qu e n tly be e n s h ew n th t a

i
d9 I
w he re th e v ar a bl e e i nd s t oo d t be 9s ar u er o a nd x , a n d p r im es d e no t e d i ffe r

e n t i at i o n s w i t h e g d t o 9 I t i n ow o b i
r ar . s v ous t h at

'
d9 H

an d i f w e i n t e gr a t e t h i s i n e qu a l i ty
,
f omr 0 to 9 w e g ,
et

S i nce F
’
a nd H /H
’
v an s i h w h en 9 0, t is i n eh qu l i t y a is e qu i l en t va to
’
F (9 x ) H (9 , , x )
H (9 x ) ,

an d th e t uth r of th e l em m b e a co m e s o b i
v ou s w h e n w e s ub s ti tu t e th e va u e l
of H (9 ,
x ) i n th e l s t i n e q l i ty
a ua .
 F UN C T I O N S O F LAR GE O R D E R '

25 7

Th e vi z-anoton c i p ro
p e r ty f
o J , (um/J (v ) V .

We s h a ll now p r ov e a th e or e m of som e im p t o r an ce , to t h e e ffe ct th t a ,

if x
is fi d xe ,
and 0g a; g 1 , th en J V (ma
/ (
J , v ) is a non -
i ncr ea s i ng f u ncti o n of y, w h en
u is p iti os ve .

[Th e ac t u al p r oo f o f th e t h e o re m wil l b e va l id o nl y wh en 8g m Sl , (w h e re 8 is an

ar bi t rar i l y sma ll p o s i ti v e n u m b er ) ,
s i n ce s o m e e x p r e s s io ns i ntr o d u c e d i n t h e p r o o f c o n ta i n a n

x in t h eir d e n o m i n a t o r s ; bu t t h e t
'
h e or e m is o b v iou s w h en 0 g g x8 s i n ce e
VF (0 a
o)
J V (we) a nd ,

e
“
u m) ,
“
l l
/J V ()
v are n o n -
i ncr e a s i ng fu n c t i o ns of if w h en x is s u ff i c i e n t l s m al ly m o r e o v e r , as
w il l b e s ee n in C h pt X
a er VI I, th e t h e o re m o wes i ts r e al im p o r t a nc e t o t h e fa c t t h at it is
t r u e fo r v al u e s o f a: i n til e n e ig h bo u r /w ad o
f u ni t
y]

It wi ll fi s t r be s h e wn th t a

(1 )

To es a t bl i s h th i s resu lt ,
we o bse rve th at ,
wi th th e u s alu n o ta t i o n ,

3
5 ) d? )

aJ O/ x dG 9 w
{ G l eww 5
v

l
,
’ I
e
ax 6 0

a nd , w h en we d i ff e r e nt a e u n i t de r th e i n t e g a l s i gn
r ,

aJ Ox ) '
1 7’
—
e F (w
w
V
w) u x ) d
a]; 7; 0
,

dG
_L { G (9 ”l
_
6 p
x
”w
av dw
’
2 77 50 d9

dG
éz
x ) ” ) d9
{ G (9
Fl
(9 w)
’ ’

, , 6

d F (9 w dG 9
{ wa 4
_1
) { G az a}
, 1

g
,

(9
,
x
y d9
,
r
6

i f w e i n t e gr a t e by p ts th fo ar e r m er of t h e t wo in t eg l s ra .

H e nc e i t fo ll w s t h a t
o

23s ( ) va
c aJ (v x )
9
( NV)
y

,
e d 9 d ¢r
5 1)
W h er e

F( F 9 dG 9
l ; i
) )
ga
x
f '

I ,
-

, ,
af

e as ( f)

1 F O ,
_ p 9 ,
ad )

2 0,

u s i ng t h e i n e q u a l i ty F (xlf ,
x ) 2 F (0 , 50
) co m b in d wi th t h e e t heo re m o f

W . B . F .
 2 58 THEO RY OF B E S SEL F U N CT I O N S [ C H AR VI II
i

S ince Q (9 , i)
ar is no t n e g a t i v e , th e re p td
ea e i n t e gr a l ca nn o t be ne ga t i ve ;
th at i s to s a y, we ha ve p rov e d th t a

so th a t
2 0 .

In t e g t ing t h i s
ra i n e q u a l i ty b e tw e en th e l i m its x a nd 1 we g
,
et

J AM ) 2 0 ,

so t h at
J V (11 x ) S av

S i nc e J (we)
,
an d J () ,
v ar e b o th p os i t i ve, th i s i ne q u a l i ty m ay b e w r i t te n
i n th e fo rm

6
(2 ) 8, w / o» <
(ye L . 0 ,

a nd th i s ex h i bi ts th e r es u lt w h i h w as c to b e p ro v e d ,
na m e ly th t a

is a non -
i n cre as ing f u nc ti on o f v .

P r op er ti es f
o J ( ) a nd , v

I f fo r
, b rev i ty w e,
w i t e F (9) i n p l
r ace o f F (9 , so th a t
9 9
K s in 9)
? 2
(
(1 ) s n i 2
9)
Sin 9
,

th e fo r m u ae l *
fo r J (), v an d J ar e

“
9 —s i n 9 c os 9 — F 9
( )
2 J (), v e
-
v F (9)
d9 , J (),
v
—S i n2 9) e ( ) d9 V
.

Th e fi rs t te r m i n th e ex p an s o n i Of F (9) i n d i ng p w e
a s ce n o rs of 9 is
an d we s h ll p
a r ov e a s e r es i of i ne q l i t i e s l e d i ng
ua a u
p to th e

res ult t h t F is
a no n d e c a -
r ea s n i g fu n t i c on o f 9 .

W s h ll fi s t s h e w th t
e a r a
’
d F (9)
d9 9 2

TO p ro v e th i s we o bs e r ve th ta

(9) 9 co t
’
F —2
9 9
K $111
? 3
(
9 2
( 9
K
?
S in
2
9)

I t i s t o be u n d e r s to o d th at J ; (u ) m e a n s th e
’
v al u e o f (U ,
w h e n a: p ar ti c u l a r

v al u e v .
2 60 T H E OR Y OF B E SS EL F UN C T I O N S [ CHAR VI II
l

M onotoni c p r op er ti es f
o J , (v ) a nd J ,
’

(v ) .

I t h as dy b e n
a re a l e s e en 86 ) th t a th e f u nc t i on s J , (u) an d J () ,
’
v ar e

d ec r e as i n g f nc t i o n s o f
u if . It wi ll no w be s h ewn th t both
a vfi J, (v ) a nd
*
a r e s tea d i l y i ncr ea s i ng f u n ct ons o i f v .

To p rove th e fi r s t r es u l t we o b se rv e th t a

’Al / N V”
j
l
d m ”
{ ade -
F (9) e
V

{9F (9)
’
3 F e (i t?
33?

0,

s i n ce th e i n te g te d p ra ar t v a n s i h es a t e ac h limit an d 8 53 ) th e i n te g r an d
p iti
os ve .

H e nc e y4 J , ()v is an i n cr e a s i n g fu nc t i on of v ; an d th e e fo r re

tJ sJ ,
(1 ) I , () v l im
v — { > ao
i 0 44 7 3 1 .

In c o nne xi o n wi t h th i s res u l t i t m ay b e n o t ed t h at

Jl -

4 4 00 5 ,

TO p r ov e th e s e co n d res ult by fo ll o w in g
, th e sam e me th o d w e fi nd th a t
d iv i J / w w s w am
dv 3 77
“

g {
3
w (e) « 9 2
s in
?
e) F (9) 99
r

0 ,

by an d s o v 3 J () ,
’
v is an i ncr e a s i n gf u nc t i on O f v .

H e n ce

J J vi
5 ’
t ‘
{
’

(2 ) 1 (v ) lim s I 0 4 1 08 5
—
.
, ,

y > ao

I t i s to b e n o te d t h at

0 3 25 15, (8) 0 3 88 5 4 .

T h e m onoto ni c p r op er ty of v ia ];

th e e m w h i c h
A or is S l i ghtly m o r e r e co n d i t e th an th e th e o rem s j us t p r ov e d
is th t th e q oti en t
a u

{ n i
’
v)
( v

is a s tea d i l y i ncr ea s i ng f f v
un cti on o .

It i s not p oss i bl e to d e d u c e t h ese m o n o to n i c p p ro e r ti e s fr o m th e as ym p t o ti c e x p an s i o n s If ,

—
.

as v > ao an d if ¢ (u ) i s m o n o to n i c , no th i ng c an b e i n fer re d co n ce r n i ng m o n o to n i c
p p
ro er ti e s 0 f f (z ) i n / th e a b s e n ce O f fu r t h er i n fo r m a t i o n c o n cer n i n g f (v ) .
 8 55] -
F UN CT I O N S OF LAR GE O R D E R 261

To p rov e th i s res ult w e use t h e i n te gr l s l

a a rea dy t
m e n i on e d in
8 5 4 for t h e fu f
o r u nc t i on s
n (V) vg J
/ d { n
1}
V‘ V , V (V) ,
dv
T a k in g th e p t
ar a m e r i c v ar a i bl e i n th e fi str a nd th i r d i n t e g ra l s t o b e
pl ac e o f 9 w e fi nd
,
th at
d —
l ”4L
” du y u m) a) e im i w w v
61 W? )

w he re

9 sin 9 0 0 8 9 2 8 111
2
9}

9
K Si n 9)
? 2
«

by The fu nc t i on
d oe s n t s e e m t b e e ss e nt i lly p o i t i
i
t) o o a s ve

(of . t o e o m th i s d i ffi ulty i n t e h n g e th e p
o v rc e m et i i bl c ,
rc a ar a r c var a es

9 an d «f
i ,
w h e n i t w i ll b e fo n d th t u a

i — w
{ i ) +F < i >rd 9 d xr
2 V a} , 9 1 01 5 e
v
1 .

( i

N ow ,
f omr t h e i ne qu l i ty j u s t p ro e d
a v ,

S21 < 9» «
1 0+ 9 ( 1
1 0 1 9)

2 W9 2
sin
g
e)
ms)
5 g e

«f
i i
s n
2

9 2
+ 9 s i n 9 c os —
9 2 Sin
9
9
it f F
‘
l (i )f F (Ml ‘

S inc e ( 9
K
?
Sin
2
9) an d 49F
’

(9) F (9) b th (g 8 5 3 ) i n e s i n g f ncti n

ar e o cr a u o s

of 9 th e
,
f t s ac o r Of t h e fi rs t te rm i n th e s m o n t h e i ght
u b th p i t i r ar e o os ve or

b o th n e ga t i e ; v a nd , by 8 5 3 th ,
o nd
e nd th i d t e m s
sec b th
a r r are o

p os i t i H e nc ve . e Q , (9, l)
xr 9) i p o s i t i e nd th e fo e
s v ,
a re r

11 } J / (V)
i 5
dv

w ic h h es a t bl i s h e s th e res u lt s t t e d a .
2 62 THEO R Y O F B E S SEL F UN CT I ON S [ CHAR VIII

A s ym p toti c exp a ns i ons o f f u ncti o ns of l a r g e comp l ex or d er

B ess el .

Th e r es ul ts o bt
d (gg 8 3 ai ne 1 — 8 4 2 ) by D e by e i n co nn e x i o n w i t h J (at ) ,

a nd Y ( ) ,
x nd w he e v
e l g e n d p s i t i e w e e s ub s e q e n tly e te nd d
r a a: ar ar a o v r u x e
*
6

t o t h case e f c m pl a i bl s
o I n t h fo ll o w i n g i n e s t i ga t i n w h i c h i s i n
o ex v r a e . e v o , ,

m e e s p ec t m e d e t ai l e d th n D e by s m m o i w e s h ll bt in ym p tot i ’

so r s, or a e e r, a O a as c

e x p n s i on
a s oci t e d w i th J ( ) w h e n
s a s a nd z e l a g e a nd co m p l e x ,
2 v a ar r .

I t w i ll fi s t b e s p p o s d th t I
r g I 4 nd w e s h all w i t e
u e a ar e 77 ,
a r

= cos h = o s h (a z f z c
y v

wh e er an d 8 a e e l nd ) i ,
c m pl e
ar The e is
r a o n e o n e c or e s p o n d e n c e
a f ! s o x . r a -
r

b e t we e n + i s nd / i f w e s pp o s e th a t 8 i s e s t i ct e d t l i e between l O
a a v z u ,
r r o
-

a nd W w h i l e ,
m y h av e ny e l a lu e T h i s r e s t i c t i o n p re e nt s / f o m
a a r a va . r v z v r

lyi n g b t w e n 1 and 1 b t th i s c s e h as l e dy 8 4 ) b e e n i n e s tiga t e d

e e ,
u a a r a v .

T h e i n t e g a l s t o b e i n e s t i ga t e d a e
r v r

+ 7r i
1
H f l wl dw
(z )
’
‘
z
e ,
7r i

H () 2 e
‘
z f lw) dw z
e f w’ ‘ dw ,

w h e e f (w ) w s h 7 s i nh w
r 5 co .

A s t a t i on y p oi n t f t h e i n t g
ar o
'

e ra n d is at r
y, an d we s h ll th e e fo
a r re in
v e s ti a t e t h e
g u e w h os e e q t i n is
c rv ua o

If w e re pl ac e w by a iv ,
th i s e q t i on ua m ay b e w r i t t e n i n th f m e or

h a cos 8 (n h sh c os h a s i n 8
'

,8 ) ) i i 8 s i n 1) O
( C cos ,
a s n s n a ,
co a ,
.

Th e s h pe a o f th e c u e n e rv ar (a , B) is

{ (n a
)
2
(v BY} co s h a S i n ,8 2 ( a a ) (v 8 ) s inh
,
a CO S B 0

SO the s o l pes Of gh t h t p i n t a e
th e t w o b r a nc h e s th ro u a o r

4 4 m t n (t n h a co t 7 a a a

{ 4 m t n (t n h ot B ) fr a a a a c ,

w h e e th e r c t an d e n t e s nar te n gl e p o i ti e o on e g a t i e ; R f (w ) i n
a ac u a ,
s v r v

c e se
r a s w m o e s a w ay f o m y o n t h e fi s t b
s a v nc h w h i l e i t d e c e r s s w r ra , r ase a

m es ov w y f om 7 a n t h e s e co n d b
a r nc h T h e i n e s e ( d c e s e ) i s s t e ady
o ra . cr a or e r a ,

and R f (w ) t e n d s t ( ) s w m o so O ff t i n fi n i
00t y u n l eor
s s t h e u e 00 a ve o c rv

h s a s e con d d o ubl e p i n t i
a -
o .

M anc h ener S i tz zm g s be r i c h te , XL . th e as ym p t ti p i
o c ex a n s o ns O f I, (r ) a nd

w e r e s tate d e x l i c i tl y by Ni cp h o l s o n, Phil . M ag .
(6 ) xx . pp 93 8—94 3 . .

1 T h at i s to s ay

As w il l b e s ee n h
l ate r , t i s i s th e e x ce pi t onal ca se .
2 64 THEO R Y OF B E S S E L F U N CT I O N S [ CHAR VIII

F or b rev i ty t h e
,
ex p r es s i o n o n th e l e ft in (1 ) wi ll be ca ll e d gb (u , S i n ce
84> (u a )
,
si n h a S n i ,
8 sin h u S in
an
it fo ll w s th a t w h e n a i s gi
o ,
v en act/Bu,
v an s i h es for on ly l
o n e v a u e o f u, an d s o

t h e e qu a t i o n i n u,

as (u , v ) 0,
h as at m os t tw o r ea l r oo t s ; a n d on e o f th e se i s i nfi ni t e wh e ne v e r a is a m u l ti p l e
Of 7 T

Wh e n 0 v 77 ,
we ha ve
*

d( > — oo ,

f
c)(a ,
v ) cos h {( a v , 8) cos 8
, si n a s in , 8} 2 O ,

a nd s o o n e r o o t Of th e e
q u a t1 o n In u ,

f (i t v )
() ,
O :

is l e s s th an a a nd th i s g e t e th an a b o t h b e co m i n g e qu l w h e n
th e o er r a r ,
a 2}

By c o n s i d er i n g t h e fi ni t e oot f th e e q a t i o n s r o u

$5 (1 6 0 ) , 0 , c h (1 0 ,
7T
) 0 ,

it is s e en th t a , in e ac h
l e s s th n s th e l ge oo t t e nd s
c as e is,
th r oo t is a a, o ar r r

to s 1} t e n d
00 a to Oo t w O nd f s l e s o f j u s t l e ss th an 0 j s t
r o ,
a or v a u 7) or u

g e t e th n th e e qu ti on 1) ( ) 0 h s a l g e n e g t i oo t T h e h p e
r a r a 7. a ( u, v a ar a ve r . s a

o f th e c e i s th e e fo e
urv o ughly s s h e w n by t h e co n t i n o s l i n e s i n F i g
r r r a u u .

N e t co ns i d e t h e c nfigu t i o n w h e n
x r l i e s b e t w e e n 0 nd
o ra 1) a 7r .

Wh en a is v an s i h es at u —a ,
a nd h en ce
¢ (u , 8 ) h as
,
a

m i nI m u m lu e
—B co t 8 —
va

2 cos h a s i n 8 (1 a t a n h a) ,

a T he r e ar e no w t wo de
c as e s to co ns i r acco r d in g as

1 —
.

8 co t 8 — t a u b
, ,
a a

is (1 ) p iti
os v e or I
( I) ne g ti a ve .

S i nce in)
(a , v )/8 v = cos h 01 ( co s 5 -
co s v ) , an d h
t is h as th e s am e S i g n as v p (a ,
( v ) h as a

mi n i m u m v a l u e z e r o at v
 F U N C T I ON S OF LA R GE O R D E R 06U
(
) 1

Th e d o m a i ns o f v a lu e s of th e co m pl ex yE
,
a i t? fo r w i c h h
l —B co t B — t a a nh a

is p iti
os ve (i n th e s r t ip 0 $6 ar e nu m be ed r 1 , 4 , 5 i n F ig . 2 1 ; i n th e
d o m a ns i umb n ere d 2 ,
3 6a, ,
66 7 a , ,
7 b th e ex
p r ess ion is ne g i
at v e ; th e co r

e s p o nd i n g d o m pl h( h b
r a i ns co m ex v z z
/ co s a av e th e sa m e n u m e rs

F ig . 21 . F ig . 22 .

1
() Wh e n 1 8
,
co t B a t anh a is p i tios ve,
d) (u , 8 ) is
,
t i lly p os i ti e
es s en a v ,

so th t th e c u e n e e
a rvss e s t h e l i n e v 8 The
r cr o 1) ,
. on ly p os s i b i l i ty th ef e er or

i s th a t t h e c u e ft rvs i ng t h e
a e l i s g oe s ff
e r cr os r a ax O to w s s h e w n by t h
a e

u pp e d ott e d u e i n F i g 2 0
r c rv . .

(II ) Wh e n 1 8 t B t n h i s n e g t i e th e e qu t i n 4
,
co a a0 a a v , a o )

h as n o e a l oo t b e t w e e n 0 n d 8
r r 2 fo a ,
7 r, r

i ) 8u = os h
a!) / 8
'

(c s COS v) a, c a co ,
.

T h e e fo e i (
r r ) h c i ngl e m
a, v i m m at as nd i t sa sl e the e i ax u a va u r s

n e g t i e s o th a t (f
a v ,
a) i s n e g t i) w h e n u l i e s b e t w e e n 0 nd B
a, 2 a ve a 7r .

Al I( 8
so ( ) 2 ) h s
u, m im m t 7r a nd i t a l e th e i s n g t i
a ax u a u ,
a s va u re e a v e,

so t h t t h e cu
a
f) ( v ) 0 d o e s n o t oss a 8 2 ; h e nce ft e
rv e c u, os i n g cr , 7r . a r cr s

th e ealr i s th e c
ax e m u s t p ss o ff t o
. u rv i s h w n by t h e d tt e d a co 7r ,
as e o cu rv e

o n t h e i ght rf Fi g 2 0 O . .

T hi s o m p l t e s t h e d i s s s i n o f t h e p t f t h c
c e e cu ci t d w i t h o ar o e u rv as s o a e
/
S “ ( ) w h en
,
2 0 O 8 S 4 a , ,
7r .

N x t w e h a e to C n s i d
e v w h t h pp e n t o t h e c o e ft e c oss i ng t h
er a a s urv a r r e

l i n e 1)
S in e c q (
b a ) h 8 ) co
a, 8 s i n v i n co s a s ,
S

a nd th e e p e s s i n o n t h e i ght i s p s i t i e w h n U 2 8 t h e c
x r o r n e o v e , ,
u rve ev r c ros s e s

th e l i n e ; lso
it a a

i(
) ( ) ( u , 91 7) s i n h s i n
u 8 (n a8 ) os h c 8 h a i n 8
,
vr ,
c a os ,
cos a s , ,
2 66 THE O R Y OF B E S S E L F UN CT I O N S [ CHAR VI II

an th i s i s p os i t i e w h e n
d v u a, s o t h t a th e p t ar s o f th e c u r ve h h
w ic g o o ff to
i nfi n i ty on t h e i ght m u t r s lie as s h ew n i n th e n or th -
e as t c o rn e r Of F i
g . 23 .

Wh e n 1

i . hen ( 8 ) l i s
e . w a, ,
e in an
y of th e d om a ns n i umb ere d 1 2 ,
an d 3 i n Fi g 2 1 i t i s .
,

f u n d th t t h e c u
o a rve d o es n o t c r os s a 27r ,8 ,
an d s o th e c u r v e a ft e r c r os s i n g

v 77
“
p a ss e s o ff to so 7r i as s h ow n in Fig . 23 by a b ok en c u
r r ve .

F ig . 23 .

We no w ha ve to co n s i h t h app e ns w h e n ( B ) l ie s
d er w a a, i n th e d om a n i
n u m b e ed r 6a i n F i g . 21 I n s u c h c i c u m s t n ce s
. r a

1 — ta n h a + (
a 7r

an d 4 ) a, v h
) as a m a xi m m a t v u 2 71 B th e
, ,
va ue o l f ( b a, 2 71
'
3
, ) b e i n g
ne g ti a ve u
T h e c r v e a te r c r o s s i n f g v 7 r , co ns e q u en tly r e m a i ns o n th e ri ght O f
— u nt i l i t h
.
,

u a as
g ot a bo ve a 2 71 ,
8 .

N o w 95 i s i nc r e a s i n g i n t h e i n t e r v a l s

(8 , Q W —B) . (2 7 7 4 —
5 4 ,
7 (1 4 7
1
-
8 , (i n —B) .

l e t th e fi st r o f th e se i n t e rv a l s i n w h i c h i t b eco m e p os i t i s ve be

(2 111 7 7 3
, ,
2 M7r 2 77

T h en qb (u 2 M vr , 2 7r um t,8 )
h as a m i ni m a u a, a t w h ich i ts l
va ue is
p o s i ti v e , a nd s o t h e c e c nno t c oss t h
urv l in
a r e e v = 2 M vr + 2 7 r i t m u st
th e e fo r re
g o Off t o i n fi n i ty n t h e l e ft n d co n e q
o ,
a s u en tly go e s to

—0 0 + (2 1ll
/ -
l 1) 7r i;

it c a nn o tg o fi ty l w
to i n ni o er t h an th i s, fo r t hen th e co m pl t
e e c u rve w ou ld
m ee t a ho i r z ont l l ine in m o
a re th an tw o p oi n ts .
2 68 THEO R Y OE B E SS EL F UN C T I O N S [ CHAR VIII

Th e re ad e r w i l l fi nd i t i n t e r e s ti n g to p rov e t h at , i n th e cr i ti cal cas e B=

4 7r , th e co nt o u r s

p as s fr o m co to 00 7r i a nd fro m 00 n i to co so t h at th e ex p a ns i o n s a pp p ro r i at e to
th e re
g ion 1 ar e v a l i d .

N OT E . T h e d i fer e nce s f b e t we e n t h e fo r m u l a e for t h e re

g i o ns 6a a nd 6 6 a nd al s o fo r t h e
re
g i ons 7 a a nd 76 ap p e ar to h av e b ee n o v er l o o k d by D by
e e e , a nd by W a ts o n , P r oc R oya l
.

S oc . x cv . A, p . 91 .

K ap teyn s i nequ a l i ty for

’
J (n , z ) .

An t
e x e ns i o n of Car l in i
’
s f m ul
or a 85 ) to Besse l coe ffi ci e nt s in
w h i h t h e gu m n t i s c m p l e x h
c ar e o as b e en f t d by
e f ec e K ap t e yn *
wh o h as
s h e w n th a t w h e n l e l o co m p l e x fo h h ‘
h s ny ,
2 a a va u e, r a r ,
r w ic z 1 is n ot

a r e l p s i t i e n u m b e ] th e n
a o v r ;

"
{ V(1 )}
2
ex n Z
z
p
(1 )

h h
T i s for m u l a i s l e s s p r e c i s e t a n Ca r l i n i s fo r m u l a e c a u s e t h e fac to r (2 71 7 02? (1 z ) i d o es
? ’
b -

no t a pp
e ar i n t h e d e no m i na t or o n t h e r i
g t , b u t ne v e r t e l e s s th e i ne u al i t i s s u ffi c i e ntl h h q y y
p o w e r fu l fo r t h e p p ur os es fo r w i c h h it i s re q u i re d 1 .

To O bt ain th e i n e q li t
ua y , c o ns i d e r t h e i n t e g ra l f o rm u a l
J" (n ,
z )
277 i
ex
p [4nz (t 1 /t) } d t,

i n w h ic h th e c o n to u r is a c i r c e o f ra l d “
iu s e , w he re u is a p i ti
os ve n um ber to
be c h os e n su b s e q e n tly u .

If w e w r i te t = e
m ” we l
et
, g

Jn ( ) nz x
p [ {4 (
n 2 e
u
e
i6
u i 9l ] d 9
57,
.

N o w , i f M b e t h e m a xi m u m va lu e of

— w
[ (
ie
I 4 )
u u
-

ex 2 e e e e
p
on th e c on o t u r, i t is l
c e ar th t a

“
J, (nz ) s M .

Bu t if z
pe
t“
,
w he re
p i s p iti
os v e an d a is re a l th en
,
th e
w w —W i9
(e )
u
e e e u

“
4p [ ( 9) (a
n ‘

is e c os a e c os u ,

a nd th i s t t a a ns i i ts m a x i m u m va u e l w h en
ta n 9 co t h u ta n a,

an d i ts va u e l i s th e n
y/ S i n h
( )
2 2
p u Si n a

d c l Fl co l e pp 9 1 —1 2 0
’
Ann S c i . . n or m s up .
(3 ) x . . .

“
1 S i n ce b th o s id es of (1 ) are co n t i n u ou s w h en z a pp r o ac h es th e r e al ax i s i t fo l l o w s t h a t th e

i ne q u al i t yi s s ti l l tr u e w h en z
?
1 is p o s i ti v e : fo r s uc h v al u e s o f z , e i t h e r s ig n m ay b e g i v e n to th e
r a d i c a l s ac co r d i n g t o t h e w ay i n wh i h c z a pp r o ac h es th e c u ts .

I See C h pta er x v n .
 F UN CT I O N S OF LAR GE O R D E R 2 69

H e nc e , fo r al l p iti
os v e v a u es Of u , l
h
[ n
J (np ) [ np ¢ (S in 11 s in a ) ]
2 2
e 3 ex
p zi nu .

We n ow c ho os e i t s o th t a th e ex p r e s s i on o n gh t m y b e th e r i a as ll sm a as

p o ss i bl e in o rd e r to g et th e t
s ron g es t i ne q l i ty tt i n bl by t h i
ua a a a e s m e th d o .

The ex p r e s s on i
V(s i nh i )
2 2
p u s n a

h as a m i ni m u m , q u a f u nc ti on o f u , w h en u is c h ose n to b e t h e p o s i ti v e r o o t of

th e e qu a t i on
*

S 1 nh u c o s h it

Wi t h th i s c h o i c e Of u i t m ay b e d th t p r ov e a

2 K
l ) s in h o h i ( sh 2 m
?
( z u c s u co a e
) ,

an d ,
by t k i ng
a 2 to be r ea l i t i s l e th t th e p i t i
,
c ar a os ve s i g n m u s t b e ta k en

th e m b i g i ty
a u . H e n ce

2 [ 1 V(I sin h u c os h u e
?“

a n d so

2 N/(s i n h fi W1
‘

Kl ) S in a
2
) )
2 ?
2 ex
p « Z u . ex
p z

e 2 11. e

R M(1 z
?
)
sin h 2
u s in
2
a

s inh u c os h u

y/ s i n h
( s in )
2 2
u a
p
a nd it is n o w c e ar t l h t a

[ 1 —z ) ‘
2

An i n t e r e s t i n g co ns e q u e nce o f th i s i ne q u a l i ty i s th a t J (n , z ) g 1 so l on g
as b th [o z
y
g l a nd

z ex
p d (1
1 V(1 )
2
Z

T0 co n s r tu t c th e d o m ai n h i c h t h l s t i n e q l i ty
in w e a ua is sa t i fi ed
s ,
w ri te as

b efo re 2
p e
t“
,
a nd d efi ne it by th e q t i on e ua

inh s h 1u cos u

a/( i n h in ) 2 2
s u S a
p

The p i
r e v o u s an a ly s i s s h w t o n e th t w h n
e s a c a ,
e

Z ex
p
— z
‘

1 )
?
z

p M(s i nl1 2
u S in
2
a ) u O .

h q
T is e u a ti o n is a q u a d r a ti c in u wi t h o ne p o s i ti v e r o o t .
27 0 THEO R Y OF B E S S E L F UN C T I O N S [ CHAR V III

It f ll o w s th t
o a

2u
S in
2
a sin h u u co s h u sin h u
Si n h2 a

As it i ncr eas e s f rom 0 t o 1 1 99 7 S in a

2
i n cr e a se s f
ro m 0 to 1 an d p de
)
?
2 ex
c r e as e s from 1 to *
0 662 7 4 3 4 It is th e n l e
th t l c ar a
p z
1
1 V(1 )
?
z

i ns i de an d on th e b ou n d y of
ar an ov a l u e c on t i ni n g th e
c rv a ori gin . T is h c u rv e

F ig . 24 . d o m ain i n w ic h h |J ,,
c e r ta i n l yd o e s n o t e xce e d u n i ty .

is h e wn in
s Fig 24 ; it wi ll p o r ve to b e o f co ns i d e bl e
ra im p o r ta nce in th e
th e o y f K r o a t
p ye n ser ies (C h p t e
a r XV II ) .

Wh e n th e o r d e r Of th e B e S s e l f u n c t i o n i s p o s i ti v e bu t n o t r e s t r i c te d to b e an i n te g er we
ta k e th e c on to u r o f i nt eg r at i o n to be a c i r cl e o f r ad i u s 6
“
t e r m i n a t ed by t w o ra y s i ncl i n e d
i 71 ar e t an (c o t h u ta n a
) to t h e re a l a x i s . If w e ta k e 0 11 t h es e r a y s, we g et

J AM
cos h( u u ) cos 2a cos h( v u )
) 2
i) do
u + s in a
)

e xp
{ — ( — )}
v v u

a nd s o

2 ex
p
L oans 1 +
1 H ue

T is h l
v a ue i s g i v e n by P l u m m e r, D yna m i ca l As tr onom y (Ca m b id g
r e, p . 47 .
27 2 THEO R Y OF BESSE L F UN CT I O N S [ CHA R Ix

we e ff e c t a r ea rra n g e m e n t by e p l in g s by n r ac 2m, an d th e r e ar r a n g d se
e i
r es

is a s er i e s Of B esse l co e ffi ci e n t ; w e t h g e t s us

1 1 °
3 fl it —1)
2 71 —"— 97 1
'

m 1l l
n ln
2
.

Z . 62 m J 2 m (z ) 2 ,
n _ 2 In + 1
0

t Z t nz 1 m =0 t 7777 !

5"
1
J 0 (z ) 2
<
2
n ( n m
J
_
t
en
m t n_ 2 m + 1 n (z ) .

m =0

Accor d i n gly t h e f u nc t i o n s ar e d e fi ne d by th e e q u a ti on s

(2 ) n—m ( n 2 1)
eo
+1
m !

(3 ) 0 0 (t) 1 /l .

It i s e as y to see th t a

”
2 n ! t2
t
( )
4 (t) 2 (2 n (2 n
n+ 1
t 2) 2) (2 n 4)

a nd th e se rie s t er m m ate s b e fo e th e r re is an
y p oss i b i l i ty of a d e no m i n t f c t a or a or

b e i ng zer o or ne g at v e i .

We h av e no w to co n s i d e r th e p m i i b il ity
er ss Of re ar r a n g i ng th e re p e a te d s er i es fo r
l /(t -
z
) . A s u ffi c i e nt c o nd i ti o n is th t th a i e s e r es

28
m !
IJ H M G

s h ou l d be c o nv e r g e n t . To p r ov e t h at h
t is is a c t u al l y th e cas e , we o b s e r ve t h a t, by g 2 11
we h av e

—l ) l (s + m 1 2
Js + m (2 ) $ (4
2
ex Z
m l p
71 0 m ! (8 + 2 ni
d :

s e2nt e r
{e x p e z swam ) !
m= o

g (i l z ) s
e XP Gi
H e nc e

—l ) ! S
| |
z
s

I)
2
M 2
8
I
I
i i

l t | (l t l

b o lut e co n e ge nce o f t h e e p t e d s e i e i s th e e fo e s t bl i s h e d
The a s v r r ea r s r re a

u nd t h hy p o t h e s i s t h t ! |
er e
l t j An d s o th e e x p n i n (1 ) i s l i d w h e n
a z . a s o va

| | <
z ] t [ n d th , e ffi cai e n t s O f t h e B e s l f n c t i o n s i n t h e e p a ns i o n e
e co s e u x ar

d fi n d by (2 ) nd
e e a

It i l so e s y t o e s t bl i h th u n i fo m i ty o f t h e c n e g en ce f t h e e
s a a a s e r o v r o x

n (1 ) th gh ut h e g i on h
p nS
a IO t e ro u
[ [
t > R [ g ro w e e R r O r s , z ,
r .
9 1]-
A S S O CI AT E D P O L Y N O M I AL S 27 3

Wh e n t h es e i ne q u al iti e s are s ati s fi e d , th e sum of th e m o d u l i Of t h e t e r m s d oe s no t

e xce e d
28 —l ) ! ex
p (2 ) 7
3

2
BS H 0 m l Ii r

S i n c e th e ex p res s io n on th e r ig ht i s i nd e p e nd e n t of z a nd t, t h e u n i fo r m i t y Of th e

c o n v e r g e nc e fo l l o w s fr o m th e t e s t of We i e r s t ra s s .

f
T h e u n c t i o n 0 , (t ) w a s c a e ll d by N e m n n a B es l f n ti n of th econd
u a se u c o e s
‘
k i nd ; b u t
af
’

th
i s te r m i s n o w s e u d (of 3 5 4) t d
.
ib t i n s l ti n o e s cr e a ce r a o u o .

o f Be ss el e qu
’
s a t o n , a nd s o
i it h b e co m e b s l e t
as d e i p t i n f N e m nn
o o e as a s cr o o u a
’
s

fu nc t i o n T h f n ti on . e u c i p ly no m i l f d g e n 1 i n 1 /t nd i t i s
s a o a o e re ,
a

u sua lly ll e d N e m a nnca u

’
s
p o l yn o m i a l o f or d e r n .

—
I f th e o d o f th te r er e rm s i n N e u m ann
’
s p ly n
o om ia l is r e v e rs e d by w ri tin g
4 —mn or 4( n 1) —m fo r m i n ac c o r d in g as n is e v en or O d d it is
, at

o n ce fo n d th t u a

4" (4u
4

1 n . + m
(5 ) On (t)
1 m = 0 (471 (72 ev en )

(n 4 )
2 2
1 n
2

20 —1 )
1
71
n 1 _ l
) l
2
Q
(n o dd )

T he se re s ul t s m ay b e com b ine d i n th e fo rm u a l
I g ”F (F7l
(7 ) ‘
4 m =0 l (4 n 4m

The e qu ti a o ns
(6 ) a nd (7 ) w e r e gi v en by N e u m a nn .

B y t h e m e th o d s Of
§ 2 1 1 i t is ,
e as i ly p rov e d th t a

(8 ) ex
p (4 l t

(9 )
w h e re
[ 9 [ g [ e xp (4 t 1)
2

Fr o m th e f se o rm u l ae it fo ll o ws th t t h s e i
a e r es S a n J , , (3 ) On (t) i s c o nv e r ge nt
w h e ne v er t h e s e ri e s Ea ” is a b l t e ly n
so u co v e rge nt a n d w h e n 2 i s o u ts i d e ,

th e l
ci r c e o f co n v e r g e nc e o f th e l a t te r s e r e s i . an J , (z ) 0 (t) , d o es no t t e nd to
z ero a s n
’

» oo a nd s o th e f o r m e r s e r ie s d oes n o t con v e r g e . Aga i n i t is , e as y

to p rov e t h t a ,
as n co

—2
0 ?
Z
“
t
(t) 0 01 )

By a n al o g y wi t h th e Leg e n d re f u n c ti o n of th e s ec o n d k ind , Q ” (t)

,
,
w hi h ic s s uc h h t at

1
i
n =o
C f M o d e r n Ana l ys i s ,
.

W . B . F .
274 THE O R Y OF B E S SE L F UN C T I O N S [ CHA R Ix

a nd h e nce i t m y be s h e w n th t th e p oi n t s on t h e ci c l e f co n e gen ce t
a
’le
a r O v r a

w h i c h e i th e s e i e s n e ge f i d n t i l w i t h t h p i n t s n th e i c l
r r co v t r s
-“
ar e e ca e o o c r e a

w h i c h th e o th e s e i e i s c n e g e n t It m y l s o b p o e d th at i f e i th e
r r s o v r . a a e r v ,
r

s e i es i
r u n i fo m ly on ge nt i n ny d m i ns f lu e s f z nd t O l s o i s
s r c v er a o a O va O a ,
S a

t h e o t h e s e ie r r s .

S i n ce t h s i es n th e i ght O f (1 ) i s e u ni fo m ly c n e g e nt s e i e s f
er o r a r o v r r o

a na lyt i f n t i on s w h e n [ I t | i t fo ll w s by d i ffe e nt i ti o n } th at
L
c u c 2 ,
o r a
,

(1 0 )

w he re
p q ,
ar e a n
y p i t i os ve i n t e g e r s (z e r o i n c lud e d ) .

I t m ay b e c o n v e ni e n t to pl ace on r e co r d th e f ll ow i ng
o ex p re s s o ns i

0 , (t) 1 /t , 0 1 (t) 1 /t , 2

0, (t) 1 /t 4 /t 3
, 0 , (t) 3 /i 2
24 m
0 , (t) 1 /t + 1 6h 3
1 92 /t 5
, 0 , (t) 1 2 o/t4

The c oeffi c i e n ts i n th e p ly o n o m i al 0 7 , (t) fo r n= 0, 1 , 2 , 15, h av e b ee n c al cu l ate d by

O tt i , B er n M i tth e i l u ng e n, 1 898, pp . 4, 5 .

91 1 . Th e r ec u r r e nce
f or m u l ae s a ti s fi ed by On (t) .

We s h a ll no w O bt a n i th e f or m ul ae

2 (n
2

(1 ) ( n 1 ) 0 n + 1 (t) ( n 1)
l

Ou (t)
,

(2 ) p l 2 0 71 t) ?

0 1 (t)
,

(3 ) 0 0 (t)

T h e fi rs t Of t h es e w as s t at ed by S c h l atl i ,
'

M a th A n n . . 111 . p . 13 7 , a nd p r ov ed by
G eg e n b au e r , Wi ener S i tzu ng s ber i ch te, v . pp . 3 3 —3 5 ,
b u t th e ot h er two wer e
p r o v e d s om e y e a r s e ar l i e r by N e u m a nn, T h eor i e cl er B es s e l
’
sch en F u n cti o n en (Le i p zi
g ,

p . 21 .

S i n ce e ar ly p
f n i t d m ly f a e i fi t i n w s h ll n t e p e t
r oo s co s s e ere o v r ca o ,
e a o r a

t h em b t g i e i n t h e i
,
pl
u n in t i g a t i n by w h i c h t h e
v n e f r ace a v es o r e cu r r e c or

m l d i ed in
u a e ar e n t l m nn f o m t h e c s p nd i ng fo m l f
er v a a u ra a er r o rr e o r u ae or

B s se le e ffi c i e n ts co .

T k in g a
[ |
t b th t by ( )
1
z n d g 2 2 2 ,
o s e rv e a ,
a

(t z ) B e a (2 ) On (t) 1 B en co s
Q
4n7 r J , (z ) ,

It is s u ffi c i e n t to u se th e t h eo r e m s t h a t, I f E bn i s c o nve r g e nt, s o al s o i s E bn /n , an d t h at t h en

E bn /nz i s
‘
a b s o l u te l y c o n v e r g e n t .

f Th is w as p o i n te d o u t by P i n c h er l e , B o l og na M e m o r i e , (4 ) II I .
(1 88 1 p . 1 60 .

1 C f M o d er n An a l ys i s ,
.
27 6 THEO R Y O F BESSEL F UN CT I O N S [ CHAR Ix

B y c o m i ni n b g (1 ) a nd (2 ) we a t o n ce O bt ai n th e e qu i a l e n t fo
v rm ul ae

1 ) 0 7, =
(4 ) (n ) tOn (t)
’
n S i n 4 n7 r ,
1
(t) (n () l
2
t 2

(5 ) —(n 2
1 ) 0 7, ()
t ( n 1) (t) 2 1
n S i n 4 n7 r .

I f S b e w r i tt e n for t th e s e fo rm ul ae b e c om e

(6) (n 1 ) (S n 1 ) On (t) n (t) sin

2

(7 ) -
n -
l ) 0, (t) —S 1 n 4n } 7r .

u
T h e N e m ann p o ly nom i l o f neg a ti ve i n t e g l o d e a ra r r w as d efi n e d by S ch l a fl i
by th e eq t i on
ua

( )
8 0 (t) On (15)

Wi th th i s d e fi ni t i on th e fo r m u ae l (1 ) are va lid fo r all i nt e g ra l

va lu e s Of n .

Th e d iffer en ti a l e
q u a ti on j
'
s a ti s fi ed by 0 7, (t) .

F ro m t h e rec u r r e n ce fo r m u ae l (6) an d it is l
c e ar th ta

n + 1 ) (S —
1
(S n 1 ) 0 7 , (t) 1) n t On r 1 (t) + u sin
2
4 n7 r
]

sin 4
2
n7 r

{
t tOn (t) 4n7 r } n sin 4nn
2 2
cos ,

a n d conse u entl
q y 0 7 , (t) s a ti s fi es th e d i fi er enti a l
'

e u a ti on
q

(3 0 7, (t) (t ) 0 7 , (t) n s i n 4 n7 r
1
‘
3 ? ’ 2
n t co s 4 a7r .

It f ll ow s th a t
o th e ge n e l ra so u l t i on of th e d i ffe r ent a i l eq t i ua on

cl 7/
2
3 d9 n
2
1 4
2 ”
c o s 2 71 7 1 n s i n i2 nn
2
.

/
Z
dl 2
t dt t t
2

y On (t) l r “ '
]

an d so th e on ly l
s o u ti on of (1 ) w ic h h is ex p r essi bl e as a te r m nai ting s er i e s

i s 0 7 , (t) .

It is som e t im e s c onv eni e n t to w r i t e (1 ) i n th e for m

d y
2
3 dy n
?
1
(2 ) +
t (l l
9 an d) ,

w he re

(3 )

M a th Ann
. . 1 11 . p . 13 8 .

i N e u m a n n , T h eor i e d er B es s e l
'
’
s c h en F u nc ti on en (L e i p z ig ,
J o u r na l f u r M a th .

v n . p . 3 14 .
9 12 , 9 1 3
- -

] ASSOCIATED P OL Y NOMIALS 27 7

Ano t h er m et h o d o f c o n s t r u c t i ng t h e d i ffe re nt i a l e q u at o n i is to o b s er v e t h at

1 2
4
2
m 4
a J. () 2 on (t =
) g w
n J
o
, (z) on (t) ,

2
” (z ) 0, (t)
5; n +2
e
4
,
G

(z —z> 2 +
t — z

—t -
z

1= 2 7
6 2n ' 2n
()
z a
Z :
2

t + z = t2 g
7 L=0

82 a
I, () +3 t 1 + t2 (t) t2 g (t)
"i f
,
P 3 h

_ 0
at,
,
.

at

On e q u at i ng to zer o th e c oe ffi c i e nt o f J, ()
e on th e l e t f h -
a nd S id e of h
t i s i d e nti t yj
, ust

as in we O bt a i n a t o n ce t h e d i ffer e nt i a l e q u a ti o n s at i s fi e d by 0 , (t) .

’
Ne u m a nn s con tou r i nteg r a l s a ss o ci a te d w i th 0 , (z ) .

I t h as b ee n s h e wn by N e u m a nn *
th t a ,
i f 0 be an
y c os e l d co n o t u r,

(1 ) Om 0 n (e ) d z ( = d m aé
() z : 0 ,
m n an n )

(2 ) J m (Z ) 0 , (z ) d z O, (m 7 )
52 2
n

(3 ) J (e ) 0, (2 ) dz

w he re ki s th e b e f p os i t i e i i t s o f th e c nt o u o u nd
e x ce ss o f th e n u m r o v c rcu o r r

th e i gi n
or e th e n m b e o f n e g ti e ci
ov r i ts u r a v r cu .

T h e fi s t e s ult i s b i f m C hy th eo e m b e s e t h e on ly s i ngu ’
r r o v ous ro au c s r ,
cau

l a i ty o f
r
( ) 0 ( ) i t t h e o i g i n an d t h e
z , id e t h e e is
z s a r ,
res u r z e ro .

T h e th i d e s lt f ll o w s i n
r s i m i l r m nn
r u ; t h e o n ly p l
o f th e int a a a er o e o e

g nd i s s i m p l e p l e t th e i gi n nd t h e i d e t th i p o i nt i s
ra a o a or ,
a e r s u a s

T o p o e t h e s e c n d e s l t m ult i p ly t h e e qu t i n
r v o r u ,
a o s

V m () 0 z ,
V, {
2 0, 2
2
9, (z )
by () z an d Jm ()
2 r es p t i ly ec ve ,
a nd s u bt ract I f U (2 ) b e wr i t t en in pl a ce o f

d J m (z )
() 2
dz

th e re su lt of su bt r ac t in g ass um es the form

U U (z ) )s (z ) 0 (z ) (z ) J m (z )
’

() (m
2 2 2 2
e z e n ,
2
9 , ,

T h e o r i e d er B e s s e l
’
s c h en F u n c t i o nen (L e i p z ig , p . 19 .
27 8 T H E ORY OF B E S S E L F UN CT I O N S [ CHALK IX

an d h e nce
[ U2( )] Z C (m
2
(z ) 0 (2 ) d z 7, z
2
g , ()
z Jm (2 ) d z .

t e g t e d p t n i s h s b e ca s e U (z ) i s on e
T h e in ra ar va e u -
va lu e d ,
an d th e i n t e g ra l
on t h e i ght ani s h e s b e c s e t h e i n t e g an d i s ana lyt i
r v au r c fo r al l v a lu e s o f z ; an d

h e n ce w e d e du e (2 ) w h e n m + n
c
2 2
.

T wo co r o l l ar i e s , d u e t o S c h l afi i , M a t/i
'

. Ann . III . p . 1 3 8, ar e t h at

1
(4 )

(5 ) 0m (
x
i
-
Pg ) Jn dy= J m — n

T h e fi rs t i s o bt ai n e d by pp l yi
a ng (2 ) an d (3 ) t o t h e fo rm u l a n am el y
3
°

J. < x + y>= (x ) J (y) ,

— oo

and th e s e co nd f llo o ws by m ki a ng an o b v i ou s c h ang e o f v ar i a bl e .

’
N eu m a nn s i nteg ral
f oi
°
0,

I t w as t t d by N e u m an n “ ’
th a t
s a e

{ x/ u (
£ d (a
2 2
u -
a
(1 ) On (Z )
2
du
‘

e .

n 1

We s h a ll n ow p r ov e by i nd u c t i o n t h e e qu i l n t fo
va e rm u a l
‘d t
( )
2 0 , (z ) [ {t M(l { t K
l z
‘

« e ,

w he re a is an
y an gl e h t h at
su c a ar
g z 4 7r ; on w ri ti n g t= u z,
/ th e t uth
r

of (1 ) ll th e n b e
wi m ni fe s t
a .

A m o d i fi cat i n o of eq t i on (2 )
ua is

Z mh ‘ h 0d 9
{
72 0 9
(3 ) On () 4
‘
z s
6 e co s
I
I
.

To p r ov e (2 ) we o bs e r ve th t a

e xp ia
Zt
dt 0 1 (z ) ‘
dt
00 (z )
Z
te
“ ‘

e ,

an d s o, by u si ng t h e r ec u r r e n c e for m ul a it fo ll o w s th at w e m ay w ri te
i
0, ‘
dt
(z ) (t)
‘
Z
e ,

(t) 42 71 - 1 (t) O ,

= t
4 20 (t) 1, q ()
t
) , t .

d c? B e sse l
°
’
s c h en F u nc ti one n (L e i p z ig ,
p . 1 6 ; J our na l M a th . v u .
2 80 THEO R Y OE B ESSEL F U NCTIONS [ CHAR IX

T h e re for e , s i nce [g Iz we h av e

a nd th e ex p re s s i o n o n t h e l e ft ca n b e m ad e ar b it rar il y s m al l by t k i a ng N s u ffi c i e ntl yl ar g e

w h e n 2 a nd g are fi xe d .

H en c e , w hen CI | I z ,
we h av e

1 { V(u
2
u
u
da
‘

e
C 0° Z
n II- -

Ea e (C) On (Z )
n =o

w he re 0, ( ) i
z s d efi n e d by th e e q t ion ua

{u d (u {
2
u
“
0, (z ) da
“

e
22 72 “

an d i t is e as y to se e th t a 0, (z ) ,
so d e fi ne d ,
is a p lyn
o om a i l in l /z of deg re e

n 1 .

Wh e n th e i n teg r an d is ex p nd d
a e
*
in p owers o f z an d i n t e gr a t e d te rm by
te rm ,
i t is e as y to r e co n c i le th i s de fi ni t i o n o f 0 ( ) , z w it h th e fo rm ul a 91

’
S oni ne s i nves ti g f
’
a ti on o Neu ni a nn s i nteg r al .

An t
e x re m e ly i n te res ting a nd s ugg e s ti v e i n v e s t i gat i o n g e ne l ty p e
of a ra

1 /(a —z )
,

of e x p a ns i o n of i s d u e t o S o ni ne ''

l ; f
rom th i s g e ne l e x p ns i on ra a ,

N e u m a nn ul (g 91 ) w i th fo g l f n b e d e i e d w i th o t
’
s rm a t h e i n te ra o ca r v u

d i ffi c l ty S oni n e s gen e l th e
u .
’
ra e m i s a s f ll o w s
or o

Let i
xx be a n a r bi tr a r
yf ncti on
f w a nd if
u o , I
« f
( )
w = x, l et w I (a )
« x
,

so th a t A is th e f u ncti o n i n ver s e to xr
l .

Let Z , a nd A , be d e fi n ed by th e equ a ti ons

2

1 dw
w‘
Z, {h dd
w’ a
. e .

n+ 2
2m w

i t bei ng a ss um ed th a t th e ser i es o n th e ri
g ht is conver g ent .

Su pp os e th t f a or a n
y gi v en p itios ve lu e
va of x, l o n a c os e l d
c u rv e C '
s u rr o u nd i n g th e ori gi n an d th e p into z , an d I w e
h (m) on a c lo s d e

Cf H . o b son , P l a ne T r i g ono m e tr
y 2 64 .

1 M a th em a ti ca l Co l l ec t i on (M o s c o w ) pp 3 2 3 —3 8 2 n o ta ti o n h as b
’
“

,
v . . . S on i n e s ee n

m o d i fi ed sl i g h tl y ,
b u t th e s ym b ol s 50 a nd 41 ar e h is .

I T is is h co nn e c te d wit h L pl a ace s
’
t ra n s fo r m a ti on S e e B u rk h ar d t, E n cyc l op a d i e d e r M a t h
—7 8 4
.
.

Wi ss . II. (Ana l ys i s ) 7 81 .
 ASSOCIATED POL Y NOMIALS 28 1

c u r ve 0 s u r ro u nd i ng th e o ri gi n but n o t e nc os i n l g th e p o i n t 2 . T h en

2 Z n An

d a da
v '

e M n
z u ax
-

—x
e M
z un a

w
l /(a
p rov id ed
th a t R ( ) < R ( ) ; nd z a a th e res u lt is es a t bl i h e d s if ass u m e d
th t t h e a i u t ns f m a t i n s
a v r o s ra or o are p er m iss i bl e .

In o d t o o bt i n N e u m nn s i t ke
’
r er a a ex a ns o n a

«
(
r )
w 4 (w l /w ) , «
1 (w)
» wi « a
s

a nd th e n
1 a
, _ Z

2 be n In Z
( {) A n A -
v i
n =o

S i nc e

A. e r A_ n [i x fw r
.
e 1)I " —r {w i we 1 M on

we a t o nce o bt ai n u
N e m ann
’

s i nt eg l ra .

S o mi n e n o te s p
( 3 2 8) t h at
—
.

l
Jn ( ) (ba /
2 "
n
n I) 6, On (a ) N ” 1 (fii a l " n
o

so t h at th e ex p a ns i o n of 1 /(a —z) co nv e r g e s w h en [z a
l; a nd i n t h e l at er p ar t o f h is
m em o i r h e g i ves f th
ur er a pp l i cat i o n s o f h is g e ne ra l e x p ans i o n .

Th e g en er a ti ng f u n cti on of 0, (z ) .

Th e s e ri es 2 (z ) ,
w ic h h is a g e n e r at i ng fu nct i o n a s s oc i a te d wi t h
n =o

d o es no t c o nv erg e for a ny v a l u e o f t e x ce pt ze r o . h o we v er, h as “

sum m ed
”
th e

s e r i e s a fter t h e m e t od h of B o r e l i n t h e fo l l o wi ng m a nn e r :

1
en a , 2
_ 0
71 0 4

2" “
(n + 4) ( n + )
m ! t -

N i eu w Ar e h i ef v oor Wi s h u nd e VI . pp . 49 —5 5 .
282 THEO R Y OR E E S S E L FUNCTIONS [ CHAR IX

T h e B o r el -
s u m as s o c i a t e d w it h t hi s s er i e s is (l 1 t2 ) a nd h
t i s i nteg r al

is c o nv e r e nt s o l o ng as (l t2 ) z /t i s n o t ne g a ti v e
g .

T h e re is no g re at d i ffi c u l ty i n v e r if y i ng t h at th e s e r i es 2 c, tn 0 , (z ) is a n as ym

pt o ti c e x p ans i on of t h e i n te g r al for s m al l p os i t i v e v a l u e s o f t w h en
Iarg z
| and s o th e
i n te g r al m ay b e r e g a r d e d as th e g e n erati ng f u n c ti o n o f 0 , (z ) . K ap teyn h as b u il t u p muc h
of th e t h y eo r of N eu m ann s
’ '
fu nc t i o n fr o m t i s r es u l t h .

T h e i neq u a l i ty of K ap teyn f or
’
s typ e O, (ne ) .

I t is p
bl e t d e du ce f o m N e u m ann s i n t e g l an in e qu a l i ty sa ti s fi e d
os s i o r
’
ra

by O , ( )
ne w h i c h c l se ly e s m bl e s t h e i n e qu l i ty s a t i s fi e d by J (n ) o bt i n e d
o r e a z a

in § 87 .

We h a v e
1 w
[ [w {w
nw
O, (n e ) /
(w dw
2 ‘

y
.
e ,
22 n+ 1
0

th e p th a of in t e g t i o n b e i ng
ra a co n o t u r i n th e w -
pl a n e , an d so

1 "
( )I [[ ]I
w
0, nz s
Z] n+1
w i V(w 2
e
‘

. div

w he th t lu e o f th e rad i c l
re a va a is t k en w h i ch gi
a v es th e i n t e gr n d a wi th th e
gr e t e m o d l s
a r u u .

N w th e s t at i on y p oi n t o f
o ar

w
{ V(w
2
w
‘

is ( K
l an d s o

1 1 x/ 1 )
2
2

1 — l
(1 ) g dia
|e « >
,
2
ex z
p
w h e e t h e p th f i nt e gra t i on i s ne fo w h i c h th e i n t e g and i s g e t e s t t th e
r a o o r r r a a

s t ti on
a y p oi ntar .

If s fa e f t h e ty p e i nd i t e d i n
a ur c i s co ns t c t d o e t h e w p l n e
o ca ru e v r -
a ,

th e s t t i on a y p o i n t i s th e
a n ly p r s n th e f e ; and b o th w 0 and o as o s u r ac :

w a e t l w e l e l th n t h e p ss i f
00 r a a o r ve a a

—z ) 2 !

H t u j oi ni n g th e i gi n t i n fi ni ty c n b e d w n w h e n 2 ) i s
e n ce , s i n c e a c on o r or o a ra

s ti s fi e d
a nd i nce th e i n t e g l i n l e d i n (1 ) i
,
a s n g nt w i th th i s con t u ra vo v s co ver e o r,

i t fo ll o w s th t th gh t th e d o m i n in w h i c h (2 ) i t i s fi e d t h e i ne q l i ty
a , ro u ou a s sa , ua

A
—
N/ (1
n l

(3 ) On (M ) "
I Z

is t i s fi d fo s om e n s t n t l
sa e r co a va ue o fA a nd th i s i s an i ne q al i ty o f t h e s
u am e

c ha ct e
ra s t h e i n e qu l i ty o f
r a a
2 84 THE O R Y OF B E S S E L
” F UNCTIONS [ CHAR Ix

Th e d i ffe ren t ia l e qu a ti o n o f h h
w ic A t i
() s a so u l t i on i s
d y
2
3 —2 v dy -
1)
(8 ) dtz
t dt
1 3]

w he re

2
(9) F (4n + 1 ) t
cos 12 nrr

( 11 + 4n + 4) s in
4
2
nn
4) t
.

F (4n + 2

Th ege n e l ra so u l t i on of (8 ) is A (t) t ” ‘
1
g ”, (t) .

O f t h es e r e s lt s
u , (8 ) an d (9 ) ar e d u e to G g nb ue e a er ; a nd he a sol
p o e d th at
r v

1 m
(1 0 ) A (t) e d t T i n
r (v ) (v n )c ,
v
(z ) ,

w he re ffi ci e n t f in t h e e xp ans i on o f (1
(z ) i s th e coe O a
”
2 az th is
f m ul i s e as i ly p o d by c l c l a t i ng t h e e s i du e f (i t) A
or a r ve a u r o z
m
’

, , (t) t th e or i gi n
a .

T h e co e s p on d i n g fo m ul f N e u m nn s p ly no m i a l i s ’
rr r a or a o

1
dt { }
izl
(1 1 ) 0 (t) e i co s n a re c o s z .

2 77 i

Th e fo ll o w ing fo r m u ae l m ay l
a so b e m e n i o ne t d
(1 2 ) A () z A () z dz = 0 , (m = n and m 7é n )

(3
1 )
”
(z ) A (z ) d z O (m 4 n )
2 2
‘

z ,
:

(1 4 ) (z ) A (z ) dz 2 7 7 170
‘
”
z , ,
,

w he re C is l d on t an cno seO 1 2 n d k i s t h e e xce s s O f t h e n u m b e r

c o u r, a
y , , ,

o f p os i t i v e ci c i t e t h e n m b e o f ne g t i e i c u i t s f 0 o nd t h e o i gi n
r u s ov r u r a v c r o r u r .

T h e fi s t nd t h i d f t h e se l t e s ul ts
r a e p e d by t h e m e th o d o f
r o as r ar rov

t h e s e co n d i s d e i e d f o m t h e e q a t i o n s
r v r u

V J” ( ) 0 V” { A ( ) }
y +m , g ()z , , z
l '
V
z z
2 ‘
"
, ,
z ,

w h e nce w e fi nd th a t

(m ) (2 m )
”
(z ) A (z ) dz () () dz O
‘

n 1/ n z , H , z z z .

S , (t)
’
S eh l dfi i ol nom i a l
’

s
p y .

A p lyn o o m ia l cl ose ly c o nn e c t e d wi th N e u m a nn s
’
p lyn m i l o o a 0, (t) w as
i nv e s i t g t e d bya S ch l afi i . In v ewi of th e g re a e r t s i m p l i i ty f c o som e of i ts
p p
ro e r ti e s , i t is f eq
r u e nt ly co n v e n i e n t to u se it ra th e th r an N e u m a nn
’
s p ly o

nom i a l .
 A S S O CI A T E D P O L Y N O M I AL S
S c h l a fli
’
s d e fi n i ti o n *
of th e p ly n
o om ia is l
s
—
(1 )
u + 2m
< t> m l
( > l t
m .

( )
2 S , (t) 0 .

On co m p ar i n g (1 ) wit h 91 fiv e s e e a t o nc e t h at

(3 ) 4n S (t) t0 , (t) 4n7 r

2
, cos .

I f we sub t i t t e fo t h e f
s u r u nc ti ons 0 , (t) i n th e r e c u r r e n ce f
o r m u ae l ( )
1
a nd w e fi nd f m t h e f ro or m e r th t a

( )
4 S ,“ l (t) S, (t) 2 nt S (t) 4t 4run
“
1 ‘
1 2 "

r
_ I cos ,

an d f om
r th e l t te
a r,

4( 4
’
1) ()
t ( 1 ) S, (t) nS , (t) ni
l
S, ()
t 2t 1 2
4
“ "

n n +I c os n7 r .

If w e m ult i p ly th i by s 2 a nd ad d th e resu lt to we g et

S n—l (t) S n+ 1 (t l (t) .

fo m ul e (4 ) nd (5 ) m y f o u e b p o d by e l e m en t y l g b
'

The r a a a ,
O c rs ,
e r ve ar a e ra

by s i n g t h d e fi ni t i n o f S (t) w i th o t pp e l ing t th e p p e ti e
u e o , ,
u a a o ro r s of

N e m ann s p o ly no m i l
’
u a .

T h e d fi n i t i on o f S h l fi i s p ly n m i l f n e g t i de is ’

e c a o o a o a v e or r

(6) S —n (t) 8 , (t) ,

a nd , th t h i s d e fi ni t i
wi on, (4 ) a nd (5 ) ar e t r u e fo r al l in te g l ra l
v a u es o f n .

T h e i n t e e s t i n g fo r r m u a, l p o in t e d ou t by S c h l a fl i ,

S n—l (t) S n + 1 (t) 4 0 7 i (t) ,

is e asi ly d e i e d f m (8 ) nd
r v ro a

O th e fo m s o f t h e e
r r r c u r r e n ce f or m u a e l w ic h h m ay b e d er ve i d f ro m
( )
4
a nd 5) ar e

4n7 r
’

(8 ) tS , _l (t) nS , (t) tS , (t) 2 c os

2
,

4
’
9) tS , +1 (t) nS , (t) tS , (t) 9 0 0 82 7 1 97 .

I f w e w r i te 9: fo r th e s e f o r m u ae l be co m e

= tS ,
( 0)
1 (S ) S, () (t) 2 2
n t _ 1 cos 7m
4 ,

( )
1 1 —
(S n ) S (t) ,
= 2 cos
2
4n 7 r .

l it '
fo l l o w s th t a

(S ) S (t) t (S )S (t) 2 n co s 2
2
n
2
, 1 n , _ I 4 u rr

S , (t) Qt s i n 4n 7 r 2 n co s 2 47m
2
t ,

an d so S, (t) i s a so u l ti on o f th e d i ff e r e nt a i l q ti
e ua on

I (t —n ) y =
ol

b
Q

t—
—Z—
C y
(1 2 ) Qt s in 4 + 2 n co s 4
2 2 2 2
t + -
n7 r n'7r .

ifi

M a th . A nn . III . p . 13 8 .
2 86 THE O R Y OF B E S S EL
M
FUNCTIONS [ CHAR Ix

I t m ay b e c o nv e n i e n t to pl ac e o n r e co r d th e f llo ow n i g ex p i
r e ss o n s

S , (t) 2 /t, S , (i ) 4 /t , 2

1 6/t 3
, s 6/t4 ,

S , (t) 2 /t 4 8/t 3
S , (t ) 1 2 /t 2
3 8 4 /t 4
7 G o/i
8 s
.

Th e g e ne r a ld e s ce n d ing s e i
r es, gi v en ex p l i i tly by O tt i
c ,
ar e

S
2"
E
(4n + m
13 ) t ( n e v en
)
m z 1 (4n

2 71 ( 2 )( 4 )
2 2 2 2
n n n
?
t

m +1 (n O d d )
n m (4t)
(n
)

)
I
N 2 (n
N

Th e c o e ffi c i e n t s i n th e p l y m i l S (t) f
o no a or n = 1 2, 12, h av e b e e n c a l cu l a t ed by Otti
pp 1 3 —1 4 ; Otti f
, , , ,

B er n M i tth ei l u ng en, 1 8 98, .

’
s or m u l ae ar e r e p ro d u ce d (w i t h som e o bi v ou s

e rr o r s ) by G f ra a nd b
G u l e r , E i nl e i tu ng i n d i e Th eor i e d er B es s e l
’
s ch en F u n/eti o nen, II .
(Be r n ,

p 24. .

F or m u l a e c o nnecti ng th e p o l yn om i a l s o f N e u m a nn a nd S chl afi i
'

We h a v e a l r e a dy e n co u n t e re d two f l
o r m u ae co n n e c t i n g th e p lyn
o o m ia s of l
N e u m a nn a nd S c h l afl i ,
na m e ly
4 S, (t) i f) , (t) 4
2
n co s n7 r ,

SH (6) S n “ (1) 4 0 7. (t) ,

of h h t h e f m i s n i m m e d i t e c ns qu n e f t h e d fi n i t i n o f t h
w ic or er a a o e e c o e o s e

f n t i ns nd t h l tt f ll w s f m th e e
u c o ,
a en e f e m l e A n m be
a erf o o ro r cu rr c or u a . u r o

o th e fo m ul e nn c t i n g th t w f n ti ns e d u e t C e l i e ; th e y
r r a co e
'
e o u c o ar o r r
22
are

e s i ly d e i
a bl f m t h e fo m l e l dy o b t i n e d an d w h ll no w d i c
r va e ro r u a a re a a , e s a s uss

th m e e imp t nt f th e m
or or a O .

Wh n w l i m i n t e s 4n f m (3
e e ) n d e i t h e (8
a e) w co
2
7r ro a r or e

fi n d th t a

2 0 71 (t)
,

(1 ) (t) S n (t) ,

2 0 . (t)
’

(2 ) (t) S. (t) .

N ext ,
on s u m m in g eq u a t i o ns o f th e t y p e $9 3 we fi nd th at

d i —1 )

(3 ) S, (t) 2 g S (t) Sin

‘
2
4 u7r S , (t) ,

m z o

an d h e n ce

()
4 (t) 2 82 (m s (t) . .

m=o

C onzp tes R en d u s , Cx x v . pp . 42 1 — 4 2 3 , 8 60 4
8 63 ; B er n M i t t h e i l u ng en , 1 8 97 , pp . 6 1 — 96 .
2 88 THEO R Y OF B E SS EL FUNCTIONS [ C H AR IX

'
l f or S n
’
C re l i er s i nteg ra

If w e t ke
a th e f
or m ul a na m e ly
ex p ia

On ( Z) W W it x/ (1
2
75
W] di ,

an d i n t e g ra te by p t s ar ,
w e fi nd th a t
w e xp i a
1 d
Z
"

2; [0 3 5
(it x/ (l
2
l
t ) ’U r {t /
x (l mm
00 8
2
t +
n
“ W “
lt + x/(1 t fi
ll n
{t W1 e
“dt
5;
.

2:

H e n ce it f ll o w s th
o at

“ t
{ « 1 + » {t )} —
e xp ? n 2 n
1 t
1 S Z e
t Z

T is h e q u a ti o n , w ich hw as g i v en by S ch l afi i ,
'

M a t/z Ann . . I II . p . 1 4 6, i n

(Z)
n9 9d
(2 ) Sn { )
n 7 19
}
z S i nh
9,
” ‘

e e e

f u nd a m e n t al i n Cr el i e r
’
s r e s ea r c h e s *, o f w ich hw h e s al l n o w
g iv e a n o u tl i ne .

We w r i te tem p o ra r i ly

Tn s
{t m or {t vo an
Tn H -
—2 t T n
- ‘
T n—1 0 ,

Tn H - 1
Tn Tn /Tu —I

and th e e fo
r re

Tn“ 1 l 1
Tu

th e t i n e d f c t i o n h i ng n e l e m e n t s
c on u ra av . It f ll o w
o s t h at Tn H /T n i s th e
q ti e nt f t w o s i m p l e onti n nt f S t h t
uo o c ua s O a

T, “ K (2 t 2 15 , ,
2 t)
Tn 2 t) n _ 1

t h e s u ffi xe s n , n 1 d e n o ti n g th e nu m b e r o f e e m en s l t in th e c o n ti n u a n ts .

It f ll
o ow s th t i
a is in d e p end e nt of n
‘

; a n d S n ce i

TI 2 v (1
’

K (2 t) o
= 1,
we h av e

T, :2 t ?
)
C o mp tes R en d u s , c xxv . pp . 4 2 1 — 42 3 , 8 60— 8 63 ; B e r n M i tth e i l u ng en , 1 8 97 , pp . 6 1 — 96 .

1 C
'
hyt
r s al , A l g e br a , II . pp . 4 94 — 5 0 2 .

1 S i n ce al l th e el em e n t s o f th e c o n t i n u an t ar e th e s a m e, th e co n ti n u a n t m ay b e ex p res s e d by
h bb
t is a re v i a te d n o ta ti o n .
 ASSOCIATED POL Y NOMIALS 28 9

a nd h e nce
e xp £4
S n (z ) 2 K e
“
zt
a t.
’

FI o m th i s e s ult i t i s p s i bl t
r os e o o bt i
a n al l th e r e c u r r e n ce fo r m u ae l fo r
S ,, (e ) by s i ng p p e t i s f c nti n
u ro r e o o u a nt s .

S ch l afi i f
’
an s i on o S n (t
s ex
p 2 ) a s a s e r i es o
f B es s e l c oe
fi l ci en ts .

We S h a ll no w o bt i
a n th e re s u lt due to S ch l a fli *
'

th t a ,
w h en 2 t
S n (t 2 ) ca n be ex p nd d
a e i n th e f o rm

w
(1 ) S
17 1
_

Th e s im pl t
t bl i s h in g th i s fo m l for p os i tiv e lu e s of n
es me th o d of e s a r u a va

i s by i nd u c ti n l I t i s e i d n tly t e w h e n n 0 f th e n b o th s i d e s ani h
o
‘’
. v e ru ,
or v s

wh en n 1 th e
_ p re s s i n o n t h e i ght i s e q l t
,
ex o r ua o

s . (t) J , (z ) E is ] (t) (z ) S m “ (t) .

m =1

2 0, a) J , z ) 3 (t) an z )
m =1
w
—2 2 em Om (t) Z)
2 /(t z ) 81 0 +

by 91
-

()
1 an d
g
N ow i f we ,
ass u m e th e t uth
r of ( )
1 fo r S ch l a fi i
’
s p ly n
o om ia s l o f or de rs

0 1 2
, , ,
n, w e ha ve

Z) S n— Z) Z)
,
S 7 1 + 1 (t l (t QS n (t
E ( m
t) J (z ) 2 2 S (t) J m (z )

{S n—m —m (”l J m (Z )
l
-
I (t) 2S it

g: Sn H - -
m (t) J m (Z ) ;

an d t h e i ndu c t i o n is es a t bl i s h d ; t O bt e o i
a n th e s econ d l ine i n th e a na ly s is ,

we h av e u sed th e o b i
v ou s lt th t
re s u a

(t z ) 2 ,
S (t . z ) .

M a th Ann . . I II . pp . 13 9 —1 4 1 ; th e e x a m i n a ti o n of th e c o n ve r g e n ce o f th e s e r ie s is
l e ft to t h e re a d er (c f .

J
r The e x te n s i o n to ne g a t i v e v al u e s o f n fo l l o w s on th e p ro o f fo r p o s i ti v e v al u e s , by

19
 90 . THE O R Y OF B ESSEL FUNCTIONS [ C HAR Ix

The ex p ans i o n w as o bt ai n e d by S ch l afli

'

by p ex a nd ng
i ev e r yt er m on th e r ig ht of (1 ) in
a s c en d i ng p o w e r s o f z a nd d e s c e nd i ng p o w er s o f t. T h e i nv e s t i g ati o n g i v e n e re i s d u e to h
S o ni ne , M a t/i . An n . X VI . p 7 ; S o ni n e s
.
’
i n v es t i g a ti o n w as c o nc e r n e d wi t h a m o r e

g e neral c l as s o f fu nct i o ns t h an S c h l afi i s ol no m i al ,
’ '

p y k no w n a s M i ni cyl i nd r i ca l
-

f u n cti o ns

Wh en we m a k e u se of e q a t i on
u 93 i t is l
c e ar th ta ,
w h en 2 t

i
m= -
ao

h
T i s was p r ov e d d i r e ctl y
by G eg e n b a u er , Wi ener S i tzu ng s ber i cl zte, L X VI .

pp 2 2 0 —2 2 3 wh o p a nd e d On (t + z) i n as ce n d i ng p of 2 by T yl h e or e m d
’
.
,
ex o w e rs a or s t ,
u se

th e o b v i ou s for m u l a [ of

(3 ) d tp m =o

and rea rr ang e d th e re s u l ti ng d ou l e b s e r i es .

It i s eas y to d e du c G a f s e r
’
*
r es ult s ( a l i d w h e n v z t
oo

(4 ) s, a z ) 2 SW , (t) (z ) ,

(5 ) on (t z
)
m 5 OW (t) J m (z ) .

T h e d efini ti on f
’

o Neu m a nn s p ol yn om i a l (t) .

Th e p bl
ro em p n d i ng
b i t y e e n n lyt i f nc t i n i n t
o f ex a an ar r ar v a a c u o o a

s e i e s o f s qu e s o f B e ss e l co e ffi c i e n t s w s s gg e s t e d t N e u m ann l by t h -"
r ar a u o e

fo m ul a e f 2 7 2 w h i c h e xp e s s ny e e n p w f as s i s f th is ty p e
r o ,
r a v o er o 2 a er e o .

T h p e l i m i n y e p ns i on
e r e s p nd i n g t
ar t h e e p n i on
x f 1 /(t
a ) ,
c or r o o x a s o 2

gi n i n 9 1 i s t h e e p n s i n O f 1 /(t
ve , ) ; nd t h e f n ct i o nx (t) aw i ll o
2
Z
2
a u

b e d e fi n e d s t h e co e ffi i n t o f J ( ) i n t h e p n i on f 1 /(t s o th t
‘
3 2
a c e en n z e x a s o a

J ., () o , (t) () Q (t) a] ; () O , (t )
2
z 2 , z

E 6, J , (e ) O , (t)
2
.

To o bt ain an ex pli i t c ex p r e ss o n i fo r ta k e 2 t ,
a nd , a fte r ex

p nd i ng
a 1 /(t 2
z
?
) in asce n d in g p ow e r s o f z , s u bs ti t u te fo r e ac hp o we r of z th e

M a th . An n . X LI I I . pp . 1 41 —1 42 ; s ee al s o E p s te i n , D ie v i er R e c h nu ng ~o e ra t zo ne n
p
F or tsc h r zt te d er M a th
’
m i t B ess e l sche n F u nc ti o ne n (B e r n , [ J a h r bu c h u be r d i e . 1 8 93 1 89 4 ,
pp . 8 45 — 8 4 6 ]
L eip z i g er B er i c h te , xx r . pp . 22 1 —2 5 6 .
[ M a th A nn . II I. pp . 5 8 1 — 61 0 ]
 THEO R Y F UNCTIONS CH
‘

2 92 O F B E S S EL [ AR Ix

B y r e as oni ng s i m i ar l to t h t a
g i v en at the en d of 9 1 it is , e as y to s hew
th a t th e do m a i ns o f con v e r g ence of th e s er i e s Z an J n 2
(z ) (t) and 2 a" (e /t)
,
271

ar e th e s am e .

The r ea d er s h o uld h a v e no d i ffi c lty u in v er i fy i n g th e c u r i o u s fo rm ul a, d ue

t o K a p t eyn
in
=
(1 0 ) Q u ()
t 2
0

The r ecu r r ence

f or m u l a e
f or (t) .

T h e for m u l ae corr e s p nd i n g t
o o (2 ) an d (3 ) ar e

Q Q
.

(3 (t) 2Q (t)
m
n 1 u +i 0
<1) c
-

,
1 1 2
1
'

n n n

(2 ) J4 2 0 (t) 29 2 (t) ,

'

(3 ) (Q/t) Q o (t) 29 1 0) 29 0 (0
T h e re se em s l g e of 9 1 1
to b e n o Th e m e t h od by w h i ch
si m pl e an a o u

N e u m nn f O bt i n e d th e s e fo m ul e i s th a t d e s c i b e d i n
a
' '
a r a r

T k e t h e f n d m e n t a l e p n s i o n 94
a u a nd o b e e th t x a a s rv a

d a (e
—(Z )
z
J z
J 2

97 7
n l 7 1+ 1
’

dZ ]
(

an d th t by a ,
H an s e n s e x
’
p a ns i o n o f 2 5,

( z 2
’

) J
2 O ()
2

We fi nd by d i ffe ren t i t i on s
a wi th re g d ar t o t, an d wi t h re ga d r to 2 ,
th a t
(I )

2 t/(i f”
’
2
2 em
?
(z ) O u (t) ,

n =0

2 z /(t
'
‘
(t) /u
4

) 2 J0 (2 ) J (2 ) Q (t) (z ) J
2 ? 2 2
z O , z u +l

co

z
u
E
=1
(z ) { O n (t) Q 0

Ou -

co m p a ri n g th e s e res u lt s ,
it is c e ar l t h at
w
t
“ "
1
2
=o
(t) 2
n

On se ec l t ing th e coe ffi c i e n t f J o n
2
(z ) on l e ft
th e and e qu t i nga i t to z er o

we a t on c e o b t i n t h e th
a r e e s ta te d f m l or u ae .

A nn S c i . . de I
’
Eco l e no r m . s up .
(3 ) x . p . 111 .

l L e ip z i g
"‘
er B e r i c h te , xxx . p . 25 1 .
[ M a t /z Ann . . I II . p .
 ASSOCIATED POL Y NOMIALS 2 93

u man
’
en er a l i s a ti o n o
en ba u er s f
’

9 5 .
. Geg g N e n s o l
p y om i a l Q n (t)
n

I f we ex p nd a d gp z pl
) in as ce n i n o we r s o f z a nd r e a ce e ac hp o wer

of 2 by i ts ex p n a si o n s s e ies f p o d t s f B e e l f nc ti n g i
a a r o r uc o ss u o s ven in 5 5 ,

w e fi nd o n r e ar r a n g e m n t (by e p l i ng s by n
e 2 m ) th t r ac a

n + v
Z n
—
l—f v
- -
s
Z

t —'

Z
s
t + 1 f

E t “ s
P (u + v + m!
s =0

X Ju + i s + m (Z) J v +as + m (Z )

—
n —m +
—2 ln + 1)

X (
Lu g ), (Z ) J y + §n (Z )
it is su pp
d th t ] ose t l nd th e n t h e e a n g e m e n t p es e n t
a z n o g e te ,
a r arr r s r a r

th e o e t i cal d i ffi c ult i es th n th e o e s p n d i ng
r n ge m e n t f 91 a c rr o r e ar r a o .

We cons e qu e ntly e l e d to con s i d th e p oly n m i l (t) d e fi ne d by

’

ar er o a ,

th e e q a t i o n u

n+ l
t

( n+ %
-
n —m )
(u v n 2m 1)
T is h p lyn
o om i a l was i nv e s i t g t e d by a G eg e nb a u e fi ; it sa ti fi e
s s v a ri o u s

rec u r r e nc e fo rm ul e non e a ,
o f w hich of are a sim pl e c h ar ac e r t .

I t m ay b e not ed th t a

( )
2 B 2n ; (t) en t (t) .

fo ll o w in g ge n e al i s ti on s f G g e nb e s f m ul e e w th p l i ng
Th e r a o e au r
’
or a ar or ac

on e co d
r T hey r e bt i ne d by e p nd i ng th B s e l fu nc ti ons i n sce nd i ng
. ar O a x a e es a

s eri s end l l t i n g t h s i du e s
a ca cu a e re .

1
23 55 J
t
-
v
J , (2 t s i n a) N (t d )
t : 0 .

i J (2 t s in ) e
a m, (t) d t
-
v
,

n ! 1)
si nN b)
3 F2 (
-

x .

I n th e S p e cia l ca s e in w i c h h u.
,
t ish re d u ce s to

(5 ) ”
J ,
E m, V, , ()
t d t = 2 2"
(u+ n O
f n
c)
”
(
co s

This fo rm u la ma y b e s t i ll fu th e r r S p ec i a l is e d by t a i n k g qb eq l t ua o i n or yr .

Wi ener S i tz u ng s bcr i c h te , L xxv PP 2 1 8

—2 2 2
2 94 THEO R Y OF B E S S EL F UNCTIONS [ CHAR ix

*
l (z )
’
9 6 . Th e g en es i s o f Lom m e l s
p yn om i a l
o R .

The r ec u rr e nc e fo rm ul a

m ay O b v o i u s ly be u se d to ex p r e ss J y+ m () l in
z e ly t e r m s o f J (z ) and
ar in ,

a nd th e c o e ffi c i e n s t in th i s l i ne el t i n
ar r a e p o ly n o m i l s i n 1 /z
o ar a

h h
w ic ar e kn o wn as L o m m el
’
s
p ol
y nom i a l s . We p oce e d to s h e w h o w t o
r

o bt ai n ex p li i t c
“

ex p r es s on s i for th e m .

The r es ult of e l i m i na t i n g J , +1 () z ,
J f
( ) om
2 r th e s ys tem of

e qu a t i ons
= O, 1 ,
{2 (
v J y fl , () z J y + p _, ()
z 0 , (p m 1)

is e as i ly seen to be

JV m
0,
O,

0,
JV
Jv —( )l z (2 v /Z ) JV (Z ) ,

By e x p nd in g
a in f t
co ac o r s of th e fi st r l
co u m n , we th a t th e f t
c o a c or

JH m (z ) is u ni ty ; and th e f t
co a c or o f —) m *
1
J () z is

—2 z
"
1
(v + m l ) ,

1,
0,

Th e f t
c o a c or o f (z ) is th i s d e t e r m i n an t mo i d fi e d by th e s u pp i
r e s s on

of th e l as t lu m nr o w an d co .

T h e c f to
—
f o ac J ( ) is d e no t e d by th e sy m b o l
r o
1
nd z a

th s d e fi n e d i s a ll d Lo m m e l s p ly n m i l I t i s o f d e g e e m i n l /
u ,
c e
’
o o a . r z

an d i t i s a l s o o f d e g e e m i n r v .

T h e e ff t o f s u pp e s s i n g th e l s t ow n d co l m n o f t h e d e t e m i nan t by
ec r a r a u r

w h i c h R m (2 ) i s d e fi ne d i s e q i
, l e n t to i nc e s i n g nd d i m in i s h i ng m by u va r a v a

u ni ty ; and s o th e co f ct o f ) — ( ) is — )
m —
a r o
m ‘
l
z
1

H e nce i t fo ll o w s th t a

J v-H n (Z ) J V (Z ) R (Z ) J v —(Z >Rm —

1 -
1, v+ l (Z ) O
;

M a th A nn . . Iv . pp . 1 08 —1 1 6 .
 THEO R Y OF E E S S E L F UNCTIONS [ CHA “
'

2 96 R Ix

by 3 2 Bu t ,
by we ha ve

p
m + p + 1) P (
—m e “
Z
n ) (ac
—(Z )
.
J ——m ()J
v
v v 1
v m + n + 1) F (v n )
g m
v m + n 1 ) F (v + n )

p 2 0 P (
w h en we re pl ace n i n th e l st
a summ a t i on by m p 1 . N ow it is l
c e ar

th t a

(p (m 2p 1) l (m +p 2 ),p

(m +p -
l p !
an d s o, w h en w e c om b in e t h e s e ri e s for th e p d t
ro uc s o f th e B e s s e lf
u nc t i o ns ,
we
fi nd th a t
—+ —1
2 s i n V 77 m m 1n 2u

—
u
R
7 m n =0 n ! F ( v
—
m+ —
S in v 7 r i
) ! P (y m n ) (% Z )
?”

i
2 n l
(m
’

n .

7 . n ! (m 2 n) ! T (u n )
th e te rms h h n > ém
for w i c v an s i h o n a c co unt of th e p r e s e nc e o f th e f c to
a r

m in t h e n u m e t o ra r .

Wh e n u i s not n i ntege a r, we in fe t h tr a

< 5“ —) (m n
n )! F (v m n )
<3 ) Em y (Z ) ! (m 2 n) ! F (v
'

n =o n n)
é
i m
—
m+ 0
- n
‘

B u t th e g i n l d e fi ni t i o n O f R
ori aby m e ns f d e t e m i n n t s h e w s m ’
, a o a r a ,

th t a i s a con tin s fu n t io n f f ll l e s f i nte g l not ;

uou c o v or a va u o v, ra or

and s o by n , b i l i m i tin g p oce s s w e i n f th t (3 ) i s a a l i d e xp e s s i n

a o v ou s r , er a v r o

fo r e v e n w h en i s n i nte g Wh e n v i s a ne ga t i e in t e g e i t m y
v a er . v r a

b e n e ce ss y t o r e p l a e t h e q o t i e n t
ar c u

P( v m n )
F (v + n
) F (—v
in p t ar of th e s e r i es .

Th e s er i e s
(3 ) w as g i v e n by Lo m m e l , M a th A nn . . Iv .
pp . 1 08 —1 1 1 ; an e q ui
v al e nt r es u l t in a d i ffe r e nt n o ta t i o n , h ad , h o w ev er b p bl i h e en ed by h i m t en y ears e a r l i e r ,

pp 3 5 4—3 5 5
,
,
u s

Ar ch i v al er M a th . u n al P h ys . XXX VI I . . .

An i n t e r e s t i n g res u lt d e p e nd i ng
, on th e q i l e nce
e u va of th e qu o t ie n ts j t us

t
m e n i oned , w as fi str no t i ce d by G a f r na m e ly th t a

(4 ) Rm .
v (Z ) Rm .
——m (Z)
v +1

Ann d i M a t . .
(2 ) xx n I . p . 56 .
 A S SOC IA T ED P OL Y NOMIALS 2 97

In t h e t
n o a ti o n o f P o ch h a m m e r (c f . 44 ,
we h ave

(5 ) Rm , () 2 (% )z 2
7
1 3 (5 ém , ém ; v, m, l 1} m ;

S i n ce is a l i ne m b i n t i o n o f p du t
ar c o f yl in d f n ti
a ro c s o c er u c o ns o f

or de rs v m an d v 1, i t fo l l o w f o m 5 4 th t i t i s an ni h i l a t e d by t h e p
s r a o e ra tor

[3
4
2 l(v m) 2
(v $
3 2
l(v m) 2
(v 3 9;

w he re Sr 5 z a nd s o is a so u l ti on o f th e d i ffe re n ti l q a e u a ti o n

(6) —2 v —m —2 ) ] y

An e q u ati o n e q u i v al e n t to h
t i s w as s t ate d by H w i t M th A ur z, a . nn . xx q .

p 25 1 ; d
. an a l e ng t y h p roo f of
i t wa s g i v e n by N i l A n l i M t (3 )
e s e n, n . c a . VI .

pp 3 3 2 — 3 3 4 ;
. a Sim le p p r o o f, d i ffe r i ng fr o m th p f j t g i m y b bt
e roo us v en , a e o a i ne d fr o m
for m u l a

Va r i ou s p f
’

p er ti es o L om m e l ol
ynom i a l
”

ro s
p .

We p roce e d to e n u m e ra e s o m e t t he o r e m s c o n c e r ni n
g R (e ) ,
w ic h h we re
p bl i h d by
u s e Lo m m e i n h i s m e m o i r l of 187 1 .

In th e fi s t p l ce 96 r a , (1 ) h o ld s i f th e B e ss e l f nct i on
u s ar e r e p l d by ac e an
y
o th e r fu nc t i o ns s t i s fy i n g a th e s a m e r e c u r r e n ce f m l e;
or u a an d ,
i n p ti ul ar c ar ,

(1 ) }
7

v +7 n (Z ) Y v (Z ) R m, v (Z ) v —l (Z ) R ut — (Z )
1, v+ 1 ;

w h e nce it fo ll ows th a t
()
2 Y +m v Z
()J V — (Z )
l JH -
m Z
() Yv —(Z )
I

Rm ,
. ()
z (z ) J , ()
z 23 m”

N ex t in ,
t k e m t b e an e
a o ven in te ge r ; re pl a ce m by 2m ,
and

u by v m . Th e e qu t i n th e n b e o m e s
a o c

(3 ) J v+ m (
z ) J m + 1 — (z ) l J —v —m v
“ “

(
Z >J —m 2 S i n V7 7 B 2m ,
v

th e s p e ci l c s e v 5 w e g e t
' ’
an d in , a a ,

J m g (z ) J{ —i (Z) 2
1 . ti
2 —) m
R am ,
Jr
a
—
m

th at i s t o s ay

{(m
h
T i s i s th e S p e ci a l ca s e of th e as y m p toti c ex p a ns o n i of

or de h lf of
r is a an o d d i n t e ge r .

In p t i c l ar u ar , we ha ve

J fl ) +J —s fz )
‘
z 2
z

J 2 (Z ) f i t)
2
?
s

fi st
r ? ) J 2
—B(Z )

$ 42 ) 3
J —i (
ig
Z)
2 98 T HEO R Y OF B E S S E L F UNCTIONS [ CHAR Ix

F or m u l a
(5 ) was p u l is b h ed i n 1 87 0 by Lo m m e l *, w h o d er i v e d i t at t h at ti m e by a

p
d i rec t m u l t i l icat i on o f t h e ex p a n s i o ns

"
()
z fJ —
m i —( ) z (m m e n
t
fo l l o we d by a s om e w h at l e ng t hy i n d u c ti o n to d e t er m i ne th e c oe ffi c i e nts in th e p rod u ct .

AS s p e ci a l cas e s o f
§ (1 ) an d we h av e
J" H ,( 2 ) sin z R m , (2 ) )
5 2
co s 2

—) m J () 2 cos 2 Rm , (2) sin 2 Rm , 1 (z ) .

By s qu a i
r n g an d a dd i n g w e d e du c f om e r (4 ) th a t
(8 ) E 2
m l
'
()
z “
l R
”

m B ra t -
m Z
()
Fi na lly i f i n , , 9 61 we re pl a ce m by th e Od d i nt e g e r 2 m 1 an d th e n
re pl ac e v by v m , we g et

(9) J u +m + 1 (Z ) J — V+ m + l (Z ) J ——m—l (Z ) J
V V‘ m—l (Z )
2 S i n 11 77 13 2 ,“ m

An i n te re s ti ng res u l t, p o i nte d o ut by N i e l s e n, A nn d i M a t . .
(3 ) V . p . 23 ,
is t h at

n
if w e h a ve a ny id e nti t y of th e t yp e 2 f m (z) J y + m (z ) 0, w h ere th e fu nc t i o n s fm (z)
. ar e
m =o
al g e b r ai c in 2, we ca n a t o nce in f er t h e t w o i d e n t i ti es

g
m =o m =o

by w r i t i ng th e p o s t u l ate d i d e n ti t yi n th e fo r m

i n
g
—fi"
(Z )
O
n v (2 ) JV—l (Z) E m —I , v + 1
E 3 )
(

and o b s e r v i ng t h at, by com bi ned wit h th e q u o t ient J, 1 (z ) i s n o t an

al g e b ra i c fu nc t i o n N i e l s en p o i n ts o u t in thi s m e m oi r , an d i ts se q uel , i bi d (3 ) V I
pp 3 3 1—3 40 th t t h i
. . .

. lt l ,
a s r es u ea d s to m an yi n t e re s t i ng ex p a ns i o ns in s er i e s of Lo m m el ’
s

p ly m i l ; m f t h f
o no a s so e O es e or m u l ae w i l l b e fo u nd i n h i s H a nd bu ch d er Th eor i e d er
Cyl i d f / i
n (L i p i g
er u n ct o nen e z ,
b ut t hy e do no t s e e m to be of s u ffi ci e n t p r ac t i cal

im p t t j tify t h i i
or a n c e o us e r n s e r ti o n h er e .

R ecu r r ence f f or L om m el p ol ynom i a l

’
or m u l a e s .

In th e f nd am e n t l f
u a or m ul a
J u+ m ( Z) J (V Z) R (Z) J v—
1 (Z ) R m —1 ,

re pl ac e m a nd v by m 1 an d v 1 on co m p ar n i g th e t w o ex p r e ss i on s

J we s e e th t a
, +m

J v—1 (Z ) {R m R um 1 -

,
v — (Z ) l
1 {J V (Z ) J v — 2 R Z
()
I a th An n
IV . . 11 . pp . 62 7 —63 2 .

“
1 T hi s re sul t w as o bt ai n ed by L om m el , M a t h . Ann . Iv . pp . 1 15 —1 1 6 .
3 00 T H E O R Y OF B E S S E L F .
UNCTIONS [ CH AR Ix

Th r ee ter m -
r e l a ti ons con necti ng Lom m el p o l ynom i a l s -
.

I t is p os si bl e to d ed
f o m t h e e u e nce fo m l ae a c l s s o f e l t i on s
u ce r r c rr r u a r a

w h i c h h s b e e n d i s c s s e d by C e l i e
a T h e e l t i on w e e o bt ai n e d by C e l i e
u r r
*
. r a s r r r

f o m th e th e y f n t i n u e d fr c ti o ns
r or o co a .

Fi s t o b s e e th a t
r
(2 ) s h e w s t h t J m ( ) and R m
rv
q fu n c t i o ns a h
i 2 ,
ua

o f m s a t i s fy p ec i s e ly t h e s m e e c u
,
r e n ce fo m l a co nne c t i ng th e e con ti gu o u s
a r rr r u r

fu n ti ons ; n d s
c e p e ti t i on Of t h e
a g m e nt s f
o a r (m o d i fi e d by e p l ac i ng ar u o r

th e B e s s e l f n t i n s by t h e pp o p i a t e Lo m m e l p o ly no m i l s ) s h e w s th a t
u c o a r r a

(1 ) Em -
H t, v (Z ) R (Z ) R n ,
v +m (Z ) Rm —l ( ,
v Z) R n — l ,

N e xt i n (2 ) re pl a ce m by m —I and v by v + 1, a nd e l im in te a

2 (m v ) /z f
rom t h e t wo e qu t i a o ns ; it is th e n s e e n th t a

B in (Z ) R m (Z ) (Z ) (Z )
— (Z)
,
u ,
v+1 Rm +1 .v
R m —l ,
v +1

B n—L Z
( ) Rm
i v l ,
u+l Rm ,
v (Z ) R m

an d s o th e va ue l f n c t i on o n th e l e ft i s u n
of th e u a ff e c t e d by ch a ngi ng m i nt o
m 1 It is con s e qu e n tly i n d e p e n d en t f m ; nd o a s i nce i ts v a lu e w h e n m 0
-

.
,

is u nity , we h av eC e l i s fo m l r er
’
r u a

(2 ) Rm ,
v (Z ) Rm ,
v +l (Z ) Rm + i , u (Z ) R — 7n 1, v +1 (Z ) 1;

a res u lt
t i lly d e to B s e l (c f
e ss e n a u es . i n th e s p e c ia l c a s e If 0 .

M e g e ne lly i f i n
or (2 ) w e ra ,
h ad re
p l a ce d m by m n and v by v n,

we sh ld h e S i m i l ly fo nd t h t
ou av ar u a

Rm v Z
()R m (Z ) Em —
l I (2 ) m —n +h ( )
E -
u ,
u Z
Rm — I ( ) R m —n ,
v Z ,
v +n (Z ) Rm ,
v (Z ) R m —n — I, v+n Z
() ,

an d SO th e va lu e
f n c t i n n t h e l e ft
of th e u o o is u na ff t e d by c h n gi n g m i n t o
ec a

m 1 . I t is n s e qu e ntly i n d p e nd e n t
co fm e o a nd s i n e i ts l w h en m n
c va u e

is w e fi nd f m (1 0 ) th t ro a

(3 ) R (Z ) E m (Z ) Rm + 1 ,
v (Z ) R m —n ,
v +n Z
() R at -
L v Z
() ,

a r esu lt gi ven in a d i ffe re n tf or m by Lo m m e l l

‘‘

R e l a ce m p an d n by m 1 a nd n 1 i n t is h e qu i
a t o n , an d i t is fo u nd th t a

(4 ) E m—
i ,
v (Z ) Rm —n—I ,
v +n +1 (Z ) Rm ,
p Z
() E m -
n -
Q’ y + n+ 1 Z
() R Z
() .

If w e r e w ri t e th i s e qu t i a on wi th p i n p l a ce o f n a nd e l i m i na t e (2 ) be
t we en th e tw o eq t i ns
ua o ,
we s ee th t a

R (Z ) y+ p +1 (Z ) Rp ,
u (2 ) Em -
n — I , v +n+ 1 (Z )
Rm ,
v (Z ) [ R — — m p c, v +p + 1 (Z ) R m -
n — I, v + n+ 1 (Z ) Em—n—2 v+ n+ 1 ,
Z
() R —— m p I, v +p +1

Rm , v (Z ) R —— n p l ,
v +p +1 (Z ) ,

by If w e t r a n s f or m th e s e co n d f ct o a r o f e ac h te rm by m e ans o f
we o bt ain Cr e l i e r
’

s res u lt (l oc . cit . p .

()
5 Rn (Z ) R p —m —
,
v l ,
v+ m +1 Z
() Rp ,
v (Z ) E —— u m
Z
l ,
u +m +1 (Z )
R (Z ) R p
—n —l V+ u + i
.
Z
()
Ann d i M a t. .
(2 ) xx 1 v . p . 13 6 e t seq .
1 M a th
°

. An n . Iv . p . 115 .
 A S SOCIATED POLY NOMI AL S 3 01

h
T i s i s t h e m os t g e n e l l i n e e l t i on ra ar r a Of th e ty p es d d by C l i co ns i e re re er ; it
co n n e c t s n
y t h e p o ly n m i l s
a r e o a R ” ( ) wh i c h h
P th , 2 av e e sam e

p m t e v n d th s m g m n t
ar a e r a e a e ar u e 2 . The fo m l m y b e w i t t n
r u a a r e m o re
sy m m e t i lly r ca

(6) R (Z ) R p —
m (Z ) R v (Z ) R m —n (z )
Rm ,
v (Z ) R —p — n l ,
v +p +1 (Z ) 0 ;

th t I s
a to sa
y
(7 ) 2 R 0 .

7)

A s i m i ar l res ult m y b e bt i ne d
a O a w ic h h co nn e c s t an
y th re e B es se l
fu nct i on s w h s e o or d e d i ffe by i nt e g s
rs r er . If w e e li m in at e b e tw e e n

th e q t i ns le
a
e ua o

+n (Z ) J v + 1n (z ) R n —m ,
v+ m (Z ) J u+ m
f
(Z ) R n—m —
~
1 l ,
v+ m +1

+ 27 (Z ) J V-H n (Z ) l i —
p mml m
- -
(Z ) J V — Z R m
H n— ( ) l -
(Z ) ,

w e fi nd th t a

J u+ n (Z ) Rp —m — + m + (Z ) l ,
v 1 J u +p (Z ) R n—m —l ,
v + m +1 Z
()
+ m (Z ) [ R n —
u m ,
v+ m (Z ) Rp —m (Z ) Rp -
m , v+ m (Z ) Rn —m

J + m (Z ) Rp — un (Z ) i
th e l as t ex p r e ss o n i is O bt a ne i df rom a S p e ci a l c as e o f ( )
5 de riv e d by re pl a ci n g
m, n, p v by
, O n ,
m, p m, u m r es p ec ti v e ly .

I t fo ll o w s th t a

(8 ) 2 J u +n (Z ) R p —
m O;
m, n, p

an d O b i
v ous ly we ca n p rov e t h e m or e ge ne l qu t i ra e a on

2 (Z ) R p — (Z )
a
(9) g wl n-
m 0 ,

m , n, p

w he re %
3
den tes o an
y c yl i nd e fu n c t i on r .

T h e l as t tw f o or m u l ae seem n e v e r to h av e b e en p re v i o u s l y s ta te d ex p l i i tl y th
c ,
ou g h
G raf a nd G u l er b hi nt a t t h e e x i s t e n ce o f s u c h e q u a ti o n s E zn l eztn ng i n d i e T/zeo r ze d ef
’ ’ '

B essel
’
s c /t en F u n /cti onen , II .
(B er n ,
pp . 1 0 8, 1 0 9 .

[ N OT E . If we'
e l i m i na t e J V _1 (2 ) fr o m th e e q u a t i o ns

Rm v < 2 _J —
> v 1 (Z ) Rm —l v + 1

— —
, ,

+m
Rm l ,
V (Z) Rm 2,

a nd u s e (2 ) to sim p l ify th e r e s u l t i ng e q u a ti o n , w e fi nd t ht a

JV Rm — Q, —< ) R
1 Z m - l , v + l (Z ) ,

a n d/ S O , re
”
pl ac i ng v by v m , we h av e

—J (2 ) E m —Z V , v —1 (2 ) H n —l 1 , v

B y u s 1 ng we d ed u ce t h at

JV m < z >= JV
(Z ) R — ”
1 ,
IV —l (2 ) R —m

t hat is to s ay t h at th e e q u at i o n
§b 9 6 w i c h as i t h h h h e r to b een c o n s id e 1 e d o nl y fo r
p p
o s i ti v e v a l u e s O f th e a r a m e te r m , i s s t i l l t r u e fo r ne g a ti v e v al u c s .

It i pp d t m p
s su ose e o r ar il y t h at m i s th e s m al l e s t O f th e i n te g ers m , n, bu t s i n ce th e fi n al

ym m t i l th i
l i m ay b e rem o v ed S ee al s o th e n o te at th e e nd o f th e s ec t i o n
r es u t s s e r ca s r e s t1 i c t i o n
.
.
,
 3 02 THEO R Y OF B E S S E L F UNCTI ONS [ CHAR IX

L om m el p o lyn o m i a l
’
H u r wi tz li mit o f a .

We s h all now p rov e th t a

(1 )

Th i s re s u l t w as a ppl i d by H
e u r wi tz , M a t/z Ann . . xx a pp . 2 5 0 — 2 5 2 , to d is cu s s
1

th e r e ah ty of th e z er o s of J, (z) w h en v h as an as s i g ne d r ea l v al u e I t h as al s o

b ee n e x a m i ne d by G ra f, Ann d i M a t . .
(2 ) XX III . pp . 49 —5 2 ,
and by C r el i e r , B er n
M i ttli ei l nng en , 1 8 97 , pp . 9 2 — 96 .

Fr o m we ha ve

m
R m + 1 (z ) , (az y (m n )! F (v m n 1)

(m
N O W Wr l t e
—n ) i F (
/

(m V
9 (m
2 7 0 1 1 0)
1 n )
(m
, ,
m 1)
so th ta

9 (m
(m n
) (ni n 1) (m 1)
n )

If now N b e th e g r ea e s t t i nt e g er t d i n [ I th e n e ach f c to
c on a i ne v ,
a r i n th e
t
n u m e r a o r O f 19 7 71 , n ( ) is n u m e r i ca lly l ss th n t h e co e s p n d in g f c t o
e a rr o a r i n th e
d en o m i nato p i d e d th t n r, ro v a N .

H n e w h en n
e c N ,
nd m ,
a 2N ,

9 (m ,
n ) 1 ,

h
w il e , w h en n h as an
y fi xe d va lu e ,

li m 9 (m ,
n ) 1 .

S i n ce
P( V 4 n l )
is bs l tely g nt it f ll f y s th e
’ " th at
a o u conv er e ,
o o ws ro m T a nn e r o rem

< 4m
(12 2 ) l z + 2n
( )
u + zn co v

2
1 5 z
771 21 0 7 0 11 ! F ( v +
n ) —n

00

Ag a i n , S i nce th e co n v e r
g e n ce Of 2
! I ‘
is u n ifo r m in any b o u nd e d d o m ai n t
n =o n

O f v al u e s O f z (by th e t es t d u e t o We i e r s t ras s ) ,
i t fo l l o w s t h at th e co nv e r g e n c e o f

m
tr
z

t o i t s l im i t i s a l s o u ni fo r m in an
y b o u nd e d d o m ai n o f v al u e s o f 2 .

C f B ro m w i c
. h , T h eo r y o f I nfi n i te S e r i es , 49 .

J
r An ar bi t r a r i l y s m al l r eg ion of w h ic h th e orig in i s an int er n a l p oint m ust O biv ou sl y be
e x cl u d e d h
fr o m t i s d o m a i n w h en R (v ) s 0 .
3 04 THEO R Y Q F BESSEL FUNCTIONS [ CHA R IX

T h ese res u lt s
ll b e qu i e d i n t h e s e qu e l ; i t w i ll n o t b e n e e s s ry to w i te
wi re r c a r

d o w n t h e n l o gu s o f al l th e th e f m ul e Of 596 —9 6 4
a a e o r or a .

The ult o f e l im i n ting a lt e n t e fu nc t i on s fr o m t h e s ys te m (3 ) i s f

res a r a o

s o m e i m p o t nce T h e e l i m i n an t i s
r a .

(V (Z) (2 ) 9m (Z ) (v m 2) 2
9m +e cm Z
,
v
,
v .
ym -
2, v

Whe re —2 z } .

We th u s O bt ai n th e set of e qu t i on s a

( V 2) (Z ) 02 ()g ()
z Z zy ( V (Z ) ,

() ( ) 9 m (Z ) (V 6) 2
( V 3 04 3 4 3
9m

o 2s) ()
z as (z ) (v 28 2) (z ) ,

( V 2m 2 ) 9 2m m ( Z) Cam —(Z ) y m —a (Z )
2 a v (V 2m) 2
2
92 m —4 ,
v (Z ) .

Th e r ea l i t
y o
f th e z er os o
f g m ,
" 2 () w h en v ex ceed s 2 .

We S h a ll n o w g i v e H u r wi t z p r o o f O f h i s th e o r e m t h a t wh en v *
’
2 th e
'

z er os of g m r e a l l r ea l ; a nd a l s o th a t th e re all i ti ve ex cep t w h en
()
2 a , y a
p o s ,

1 v 2 i n wh i ch ca s e one of th em i s neg a ti ve
,
.

Aft e r O bs e rv n i g th t a is a p ly n o o m ia l in z of deg re e m , we s h ll a

sh e w th a t t h e s e t O f fu n c t i o n s g em , (z ) g , m fl y (z ) ,
f or m a set

O f S tu m fu nc ti S u ffi c i e n t
th i s to b e t h e s e e (i ) th e d i ti for
’
r s o ns . co n o ns ca ar

e i s t e n ce O f t h e
x t of l at i n s g 97 c m b i n e d w i th (i i ) t h e th e r e m t h t
se re o o o a

t h e e a l e os f g m ” ( ) lt e n t w i th t h e O f g m ” ( )
r z r O ,
z a r a e os e , e .

T o p o e th t th e e
r v lt e n t e i t i s ffi ci e n t t o p e th t th e qu t i e nt
a z ros a r a ,
s u rov a o

gm , ( ) i s a m n o t ni f n c t i n o f th e
z al i abl eo ce p t t t h eo c u o re v ar e z, x a

z e os o f t h e d e n m i n t o
r w h e t h e q u o t i n t i s d i s co n t i nu
o a s r, er e ou .

we h av e 9 v
i w am g zm —m
dg

w he re M g
i

g s/ (Z )
a nd f ro m (3 ) it f llo ows t h t a

mw n, 2 7 n
-
—2 2m —2 (Z ) v (V 2m ) w
w — arn i .
em —z em — m— s, e 4 i
“ “

(V 2 77 1 2) 9
SO th a t
—W —
m
a g nu m —2 9
2
2m — (Z )
2, v (V 2m) 2 0” ‘
l 2T) n
'
z
9
2
2 m ,
” (Z ) ;

an d th e e f r o re , if m 2 1 , w g m j md z is ex p r e ss i bl e as a s um of p i ti
os ve te rm s

w h en U 2 .

M a t h Ann . . xxx n l . pp . 254 —2 5 6 .

 9 7 2]-
ASSOCIATED POLY NO MIALS 3 05

T h e m on o t p p ty i
bl i s h d nd i t i s Ob i f m
o ni c ro er s t h f
e r e ore e s ta e , a v ou s ro a

g p h th t t h e e l
ra a fgm “ ( ) p te th e f
r a ze ro s o ,
z se ar a os o

I t f ll w f m S t m th m t h t th e n m b
’
o o s ro f e ur f s on e or e a u er o z ro s O

a n
y i n t e l Of t h e e l
rv ai s i s th e f t h n m b er f alt e n t i
axo n f i g n ex ces s o e u r o a r a s o S

i n t h e e t Of p e s i ns g m ( ) g m ” ( )
s ex
g r ( ) t
s o t h i ght —h nd n d f , z ,
,
z , o’ , z a e r a e O

th e int e l th n m b
r va f l te n t i n
ov e r t t h l ft h n d nd
e u er O a r a o s a e e -
a e .

The re as o n w h y th e n u m b er Of z e r o s i s th e ex ces s a n d no t t h e d efi ci ency i s t h at th e

q u o ti e n t
g em , (z ) is a d e c re as i ng fu n c ti o n , a nd n o t an i n c r ea s i ng fu nc ti o n Of 2 ,

as in th e u s u a l v er s i o n O f S tur m
’
s t h eo re m . S e e B u r ns i d e a nd P an t o n , Th eory of E q u a ti ons ,
I .
g 96 .

Th e arra n g t
e m en s Of s i g ns fo r th e se t of fu nc ti ons w h en z h as th e va u es l
oc 0 ,
00 ar e a s f ll
o ows

2m 2 2m 4

—1 m —2

Th e u pp er or l o we r gns a e
si r to b e t k e n c d in g a a cor as v + 1 is p i ti os ve or

ga t i t th f H wi t t h e e m i s Ob i f om n in p ti
’

ne ve ; an d th e ru o ur z or v ou s r a s ec on

O f th i s Ta bl e .

N eg a ti v e z er os o
f w h en v 2 .

Le t u be l e s s th an —2 ,
an d l e t th e p i ti
os ve i n t e ger s be d fi n d by
e e th e

i ne qu l i t
a i es

—2 s > v > —2 s —2 .

I t w i ll h e w n th t l i es betw een 2s an d 2s 1,
*
no w be s a ,
w h en v

has n o n eg a ti ve z er o ; bu t th a t wh en ,
I} l i es betw ee n 2s 1 a nd 2s 2 g , m ,
, (z )
has on e neg a ti v e z er o . P r o vi d ed th a t ,
in ea ch ca s e, m is ta k en to be so l arg e

th a t v 2 m i s p os i ti v e .

It w i ll fi r t s be s h e wn th t a th e ne g i
a t v e z e ros (i f an
y) of a lt e r na e t
wi th t h ose Of

T hi p p u r w i tz P r oc L o n d o n M a t h S oc (2 ) x xx
f d i ff fr o m th e r o o f g iv e n by H ; s ee . .

er s
.

s roo
.

pp 2 66—2 7 2 . .

W . B . F .
3 06 THEO R Y OF B E S S EL F UNCTIONS CH
[ AR IX

B y m e an s Of th e f
or m ul ae qu o t e d in 9 7 i t is,
l
c e ar th a t
d
Z v

a;
g em — ( ) ln
2, v Z — (Z )
l ,
v 9 2m +1 , v —(Z ) i
1 92m ,
v (Z ) lg m — z I, v 9m

( V 2m ) 9 2
2m g em — I, v

(V 2m) 9 2
2m z
em -
l
g o —(Z )1

(V 2 772 ) ig 2
2m —m 1

0,

p d e d th t
ro v i 2 m i s p o s i ti e
a v v an d z is ne ga t i ve . T h e e for r e, i n t h e ci r c u m
s t nc e s p o s tul a t e d t h e qu o t i n t
a , e

Z
)
v +2 m_ l
9 2m , u ( ) /g
Z zm — (z ) 2, v

is a d ecr e as i n g f u nc t io n ,
an d th e lt e n t i on o f th e e o s i s e i d en t
a r a z r v .

The t
e x i s e n ce O f th e s ys t e m O f e qu a t i o n s
5 9 7 (8 ) no w s h e w s th t a th e s et

Of fu nc t i ons
9m
+ g es

for m a s et o f Stu rm fu nc t i o ns
’
s .

The si gns O f th ese fu n c t i o n s w h e n z is 00 ar e

an d th er e ar e 3 a lt e r na t i o ns of Si gn . Wh e n z is z ero, th e si g ns Of

f u nc ti o ns a r e

i ) i ) +1 +1

th e u pp e s i gns b e i ng t ak e n w h n 2
r 2s e s v 1 ,
an d th e l o w e S i gn s
r

b e i ng t a k e n w h e n 2 s l 2s 2 ; th e e e v r ar 3 an d s 1 a lt e n t i o n s
r a

o f S i n i n th e e s e t i e c as e s H n w h e n 2 2s 1, h as
g p r e ce c 3 v .
,
v

110 n e g t i e e oa b t w hen
v z 2s r 1 2su 2 v ,
h as o n e ne ga t i ve

ze o r T h e th e o e m s t te d i s th e e f e p o e d
. r a r or r v .

P os i ti v e an d co m
p l ex z er os o
f w h en u 2 .

AS i n d e fi ne th e p osi t v e i i nte ge r s by t h e i ne q li t i
ua es

28 > V > 28 —2 .

I t w i ll now be s hewn *
t h t wh
a en v l i es betw een 2s a nd 2s 1 ,

ha s m 2 3 p os i ti ve z er os ; bu t th a t wh en , v l i es be tw een 2s 1 a nd 2s 2,
has m 2s 1 p os i ti v e z e r os . P r ov i d ed th a t, i n ea ch c a s e, m is so l a rg e

th a t m v i s p os i ti ve .

h p
T is roo f is of a m or e e l e m e n ta ry c h a r a c te r t h a n th e p roo f g i v e n by H u r w i tz ; s ee th e
pp a er c i te d in
 C H AP T ER X

F U N CT I O N S AS S O CI AT E D WIT H BES SEL F U N CT I ON S

1 01 Th e f u ncti ons J, (z ) a nd E , (z ) i n ves ti g a ted by A ng er a nd H . F
Weber .

th i s h ap t e w e S h ll e x m i ne t h e p o p ti e s f a i o s f nc t i on s wh e
In c r a a r er O v r u u os

d e fi n i ti n s e s ugge s t e d by ce t i n e p e se n t t i n s f B e s s e l fu nc t i ns We
o ar r a r r a o O o .

s h a ll fi s t i n s t i g t e f n c t i o n s d e fi n e d by i n t e g l s e s e m bl i n g B e s e l s i n t e ’
r ve a u ra r s

g l nd P o is s on s i nt e g l a nd fte d i s s si ng th e p o p e t i es O f se e a l
ra a
’
ra , ,
a r cu r r v r

fu n c ti ns conn c t e d w i th Y ( ) w e S h ll s tudy l s f f nc t i ons fi s t d e fi ne d

o e , z a a c as O u ,
r

by Lo m m e l o f w h i h B e ss e l fu nct i o ns a e p ti c l
,
c se r a ar u ar ca .

T h e fi s t f n t i n t o b e e m i n e d J ( ) i s s gg e s t e d by B e s s e l s i n t e gr l
’
r u c o xa , , z ,
u a .

I t i s d efi n e d by t h e e qu t i o n a

(1 ) J, () z co s (
v — d
z sin d ) d d .

h fu nc t i on o b i o s ly e du s to
T is w hen v h s t h e i n t e g l a lu e n
u r ce v a ra v .

I t fo ll o w s f m ()4 th t
ro w h n i s n t n i n t e g e t h e t w fu ncat i o ns,
a e e 11 o a r, o r

d i s t i n c t A fu n t i on O f t h e s m e ty p e a s J ( ) w as s tu d ie d by An g e but
. c a , z r
*
,

h e t ook t h e pp e l i m i t f t h e i nt e g l to b
u r a n d t h e f nc t i n J ( ) i s
o ra e u o ,
z

co n e ni e n t ly d e s c i b e d s An g s fu nc t i o n O f g m e n t nd d e r ’
v r a er ar u z a or v .

A S i m i l a f n t i on w as d i sc s s e d l a t e by H F We b e i
r u c nd h e lso u r . . r
'

,
a a

i n e s t i g t d t h e f nc t i n E ( ) d e fi ne d by th e qu t i n
v a e u o , 2 e a o

rn

(2 ) E , (z ) ;
7 j s in (y e z s in 9) ol d .

In h t h i f ti
c o nn e xi o n f w it s u nc o n re e r e n ce s h o u l d al s o be m a d e t o r e s e arc h by L
es om m el ,
M h A
at . pp 1 8 3 —2 08
nn . XVI . . .

It m y b t d th t t h
a f eti no e a e u nc on co s ( y d —z s i n d ) d d w ich h was a c t u al l y di s
5 7}

d by A g
cu s s e i il y p i bl i t
n er s e as ex res s e h er m s Of J, (z) a nd E , (z ) fo r , i f w e re pl ace d by
2 —d 1 th
7r ig h t h 11d h l f f the r
g
-
an a o e ra n e of i n te g r a t i o n, we g et

1
co s (v d z Si n 8) d d — cos (
v d 2 Si n d) d d L cos (2 v 7r v d + z S in d ) d d
2 77 Q”
2
c os mr . J, (e) + s i n w r cos

N eu es te S c h r if ten d er N a tu rf G e s i n D a nz i g . .
, v . pp . 1 —2 9 . I t w as s h e wn by P o i s s o n t h at

cos
(y d z si n 6 ) d d = (z y
) s in w r,
0

Ad d i ti o ns 3 l a Co nn d es T emp s , 1 83 6, . p . 15 (c f . bu t as h e d id no m ore i t s ee m s r ea s o n a bl e

t o g i v e An g e r s n a m e t o t h e fu n c t i o n
’
.

1 Z ur i c h Vi er te lj a h r s s c h r if t,
°
IV XX . pp . 3 3 —7 6 Web . er o m i t s th e fac to r 1 /1r i n h i s d e fi
n i ti o n o f B u
 ASSOCIATED FUNCTION S 3 09

TO e x p an d J ( ) a nd E ( ) i n
,
z ,
z as c e n d i ng p ow e rs o f z , wr i t $
e 71 s
c for d

i n th e i n t e g l s n d p o e e d th s
ra a r c u

m
sin
m
d sin v d d d cos
gt S i n (é v n ug h) d d)

2 s i n £ 11 7 1 qb c os m ) d b
i g
m ! S in é
'
7T v rr

2 m
F (lg m —é— v -
l
f ul d ue to C a u c hy "
by a or m a .

In l i k e m an ne r ,

m ! CO S émr
.

77
Sin
m
d c os v d dd

Bu t ,
ev i d en tly ,

d Sl n v d d d,
2m +1
Si n
7 r m =0 (2 m 0

—>m e a r

‘
m =o F (m % l/ 1) I ( i
m “ “

% l/ + l )
oo

—
+ Sin 2 v7 r 2
1

m =0 F (7 n

m =oF (m % v 1 ) F (m % v l )

m =o

T h es e r e su lt s m ay b e w r i tt en i n th e a l te r na ti ve f or m s

Sin u n
2 4
Z z z
( )
5
2 —v +
— —
(2 )(4 )
2 2 2 2 2 2
v v

3 5
Z 2
L
“
( ) (3 (1 ) (3 ) (5 )
2
1 2
v
2 2
v
2
)
2
v
2 2
v
2 2
v

1 —c os un

R es u lt s e qu i l e n t va to th e s e were gi v en by An g e r a nd We b e r .

T h e for m u l a co rr es p o nd i ng to (5 ) w as g i v e n by A ng e r (b e fo r e th e p bl i
u c a t io n of h is
m em o i r ) i n a l e tt er t o Ca u c hy w hi h w c a s c o m m u n i c ate d t o t h e F re nc hA ca d e m y on Ju l y
1 7 , 1 85 4 ; s ee Co mp tes R en d XXX X
us, I . pp . 12 8 —1 3 5 .

M em
’

. su r l es i n teg
’

r a l es d effin i es (P ar i s , p . 40 . Of Mo d er n Ana l ys i s ,
. p . 2 63 .
 ”
3 10 THEO R Y OF B E S S EL FUNCTIONS [ C H AR x

F or a r e ason w ic h h wi ll b e app are n t s ub s e qu e ntly (5 i t is co n v e ni e n t

to wi t r e
3 5
z z z
<7 ) <2 )
(1 ) (3 (1 ) (3
? 2 2
1 2 2
v
2 2
v ) v
2
v
2
) (5
2
v )
2 4
Z z
( )
8 S —L (Z )
V

(2 ) (2 )
2 2 e 2 2 2
v v v v

and , wi th th i s no a t ti on, we h av e

(9) 3 0, v (Z ) 3

( 0)
1

I t is eas y to d e du ce th e fo ll o w i ng fo rm ul ae f o m th es e
r r es ults
( )
1 1 c os v d co s (
z S n i d) d d v s in m r s_ 1, , (z ) ,

(1 2 ) sin v d co s (z S in d) d d v (1 c os 1 m) s_ 1
,
, (z ) ,

(1 3 ) S in v d s in (z s in d) d d Sin v 7 r s
, , (z ) ,

(1 4 ) cos v d s in (z sin d) d d (1 co s v n
'

) (z ) ,

(1 5 ) cos mt co s (z c os ct) q v s in § v7 r 3 -
1, () z ,

(1 6) co s y )
d sin ( z c os qS) d d) cos % u rr so
, ()
z .

I nteg r al s som ew h at r e s e m bl i ng t h e i nte g r al s d i s c u s s ed i n t i s h s e c t i o n, na m e l y

S i “9
(nd co s d ) d d,
Si n

h av e b ee n e xa m i ne d by U n fe r d i n g er , Wi ener S i tzu ng s ber i ch te, L VI I . pp . 6 1 1 —6 2 0 .

Al s o , H ar d y , M esseng er , x xx v . pp . 1 5 8 — 1 66, h a s i nv e s t ig a te d t h e i n te g r al

2
0 6
sin (v d 2 Sin d)

and h as p ro ved t h a t, w h en v is r e al , it is e q u al to {m 2 7 ,
7 J, (z ) ,
w h e re 77, is 1 , 0 or 1

a ccor d i ng as v —n i p s o s i t i v e , z e r o , o r ne g a t i v e .

Weber s f or m u l a e’
conn ecti ng h i s f u nc ti ons w i th A ng er s
’

f u n ct o ns i .

It is e vi d e n t fro m th e fo rm ul ae 10 1 (1 5 ) an d (1 6) th ta

4 CO S évn d gb
(1 ) J, (z ) J _, (z ) 77
.
co s y ) co s
d (z co s ,

(2 ) J, (z ) J _, (z ) co s mys i n (z CO S qt) d gb ,
3 12 TH E O R Y ; O F -

B E SSEL F UNCTIONS [ CHAR x

2” 2 1 cos W T)
7
E , (Z ) ,

E u —(Z )
1 2B? (Z ) :

(Sr v ) E (z ) , (1 COS V7 r ) /7 r ,

(S v ) E (z ) ,
z E , +l (z ) (1 co s

as u s u a l s t and s for,

w e co ns t u c t t h e d i ffe
r r en t ia l e q a t i on s ;
u it is e vi d e nt th a t
(S
2
v
2
) J (z )
, (S v ) {z J (z ) (S i n v 7 r ) /7 r }
2 (Sr 1 ( (z ) v S in v7r ) /7 r
J, (z ) (z s in v 7 r ) /7 r (v S i n V7 r ) /7 r
2
Z ,

(z v ) S in m i
Vv J V (Z ) 7

(3 v ) { z E , _1 (Z ) (1 CO S v 7 r ) /7 r }
z
(S 1 (z ) v (1 cos u7 r ) /7 r
E (z ) (l )/7 r (1
2
Z , z C O S V7 r v C OS

so t h t
a

( —
(1 0) — z +
°
v ) C OS
Z v V7 T

77 71

F o r m u l ae e q u i v al e n t to (9) a nd (1 0 ) w e re O bt ai ne d by A ng e r ,
.

N eu este S ch r if ten d er
N a tu rf . G es i n D a nzig
.
,
V . p . 17 a nd by We b e r ,
Z u r i ch Vi er t a h r s s ch ri
ft ,
XX IV .

p . 47 , res p ec ti v el y; for m u l a (9 ) h ad b e en d i s co v e r e d e ar l i er by P o is s o n (c f .

rals ex p r es s i bl e th e A ng
I nteg i n ter m s o f f u nc ti o ns o
f er a nd

H . F . Weber .

It i s evi d en t from th e d e fi ni ti ons th a t

(1 ) J, () z i i E , () z ex
p { i i ( dv —z s in d ) } d d .

B y m e an s Of th i s r es ult ,
co m b i n e d w i th f m l e O bt or u a a i ne d in 6 2 —6 2 2 i t ,

is p os s i bl e to ex p ress nu m erou s d fi ni t e i nt e g l s in t
e ra e r m s of th e f
u nc t i on s Of

B e s se l ,
Ang e r a nd We b er . T hu s f o m (4 ) w e h
,
r av e

—t— i
7r
z s nh t
(2 ) e
v
dt
S i n 1m

w h en th e res ult is va l id w hen i ar g z

a,
w p rov i d e d th at

Aga in w e ,
h ave

{
z s i nh
J _ v (Z )
vt
(3 )
t
dl
-

e
 10 14] ASSOCIATED FUNCTIONS 3 13

SO th t a ,
w hen we co m bine (2 ) a nd

(4 ) e
“
Z S i nb t
co s h v tdt % 7 r t an § u rr {J (z ) , J ( )} , z
% n
(E , () z Y ,

()
5 e
‘
z S i nh t
s in h vt dt 1
2 7 7 co t
-
'

% v n {J (z )
'

, J , (z ) } 1
75 71 {E , (z ) Y , (z ) l .

T h e in te g l ra
“

e
z COS h t
cos h vt d t h as l
a r ea dy b e en e va u a e l t d bu t

90 3 “ s in h vt dt

d oes no t a pp e ar to b e ex p r e ss i bl e in a sim pl f e or m ; i ts ex p a ns i o n in a s ce nd n i g
p o w e rs O f z c a n be O bt i
a ne df rom th e fo rm u a Of l 6 22

"cos sm V
J _, (z ) I , () z e
z co s
v ddd e
” C OS h t
Si n h vt dt ,

but ,
S i n ce

m
—) m S in v 7 r u + m v + m
cos d c os v d dd 7”
0

2 (v m) 2

th e i n t e g l nd e con si d e
ra u r r a t i o n c a nno t b e e l t d i n ny S i m p l e fo
va ua e a rm

T h e fo m ul ( )
2 r ae ar e n u g a t or y w h e n is n in t e ge b t f m v a r, u ro

we h a e v

m _ z 5 l “1 ‘t
(6) e dt { n( ) A z WE , ( ) z W

—“ mm d i
a i n (Z ) (Z )
m t
(7 ) 2 S ”E n 77 Yn

The as s o c i a t e d i nteg r al s

co s
(x s i n h t) d t ,
Si n
(v co s h t)
. dl

h av e b ee n no t ic ed by C oa t e s , Qu a r ter ly J o u r na l , XX . p . 2 60 .

Var i o u s i nte g r al s of t h es e t yp e s o cc u r in r e s e arc h es on d ili rac ti o n by p a r is m s ee, e .

g .

Wh i pp l e ,
P r oc L ond on M a th S o c
. . .
(2 ) X VI . p . 1 06 .

A s ym p toti c exp a ns i on s f
o A ng er Weber f u ncti ons of l a rg e a rg u m ent .

It f ll o w f m
o s ro ()
2 th t a ,
in or de r to O bt ai n th e as y m p t t i c e p n i on
o x a s

Of Ji ,( ) w h en l ]
z z is l ge
ar an d | ar
g z
| i t is su ffi i n t t Ob t i n th
c e o a e

as
y r fi to ti c ex p a n s i on o f t h e i n te g al s
r

z S 11111
(l b
t t
.

To c ar r y ou t th i s i n v e s t i ga t i o n w e s h ll fi t
a rs ex p d
an c os h v t c os
/ h t an d
si n h t/ ov c sh t in a s e r i e s o f a sce n d i ng p o w e r s O f s in ht .

S ee An d i n g ,
S ec h s s te l l i g e T af e l n d e r B es s e l s c h e n F u n k t i o ne n i ma g i na r an Ar g -
u m e n ts (Le i p z ig ,

1 91 1 ) [ J a h r b uc h ti ber d i e F o r ts c h r i t te d er M a th . 1 91 1 , pp . 4 93 a nd h
T a k e u c i , T oh o k i z M a th .

J ou r na l , X VII I . pp . 2 95 — 2 9 6 .
3 14 TH E O R Y B E S SEL F U NCTIONS [ CHAR

u, we ha ve, a ft er t h e m a nn e r of

uh
“

C
1
u u
_
C u

so th a t
c sh { i 5°
(C 1) dé
’
t l v -

o V

co s h t 277 i (C 4§ S i nh
2
t

am m zm
l /n S i nh
1
1
Cl
am
-
}
7
2 C t
_ 2m
(g
+1
27 7. 1)

2 21"
{ p s n i h” t

%u + m —{ d
1 § y
§
2m (g -
i )
rm + 1
F (au

—) m cos 3 7 1 m F (m + lg l v)
'
(2 m )
°

71

a nd , if w e t ak e
p so l ge th a t
ar R (p 0, an d th e n t ak e th e con o t u r

t o be th t s h e w n
a i n Fi g . 15 Of
§ w e fi nd th t a

ty dé
§ p +
’
1
2 vri
—
mp i
—F I
I
C
v

4 x (1 —x ) s i nh
.

1 z
t

If v an d t ar e r ea l ,
th e l as t ex p r es s o n i m ay b e wr i tt e n i n th e fo rm

—) P cos
% m r F
(p + gl; + 2 m) F
1
(p —% ) v

7 (2p )
w h ere 0 g d1 g 1 ,
s ince 1 4 x (l x ) sin h 2
t2 1 .

It f ll o w s th a t
o ,
w h en R (p 5 i 5 ) 12 2 0, w e h av e

co s h v t cos % v7r P “
( —
1 —u
)
2
(2 sin h t)
co s ht 71 (Q m )
—) P (p ) P (P I
ti3
p
d “

2 h”) i h0
(2
2 1)
s n
2 ’

F or co m pl ex v a lu e s o f v a nd th i s e q at i n h s to b e m d i fi e d by e p l ci ng
t u o a o r a

th e co n d i ti on 0 g d1 g 1 by a l e s s s t i ng en t co nd i t i n i n w y w i th w h i c h t h e
r o ,
a a

rea d er w i llfa m i l i be ar i n i e w O f t h e S i m i l a a n ly s i s o c
v in g i n v a i o u s r a c u rr r

s ec t i o n Of C h p t e
s VI I a r .

S i m i l ly w e h e
ar av

_ u
3 16 T E OR
H Y R
OF B E S SE L FUNCTIONS [ CHAR x

10 15 . A s ymp toti c exp a ns i ons f

o A ng er Weber f un cti ons of l ar g e or d er a n d

a r g u m en t .

We s h a ll bt ai n as y m p t o t i c p an i n s o f a ty p e S i m i l t o th e
no w o ex s o , ar

e p ns i ns i n e t i g te d i n C h p t e
x a o v s V II I w h i ch
a e p e s e n t J (z) an d E ()
a r , r r , , z

wh e n l l nd | l e b o th l g e
V a z ar ar .

I n i e w f th e e s lt s o bt i n e d i n
v .
o r i t w i ll b e a d e qu a t e t o O bt a i n
u a

as y m p t o t i c e p an s i o n s o f t h e t w o i n t e g
x ls ra

e qi vt— i nh t d b
zs
.

As i n C h a pt er V II I , we wr i te
h (a i f?) z co s z co s h r
y,
he y i s n t n e ly e qu l
*
w re 0 g ,8 g 7 T an d r o ar a to 7r i .

I
( ) We fi rs t co ns i d e t h e i nt e g l
r ra

e
—t— v z sm h t
dt
1 —z (t co s h
e 7+ sm h t)
(l l ,

i n w h ich i t i s u pp os e d t e m p o i ly th t / i s p os i t i e Wh n co s h 7 i s p os i t i e
s rar a v Z v . e v ,

t cos h y s i n h t s t e d i ly i n c e s e s f m 0 t o n s t i n c e as e s f o m 0 t o 0
a we
r a ro o a r r 0

s h a ll t ak e th i s f n c t i n ft s new u i abl e o O a a v ar 7 .

It i y t h w t h t t i m g i f ti f
s eas o s e ap t p i bl y w h
s a o no en c u nc on o e xc e os s en

1) 7r i h yi
co s sin h yi ‘
yc o s h7 ,

w h er e n is an i n te g er ; a nd , w h e n cos by i p s os i t i v e , n on e O f t h e s e v al u es o f T is a r e al

p os i t i v e nu m b er ; fo r , w e n 7 i s h r e al , (2 n + 1 ) 7r i co s h yd o e s n o t v an i s h , a nd , w h en
7 i s a p u re

i m ag i n ar y th e S i n g u l a r i ti e s a r e o n th e i m ag i na r y ax i s a nd th e ori
g in i s n ot o ne o f

t h e m s i nce i
y s n ot e q u al to fr i .

The ex p i
an s o n O f d t/d r i n as c e n d ing p o w e rs o f r is
dt
Z am7
d7 m =0

1 dt 1 di
W he re dT 2m+ 1
2 7 f 1:
'

T
n ya
a
dT T

—1
an d so am i s th e ffi ci e n t o f I /t
co e i n th e ex p an s o n o f r i
‘
2m
in a s ce n d i ng
p ow er s O f t. In p t i ul a w e h e
ar c r av

1 1 9 (3 0 8 11 7
1 + cos h r
y
’
+ 0 0 8h 7 ) 24 “+ 0 0 3 1)
W7
,

225 54 cos hy cos h 2

7
7 2 0 (1 co s h y) ”

Fr o m th e ge n e a l th e o r rem Of 83 ,
we ar e n ow in a p osit on i to w r i te
th e ex p an s i o n

—m h 1
g (2 77 0 1 3
(1 )
7 71
vt zs t
dt __
-

N
zm
0
‘' -
l l
-

7 T m =0 Z

Ex p a n s i o n s v al id n ea r ‘
yz rr i ar e o b ta i n e d at th e e nd o f h
t is s ec ti o n .
 ASSOCIATED FUNCTIONS 3 17

T ish ex p l i d w h e n / i p i ti ; i t h as
an s o n i is va f b n e t bl is h d v z s os ve , SO ar, ee s a e

n th hy p o t h s i s t h t e é— b t by p a f w i n g in g
ar znd t h n
o e
g , u ,
a r oc e s s o s ro u e

co n t o r i n th e u p l ne th e n g f l i d i ty m y b e t e nd e d t c
r -
a ,
ra th e O va a e x o o ve r e

d m in in w hi h ] g
o a c ar z 7r .

N e t w co ns i d e t h e m d i fi c t i ns c
x ,
e d by b nd ni n g th e hy p t h s i s
r o a o au s e a a o o e

th t c s h y i s e l I f w e w i t e t = + i th e c
a o r r a . n w hi h i r l h u v, u rve o c 7 s rea as

fo i t e q
r sti n ua o

s in h Sin 8 v c sh
it s 8 h in 0
a ,
o a co ,
cos u s v .

T h e s h p e o f th i s c a e h s to b e m in e d by m e th d s
urv m bl in g t h e
a e xa o rese os

O f§ Fo b i ty w e w i t
r rev r e

s i nh sin 8 it c sh s 8 a h s in ,
I ( v) v o i t co ,
co s u v 5 ( ) u, .

S i nc e ) i s n ffec tve d by c h n g e O f S ig n o f b o th
u a nd w fi t a a a a a, e rs

s t dy t h e c u
u e in w hi h rv 2 0 I t is i d n t th t t h ec e h s t h e o i gi n
a ev e a cu r v a r as
-

i ts c e n t e r .

S i nce 8d) ( ) /E
) sin h a Sin 8 s i nh sin
u, v u ,
u v,

i t fo ll o w s th t w h e n v h a a n
y
,
s i gn e d lu e OC /b
R a n i s h e ss f an ly ne a s va , u v or o o

v a lu e o f nd S O t h e e q at i on i n
u, a u u

= 0
v )
h as ,
at m os t ,
tw o r ea l r oo s t ; a nd on e Of th e s e i s in fi ni t e w h e ne v er v is a

m ult i p l e f O

Wh en 0 v 7 r, we h av e

b
(
(— cc , v ) —o o ,
— OO
'

a nd , w h en v [3 n ,
th e m ax i m u m l
va u e Of v ) , q ua f u nc ti on Of u, is at

u a, th e l
v a u e o f (I) (u , v ) t h en b e i ng
co s h a si n a ta n h a ( 71 8)
,
co t

If th i s is ne g ti a ve, th e q t i on I)
e ua (
(u 8 , , 71 ) 0 h as no rea l r oo t , a n d so th e

co n t o ur d oes not m e e t t h e l in e v 8
,
71 Or (by s y m m et y) r th e l in e
v = n

H en ce p rov id e d th t a th e p oi nt ( a, 8)
,
lies in o ne of th e d o m a i ns num

be d re 1 , 2 , 3 i n Fi g . 21 Of th e c o n to u r (I)
(u, v ) = 0 l ies s a i n F ig 2 5 .
,

th e con t in u o u s cu r v e i nd i ca ti n g t h e s h p a e Of th e c o n t ou r wh n e a is p
o s i ti v e

F ig . 25 .

a nd th e b k en
ro cu r v e th e s h pe w h en
a a is ne g a ti v e ; th e di r ec tion i n w h i h c 7

i nc r e a s e s i s m a r k d by
e an a r r o w .
3 18 THEO R Y OF B E SSEL FUNCTIONS [ CH AR x

It fo ll ows th a t th e ex p a ns o n i (1 ) is va l id w h e n (a , 8)
,
lies in an
y Of th e
d om a i ns 1, 2 3 ,
.

h e t ns i d e th e as y m p t t i c e xp ns i o n w h e n (a 8 ) d oe s n t
N ex t, w e av o co r o a , ,
o

l i e i n any O f th e se d o m i ns T O e ff e c t o u p r p os e w e h e t d e t e m i n e t h e
a . r u av o r

d es ti n ti ons o f t h b n c h O f th e c e (I) ( v ) 0 w h i c h p ss e s t h o ugh th e

a e ra urv u, a r

o i gin
r .

Co n s i d e fi t th e cas e i n w h i c h a i s p os i t i e nd B i a cut e T h e fu n c t i n
r rs v a s . o

CD a v
, ( ) h as m ax i m a at v (2 n + 1 ) 7r 8
,
an d m i ni m a at v =
(2 n 1) 7r + ,8 ,
e ac h m i ni m m b e in g g eat e t h n t h e p e ce d ing ; nd s in e b ( {3
u r
)
r i s n o w a r a c (, a, 7r

p osi t i e i t f ll o ws th at 1) ( v) i s p osi t i e w h e n v i s g e t e th an
v ,
o < 01, v r a r

H e n ce th e c u e ann t c th l i n e u a b o e th e p oi nt t w h i h
rv c o r os s e a v a c

v nd i m i l ly i t ann t c o s s t h e l i n e
7 T, a s ar or b e l o w t h e p o i n t a t w h i c h
c o r it

v n Th e b an c h w h i c h g es d w n w d s a t t h e o i g i n i s th e e for e c on fi n e d
. r o o ar r r

t o th e s t i p a 01 u n ti l i t g t s b e l o w t h e l i n e v
r u 2K B whe e e r
°

7r 71 ,

K i s th e s m all es t i nt e ge r fo w h i c h r

1 — t nh + co t 8 > 0u a a ,
.

The c u r v e cann o t c r os s th e l i ne v (2 K 1) 77
“

B ,
a nd SO it c r os se s th e
l i ne it a a nd goe s O ff to i nfi ni ty i n th e di r e c ti on o f th e l in e v 2 K 7r .

H e nc e , if a is p i ti
os v e an d B is ac ut e, we g et

—2 K i
1 (2 M ) !
—2 8 i nh
g
1r
_, t am
(2 ) e
t
dt N _
2 7 n+ 1
s o Z

w i h le ,
if a is ne g ti a ve an d 8 is
,
ac ut e ,
we g et

— t—z s m h 1 2 l a ,n
(3 ) e
v t
dt N _

w m =o

By b i nin g th e s e e s lt s w i th th s e o bt i ne d i n
com r we bt i n th e
u o a O a

as y m p t t i c e p an s i n s f
o th d m in 6x nd 7 a o or e o a s a a .

If how e e 8 i
,
b t s e n d i s p s i ti e t h e b n c h w h i c h g s b e l o w th e
v r, ,
s o u a a o v ,
ra oe

a is of
x t t h e o i gi n c nn o t c s s t h e l i n e
u a a bel ow ( n
r 8 ) nd i t d o e no t
a ro it a, , a s

c oss t h e
r a is g in S i t m st g to
u -
x l on g t h e l i ne
a a , (2
O L 1) u o 00 a v 7r,

w h e e L i s t h e m ll s t i n t e g e f
r whi h s a e r or c

1 —a t a n h a

H e n ce , if a is p itios v e an d ,8 i s o btu s e ,
we g et

(2 L + l 6‘
' ‘

— t—z s i nh 1 (4 m ) !
00 -
1r l
am
(4 ) e
u t
dt N _
2
7 T m =0 Z am 1

w i h le ,
if a is ne g ti a v e an d ,8 i s o bt u se, we g et

—t z s i 11 h
1 co 1 a
t
dt E
~
v
e
“ 2m +1
77 m 0 Z
3 20 T H E OR K O F B E S S E L FU N CTIONS CH
[ AR x

f A i r y s i n teg
’
ener a l i sa ti ons o
’
10 2 . H ar d
y s g ral .

T h e in te g l
d e e d by Ai y and S t o k e s 6 3 ) h as b e en ge ne ra l i se d
ra co n s i r r

by H a dy in t h e fo ll o wi ng m nn e
r
*
a r

If s s i nh th e n
2 s h 2 d) 4 2 2
co s

2 i n h 3 4) 88 68 s
3

2 cos h 4 4> 1 6s “ 16 2 3
2

2 s i n h 5 4> 3 2 3 4 0s 1 03 5 3
,

and g e n e lly ra

co h n F (—l % —l n ; 1 —n s s
2 1 r .

th e co s h or S i n h b ei ng t k e n a ac c o r d i ng as n is e v e n or O d d .

N o w wr i t e
”
T, (,
t a ) t .
2 Fl gn , é n 1 n ; 4 a/t 2
) ,

SO th t a

T2 (t , a ) t2
2a
“
T. (t ) ,
a t 3 at

“
T (t a )
4 , t 4 at 2
2 01 2

T5 (t a ) ,
t 5
5 at 3
5a t 2

T h e n th e fo ll o wi ng th i nt e g ra l s e n e r a l i s a t i o ns
i Ai r y i n t e gr a l
’
of
'
r ee ar e
g s

( )
1 Ci , () 01 c os T , (t ,
a ) dt ,

S i , (a ) s in T, (t, ) dt
( )
2 a ,

(3 ) E i, () a ex
p T, (t a) } d t
,
.

I t m ay be sh e w n i t h t a th e fi str t wo i n t eg ls g n t w h en a i s
ra ar e c o nv e r e

rea l (w h e th e p s i t i e o ne g t i e ) i f n
r o v r a v 2 3 4 B t t h e th i d i n t e g l
, , ,
u r ra

con e ge s w h e n
v r i s c m p l e x ; nd i t i s a o a i n d e d f i ly O b i o s th a t E i ( ) i s
e a r v u , a

a n i nt eg l fu n c t i n f
ra o O a .

Wh n n i s n e e n i n t e g e t h e th e e fu nc t i ns e e xp e s i bl e i n t e m
e a v r, r o ar r s r s

O f B e s s e l f n c t i n s ; b t w h e n n i s o d d t h e fi s t o nly i s s o e p e ss i bl e t h e
u o u ,
r x r ,

oth t w i n o l i n g th f nc t i o n o f H F We b e
er o v v e u . . r .

Bef e e l or t in g th e i n t e g l w e o b s e e th t i n t e g l f n ti ons e i t
va u a ra s , rv a ra u c x s

w h ich du t Ci ) nd S i ( ) w h n a i s e l ; f t k t h e c m b i n t i o n
re ce o , a a , 01 e r a or a e o a

Ci , (a) i si, (a) ex

p { ,
i T (t a) } d t
,
.

Q u a r ter l y J o u r na l , XL I . pp . 226 —2 4 0 .

1 Th e s i ne -
i n teg r al i n th e c a se n = 3 wa s e x am i n e d by S to k e s , C o m b P h i l . . T r a ns . Ix .

pp . 1 68 — 1 8 2 .
[ M a th . a nd P h ys P ap . er s , I I . pp . 3 3 2 — 3 49 ]
I H ar d y ,
l oc . ci t .
, p . 228 .
1 0 2 , _1 0 2 1 ]
- - -
ASSOCIATED FUNCTIONS 3 21

d an s l e m m th e i n t g l w h e n t k e n o nd n c f
B y J or
’
a, e ra ,
a r u a ar o a c i rc e o fl
ra d i u s R w i t h ce n t e t t h e o i g i n (th e b i ng t m i n t d by
r a r e ar e er a e t h e p o i nts
h
w i t com p l e coo d i n a t e s R t e ndxt e as R — r ,
s o z ro > oo

An d th e fo e er r

e xp (l i f i /n )
Oi , (a) i s , (a) ex
p { ,
i T (t a ) } d t,

W
T, (
"
Md
-

ex
p r ,
ore r ,

he l st i nt e gr a l i s teg l f
'

w re
~
r = te an d th e a an in ra u nct o n i of a . Th e
co m bi n t i n Ci a o , a —
( ) i S i (a ) , m ay b e t r ea e t d in a Sim i l ar m a nn e r , a nd th e
r e s ult i s th n e e vi d ent .

10 2 1 . Th e eva l u a ti on o f Airy H -
ar d
y i n teg r als o
f even o r d er .

TO eva u a e l t th e th e e i nt e g l Ci
r ra s , () a ,
E i, () a w h en n is e v e n,

su pp os e tem po r ar i ly th a t a i p s i t i e s o v , and t h en ,
m ak i n g th e s ub s t i t u ti o n

t 2 c d; s i n h ( /n) u

i n t h e i n t e gr a l s w e fi n d ,
th a t by ,

2 t
i Si, fi W h h (n/ ) d
Ci , ()
a () or _
x
p (2 01 i cos u ) cos u u

tri ad u
‘
1
eW /n
H 1ml”
th t a Is to sa
y 1

Ci ,
7 m :

i —l i/
J l /n g i
{ »
fi fin

) i Si, (a ) J M (2 , ) tn w n n
e a
-

a e .

n sin (W /n )
I

If w e e q teua rea l a nd i m a i na r g yp t ar s , we h a ve

):
7 ra
— i
)l
I

(1 ) Ct , () 01
l / a
J l n (2 ‘
n
J l /n ( 2a n
’
2 n s i n (g r /72 )
7 m}
(2 ) Si, (a ) i
J —l /n (g a ) l
l J l /n Q fi dl
n “ “
'
'

2n cos 7r
/)
n

In a s i m i ar l m a nn e r ,

Ei , () a ex
p
?"
2 a co s h u ) c os h (u /n) d a ,

so th at by ,

i n K
Ri, ( ) a ( / ) ”,
2 a

T he s e b e e n bt re su lt s h av e O a nei d on hy p th i s th t i s p i t i ; nd
th e o es a a os ve a

th e p s s i n s
e x n th e rei gh t o o r ar e th e i n t g l f n t i ns f
e ra w h i h e d ce t
u c o o a c r u o

ai d ) S i ( ) n d E i ( ) w h e n
e , , 01 a , a a is rea l w h th p i ti
,
e n g ti
er H n e os v e or e a ve . e c ,

w h e n i s n e g ti e t h
a q ti n a v e e ua o s 3
( ) e t i ll l i d s
ar t h t sf m pl va ,
o a ,
o r e xa e,

we h e av

m m, mu

03
a a
Ol n
0

(a) 5 _
1 + 1 /n )
1 /n ) m! P (m
1

" 0 m ! { 7 + 1 m =o

w h eth er a be p i ti
os v e or ne g ti a ve .

W . B . F .
3 22 THEO R Y OF B ES SEL FUNCTIONS [ CHA R X

H e n ce , r e pl ac i n g a by 8 we
, ,
see th t a ,
w h en 8 is
,
p iti
os v e an
“

d n is e v en ,

th en
(4 ) Ct, B) {J (3
2 3
)

(6) E in —B) In ( 3
2 6
) [ in

It fo ll ow s f
ro m th at ,
w h en n is e v en , th e fu nc t i on s Ci , (a) an d

S i , (a) ar e a nn i h i l t e d by t h
a e O p era or t

a nd th a t E i , (a) i s a nn i h i l at e d by th e O p era o r t
d z
2 7 b_ 2
72 a .

da 2

I n th e fi s t tw f n t i ns i t i s d i ffi c ult
case Of th e r o u c o to bt in th i s e s ult
O a r
*

d i e c tly f m t h e d e fi ni t i ns b e c s e t h e i nt e g a l s O bt
r ro o ,
au r a i n e d by d i ffe e n t i t i n g
r a

t w i c n d e th e i n t e g l S i gn e n t con e g e nt
e u r ra ar o v r .

Th e e va l u a ti on o f A i r y—
H a r d y i nteg r a ls o
f o d d o r d er

TO l t Ci ( ) w h en
ev a u a e , a n is Od d , we su pp ose te m po r ar i ly th t a a is
p i ti
os v e, a nd th e n by 6 22 ,

2a
Ci , (a ) _
OS ( 57‘
2 01 s i n h ) co s h ( /n) d
u u u

2 015 cos (i x /n ) K / (2 3m )
l n .
0
7L

2 al CO S (1 7r n
2 /)
Gi n (a ) K l /n g ai )
n

I —l /n (g a i n
) I/ ( 1 n Qa i n
ll

U s ing t h e d i
e v ce e x pl a nei d in we see th t a ,
w he n 8 is
,
p os i t i v e ,

”5 5
(2 ) cu e B)
s in
2h (g n
/u )
It fo ll w s th t
o a th e e q t io n
ua 1 0 2 1 (4 ) i s t e w h eth e n b
ru r e e v en or od d

a nd , w h e th e n b e r e v e n o r Od d , Ci , () a is a nn h i l t e d by t h e
i pea O r a tor

d z
0
71 — 2
+ n a
da 2

for al l r e a l l
v a u es O f a .

It h as b ee n p r o v ed by H a r d y, l oc . ci t .
,
p . 2 2 9, w i t h th e a i d o f th e th e o ry of
“
g e n e r al i s e d

i n te g r al s .
3 24 THE O R Y OF B ES SEL F UN C T I O N S [ C H AR x

a nd h ence ,
for a l l r ea l va lu e s o f a,

(7 )
2 n
S i, (a )
' “

n a

T ish e qu ti on w s gi en by S t o k e s
a a v In t h e cas e n = 3 .

I t s h o uld b e n o t i ce d t h a t
w ai
l (n + 1 )
(8 ) S in (a) Ein () a 1 l
X ‘ ‘
l 1 1 m( Qui n
n
n sin
s in (g / ) n u (n + 1 1
}
(7 r /n
W tn
fl
X { l /n ( 3 )
J — 2 J l /n (Qfi ,

w h e re B a, a n d a an d B
,
ar e r e a l .

fo m l ae o f th e p e e d i n g th e
Th e r u r c r e s ec t i o ns ar e d u e to H ar dy th o ugh
,

h i s m e th o d s f o bt ai ni ng th e m w e e d iffe
o r ren t an d he ga v e s om e o f th e m o n ly
i n th e s p e c i l c s e n 3 a a .

n u m ber s
’
10 3 . Ca u ch y s .

In th gen e l i s ti n f B e s e l s i n t e g l w h ic h w s d e fi ne d
c o n n e x on i wi a ra a o o s
’
ra a

by B o g e t n d s ub s e q e n tly t d i e d by G i l i ni (s e e
ur ,
a i t i s co n e ni e nt
u s u u a v

to i n e s t i g t e c l s s o f f nc t i o n s k n o w n a Ca ch y n m be s
’
v a a a u s u s u r .

T h e ty p i ca l n u m b e "
i s d e fi n e d by C c hy as t h e coe ffi ci e n t O f
r, au

t h e t e m i nd e p e nd e n t o f t in t h e e x p ns i o n f
r a O

in as ce n d in g p ow e rs of t . It is s u pp os d th a t n e ,
k ,
an d m are i nt e g e r s of w ich h
th e l as t tw o e n t n e g t i e ar o a v .

I t f ll o ws f o m C u c hy s th e o h t
’
o r a re m t a

(1 ) N—n k , ,
m

W m" ’0
cos d s i n
m
ddd

{ e —) m em } cos"d s i nm
f
ddd
o

1=m 7 r "
n d ) co s d s i u
m
ddd
(2
’

co s .

'
77 0

It is ev i d e n t f om th d e fi ni t i on th t
r e a N is zero if n k m is Od d or

i f i t is a n gat i e i n t g e
e v e r.

Co mp tes R end u s , xx .
pp . 47 3 —4 7 5 5 10 —5 1 1 ; 11 1 1 . pp . 92 —93 ; X I II .

—68 7
,

pp . 68 2 , 8 5 0 — 85 4 .
10 3 -

] A SSOCIATED F U N C T I O N S 3 25

F ro m (1 ) it is s e en th t a

N— k
Nn
l -

n 7o m , ,
l u ,
h m
, ,
lc m,
~

h e s e es ult s t o g th with e
T r ,
e er r c u rr e n c e . f
or m ul ae f omr h h
w ic s u cce s s i v e

nu m b e s m y b e c l c ul t e d w e e gi
r a a a ,
r v en by B o g ur et
i f“
.

T h e e c u e nce fo m ul e
r e
rr r a ar

(3 ) N— k N— n, ,
m n+1, k—m 1,
“ “
l N —n —1 lc—1 m , ,

(4 ) ] V—n fk fl n N m -
1 N —n—1 ,
k, m -
1 .

an d th e y ar e i m m e d ia t e co ns e q u e n ce s o f th e i d e nt i t i e s
—n k
I /t) m
1 /t) k —1 m —n—
(t 1 /t) (t (t (t l /t) (t 1 /t) ’H
1 /t)
n
(t m
l
t t t l
‘

m— —n —1
t "
(t 1 /t) k
(t 1 /t) m
w (t e
I /tr (t 1 /t) 1
t 1
(t (t 1 m in
‘ “

B y me a n s th e s e fo m l ae ny C u c hy s n u m b e i s lt i m at e ly e p
Of r u a a
’
r u x r es s i bl e in
t e m s O f n u m b e s Of th e ty p e s N , N
r r 0, 0 m .

A d i ffe e n t l ss O f e c u e n e f m l e al s o d e t o B o u g e t
i

r c a r rr c or u a , u r , o we s i ts
e x i s t e nc e t o t h e e qu t i o n a

It fo ll o ws th a t
N_ n k’ m
’
2 77 i (m 1)

e
r
1
2 7 r i (m 1) a
t, dt

by a p t i l i nt g t i
ar a e ra on . On p f e r or m in g th e d i ffe re n ti t i a on we see

( )
5 (m 1) (l s 1) N +2 ,

a n d S i m i ar l ly
(6 ) (k 1) Na t a (m 1)

D ev el o p m e nts d u e t o Ch e s s i n A nna l s , f
o M a th . X .
(1 8 95 pp . 1—2, ar e

A—n
7
, k, m 2 s ch A —a + s —
“
2r
T
, k —s , m 1

N — n, k , m 2
3
—
( )
r
8 0r ~ N —+ —2
a s r. k, m -
s
r : 0

T h ese m ay b e d e d u ce d by i nd u c t i o n fr o m (3 ) and

A no t h f er or m u l a d u e t o C h es s i n i s
.
r
A— Op —r ar )
T
M )
r
n k, m k m
IO
.

wh er e p
=
% (lt + m -
n ) . T hi s is p rove d by s e l e c ti n g th e co e ffi ci e n t o f t” i n t h e p r o d u ct

k
( + /)
t 1 t x
(t
J o u r na l d e M a t h . VI . pp . 3 3 —5 4 .
 THE O RY O F B E S S E L F U N C TI O N S
"

[ CHAR x

Th e f un cti ons o
f B o ur g et a nd Gi u l i a ni .

Th e fu n ct i on J , J , () z is d e fi n e d by th e g e n e l i s at ira on Of B e ss e ls
’
integ ra l
J u Jc ( Z) —
()
1
1 i ii

w h e re n is an t e ger
in ,
an d 1c i s a p i ti
os ve i nt e g er .

It fo ll ow s th t a

d) l "
(z ) e xp i (nd z sin (2 c o s d) dd ,

and th e e fo
r re

" d) dd
(2 ) J, ,
k () z 2 co s d ) co s nd
( z sin .

T h e fu nc ti o n h as b een s tu d i e d by B ou r g e t , J ou r na l d e M a th .
(2 ) VI .

pp . 42 —5 5 ,
for th e sa k e o f v ar i o u s a s t r o n o m i c a l a pp li cat i o ns ; w h il e G i u l i a ni , G i or na l e d i M a t .

XX VI . pp 1 5 1. h as c o n s tr u c t e d a l i near d i ffer e nti al e q u at i on of th e fo u r t h

o r d er s ati s fi e d by th f e u nc t i o n .

[ N OTE An e ar l i e r p p by
a er G i u l i a ni , Gi o r na l e d i M a t . XXV . pp . 1 98 —2 0 2 ,

c o nt ai n s p p
ro e r ti e s O f an o th g er e ne r al i s at i o n O f B e ss e l
’
s i nt eg ra l , na m el y
2 ”S i n ”d ) d d,

bu t p ar ts o f th e a n al y s is i n t is h p p a e r s ee m t o b e i ncor r e c t ]
I f we ex p nd th
a e i n t e g ra nd of (1 ) i n p ow e r s o f z , we d e du ce f om
r 10 3 th at

1_
(2 2 )
00 _

z
m =0 m !
a nd it is e vi d en t f o m (1 ) t h a t
r

< 4)
Again f om
r 10 3 ( )
2 an d (3 ) it is ev i d e n t th at

(5 ) J— (Z ) u ,
h J (Z )
71 , /c ,

(6) J (Z ) i l l;
J n—i r—
1 ( ,
Z) J n + l lc—1 ,

an d if w e
,
t ak e lc 1 i n th i s fo rm u a, l
2h
(7 )

T h e s e es lt r u s w ere bt i ne d byO a B ou r ge t ; an d th e rea d er s h o uld h a ve no

d i ffi ulty i n p
c r ov i n g th at

( ) (Z ) (Z )
,
8 2J n, k Jn J u +1 ,
k

O th e r r ec u r r e n ce f or m ul ae (d u e to B o u r get an d Gi li u a ni r e s p t i ly )
ec ve are

2n 2 (k 1)
(9 ) J n it Z
() : —
_

(1 0 ) TJ
/l

n, k _ 2 ()Z Jn ,
k ()
Z 4‘J n ,
k -
2 (Z ) .
3 28 THEO R Y O F B E S SE L F U N CT I O N S [ CHAR x

10 4 . Th e d e fini ti on o f S tr u ve s f u ncti on H
’

, () z .

th t w e h e m p l e t e ly e xa m i ne d t h e fu nct i on s d e fi ne d by i n t e g l s
N ow a av co ra

e s e m bl i n g B e s e l i n t e g a l i t i s na t l t o i n e s t i ga t e f nct i on d e fi n d by
’
r s s r ,
u ra v a u e

n inte g l e s e m bl i ng P oi ss on s i n t e g l T h i s fu nct i o n i s ca ll e d S t u e s ’ ’
a ra r ra . r v

f nct i on a lth ugh S t e i n e s t i g te d n ly th e s p eci l fu n ct i on s o f th i

u ,
o ru v v a
i|e
o a s

ty p e o f o d ers ero nd u ni ty T h e p op e t i s f th e g e ne a l fu nc ti n h e
r z a . r r e O r o av

b e e n e xam i ne d at s om e l e ngth by Si e m on r nd by J Wal k e i ’

a . r .

S t u e s fu n c t i on H (z ) o f or d e i s d e fi n e d by t h e e q u t i o n s
’
r v , ,
r v, a

2 (22 )
v

2 SIn
\

() (1 dt
2
H t) V
zt
-

, z .

2
Si n ( d ) s in ddd
?”
z cos ,

0
.

p rov i d e d th at R (v ) 5
B y an a lys i s S im i l ar t o th t a Of 3 3 ,
we ha ve

a m+ 1 1

E
Z
H , () z t +1
<1 dt
F (v F (2 m
(é Z Y s
—m !
i I
E
-
’

g)
’

(2 m F (v m
so th t a

m l_ l 2m l l
( )
’
00 _ v - - - -

2
2
H 2

fu nc t i n H
The o , (z ) is d fi ne d by th is e qu t i n f l l l s O f w h e t h e
e a o or a va ue v, r

R( ) ee d s
v e xc
o r no t . I t i e i d e n t th a t H ( ) i s n i n t g a l f nc t i o n f
s v , z a e r u O v

and i f th e f
,
to ac r be s pp
u s s e d th re e s lt i n g e p e s s i o n i s
,
e l o an i n
r u x r a s

teg l fu n c t i n O f
ra o z .

It is e as y to see [ cf 2 11 3 12 1 th t a

(3 l 1 He ,

w h e re
l
4 lZ P
(4 ) l 9 l < % e XP
l
an d l vo
-

{
n

g i s th e sm a ll e st O f th e 11 4
-

3 ,

M em d e t Ac a d I mp ’
d es S c i d e S t P e ter s bou r g (7 ) 8 ; Ann (l er P h ys i k ,
’

xxx no

—1 0 1 6
. . . . . .
,

(3 ) X VI I . pp . 1 0 08 . S ee al s o L o m m e l , Ar c h i v d er M a t h . a nd P h ys . x xv .

p . 3 99 .

I P r og r a mm , L u i s ensc h u l e B er l i n 1 8 90 [ J a hr bu ch u be r d i e F or ts c h r i tte d er M a th . 1 8 90 ,
—3 42
, ,
.

pp 3 40 ]
—3 95
.

I T h e Ana l yti ca l T h eor y of L i g h t (Ca m r id g e , b pp . 3 92 . Th e r es u l ts c o n ta i n e d in

h
t i s s ecti o n , w i t th e e xc e t i o n o f h (1 0) a n d p ar e t h er e g i v en .
 A S S O CI AT E D F UN C T I O N S 3 29

We can O bt i
a n r ec u r r e nc e f
orm u ae t l hu s

l H
v
z v
dz
"
z H , _1 () z ,

an d S i m i l ar ly
m
‘

(2 m 1) z

2 ” m +1
F (m i
3 ) F (v m g)
l 2
s
- -

V
A ri
"+ 2 m + 2
2 F (m F (v m + 3)

On co m p i
ar n g th e s e r esu lts ,
w e fi nd t h at

(5 )

— l , v

(6 ) H ()
2 H v
F(

(7 ) (S v
) H , (z ) (z ) ,

“
s —)H
22 —Z H
V

8 V V -

f1 (z )
In p ti u l
ar c ar we h ave

d d
(9)
dz
zH 0 (z ) ,
d; {H 0 ( )}
z

Agai n ,
f om
r (7 an d we ha ve

(8 )H (z ) (S ) {z H ( )}
2 ?
v , v , _ 1 z

Z
<S V '
l 1) H
'

u —1 (Z )
4 ,

H (z )
2
z
t)
,
F (t)
,
F (v
th a t H , (z ) sa tis fi es th e d i ffe r e n t i l e q a u ation

4
(1 0 ) V H (z )
, ,

“i f
T h e fu nc t i o n L , ()
2 w ic h hb e ar s th e sam e r e l a ti o n t o S tr u v e
’
s f
u n c ti o n a s I, (z ) b ea rs

to J , ()z h as b e e n s tu d i e d (i n th e c as e v =0
) by ?le
N ic h ol s o n, Q u a r ter l y J ou r n a l , X LI I .

p . 2 18 . h
T i s fu n ct i o n i s d e fi n e d by th q e e u a ti o n

(1 1 )
m =0 F F (V
2”
C OS 8) 8 111 d d d,

t h e i nt e g ra l fo r m u l a b e i ng v al i d y wh
o nl en [ 13 (v )
The re a d e r S h oul d h av e no d iffi l ty i
cu n O b t a i n i ng t h e f u nd a m e n t a l p p
ro e r ti e s of h
t is

fu n cti o n .

S ee al s o G blu er , l ) tCh
"
Vi er te lj a h r ssch r i ft ,
X L VI I . p . 42 4 .
3 30 THEO R Y OF B E S S E L F UN CT I O N S [ CHAR X

Th e l oop i nteg -
ra l f or H , (z ) .

I t w as t i ce d i n th a t th e i nt e g l d e fi ni ti on o f H ( ) fai l s w h e n
no ra , z

R( ) é v b e ca u e th e i n t e g l d oe s n o t co n e ge t th e u pp l i m i t We
s ra v r a er .

ca n a o i d th i s d i sa b i l i ty by co ns i d e i ng
v l oo p i nt e g a l i n p l ace o f th e d e fi ni t e r a -
r

i nt e g a l r .

Le t u s t k e a

si n z t dt
(t
2
,

w h e re th e ph as e o f t 2
1 v an s i hes at th e p oi n t on th e r i gh t Of t= 1 at w ic h h
th e co n o t u r c ro ss e s th e rea l a x i s , a nd th e co n o t u d r oes n o t e n c os e l th e poi n t
t 1 .

If we s u pp o th a t R ( )
se w e m ay d e fo m t h e co n t o u r
v r into t h e se
g
m en t (O ,
1) O f th e e l a xi s t k e n t w i ce
r n d w e fi nd th a t
a , a ,
a

—
t ) Z s in z t d t
s in z t dt 2i (1
”
(t
2 2
cos y r ,

w he re th e ph as e o f 1 t is
2
z e ro .

H e n ce , w h en R (v ) we h av e

i
(1 ) Z F J
(g -
Z )
"

(t 1)
—
h dt
J
_
()
2
H ,
v
SI n z t . .

Bo th s i d e s O f th is e qu t i n a o ar e a n a lyt i c fu nc t i ns f fo al l o O v r
’le
va lu es of v
'

an d S O , by t h e g e ne l th e o y o f ra r an a ly t ic co n t in u t i on e qu t i on a ,
a 1 ) h o ld s fo r

l
al l v a u e s o f v .

F ro m th i s r es u lt , com b i ne d wi th 61 we d du c th t
e e a

P e v
) ez r m
(2 ) J (z ) iH (z ) (a i ) dt
v
, , e .

7r i F

T o t ra n s f or m
y th i s g t
re s ui e) lt ,
l et to be an ac u te an gl e (p os i t i v e or n e a v

l i e b e t w e e n —% + w n d ti n H
,

a nd l e t t h e p h s e o f a W th e n d e f m
z 7r a -
o . e or

t h e co n t i n t o th t h e w n i n F i g 2 6 i n w h i h t h e f u p
ou r a ll e l l i ne s
s .
,
c o r ar a

m k e n an gl e
a a w i th t h e i m g i n y is I t i s e i d e n t th a t
o) s t h e l in e s a ar ax . v ,
a

p ll e l t o th
ar a l a i s m e Off t i nfi ni ty t h e i n t e g l s l o ng th m t e nd t
e r ea x ov o ,
ra a e o

T h e i n t g l a l on g t h e p th w h i c h s t t s f m n d e tu n s t 1 ie l ‘
”
‘

z e or . e ra a ar ro a r r o 00

i s e qu l t H (U ( ) ; n d o n t h e l i n es th o gh t h
a o , i g in w e w i t e t = i
z a o r u e or r u, s

th a t n th m o e
_1 "i _
ff
(t 1) (1
:
g d ?
)
V 22 V
e u

It f ll o w s th t
o a

2i f oo e X D ( -
lw )
JV = H “ i
.

z -

l
-
i H V z z -
i (1 + 26 du
h) P (h)
,
F (V 0

Th e i s o l at e d v al u e s 4
5, s g , , a r e e x ce pt d b e , e ca u s e th e ex p res si on on th e rig h t i th
s e n an

u n d e te r m i n e d fo r m .
 ‘ UN CT I O N S
33 2 T H E ORY Q F B E S SE L F .

[ C H AR x

If we w r i t e z= ix i n w h er e x is p o s i ti v e , we s ee th t wh a R( ) ,
en v

M (km) m
un i
L, ( ) Y, da
’
2
(1 )
v
-

z x r u

a nd , by co n s id er i ng i m ag i n ar yp ar ts , w e d e d u ce t h at

L =
( ) I s in d a,
(x ) (a u ) (1
'
, x

a res u l t g i ve n by N i h c o l s o n, Q u a r ter l y J ou r na l ,
X LI I . p . 2 1 9, i n t h e S p e c i al

h h
w ic v =0 .

104 2 . Th e as ym p toti c exp a ns i o n o

f H , (z ) w h en Iz i s l ar g e .

We S h a ll bt ai n n sy m p t o t i e pa nsi o n w h i h m y b e u s e d f t b
no w o a a c x c a or a u

l t in g S t u e s f n t i on w h en th e a g m e n t i s l a ge t h e d e r v b e i ng fi xe d
a r v
’
u c r u z r ,
or .

S i nce t h e c e s p nd i ng s y m p t t i c e x p n s i on o f Y (
orr o
) h s b
a e e n c o m p l e t e ly o a , z a

i n e s t i g t e d i n C h p t e V I I i t fo ll o w s f o m
v a a (4 ) th t i t i s s uffi ci en t t
r ,
r a o

d e t e m i ne t h s ym p t t i c e p ns i on f
r e a o x a o

As in we h av e

—Q mn
1
? v p __ v
y
m/ u
‘

E E l b
Z s 7 72 Z

(i )p “
—t)
210
V
(1 1
l r>
-
1
21”
(p 2 0

We tak e p SO l g e th a t
ar R ( v p i) < 0, a nd ta k e 8 to be an
y p i t i os v e an gl e
fo r w i c h h
S éw —S , | ar
g z —8 ,

SO th t a z is c on fi ne d t o th e s e c or o ft th e pl an e for w i c h h
—7 r + 28 g ar
g z g 7r —2 8 .

We th e n h av e
2 S in 8 , ar 1 i

so th a t
—
Ig —
v p i
2R (v ) 2p
(S i n 8)
-
1

sa
y w , he e A r
1)
i s i nd e p nd nt
e e of z .

I t fo ll o w s on in t eg r t i a on t h t a

m
(M
"a
(e
}
p
g e v ) , ) ,

m
z
2
m ! z

e xp iB
w he re e
‘
u
u
QP
da
10 42 , 10
- -

A S S O C I AT E D F UN C T I O N S 3 3 3

We d e du ce th a t ,
w h en i ar
g z
| '
n a nd
'
.
| z
} i s l ar g e ,

e r z
—l P: I — m
< ) e om }
Y” (Z ) 0
(1 ) H () E ( )
I
" Z Z
F (v F in — O

p rov id d th at R (p e v
7 ) 2 0 ; b u t, as in th i s l s t a r e s r c ti o nt i m ay b e
r e m o ed v .

T h i s s y m p t o t ic a ex p a ns o n i m ay a sol b e w r i te n i n t h e t f
orm

P (m 35 )
l
11

(2 ) H , () z
7
, ()
z 5:

d w i t h o t d i ffi lty th t i f i
I t m ay b e p l n d i p s i t i e th
r ov e u cu a , v s rea a z s o v ,
e

re m a i nd e ft e p t e m s i n t h e y m p t ti e p ns i n i f th e s m e S i gn
r a r r as o c x a o s o a

as nd n u m e i c lly l e s s th n t h e fi s t t e m n e gl c t e d p
,
a r a i d e d t h at a r r e ,
ro v

R (p 5 ) 2 0 T h i s m
y b e e s t bl i s h e d by t h e m e th o d u s e d i n
v . a a

Th ym p t ti p i w g i by R yl ig h P L d M th S X X
e as o c ex an s o n * as v en a e , r oc . on on a . oc . I .

p 5 0 4 i th = 0 by S t ll m l l A
’

l I mp l S i l St P t b
’ ’

g (7 )
. n e cas e v ,
ru v e , r e . oe ca c . . o es c . ce e er s ou r ,

XXX . no . 8, p . 101, a nd Ann d er P h ys . . u n cl Ch em i e , (3 ) X V II . p . 1 0 1 2 i n th e

cas e v = 1 ; th e r es u l t fo r g e n e r a l v al u e s O f w as g i v e n b y J
u . Wa l k er ,
Th e An a l ytica l
Th eoryof L ig h t (Ca m b r id
g e, pp . 3 9 4 — 3 95 .

If y v h as an of th e va lu es th e n (1 it
2
/z )
2 ”
is ex p res si bl e as a

ter m i n a ti ng s e r i e s an d Y , ( s
) iz a so l ex p e s i bl
r s e in a fi ni te f o rm . I t f ll o o ws

t t h
h a w e n 1) i s a h lf
,
o f an O d d p i ti
os ve int ge e r, H , (z ) i s ex p ress i bl e i n t e r m s
of e l e m e n t y fu nc t i ar o ns . In p t i ul
ar c ar

H , () z 3 (l —c o s z ) ,
7 TZ

C oS Z
H g , () z Sl ll Z +

o f S tr u ve s f u ncti o ns of
’

1 04 3 . Th e as
ym p t ti c ex
p a ns i o n o l a rg e or d er .

We s h a ll b t i n sy m p t o t i c ex p ns i n s f a ty p S i m i l to th e
now o a a a o ,
o e ar

e x p n i ns i n e t i g t e d i n C h p t e V I II w h i c h ep es nt S t f n ti n ’
a s o v s e a a r , r r e ru v s u c o

H ( ) w h e n | | an d |
, z | e b o t h l a ge v z ar r .

AS u s l w e S h ll w i t e ua ,
a r

c s h (a + i 8 ) co h y v z o ,
z s f

n d / fo s i m p l i c i ty w S h ll o nfi n e t h i n e s t i g t i on t t h e ci l
“

a r
p, e ine a c e v a o e s a ca s

w h i h os h y i c e l n d p o i ti e
c T h e m e ge n e l
« s r s in w hi h c h 7 i
a a s v . or ra ca e c os s

co m p l m y b e i n e t i g t d by t h m e th d s u d i n g 8 6 n d
ex a 1 0 1 5 b t it i
v s a e e o se a , u s

f no g
o t p t i l i m p t n nd i t i n l s s o m
r ea r ac th e i nt i c t n ly i
ca or a ce a vo v e e ra r r a e a a s s .

For a n a s ym p to ti c ex p ans ion of th e a s s o c i a te d i n te g ra l

see R ayl e i g h ,
P h i l M ag . .
(6) VI I I . pp . 481 —48 7 .
[ S c i entifi c P ap ers , v . pp . 2 06
3 34 T H E O R SC O F B E S SEL F U N C T I O N S { C H AR x

Th e m e th d o f s t e e p e t d
o s e s ce n s t t e g a l o f P oi sso n s
h as to b e a pp l i d t e o an in r
’

t yp e , an d n ot , a s i n th e p rev i o u s i n e s t i g t i o ns t on e o f B s s l s typ e
v a , o e e
’
.

In Vl e W o f th e for m u a o l f g 104 1 w e c o n i d e the i n t eg l s r ra

w hi hc w e wri te i n th e fo rm

w he re 7 h y l og (1
5 w cos r

I t i s e i d e n t th a t q a fu n ct i on O f
v 7 ,
u h as t t i o n a y p oi n t s w h e e w e ”
s a r r ,

S th t S i nce y i s e q l e i th e t o to
O a ,
f ua r o a r i ,8 , tw c s e s h a e to be c n si d e e d
o a v o r ,

w h i h g i e i s e t o t h e s t a t i on y p o i n t s
c v r ar

“ i ifi
(I ) e , (H ) e .

Accor d in gly w e de s e p t ly th e cas e s (I ) i n w h i c h / i s l e s s th n 1 nd

co ns i r ar a e z v a ,
a

II
( ) i n w h i ch / i s g e at e t h n 1
z v r r a .

I
() W h e n y i s l p os i t i e n u m b r a rea i s e l w h en w i s e al and as v e a, T r a r , , i t)

i n c e s es f o m 0 t o fi s t i nc e as es f m 0 t e cos h l g (1
‘
“
r a r co , 1 e r r ro o a . o

t h e n d e e s es t e c sh n d fi n lly i n c e as es t o
”
cr a l og (1 o e )
“
o a a a r so

I n o d e t o bt ai n con t u
r r l on g w h i c h
o nt i n
a lly i n e se s w e s pp s e
o r a 7 co ua cr a ,
u o

th t w fi s t m o es
a l n g th
r l x i s f m t h e o i gi n t o t h p o i n t
v a o nd e re a a ro r e a

t h e n s t t m o i ng ar s l ng ce t i n c u e w h i h l e s t h e e l a i s t i ght
v a o a r a rv ,
c av e r a x a r

an gl e s n w hi h,
o i p os i t i e an d i n c e s i ng
c
‘
T s v r a .

T o fi nd t h ul t i m t e d e s t i n t i o n f th i s c u e i t i c n e ni e n t t o m k e
e a a o rv , s o v a a

C h nge O f i bl e s by w i ti n g
a v ar a r

w s in h C f in e sinh 5
‘
“
, , 0,

w h e re E ; nd s ,
e 7e l a o ar r a .

The c u e i n t h e —
Cp l n e o n w h i c h i s e l h as f i ts e q t i n
rv a , 7 r a ,
or ua o

s h 5 Sin 7 2 cos h co t n (t n h 5 t n 7 a a rc a a a

a nd i t h s d bl e p int t $
a a ou o
*
a 0 .

Y e n w w ite
V o r

2 c t an (t n h 5 t n 7 ) ar a a 7
F (S 7 ) 7
h 5 Sin 7 ,
c os 7

a nd e m i n th e
xa l e f F (E 7 ) é t c s o t t h
e va u s o t n gl e w h s e c n e ,
7 as
’
ra e u e re c a o or rs

O A B 0 h e co m p l
, , ,
c d in te s
av ex o or a

0 sin h 1 c sin h 1 , % i é i ar c ,
ar 7r ,
'
zr .

A s { g oe s fr m O t A F (E 7 ) i s e q l t 2 i n h E/ s h f n d t h i s te d i ly ‘
3
o o , ,
7 ua o s co ,
a s a

i nc e s e s f o m 0 t 1
r a r o .

E xce t w p h en a = 0 i n w ic , h h c as e i t h as a tri l e p p oint .

336 T H E OR Y OF B ESSE L F U N CT I O N S [ CH AR x

(1 dw

an d h en ce , by 1 04 we h av e

(5z )
"
2 m !
(1 ) H ()
" Z
N i ," (Z )
t 2 m+
P (V i ) F (i ) m = o z
1

It i s e as y to p rov e th t a

b0 1, 17 1 2 cos h f
y, 62 6 cos h 2
«
y 17 3 20 cos h 3 f
y 4 cos h7 «
,

II
( ) Wh e n 7 is a p u re i m a g i n ar y i B) ,
7 is r ea l an d i ncr e a s es t d i ly
s ea

f om
r 0 to 00 as wt ra v e s a on l l g th e r ea l ax s i f ro m 0 to co a nd so

—
1 dw
Oh ”
2 v

H e nce , f omr 1 04 1 (3 ) it fo ll ow s t h t a

2
(2 ) H “) K c) J
”
P( v s) P e)
2

p rov i d e d th at
'

ar
g z é '
rr . T is h resu lt can be t d ed
e x en to a s o m ew h at wid er
dom i
a n Of v a g ft e t h lu e s
e m nn f § 8 4
of ar 2 z, a r a er o .

F m th e c ro es p n d i n g e lt s i n t h e th e o y o f B e s e l f n c t i o ns i t is to b e
or r o r su r s u ,

e p c t e d th t th e e
x e s l ts a l i d fo s i t bl e d m i ns Of c m p l e
s re u l e
a re v a r u a o a o x va u s

Of th e gu m nt s ar e .

In p ar ti cu l a r , we ca n p ro v e t h at , i n th e cas e o f fu nc t i o n s Of p u r el y im ag i na r y ar g u m e nt ,

(3 ) L , (v x ) N1 , (we)
w h en if i s l ar g e , ar g v én x i s fix e d , a nd th e e rr o r is of th e or d e r o f m ag ni t u d e o f

2
‘K + ) ex
;
x
p {1

t i m e s th e ex p r es s i o n o n th e r ig ht .

[ N OT E If i n (I) w e h a d t a k en th e c on to u r f rom to w _ -
e
“ "
L
a nd t h e nce to w i,
we s h oul d h a ve O bt ai ne d t h e fo r m u l a c o n t ai ni n
g iJ , (z ) in pl a c e of iJ , (z) . h
T i s i nd i ca te s
h
t at w e g e t a cas e o f S to k phes
’
e n o m e n o n as
7 cros s es th e l i n e

Th e l
r e a t on i betw een H 7, (z ) an d E n (z ) .

Wh e n th e or de r n is a p o s i ti v e in t e ge ( e o ) w e c n d du ce f o m
r or z r , a e r

10 1 ( )
4 th t a E, (z ) d i ff e rs f rom H n ( ) by p ly n m i a l i n ; nd w h n n
z a o o z a e

is a ne g i
at v e i n te g er, th e two fu nc ti o ns d i ff by p lyno m i a l i n 1 /
er a o z .
1 0 4 4, 1 0 45 ] 7
A S S O CI A T E D F UN CT I O N S 3 3 7

w h en n a
p osi ti v e I nte ge r o r z e ro , we h ave

} ( m) m 1 m
(5 2 )
‘
n
e
,

e
—i mm

_n F (%m +

—i m i n+ l n
)
rr
8 Z

an d th er e fo r e , S i n ce Jn (z ) J ,, (z ) ,
we h a ve

e} (m —l ) i —
m
(% Z )
n '
v n

z ‘
I —% m ) H n() Z ’

l (1
th a t i s to sa
y

1
s o

In i l ke m a nn e r , a ne ga t i v e i nt e ge r,

—n+ 2m+1

E— Z) (n 77 7
,
(é z )
(2 ) n (
an z o F (7 77 ,

’
Th e s i g n o
f S tr uv e s f u ncti on .

We s h a ll p
t i ng e s ult th a t H ( ) i s p os i ti e w h e n i s
no w r ov e th e i n t e re s r , x v a:

p os i ti e and v h s ny p os i t i e a lu e g e at e th n e qu l to } T h i s e s l t
v a a v v r r a or a z . r u ,

w h i c h w s p o in t d u t by S t u e 1 i s d e i abl e f m *
a in th c s e
e o r v e a v ,
r v ro a

d e fi n i t e i nt g l (w h i c h w i ll b e e s t bl i s h e d i n
e ra w h i c h i s Of co n a

s id e b l e i m p t an c e i n t h e T h e o y f D i ff ct i on
ra or r o ra .

T o O bt i n t h e e s lt by a n e l e m nt y m e th d w e i n t e g t e
a r u 1 0 4 (1 ) by e ar o ,
ra

p ts nd th en w e se e th t f
ar a lu es o f v x e e d i ng a ,
or va e c

G ar ) ol c o s (a7 9) —1
”
'

1
cos
M) 5 1“ 9d 9
2 1,
H
r aj a r e) de

(twy
fl
—1
(ac C OS 0) s i n
?"
“ “ co s
1 (v 37 1 (t)

(2 v 1) (90 9) S i n 2V 2
9 cos 9 d 9
‘

COS cos

"
C ?
w
P (v
1)
cOS 9 {1 c os (51: cos d9
P( v 3) P 03 )

2 0 ,

S i nc e th e i n teg ra n d is p iti
os ve .

M em d e t Ac a d
.
’
. I mp . d es S ci . de St P e te rs bo u r g
’

, (7 ) xx x . no . 8, 1 00 —1 0 1 .

p ro o f g iv en h er e i s th e n a tu r al e x te n s i o n O f S tr u v e
’
s p ro of .

W . B . F .
 338 T H E O R Y. O F B E S S E L F UN CT I ON S [ C H AR x

Wh en v i s l es s t h an th e p ar t i al i nt eg r at i o n ca nn o tb p f m e er or ed ; a nd , w h en v

h av e

H ( )
x (1 — co s x )2 O,
g

and th e t h eor e m is c om plb li h d

e t el y e s ta s e .

A co mp ar i s on o f th y m p t ti p
e as o c ex a ns i o n w ic h hw as p ro v e d in h th t
w it a Of

Y, (at ) g i v en i n g h w t h t wh i
s e s a , en 7; . s su
fii ci en tly l a rg e a n al
p osi ti ve, H , x s ( ) i p i ti os ve

if u > é an d t h at H , ( )
a? is no t o ne S i g ne d -
w h en v fo r t h e d o m i nan t t e r m of th e
as ym pt o t i c e xp an s I O n o f
-
1 v

H ; (x ) i s
—1
(tr y

ac co r d i ng as v or v Th e t h eo r e m o f h
t is s ect i o n p ro v es t h e m or e e xt e n d e d res u l t

t h at S t r u v e s fu n c t i o n i s
’
p o s i ti v e for all p o s i ti v e v al u e s of . 7: w h e n if a nd no t m e r el y
for s u ffi c i e ntl yl ar g e v a l u e s .

Th e t h eo r e m i nd i c at es a n e s s e nt i al d i ffe r e nce b e tw e e n S tr u v e
’
s f
u nc t i o n a nd B e s s el
f u n ct i o n s ; for t h e as ym p t o t ic e x p a n s i o ns of C h pt a er VI I s h ew t h at, for s u ffi c i e ntl yl ar g e

l
v a u es o f x, J, (x ) an d Y, (x ) ar e no t o f c o ns ta nt S i n
g .

Th ei si ng i nteg ra l
’
er s .

I f w e ta k e th e e q u at i o n

{l o a) LO de
2

e
— x co s 0 l og

1 i z cl z
1 —i z z

and c h o os e th e c o nt o u r t o b e t h e i m ag i nar y a xi s , i nd e nte d at th e o r ig i n *, a nd t h en w r i te

z = t i tan we fi nd t h at

if 1 (x )
{ 0 LO c os (x co t l o g tan (gin

d d)
10 (50 ) L o (93 ) c os (x tan l og cot .

cos ¢
a for m u l a g i v e n by T h e i s i ng e r , rlf o na tsh e fte f u r M a th . a nd P h ys . XX IV . p . 3 41 .

If w e re pl a ce a: by x s in 6, m u l ti l p y by S in 6, a nd i nt eg r ate , w e fi n d , on c h a ng i ng
o rd e r o f t h e i nt e g rat i o n s i n th e a b s ol u tel y c o nv e r g e nt i n te g r al o n th e r ig ht ,

d d) in
E 1 (10 tan qb) l og E L O (5c s i n s in 6d 6
)
c ot
{l o (a: sin 6)
co s ( )
1 2 0

so t h at

(2 ) E . (7 tan l og c ot e n c os
0
“ °
1 e

i
c) 2 .r

o n ex p a n d i ng t h e i n t eg r an d o n th e r ig ht i p n owe rs o f x . T is h cu r i o u s r e s u l t is al s o d u e to
T h e i s i ng er .

Th e p r e s en c e o f th e l o g ar i t hm i c fac tor e n s u r es th e co n v er g e n ce o f th e i n teg r al r o u nd th e

i n d e n tati o n .
3 40 T H E OR Y OF B E S SE L F U N CT I O N S [ C H AR x

The fu nct i on is th u s se en to b e e qu l a to

$ t -
i +s
‘

i — v i

i/( 2 7 r)
dt ol t

1 — ? t 1 + oo i
—t , u z
2 z e
’

i z <1
i z (1
t) d l (t) d t
'

8 c .

N/ (2 7 T)
N ow it is kn ow n n e ar t= 1,

Pv 14 3 + V ; 1 ;
—
s i t) »

‘
I (m
P V—
l ‘ t)

an d S i n c e
l —i
oo
1_ t
2

—i z u—
1 +w i ’

t)
e

we O bt ai n th e as ym pt ti o c ex p ans i o n

(7 ) W 62 )7
N
tH ‘
“
( v
Z)
wfl fl
'

e
fl m ”)
C O S V7 I
'

(v m)
2
,

M or e

S o m e fu nc ti o ns w i c h h s ati s f y q e ua t i o n s Of th e s am e g e n e r al t yp e as (l ) h av e b ee n

n ot i c e d by N ag a o k a, J ou r na l of th e Co l l . o
f S ci I mp
. . Un i v . J ap a n , I V . p . 3 10 .

10 6 . Th e f u ncti ons com

p os i ng Y , (z ) .

Th e r ea de r wi ll r em em b e th a t t h e B e s s l fu nc t i on
r e of th e s e co n d k ind ,
of

i nt e gra l or de r, m ay b e w r i tt e n i n t h fo m e r

W Y. (7 )
W ea
r n

m =0

m
) 1>
m =0

Th e s e r i es o n th e r i ght m ay b e ex p r e ss e d as th e s u m of fo u fu nc ti ons
r ,
e ac h
h h
w ic h as f i ly
a r sim pl e rec u r re nc e p p ti ro er es , thu s

(1 ) W yn (Z) 2 {l o g (2 2 ) Sn ( Z) Tn (Z ) 2

C f B ar n e s ,
.
Q ua r ter l y J our na l ,
x xx 1 x . p . 111 .
 1 0 6] -
A S S O C I AT E D F UN CT I O N S 3 41

—n+ 2m
()
2 Tn (Z ) (é z )

m =o m ! (n m)!
and ( of . 3 5 82 )

m =o m ! (n m) !

Th e f u nc ti o ns Tn (z ) a nd U, (z) av e h b ee n s t u d i e d by S c h l afli , M a th Ann

'

III
—1 4 7 t h
. . .

pp . 1 42 , ou g hh e u s ed th e S l i g tl h y d iff e r e nt no ta ti o n i nd i cated b y th q e e u a ti o ns

S n (Z >= —Q G n ()
e ,
T (Z ) = 2 H
n n Un —E (Z ) ; .

m o re re ce n t i nv es ti g ati o n s ar e d u e t o Otti * a nd to G r a f and b

G u l er

The fu nct i on Tn (z ) i s m os t si m p ly p re resen e t d by th e d e fi ni t e i nt e g ra l

9) S i n (z S in 9 nd ) d9
Tn ()
z (é '
n .

es a t bl i s h th i s r es ult O b s e
,
rve th a t
n +2 m
Z )

7 ” 0 m> —
ln ~

w h e re t h as b e e n rep l a ce d by e we - 77 7 7:

It fo ll ows th a t
n+ 2 m
2 2 SID 9)
T, L (2 ) (0 1 W e mo
2 )
m> i ii —
is(n 2m ) !

i z s i n GY M ?”
h 52 i 9)
E
”
cos S n

—
}
i z sin e tz s i n e
e e ,

and s o

Tn —i
() Z
(9 % 7 T) {e
ni o z sin O
e
ni (9 de .

B er n M i tt h ei l u ng en , 1 898 , pp . 1 —5 6 .

1 E i nl ei tung i n d i e T h eor i e d er B es s e l pp 42 —69 Lo m in el

‘ ’
F u nk ti one n,
’
s ch e n
(B er n ,
pp 7 7 —87 h
II. . . s

tre ati se , .
, S o ul d al s o be c o n s u l te d .
3 42 T H E OR Y O F B E S S E L F U N C TI O N S [ C H AR x

If 9 is re pl ace d by 77 9 i n th e i n t e gr a l bt aine d by consi d er in g o nly th e

o

seco n d of t h e tw o ex p one n ti a l s , th e fo m ul a
r w h i c h i s d u e t o S c h l afl i i s ,

O bt ai ne d a t onc e .

Th e c orr e s p n d in g i n t g l
o e ra for U , (z ) i s O bt ai ne d by o b s e rv ing th at
“
I (1
2
m! F (n m + 1 )
'

m =o e

l(i z )
-
e
P (1 6 )

a nd SO , from we d e du ce th a t
()
5 U, (2 ) {10 3 (i Z ) I
“f J , (2 )

9 S in m Z S i nh t
dt
(n 9 z Sin 9) d 9
‘ ‘

e .

R ecu r r ence f or mu l a e f or T, (z ) a nd U, (z ) .

F r om () e
4 w see th t a

Tu —
1 (Z ) l
‘ ‘
Tn (Z )

(% —9)
7rS i n (z s i n 9 —n 9)
{ 2 co s 9

(y r — 9) } n cl 9

4
% a (Z )
2
C OS n/fl
'

2 ,

on i nt e gr at i ng by p t s ar a nd u si ng B e s se ls
’
in t e g ra l .

T hu s
( )
1 T, _I () z ( n/z ) T,
2 (z ) 4 {co s % n7 r
2
J ,

Ag ai n
’
T, (z ) %w 9) S i n 9 c os (z S i n 9 n9 ) d9 ,

an d So

Tu —1 (Z )
’

( )
2 T n+ 1 (z ) 2 Tn (Z )
F ro m th ese fo rm ul ae it fo ll ow s th a t
(3 ) (S n ) T, () z z T, _1 () z 2 cos
2
21 7 7 2J , (z ) ,

(4 ) (S n ) T, () z z T, +I ()
z 2 cos
2
é nrr 2J , (z ) ,

an d h ence (c f . w e fi nd th t a

(5 ) V, T , () 2 2 {z Sin
2
% n7 r n cos
2
é nw } 472 .
J (z )
, .
3 44 T H E ORY OF B E S SEL F UN CTI O N S [ C H AR x

t h r ou g h ou t th e r a ng e 8g 9S 7: —8 f , o r al l v al u es o f M e xce ed i ng mo . Ag ai n, fo r al l v al u es

Of 9 b e tw e e n 0 an d 7r , we h av e

i
%
fl —6 M
2
S In 2m 9
m =1 nz

j g t
°

s in t

M + a1 ) 1r
Si u x

t x

for s o m e v al u e o f
d) b et w ee n 9 and a n ,
by t h e s e co nd m e an -
v al u e t h eor e m , s i n ce t/s i n t i s
a m o no to ni c (i ncr eas i ng ) f u nc t i o n .

By d raw i ng th e g ra ph of x
“
1
sin x it is e as y to s ee t h at t h e l as t ex p r es s i o n c ann o t

8m x
e xc ee d a
n dx in b a s o l u te v al u e ; if t is b e h call e d
én A ,
we h av e

m me
T, (z ) i S in (z s i n e n9 ) d9
M 2m 9
% —9)
1T 2
SH ]

m 1 7 777

S in ( z s in 9 —9) 72 cl 9

2 8) e } B,
77

w h er e B i s th e u pp b er o u nd o f 1s in (z s i n 9 79)
7

S i n c e (2 A S e ) B is ar b i tr i ly ar sm a ll ,
it fo ll o w s f o m r th e d e fi n i t ion o f an

i nfi n i t e s e rie s t h at *

T, (z )
2; m
g
0
Sin (z sin 9 n9) d9

1
2
7 { n+ 2 m (
J Z) J n —2 m
m =1 7

an d th e r es u lt is es a t bl is h e d .

I t wi ll be b e e d th t U ( ) h as l
rem em r a , z a rea dy b e e n d e fi ne d 3 5 81 ) as a

se r i e s o f B es s e l c oe ffi ci e n t s by t h e e qu a t i o n

—) m (n 2 in )

a nd th t a ,
in 3 5 82 , th i s d e fi ni t i on w as i d e n t i fi e d w i th t h e d e fi ni t i o n of U, (z )
as a p ow e r s e r i e s gi v en in g 10 6

G ra
f
’
s ex
p a nsi on o f T, ( z t) a s a s er i es o
f B es sel coe fii ci e nts .

It is e as y to o bt ai n th e ex p a ns o n i

< )
1 Tn (z t) E— T a n a) J () , z .

m= cc

h
T is ex p ans i o n w as d i scov e r e d by S c h l a fl i , M a th Ann . . II I . p . 1 46 .
1 0 63 -
, 10 7 ] -
A S S O C I AT E D F UN CT I O N S 3 45

for , f om
r i t is e vi d e nt th t a

é —9)
w s i n (t s i n 9 —n 9 + z s i n 9) d 9

—i (t s i n 9
(%
’

7T 6) . fm ( Z) { e
i (t s i n 9 -
n9 l - -
m G)
e de

7 9) ii J, (z ) s i n [7 s i n e (n m ) 9} 4 9,
m

by us in g s i n ce th e s e ri e s u nd e r th e i n teg al r Si gn is u n i fo m ly co n r

v er gen t ,
th e d er
or of su m m a ion t a nd in te g t i on ra m ay b e c h ng e d
a nd th e ,
a

r es ult i s ev i d ent .

Th e p ro o f f th f
O e orm u la g iv en by
G r af, ] ll a th Ann LI I I . . X . p . 1 4 1 , is m ore c om

pl i c at ed ; it de p en ds on th e u se o f th e s e r i e s o f co m i n e d w i t b hg
T h er e s ee m s t o b e no e q u al l y sim pl e ex p r e s s i on fo r U, (2 + t) .

Th e g f f
’
10 7 . en es i s o L om m el s u n ct ons i S, ” (z ) an d (z ) .

A fu nc t i on ,
w ic h h i nc l d es
u as S p ec i a l ca s e s th e p lyn
o om a s i l z O, ()
z an d

S, (z ) of N e u m ann an d S c h l afl i w a s de ri v e d by Lom m e l M a th A nn IX

pp . . .
, ,

4 2 5 — 4 44 , p t i ul i nt e g l f th e q ti o n
‘

. as a ar c ar ra O e ua

(1 ) vy y

w h e lo nd 7 e cons t n t s
re a a ar a . It is h e w th t p t ic ul a i n t e g a l
e as y to s a a ar r r of

th i s e q t i on p roce e d i n g in
ua , a s ce n d i n g p o w e f b e g i nni n g w i th is
rs o z

—
[g 4 u
n 1
2

For b re v i t y th e ex p re ss io n s o n th e r i ght ar e wri tt e n i n t h e fo rm

Th e f u nc t i on d en tly u nd efi ne d w h e n
is ev i eith e o f th e nu m b e s
r r

a i v is a n O dd n e g t i e i nt e g e
*
Ap t f o m th i s
a v r . ar r r e s t i c t i o n t h e g e ne
r l ra

so lu t on o f (1 ) i s e i d e n tly
i v

y 21 (Z ) 168 (z ) .

In l i k e m anne r th e g e ne r al s o l u t i o n o f

2
d z?
2
Q V

y — lz u (a + l i
2 Z

3/
“ ”{ fe (a + 7 ,
a
‘

Th e s o l u ti o n o f th e e q u a ti o n fo r s uc h v a l ue s o f p and
. v i s d i s cu s s e d i n
3 46 T H E OR Y O F B E S S E L F UN C T I O N S [ CH AR x

N ex t l et us d e th e
c on s i r lut i on o f (1 ) by th e m e th o d of
so i t i on “
v ar a of

p aram e e r s t . We as s u m e s a s o l ut i on
a
"

y A ( ) J ( z) z B ( ) J , () z _, z ,

w he re A (z ) an d B (z ) ar e f n c t i o ns o f
u d e t e m i n e d by t h e e qu at i ons
z r

(Z ) A (Z ) J —( ) B ( Z Z)
' ’
J v v 0 .

J ’

, (z ) A (z )
'
J (z ) R (z ) lcz l‘
“ 1

() n u s i ng we see th a t

n
z

2
J_ , () z dz ,
B () z z“ J (z ) d z
, .

H e nce a s o lut i on 1 o f (1 )-°

is
k7r
(6 ) y ()
z z“ J _ (z ) d z, J _ (z ) ,
z“ J (z ) d,
z
2 S in v 7 7
'

w h ere l o we l i m i t s o f t h e i nt e g a l s
th e r r ar e a r bit a y r r .

S i m i l a ly so l t i n O f
r 1 ) w hi ch
a u o is va l i d fo r al l l
va u es of v, w h eth e r

i n t e g e s o no t i s
r r ,

(7 ) = Y,
y § h7r (z )

It is e asth t i f b o th o f t h e n u m b e s i v 1 h a e p os i t i e e l
y to see a ,
r a
,
v v r a

p ar ts t h e l o w e l i m i t s i n (6 ) and (7 ) m y b e t k e n to b e e o I f w e e x pand
,
r a a z r .

t h e i n t e g an d s i n s ce nd i ng p o w e s O f
r w e s e t h a t t h e e x p e ss i o n o n t h e
a r z, e r

r i ght i n (6) i s e x p ess i bl e s p o w e s e i e s co nt i ni ng n o p ow e s o f o th e

r a a r r a r z r

th an “ “ z
+1
,
z H e nce f o m
+3
, i t f ll o w s th t si nce n ei th e of th e ,
r o a ,
r

nu m be s a i v i s a n od d neg a ti e i nteg e
r we m ust h e v r, av

7
(8 ) () z z“ J_ , () z dz J_ , z“ J , (z ) d z
2 Sin v7 r

In O bt a n ni i g th i s e s ul t i t w s s pp os e d t h t v i s n o t
r a u a an i nt e ge r ; but if
w e i nt r o d u ce fu nc t i ns o f th e s e co n d k in d w e fi nd th t
o ,
a

(9) ()
z z ) dz J () ,
z z“ Y , (z ) d
an d in th i fo m ul a w e m ay p roce e d to th e l i m i t i n m k i ng v an in t e ge
s r a r .

I t S h o ld b e O b s e r e d th t i n P oc h h a m m e s no ta t i on
’

u v a ,
r

(1 0 )

—
X I F 2 (1 5 2#
Cf F o r s yt
. h , T r ea t i s e on D ifi er e nti a l E q u a t i on s § 66 ; i t i s su pp o s ed te m p o r ar i l y th at

v is n o t an i n te g er .

h
T T h e g en er al i s ati o n o f t i s re su l t, o ta i n e d by r e l aci ng b p Z M+ 1 in (1 ) b
by a n ar i tr ar y fu n c ti o n
o f 2 , w a s g i v e n by C h es s i n , C o mp tes R end u s , c xxx v . pp . 67 8 67 9 ; a n d i t w a s a l i e d by pp
hi m , C o mp tes R end us , cx x v . pp . 1124 —1 1 2 6 , to s ol v e a s e q ue n ce o f e q u a ti o ns r e s e m bl i ng

B es s el
’
s e q u a ti on .
3 48 T H E OR Y O F B E S S E L F I U N CT I O N S [ CH AR X

I t wi ll a pp
th t th e s e i e s
ear by m ean s o f wh i c h
in is a r

d efi ne d w h en e i th e o f th e nu m b e s i v i s n Od d p osi t i e i n t e ge i s s t i ll
r r u.
,
a v r,

o f s i g n i fi can ce w h e n t h e n u m b e s p i v e n o t o d d p s i t i ve i n t e g e s It r . ar o r .

y i e ld s i n f c t an as y m p t o t i c e x pans i on o f
,
a , a l i d for l g e lu es o f v ar va

th e i bl e
v ar a z .

R ecu r r ence f or m u l a e s a ti s fi ed by L om m el
’
s
f u nct ons i .

I t is ev i d e nt f om g 1 0 7 r (2 ) th a t

th t a i s to sa
y
(Z) Z“ Z
(1 ) {0 l ()
g
8H 5 v S
2, v
m
Aga i n i t i s ,
eas y to v er i fy th a t

5 2
{ 2
1,
v (I L V 1) 3
”

SO t h t a

_
(2 ) V

a n d s i m i ar l ly
(3 ) S av (2 )
t (V/Z ) S u m (Z ) < 1“ V 1) 8 11— 1, v +1 (Z )
O Ii s ubt r ac t n i g and dd i ng th e s e a resu lt s we o bt ai n th e fo r m u ae l
(4 ) (2 1 42 ) SA (Z ) 01 “ V — V 1) Sfl

— (Z)
L .
v 1, v

( )
5 V — (z ) + 0"
1, v- 1 V 1) 8 11 1. v +1

Th e r ea de r wi ll fi nd i t e as y to d e du ce f o m th a t th e fu nct i ons
r of

th e ty p e s (z ) m y b e y, y a r e p l a e d th o ugh o ut th e s e fo m
c r l ae by fu nc t i ons r u of

th e ty p e S M ( ) ; s o th t z a

“
(6) Si “ t
,
v () 2 zi
p
K“ ,
V
2
} S ny (Z ) >

(7 ) S am e) a < z >= v 1) s (z ) .

(Z ) (If /Z ) S M (3 ) (I!
’

(8 ) S V 1 ) su

(9) (Q V/Z ) SAW (3 ) (P V 1 ) S #——(Z ) (U V f 1, V l I

'

(1 0 ) ()Z (N V 1 ) S —
~ (P V 1, v 4 1 ) S#

T h es e f or m u l a e m ay b e t ra n s fo r m e d i n v a r i ou s wa y bys u s i ng (1 ) a nd T hy e ar e

d u e to Lo m m e l , M a th Ann . . IX . pp . 429 —4 3 2 ,
bu t h is m et h od s of p r o v i ng t h em we re
no t in al l c a s es c o m pl e t el y s at i s fac to r y .

L o m m el
’

s
f u nct o ns i SM (z ) w h en u.
, iv is a n od d n e
g a ti ve i n teg er .

Th e f l g 1 0 7 1 (2 ) as u m e s n u nd e t e m i ne d for m w h e n
or m u a s a r u.
,
v or p v .

is an o d d n e g t i e i n t e g er
a We can e s i ly d efi n e
v ()
*
. a z in te m s of r

by a e p e t e d u s e of
r ()
6 w h
a i c h g i es v

(fi
r
e
-
r m —>p S (A
1 S v 2p _1 v Z 2
M ,

p )m+ 2 l
(1 V)
2p
p
-

l ?

S i nce S n (z ) i s , V an e v en fu nc ti o n o f V, it is s u ffi c i e n t to co n s i d e r th e c as e in w ic h hn v is an

o d d ne g at i v e i nteg e r .
1 0 7 2 , 10 7 3
- -

] A S S O CI A T E D F UN CTI O N S 3 49

We nex t d e fi ne by th e l im iting f orm of

§ 10 7 2 na m e ly

( )
2 S v — (Z )
l ,
v

Th e n u me t o (w h i h i s an n lyt i c f nh ti n o f
ra r c a a
'

u o y n e ar
. u.
,
v 1) v an s i h es
w hen u v 1 nd s o by L H os p i t l s th e e m
a
" ’
a
’
or
, , ,

1 ”
l og z
Z} 6“ “ W I

N ow i t is e as y to ver i fy th t a

1 g v
F (v + 1
2
n= v 1
-

n= v -
1

2 P (v + 1) s in v n
{ g +
l 2
”
o
' '

—) l 2 v

—
V 7f
u =v 1

and h ence it fo ll o w s th t a

a nd th i s f m ul w h ic h pp e s t o b e n ugat o y w h e ne e v i s n e ga t i
or a, a ar r v r a ve

i n t e g e i s i n e ffe c t n g a t o y n ly w h e n
r, , ,
O ; fo w h e n v
u n (w h e e n i s
r o v r r

a p os i t i e i n t e g e d fi h f t by h e f ul
v
) w e e n e t e urn c i o n t m or a

S —(Z ) S —— ( ) -
n -
1, n n l ,
n Z >

i n w h i c h t h e fu nc t i o n o n t h e i ght i s d e fi ne d by e q a t i o n 1 0 7 3 r u

T o d i s c u s s th e c as e in w ic h h v ==0 , w e ta k e th e f orm u la

(n+

h h gi
w ic v es S4 , 0 ()
z {s
I
S“ 2, 0 (z ) }
m 2m + 2
S i nce
) % ) 3

m =0
‘ l
1
{I { co s
;z lu n
'

YO (z ) S in
ép fl
'
JO

it f llo o w s , o n r e d u c ti o n t h at

(4 ) {l o g z —% j xf
'

Cf B r o m w i c
. h , T h eo r y of I nfi ni te S er i es , § 152 .
 3 50 T H E OR Y OF B E S S E L F UN C T I ON S [ C H AR x

F u n cti ons bl e i n ter m s f L om m e l f u n cti ons

’
ex r ess i o s
p .

F r o m th e d e s ce nd i ng s e gi v e n i n g 1 0 7 1 (1 ) i t i s e i d e n t th t N e m nn s
r ies v a u a
’

p lyn
o om ia lO n () izs e x p e s s i bl e i n tre m s o f Lo m m e l s f n c t i n s by th e e qu t i o n s
r
’

u o a

(1 ) 0 2m () z Su m z () , 0 2 m+ 1 ()
z
{(2 m 1 ) /z } S O m ’ +1 (z ) ,

an d S ch l a fi i
’
s p ly n
o om ia l Sn ( z ) is s i m i ar l ly ex p r e ss i bl e by th e e qu ti o ns a

(2 ) Sm () z 4m S _ 1 ,
2m () z ,
8 2m ” (z )
, m +l () z .

I t is a sol p os s i bl e to ex p r e ss th e i m p o r ta n t i n t e g ra l s

z“ J , ()
z d z, zM Y , ( )zd z

in te r m s of Lo m m e l
’
s fu n c ti on s ; th us we h a ve

d
J . (z ) SH . a t ; (2 ) ()
z a v 1) .
, J , () z SW ()
z ,
dz

5 (Z ) S (Z )
I_ V _v
{ 1) J
,

Z Z Sl m u Z J v FJ’
-
(f‘ V “
Z v -
1, V
2

On e l i m i na t in g f o m th e (z ) r ri ght of th e s e e q t i o ns ua , an d u s i ng
w e fi nd by i n t e g ti n g th t ra a

(3 ) zM J ()d,
z z (,u . v 1) z J (z ) S h
, h “ , (z ) zJ , _ 1
(z ) S M (z ) ,

an d p ro o s o f f th e s am e na tu re s h e w th t a

(4 ) z“ Y , () z dz (u ,
. v 1) z Y , (z ) S (z )
a nd , m or e g e n e a lly r ,

(5 ) z” ( ) dz
2 (p . v 1) z it} , ( ) Sb
z ; (z ) (z ) S t . (z ) .

S p e ci a l c a se s of th e s e fo m l e e bt i ne d by ch o os i ng a nd s o th a t
r u a ar o a u.
,
If

th e fu nc t i ons on t h e i ght r du ce t o N m nn s o S h l afi i s p ly no m ia l s t h s
re eu a
’
r c
’
o ,
u

2
z e n (z ) d z
. 2
2

2m ?1 (z ) OW (z ) emu . (z ) (z )

(7 ) % Z ()S 2 a m (Z )

Of t h e s e r es u l t s ,
(4 ) and (6 ) ar e c o nt a i ne d i n Lo m m e l
’
s p p a er , M a th An n IX
—4 4 4 ; (6 )
. . .

pp . 425 and
(7 ) w e re g i v e n by N i e l s e n, H a nd bu ch d er T h eor i e d er
Cyl i nd erf u n/cti onen (Le i p zi
g, p . 1 0 0, b u t h i s fo r m u l ae c o nt a i n s o m e m is p r i nt s .

It s h o ld u be no t i e d th a t
c Lo m m e l
’
s f u nc t i on ,
in th ose c as e s w hen it is
3 52 T H E OR Y OF B E SSEL F U N C T I O N S [ C H AR X

t e g l i s con
T h e in ra v er ge n t w h en l g e ar a nd i t m ay b e s ee n wi th o ut
d iffi c ulty th t i t i s 0 a

h y p t f
I t m ay b e s e w n r o m t h e a s m t o i c e x a n s i o n o f t h e p G am m a f
u nc t o n i
th t
a t g d h t g t d
t h e s a m e i n e ra n w e n i n e r a e r o n a s e m i c i r c e ,
, u d l of ra d i u s R w i th
ce n t e a t
r p n t h e i ght o f th e c n t
o r o ou r, t e n d to s z e r o as R co p o ided
r v

th t It t e nd s to i nfi ni ty i n s u c h a m nn e
a a r th t th e
a s e m ici r c e l n e ve r p a s s es

th o ugh ny o f t h e p o l e s o f t h e i n t e gr n d
r a a .

I t f ll o w s th t t h e e p e s s i o n g i e n
o a x r v a bo ve is e qu la to th e sum of th e

r e si d es o f
u

at th e p oi n s t
—
(L L —2 . s
—
4 r 1L
L as ,

— —
t tu t u —te —% n é —i e —t u

Wh e n ca c l ul t e th es e
a res i d u e s w e fi nd t h a t

_ 1 — + 2m
2“ F (
u
7T
2
P (% F (l — v -
l m)
-

0 (z
F (g — 11
g u
1

m
(0 P %
“t u —
tu t )
r!

—% ) v

S i n v vr

[ cos tw V ) 7r ~ J — (Z )V
v ) 7 J V (Z ) ]
a nd s o , by g 1 0 7 1 we h av e th e f
or m ul a
—1 —>m r — F —
e ew ew m e er ew e w

S“ , (z ) z "
e zr
m
r — — —
e ew e ) e eu ew
P v

an d t h is is e q u i v al e n t t o t h e as ym p t ti o c ex p an s i o n s a te t d in
1 0 8] -
A S S O CI A T E D F UN C T I O N S 3 53

10 8 . H enri cyl i nd r i ca l
-

f u n cti on s .

F u nc t i on s S n (z ) wh i c h sa t i fy s th e si n gl e re c u r r e nc e f o rm u a l
(1 ) S n—
1 ( Z) S n+ 1 (z ) (Z )
co m bin e d wi th
,

(2 ) 81 ()
z so (3 )
h e b e e n s tud i e d i n g e a t d e t i l by S
av r a o mi n e
*
. T h ey wi ll be ca ll e d h e m i
cyl i n d i ca l fu nc t i o ns
r .

I t i s e i d e n t th a t S ( ) i s e x p s s i bl e
v n 2 re i n th e f or m

Sn Z =
( ) f (D ) S ( ) n 0 Z >

w he re D E d /d z an d
f ,, (D ) i s a p lyn m i l i n D f d g
o o a o e r e e n ; a nd th e p lyn o om i a l
f (5)
n sa t is fi e s th e rec u rr e nce f o rm u a l
f i — (f)
t 1 E
f n (f)
Q‘
c om b i ne d wi th

It fo ll o w s by i n du c t i o n ( of . g th t a

f a t) =
3 l 6 « 5
2
+ 5 we Dr] .

an d th e e fo r re

(3 ) Sn ()
z D « D ?
l )}
n
D « D ?
1 m] 80 (z ) .

If i t i s su pp os e d th t a ( )
1 h ld o s fo r ne g ti a v e v a u es o l f n, i t is e as y to s e e th t a

(4 ) S—n Z
() Sn (2 )
To o btain an a lt e r na t i ve ex p r e s s on i to p ut 5 s in ht , an d t h en i '

cos h nt (n e v e n )
f (E)
n
S in h t (n od d )
f
Il

(71 2
2 2 2 2
n
1
3 5
2
7 4! (n ev e n )
4
(n 1 )
2 2
n n

Tl 3 ! (n Od d )
H en ce

2
" Z)
S o (3 ) 7
So (3 ) so ( (n e v e n )
(5 ) Sn (Z ) n n (n
(3 )
,

so (n Od d
)
“

T!
I t i s to b e no t i d th t O
ce a ( ) n () zh e m i yl ind
,
Tn (z ) an d E n z ar e -
c r ca i lf i
u n c t o ns ,

but U,, () z an d H ( ) e n o t h e m i cyl i n d ic l f nc t i ons

1, z ar -
r a u .

It s h ldou be r e m ar k e d t h t t h e S i ngl e e e nce f m l

a r cu r r or u a

2”
2 (z ) (z ) 2 (z )
7
. .

gi ves r se i to fu nc t i o ns o f n g o re a er t i n t r i n s i c i n t e r e s t t h an L o m m e l
’
s p ly n
o om a si l .

M a th Ann . . X VI . pp . 1 —9 , 71 —80 .

1 S ee
°

e .
g . H o b s on , P l a ne T r i g o no m e t ry § 2 64 .

W . B . F .
3 54 T H E ORY O F B E S S E L F U N CT I ON S [ C H AR X

Th e a d d i ti on th eor em f or h em i -
cyl i nd r i ca l
f u n ct ons i .

We s h a ll no w e s a t bl h is S o ni ne
’
s im p t nt
or a ex p a ns i o n
"

( )
1 Sm ( e + t) = 2
th e ex p n i n i lid w h
a s o s va en z l + t i e s i ns i de l r g es t ci c l e w h o s e ce nt
th e a r ,
re is
at th e p i nt w h i h d
o z, c oes n o t co nt a i n a n
y s i n gul i ty o f t h e h e m i cyl in d
ar -
i
r ca l
fu n t i on u n d er
c de ti n c on s i ra o .

T ak e a s con t o u a c i c l e 0 r r wi th ce n r e z s t u c h th a t S, (tr) h a s no s i n gul a i ty

r

i ns i d e o r o n t h e ci c l e T h e n r .

d
f
i fjl
m
Sm (z + t)

The s e r i es c o n v e r ge s u ni o r m f ly on th e co n o t u r, an d so we have
i .
00

E ea <>
t —) d t e
2 7 m9, O

2 a i
—
_ -

2 7 ri n_ dz 0 C z

2 sm a) d z

_
d d
n E O
G a (t) f n 7
( 2 7
( 2
S O (Z ) d Z .

B u t it is eas y to v e ri fy th at
2f n $
) f m (f) =
f m —(E) n

so th at
Sm (Z t) J o (t) S m (Z ) (t) is m—
n (t) S m + n (t) l »

w h en ce ul i s b i s
S omi n e s
’
fo rm a o v ou .

I t s h o uld b e n o t i c e d th a t i f S ( ) d e n o t e s a fu n t i o n o f a m o e g e ne l
, ,, z c r ra

ty p e th n h e m i cyl in d i c l f nc t i on na m e ly o ne w h i c h m e ly s a t i s fi e s th e
a a -
r a u ,
er

e qu t i o n
a

S n—l ( Z) (Z ) ,

w i th ou t s a ti s
f y g e equ at i on S I
i n th () z SO
’

() z ,
we s t i ll h a ve

d
f ”
d;
Sm (z ) s m—n ( Z) S m +n (Z ) ,

an d so th e fo rm ul a (1 ) i s s t i ll va l i d We thu s h a
. ve an a lt e rna t i v e p r oo f Of

th e fo rm ul ae of 91 , a nd 1 0 63 .

M a th Ann. . XVI . pp . 4 —8 S ee al s o K on i g M a t h Ann v pp . 3 10 —3 40 ; i bi d .

—86
. . . .
,

X VI I . pp . 85 .
3 56
'

T H E OR Y OF B E S S EL F U N C T I O N S [ C H AR X

gi v e n, a nd , a ft e d e fi ni ng r a , (z ) by (6) an d we l
so v e (5 ) by th e m e th o d
O f v ar i a t i o n o f p a am e t e s r r . Th e s o l u t i on i s

F, (z ) J () , z c, %7 r Y , (t) w, (t) dt

d, %7 r J , (t) w, (t) d t

w h e e a an d b
r b i t rar y cons tant s ; and c nd d m y b e t k en t b e
ar e ar , a , a a o

i n d e p e nd e n t o fth ugh th e y wi ll in ge n e l d e p e nd n
z, o ,
ra , o v .

I t e m ai ns t o b e s h e w n th t c a nd d
r n b e c h os e n s th t th e l e o f a , , ca o a va u

F ( ) gi v e n by (9) sa t i s fi e s (1 ) an d
,
z o (W h t com e s to t h e sa m e th i ng ) r a

th t i t s t is fi es (3 ) nd
a a I f (3 ) i s s a t i s fi e d th e na ,

57 Y (t) w (t) d é nz J (Z ) Y (Z ) w (z )
'
c,
'

, , , , ,

z Y, _1 () z J (t) w
, , (t) 1~7 r z
2
Y , ()J
z , ()
z w , (z )

z J , _1 () z —} i 7r Y _ 1 (t)
,
w , _1 t d
() t

z Y , _1 (z ) d %7 r J , _ 1
(t) w , _1 (t) d t a, ()
z ,

th at i s to sa
y ,

%7 r {
7
c, 1 , (t) m,“

(t) Y _1 (t) , dt

+ z Y, _ l (z ) d ,

Z {J (t) , a , (i ) (t) dt + 01, (z ) 0 .

B u t i t is e as y to ver i fy th at

(Z {g y —<Z ) 8 —(Z )
1 1 v 1 g . (z ) a, (z ) } w , (z ) (z ) a “ ,
()
z

s i n ce (6) an d (7 ) ar e sa ti s fi e d ; an d s o (3 ) is sa tisfi ed if

Z J v —(Z )
l “ b
l
—2 77 l (Z ) B —(Z ) v 1 Y v (Z ) “V (Z )

z Y, _ l ()
z d , %w (z ) () Jz , (z ) a (z ) , or,
(z ) 0 ,

an d th i s co n d i t i on by , re du ce s to

{ C, C, _ % [Y (a ) 8 Y ( ) “
a ( fl}
'

1 77 v- 1 1 V v Cl V /

id d u % 7 T [ J —(b)
”

V l e
l
b
() J V (b) av ( )]i
b 0 ‘

Co n s e q u e ntly , so far as (3 ) is c o n ce r n e d ,
it is su ffi ci e n t to c h oos e 0 , a nd d ,

to sa t i s fy th e d i ffe r e n ce e q t i onsua

(1 0 ) c, Cv — l 27 7 { Y _ (a ) , 1 (a ) Y» (a ) a ,

( )
1 1 dv —d 27 ? {J M (b) J , (b) ay (b) l ;
 A S S O CI AT E D F UN C T I O N S 3 57

a nd th e d e w i ll h a e no d i ffi c ulty i n e i fy i ng th t i f th e se s m e tw o
r ea r v v r a , a

d i ffe e n ce e qu a ti ons (w i th e p l ce d by
r 1 t h o ugh o t ) a e s t i s fi e d th e n
I} r a v r u r a ,

th e l e f F ( ) gi e n by (9) i s l t i on o f
va u o , z v s a o u

T h e se d i ffe e n e e q t i o n s r e O f a ty p e w h os e s o lut i o ns m a
c ua b e eg d ed
ar r ar
y
as k nown
" nd s t h e c nd i t i o n (8 ) i
a s uffi c i n t
o s w e ll so n c s sa y s a e a a a e e r
; , ,

co n d i t i n for t h e e x i s t e nce o f a s o l t i o n O f t h e g i e n p ai
o o f f n c t i o n a l e qu u v r u a

t i on s (1 ) a nd

If , as z 00 ,

v
f )(Z 0 9 . (Z ) 0

w he re 8 0, t h en w e m ay m a k e a oo b so an d we ha ve

Cv — l ; u d v — l

SO th a t th e g e ne a l r so lut i o n m ay b e wri tt e n
(1 2 ) F , () z = J , (z ) (v ) + %7 r Y , (t) w (t) d t ,

Y
, () z 7 rz y —
( ) %7 r J (t ) w
, , (t) d t

w he r e 7 rl (y ) an d ar e a r bit r ar y pe r o i dic f u nc t i on s Of v wi th p e i o d u ni ty
r .

N OT E . S o m e i n te r e s t i ng p pro e r ti es o f fu n c t i o ns w h i ch sa ti s
fy eq u a ti on (2 ) only are to
be fo u nd i n N i e l s e n s
’
e ar l i e r pp a er , A nn d i M a t . .
(3 ) V . pp 1 7 —3 1 T h u s fr om a
. .
,

s et O f for m u l ae Of th e t yp e

F ix —1 (Z) (Q V /Z )
it is eas yt o d ed u ce t h at

(1 3 ) () Z Rn , V z —
() F V —1 (Z ) Rn -
l , v + 1 (Z)
—
l

(z) Rn —
n -

g y + m m l ,

m =0

th e fi r s t tw o te r m s on th e r ig ht _
ar e th e co m pl e m e nt ar yf u n ct i o n O f t h e d iffere nc e e q u at i o n,

a nd th e s er ie s i s th e p ar ti c u l a r i nt eg ral .

An acc o u n t o f v ar i o u s m em o i r s d eal i n g w i t h su c h q ’

e u ati o n s i s g i v e n by B ar ne s , P r oc L o nd o n .

M a th S oc (2 )
. . II . pp . 43 8 —469 .
 C H AP TER X I

A D D I T I O N T H E O RE M S

Th e g ener a l na tu r e o f a d d i ti o n th eo r em s .

b een p o e d 4 7 3 ) t h t B ess e l fu nc t i ons re no t lge b i c fu nct i o ns

I t h as r v
1
a a a ra ,

a n d i t i s f i ly O b i o u s f o m th e s y m p t o ti c e x p n s i o n s O
a r v bt ai n e d i n C h p t er V I I
r a a a

th t th e y e not s i m p ly p e i o d ic fu nct i on s n d a f o ti or i th a t th e y e not

a ar r ,
a , r , ar

d ubly p e i o d i c fu ncti o ns Conse qu e ntly i n acco d ance w i th a th e o e m d u e

o r .
,
r r

t o We i e s t s s
" i t i s n o t p os s i bl e t o e x p es s J (Z
r ra , ) a s n a lg e b ai c fu nc t i o n r , z a r

O f J (Z ) ,
nd J ( ) a T h a t i s to s ay th t B e s s e l fu n c t i o ns d n ot po s s s s
,
z .
,
a o e

a dd i t i on th e or e m s i n t h e s t i c t s e n s e o f t h e t e m r r .

T h er e e h owe e ar t w o c l ass es o f fo m ul e w h i c h ar e co m m o n ly d e s c i b e d
,
v r, r a r

as dd i t i o n th e o e m s In th e c s e o f fu nc t i o ns o f o d e e o t h e t wo c l s s e s
a r . a r r z r a

co i nci d e ; nd t h e fo m ul a f
a f nc t i o n s O f t h e fi s t k i n d i s
r or u r

co

J0 N(Z
2
z
2
'

2 Zz cos
m =o
2 e m Z
( ) Jm () z co s m d) ,

w ich h h as l
dy b een i nd i c t e d in
a rea a

T h e S i m p l e s t r i g oro s p o o f o f t h i s fo m ul w h i c h i s d u e to N e u m nn l
u r r a, a
‘’
,

d e p e nd s o n a t ns fo m a ti on o f P a s e l s i n t eg a l ; n o th e p oo f i s d u e to
ra r r va
’
r a r r

H e i n e 1 wh o O bt ai n e d t h e fo m ul
, s co n flu e n t fo m O f t h e a dd i t i o n th e o e m r a a a r r

for Le g en d e f n c t i o n s r u .

d d i ti o n th eo r em §
’
Ne uni a nn s a .

We s h a ll no w e s a t bl i s h th e re s ult

(1 ) E m e Z
( ) Jm () z eos
m =o

w h er e ,
fo r b rev i ty w e w r i t e
,

V(Z 2 Zz qt ) ,
2 2
+ z co s
°

73

an d al l th e v a ri a bl e s ar e s u pp o s e d to h av e g ene al r com pl ex va lu e s .

h 1 —3 h e d i ti o n of W e i e r s tr a s s l ec ture s (B e r l in
’ ’
Th e t e o r em was s t a te d in of S c w ar z ,

see Ph r ag m é n , Ac ta M a th . VI I . pp . 3 3 —42 ,
an d F o r s yt h , T h e or y of F u nc ti ons
Ch X II I fo r p r o o fs o f th e t h e o re m

—7 0
. .

l T h eor i e d er B ess e l
‘‘ ’
sch en F u nc ti o ne n (L e i p z ig pp . 59 .

—3 4 3
,

I H a nd bu c h d er K u g e l fu nc ti one n, I .
(B er l i n , pp . 3 40 ; cf . an d M o d er n
A na l ys i s ,
In ad di ti o n t o N eu m an n
’
s tr e a t i s e c i te d in 11 1 ,
s ee B el tram i , At ti d el la R Acca d d i T or i no , . .

X VI . (1 880 pp . 2 0 1 —2 02 .
3 60 T H E O R Y, O F B E S S E L F U N CT I O N S [ CH AP . XI

G ra f p
b d th t h y f t i t g
’
s r oof is as e on e e or O c o n ou r n e r at i o n , b u t , t wo y ears a ft er i t wa s
p b l i h d i d p d t p f w g i by G T W l k
u s e ,
an n e en en roo as v en . . a e r, M es seng er , X X V . pp 7 6
.

80 ; t h i s p f i pp l i bl t f tiroof i t g l d s a ca e o u nc o ns O n e ra or er o nl y ,
an d i t m ay b e Obt i a ne d

f m G f p
ro f by
ra p l i g th
’
st i t g l by d
roo re ac n e c o n ou r n e ra s e fi ni t e i nt eg r al s .

To p ro v e th e ge ne a l fo m l a Ob s e e th t
r r u ,
rv a th e s e r i e s on th e r i ght i n (1 )
is c o nv e r ge n t in th e c i c u m s t nces p os tul t e d
r a a ,
a nd s o , if ar
g Z a, we h a v e
2 (Z ) () z e m

1 m
2
—
” m“
Jm ( ) f dt
— —
z e
oo oo e xp ( i ) a

1 t “
e dt
ex
—: ) p
2 7 7 7:-

w e xp 1a e
ub
t t V i‘ l
'

th e e i s no s p e ci a l d i ffi c ulty
r i n i n t e r c h an g i ng th e or de r Of s u m m a t i on an d

i n t e g a t i onr

N ow w i t r e
i¢
(Z ) t m u, (Z /
‘

ze w u,

w he r e, as us l ua ,
m ( NZ
?
Z
2
QZ Z 008 (
b) ,

a nd i t is su pp os e d now th t a th a t va l u e o
f the s
qu ar e r oo t i s ta k e n wh i ch m a k es
w -
0 .

F ord m is s i bl e a lu e s f
al l a v o z, th e ph as e of w /Z i s n o w a n a cu te an gl e ,

p os i t i e o ne g t i e T h i s d e t e
v r a v . r m i na t i o n O f m ren de rs it p os s i bl e to t ak e th e
co n t o u t o s t a t f o m an d e n d at ex i ,8 ) w h e re 8
u r r r 00
p ar
g as
-

.
, ,

We th e n h a e v

2 (Z ) () mz e ex
p %w
00 ex p -
i B)

by g 62 a nd th i s is G f ra
’
s res ult .

If we d e fi ne th e an gl e i
t by th e e qu a t i ons
Z —z cos d) w c o s xr , l z s n c i t «
p ,

w h e e 1 0 as
r 11 0 (s o th t fo
’
e l lu e s o f th e ar iabl e s w e o btai n
z a ,
r r a va v ,

e l t i n i nd ic t e d by Fi th G f s fo m l e w i tt e n
’
r a o
g e n a m a
y b . ra r u a r

(2 ) e
v i wJ , ( ) at 2 (Z ) J m ()
z m e ,

an d , o n c h an g i n g th e Si gns of
q!) an d «
p ,
we h av e

(3 ) ne ) w 2 e
-
m w .

C f B r o m wi c
. h , T h e or y of I nfi ni te S er i es , 17 6 .
 AD D I T I O N T H E O R E M S 3 61

Sl n
ml» : 2_
m= m

F ig . 28 .

th i s fo rm ul a, we c h ng e
a th e Si g ns o f v an d m , we rea d i ly d e du ce f o m r

3 54 th at
2— ()z
m: 00

a nd s o

< 6) 2— mt
m : w

T h e fo r m u l a (5 ) w as g i v e n by N e u m a nn i n h i s tr e ati s e i n t h e Sp il ec a ca s e v = 0 ; s ee

al s o S o m m er fe l d , M a th An n . . X LV . p 2 7 6 ; i bid X
. . L VI I . p 3 56 . . S om e phy i s ca l

a ppl i cat i o n s O f t h e fo r m u l ae ar e d u e to S c h w h il d M
ar z s c ,
a th . An n . LV . pp 1 7 7 — 2 4 7
. .

If we re pl ac e Z ,
z and m in ,
th e s e e qu t i o ns a b yi Z i z ,
an d ia res p t i ly ec ve ,

it is a pp ar e n t th a t
2 —>
23;
9
m
<7 ) I ( )
Z (z ) m d) ,
7n =— oo

< 8) me g? “ 2
=—
mt
m CD

Of t he s e r es u l ts , (7 w as t t d by B l t
s a e e r am i , Atti d el l a R Acca d d i T or i no,
. . XV I .
(1 8 80
pp . 2 0 1 — 2 02 .

The foll ow i n g s p e ci a l r es ul ts Obt aine d by t ,

a k i n g qt % 7r, s h o uld be no t i ce d
(9) e . c os w it 2

(1 0 ) % v Sin “F v +2 m +1 (Z ) J 2 i n+ 1 (Z ) ,

w he re Z = w cos xf
l ,
z =w sin x p an d

F or th e p hy i l i nt p
s ca er re t a ti
th e s e fo m ul e th e ad e r i s e fe e d on of r a e r r rr to
th e p pe s by G T W l k
e r an d S c h w s c h i l d ; i t s h o ld b e O b s e e d th t
'

a r . . a ar z u rv a ,
in
th e s p e ci a l cas e i n w h i c h v i s n i n t e g e nd t h e o n ly fu n t i o n s i n
a l ed r a c vo v ar e

o f t h e fi s t k i nd t h e i n e qu l i t i e s e e d n o t b e i n fo ce
| f
if
| I Z ‘
2 ’
r , e n a z r .
3 62 T H E O R Y DO F B E S S E L F
/
UN CTI O N S [ CH AR xi

enba u er s a d d i ti on th eor em
’
Geg .

Th e s e co n d ty p e
g e ne a l i s t i on Of N e u m ann s a dd i t i on th e o e m w as
of r a
’
r

O bt i ne d by G e e nb a u e fi
a
g ne ly t w e n ty y e s b e for e t h e p ubl i
arca t i o n o f ar

G r f s p ap er
a
’

I f N e u m ann s for m ul a o f 1 1 1 i s d i ffe r e n t i a t e d n t i m e s w i th re s p e ct to

’

qt w e fi n d th a t
,

J ( ) J (Z ) J ( ) d co s (m n)
”
E , m 15 +n m +n z
(1 ) " ” ”
a Z n "
d (eos
e
H
z
, m g

T h is fo r m ul a t d e d by G e ge nb a u e to f nc ti ons o f non i n t e g l d e
wa s ex en r u -
ra or r

by m ea ns f t h e th e o y o f pa t i l d i ffe e n ti a l e qu a t i ons (se e

o r r b t a r u

S on i n e l g e a p oo f by
' '

av d i e c t t ans fo m t i on O f se i e s n d th is p r oo f w e
r a r r r a r , a

s h a ll n o w re p o du c e ; i t i s t o b e n o t e d th a t i n
r i s n o t r es t i c t e d ( s i n ,
z r a

g 1 1 3 ) wi th e fer enc e to Zr .

We t ak e Lom m e l
’
s ex p an s o n O f i na m e ly
J. w < z+ h » s
a.
’
s)
h ?
we
hfi v
p =0 p !

an d re pl ace g an d h by Z + 2
z
2
an d 2 Zz cos c
p r es p t i ly ;
ec ve if w e w r i t e Q
in pl a ce o f J , fo r b re v i ty , i t i s fo u n d t h t a

p 2 0 q =0
2q . l
p Q I Z v +q

by a f th e
ur r a pp l i t ica on o f Lo m m e l
’
s ex p an s i o n wi th f; an d h re pl ace d by Z 2

a nd z
2

q
g ! v + p + 2 lc
x
k =0 k ! (q —k ) ! 2g

an d so

(71 2 16) I ( + p + k) (Z )
1
+27
+ P V z P cos p c b
2 24
p ! k ! (q Z v

th e t r ip l e s er i e s on th e r i ght b e i ng a b sol ut e ly co n v e r g e n t by , co m p aris on

wi th
F (v + p Zp
l 2
q Z v+ p +2k
- -

Wi ener S i tz u ng s ber i c h te , L xx pp —1 6
6
—2 3
. . .

M a th A nn. . X VI . pp . 22 .
3 64 T H E O R YR O F B E S S E L F UN CT I O N S [ CH AR x 1

th o ugh i t i s u se d i m p l i ci tly i n o bt i nin g s o m e O f th e es ult s gi v e n s ub se qu e ntly a r

in th i s s e c t i o n .

U n l i k e t h e fo m ul ae f t h e for m ul a i s t r u e o n ly w h e n | z | i s s o
r o

s m a ll th t b t h t h e I n e qu l i t i e s t fi d but p g
f‘
l
[ i
Z i i i h i '

a o e a e s a s e ; an o n t e z
’
r ,
r v

fo m l a i t i s con eni en t fi s t to s u pp os e th at t h e f th e r i ne qu al i ti e s
r u , v r ur

| | <z(Z !
ar e s ati fi e d s .

We th n e u se Lo m m e l
’
s ex p an s i o n o f (2 ) i n th e for m
h) h)}
—
M J
g F .

(Vt) ,

h h
w ic is l i d w h en [ h l C]
va .

It is th e n f u n d by m k i ng s l i ght a lt e at ions
o a r i n th e an a ly s is of g th t
a

p !
P 2 47 H Q co } ?
—
-

s
Z q J_ (Z )
v
V' r q
2q p 1q !
+p 2k ) P v
p q F) cos ”
6h t y —
pe k a

ze p lk uq F) Z "

3 — —p —k )
v
5
101
79 0 7 0 2 2k +2n
p 1k 1n ! F (l v

2m (Z )
‘
0° )
( 2k) I ( 11 00 0 8 ? cb (Z ) J
2
1) + p v
p v +p + 2 k

p = 0 k =0 p
l k l Z ”
Z ”

(v F F) J (Z )
2 2
2 k ) ! is ! Z "
m = 0 n=o (m
J v+ (Z ) C
m
2 F (V) (V (
” v
m COS
"
2

so th e re qu i e d r r es ult is es a t bl is h e d u nd er th e co n d i t i o ns
| 2 c ¢l i +
Z | | | [ Z
2 2
os < z ,
z <

N o w th e l s t e xp es si on i s
a r a n an a lyt ic fu nc t i on Of z w h en lies z in s i d e t h e
l
c i r c e O f con v e g e n c e o f t h e se
r r esi *

m ' "
Z 2 "‘
s (cos
“

m
2 —
m : 0 F (l v

an d th i s ci r c e l i s th e l
c i r c e O f co n v e r gen ce Of t h e s e r i es

H e n ce g i e n s e i e s c n e g e s an d e p e s e n t s
th e v r o v r r r an an a lyt i c f nct i o n o f
u z

p i d e d on ly th a t e d Z I an d w h e n th i s p ai i
o f i n e qu l i t i es i s s a t i s fi e d
i ’
ro v z ,
r a ,

J_ ,
i s al s n na lyt i c fu n c t i o n o f z
o a a .

Cf . 5 22
-
.
 AD D IT I ON T H E O R EM S 3 65

H by t h e th e o y
e nc e , r o f a na lyt i c co n t i n a t i on
u ,
1 ) is va l id t h r ou gh th e
w h l e o f th e d o m i n f
o l a O va ues of z fo r w h ic h

i
iZ l
i‘
f
ze < .

If in (1 ) we re pl a ce v by v w e fi nd th t a

J (a ) —
E ll — — —
F( ( 77 2 ) Z J
v
Q ) m (Z ) Z J OWL (C OS (b)
_ V
V
V V “
y
_V v

m =0
.

67

Aga i n i f ,
we co m b i n e (1 ) w i th we see th t a ,
fo r th e d om ain o f

va lu e s o f z n ow u nd e con s i d e
r ti n ra o ,

2 F (v )
"
m)
Y +m (Z ) J
V u+ m (Z ) 0 ”
(3 ) u
Z
” m (CO S

an d so, ge ne lly ra ,

—
)
g ( )
" G J +m (Z)
E (u + m) 0m ”
( cos
gt )
Z
.
” "
m =o Z

I f i n (3 ) w e m ak e u 0 an d u s e th e f or m ul ae

‘
0 (cos gt ) lim {I (v ) ( m ) Cm (cos 2 (m 0)
”
0
°
1, v co s m gt,
v

w e fi nd th t a

(5 ) Y, (w ) 2 (Z ) J, (z ) co s m a .

T h e fo r m ul ae (1 ) a nd (2 ) h av e n ot b ee n p y
g i v e n r e v i o u s l ; b u t (3 ) i s d u e t o G e g en ba u er ,

an d (5 ) wa s g i v e n by N e u m a nn in h is h
t r ea ti s e (s a v e t at t h e fu n c ti o n s Ym w e r e re pl ac e d

by t h f e u nc t i o n s Y (m l )
T h e fo r m u l a (3 ) w i t
. hv eq ual to an i n t eg er h as al s o b e e n e xa m i n e d

by H i e n e, H a nd bu ch d er K u g elf u ncti o nen, I (B e r l i n pp . 4 63 — 4 64 . S o m e d e v el o p

m e nt s of (4 ) ar e d u e t o Ig n a to w s k y, Ar ch i e) d er M a th . u nd P hys .
(3 ) X VII I . pp . 3 22
3 27 .

If w e re pl ac e Z ,
z an d w by i Z iz
,
an d i cy i n t h e f o rm ul ae of g an d
th i s s ec ti on w e fi nd th t a

2 F m
1 u+ m (Z ) [ W I- m (Z ) O ” CO S b
(10 2 ) (v
”
m ( g ) ,

m :

I l
2
v
Om (COS
-

P)
V
( :

m =0 Z

u+ m (Z ) I v+ m
() Om (COS gb)
"
(8 ) 2 T u
”
”

Of t h es e fo r m u l ae , (8 ) i s d u e t o M ac d o n a ld , P r oc L o nd on M ath . . S oc . XXX II .

pp . 1 5 6— 1 5 7 ; w il e h (6 ) a nd (7 ) w e re g i v e n by N e u m a nn i n th e s p e c i a l ca s e V :
l .
3 66 T H E O R Y O F B E S S E L F U N CT I O N S
[ C H AR XI

The form ul ae of thi s s ec t i on e o f s pe ci l p hys i ca l im po tance

an d of ar a r

in t h e cas e v 4 I f w e c h n ge t h e n o ta t i o n by w i ti n g h a In and 9 fo Z
. a r , r .

z an d d) w e see t h t t h e fo m ul ae b e o m e
a r c

h ( 2 ar 9 )
‘

Sin
'
3

v r a co s (

( K r
2
a
2
2 ar co s 9)
J m+ 2 (h a ) J m + 2 (A
? )
7. 2 (m Pm (cos

cos k a
2
2ar cos 9)

J—
m l (h CL) J n —
‘
P } (h? )
(m
a
S
-

77 ) P
m :
o
2
w ,
H

T h es e f or m u l ae are of im p o rt a n ce in p blro em s i n w ic h h p u l sa t i o n s e m a nate fro m a

p o int o n t h e axi s o f h ar m o ni c s a t d i s t a nce a fr o m t h e o ri g in , in p re s e nce of a s ph e re w h o se

ce ntr e is at th e or i g in . Cf Car s l aw , M a th A nn
. . . L x xv . p . 141 e t se
q .

T he fo ll wi n g s p e c i l o a cas e s of (4 ) w e re p o i n te d ou t by G e ge nb a u e r , an d
ar e w o rt h e co d i n g r r :

I f 4) w e ha e 77 ,
v

Z )
( )
1 2 ~
2 P ”
W) (v m)
(Z z > m =o

I f qb § 7r , we h ave

(1 3 ) “ Z "
(Z ) m
2 3
Z m =o .

I f Z ==z . 0 ,
an d is ta k e n to be J ,

F (2 11 )

a fo rm u a l a l e dy b t i n d 5 5 ) b y d i ff e e nt m e t h od
r a o th i a e a r
°

111 s c o nn e x o n i
d e s h o ld ons l t G e g e nb a u e Wi ene S i t ng s bem ch te
’

th e rea r u c u r, r zu , LX X V .

p . 221 .

M or e g en e lly ra ,
ta k i ng Z = z, we ha ve

lJ V’ m (2 )
'
0 (co s ct) .

l Z

G g nb u
e e a er , l oo ci t . . gi v es a so s l p e ci a l cas e s o f t h i fo s rm ul a, o b tai ne d by ta k i n g
96 b
a
3 68 T H E ORX OF B E S S E L F U N C T I ON S [ CH AP . XI

is a c o n s ta nt m ul ti l e p of Cm ”
(
cos qt ) a nd s o Cm ” (cos m ay b e ta k en to be t h e c oe ffi c i e nt

—2
,

of a
m
i n th e ex p ans i o n of (1 a co s ( ) I And t h en E m , q u a fu n c t i o n o f 2 , s ati s fi es th e
d i ffe r e nti al e q u ati o n

62 3 m
0,
82 2 z

so t h at Em i s a m u l ti l e p of (z) ,
th e ot h e r s o l u ti o n o f h
t i s d i ffe r e nt i al e q u at i o n no t

be i ng a na l yt i c n ea r th e or i g in .

F r om c o ns i d e r at i o n s of s ym m t y G e r eg en b au e r i n fer r ed t h at E m , q u a fu nc t i o n of Z, is
a m u l ti l e p Of Z , +m (Z ) ,
so t h at

(Z ) J V -l- m Z
( ) C ” CO S
m (

w h er e bm i s a f u nc t i o n o f v a nd m o nl y a nd bm i s d e t e r m i ned by co m p ar i n g c o e ffi c i e nts o f

s m
co s
m
d) in Q and i n th e ex p re s s i o n o n th e r ig ht .

A s im i l ar p r o c es s w as use d by G eg en b au e r to e s ta bl i h s b u t th e an a l yi s s

s eem s l ess c o nv i n c i ng t h an i n th e c as e o f fu n c ti o ns o f th e fi r s t ki nd .

Th e d eg ener a te
f or m o
f th e a d d i ti on th eor em .

Th e fo rm u a l
i z °° 5 ¢ 1
(1 ) e
23 n =0

was d i sco e e d by B e as e a ly
v r au r
*
r as 1 8 5 9 ; i t w as ge n e l i s e d by G e g e nba
ra u er l
''

w h o O bt i n e d t h e e p ns i n
a x a o

( )
2

—
m =0

B au e r
’
s resu l t is ob i
v ou s ly th e s p e cia l cas e of th i s ex p a n s on i in w h ich v
5
I n th e l im i t w h e n v O th e , ex p an s i o n b e co m e s th e f ndu a m en a t l ex p an s i o n

Of
§ 21 .

G eg e nb a u e r s e x
’
p
d e d ci bl e f m th e e xp ns i on o f
an s i o n (4) by is u ro a

m ul ti p ly i n g by Z H n d m a k i ng Z i t i s th e n pp e n t f o m
"
a (9) 00 a ar r

a n d (1 0 ) th t t h e p hy s i l i n t p e ta ti n o f t h e p n s i n i s t h t i t g i e s
a ca er r o e x a o a v

t h e e ffec t d e t o t i n o f p l an w a s co m i ng f o m i nfi ni ty o n t h e axi s o f
u a ra e ve r

h m ni i n fo m s i t bl e f t h e d i u s i n o f t h d is t b nce p o d e d
ar o cs a r u a or sc s o e ur a r uc

by t h e i nt d ti n f p h e e w i t h c e n t e t t h e o i g in
ro uc o o a s r r a r .

A si m p l e n lyt i l p o f o f th p nsi n ns i ts i n e xp nd i ng e f
a a ca r
‘
o e ex a o co s a z
" i Z C OS ’

in p w e s of o an d s b s t i t t i n g f
r e ch p w
z th i es o f B e s se l fu nc t i ns
u u or a o er e se r o

su pp l i e d by th e fo m ul f § 5 2 ; w e t hu s fi nd th t r a O a
'
on n n

Tl

J ou r na l f itr M a th . L VI . pp . 1 04 , 1 06 .

1
"
Wi e ner S i tz u ng s ber i c h te , L X VI I I . pp 3 5 5 — 3 67 ; L XX IV . p . 128 ; a nd

—905
.

L XX V . pp . 904 .
11 5] -
ADD I T I O N T H E OR E M S 3 69

I f we r e arr an ge th e re p tdea e seri es by w ri i n t g n m 2 k we ,

d ed u ce th a t
i7 m —2 k 2k
00 < nr
i 7n
é 2 "+ m
fi

cos
2 (Z )
tz cos o
2 2k
(V m) P (V k) J
‘
m
v
z e
'

’
+m
10 1 0 ” 2k) !
v
=0 k :
0

P() (Z ) Om (COS
-

m "
2 ”
v 2 (
V l
“ “
lf J u+ m

a nd th i s i s G e ge n b u e a r s r es ult .

M o d i fi e d fo m s o f t h i s r ex p a n s i o n, a s o l d u e to G g nb e e a u er , a r e

(Z )
(3 ) P
2 ( OJ (cos o)
"
2 v m) .

"

(4 ) 2 ”
P )
m
(V (0 0 8 (P) .

—)
2
m
(5 ) cos (z cos p ) _ a r v
(v ) (v 2m) (co s o) .

m o

(6) s in (z cos a) a r ()
2 ( 2m o)
v
v v ,

7 0

2 )
2
1
2 32
7
(7 ) 1 a v
a 77 1
” 0

m ! r

The l a s t i s g e n e l i s t i on o f P o i s s
a ra a on s t e g l w h ic h w as O bt
’
in ra ,
a nei d by a

d iffe e nt m e th d i n
r It is o l id va o n ly w h e n R ( ) 4 v .

T h for m u l ae to be fo u nd pp 3 63 —3 6 5 of t h e fi rs t of G eg e nb a u e r s m e m o i rs
’
ese ar e on .

to whi h c r e fe r e n ce h as j tb m dus een a e .

E q u ati o n
(1 ) w as b t i d by H b
o a ne o s o n, P r oc L ond o n M a th S oc
. . . XXV . p . by
5 9, a

c ons i d e r a ti o n o f s o l u ti f L pl
o ns o q a ace s e
’
u at i o n in s p ace o f 2 , + 2 d i m e n s i o ns , 2 v +2 b i g e n

an i nteg er .

A m ore ge ne l ra set Of fo rm ul ae m ay b e d e i e d f om (2 ) by
r v r re pl a ci n g
by c os 1) os l m ult i p ly i n g by s i n i nt e
'
i si n < ) s i n a nd
’
?”
co s ( ) ( c c) 1 qb cos ‘
l’;
i
1
« f ,

g a t i ng wi th e s p e c t
r r t o i
t . T h e in teg l ra
*

Om —
(COS (f) COS (if
” ’
sin ) s in Sin
d
2v 1
4 ) COS

w ic h h is va l i d w h en R ( ) u 0, s h e w s th t a

F (2 u + m ) z
”

Cf . Gg b e en au e r , Wi e ner S i tz u ng s be r i c h te , L xx . p . 43 3 ; on .
(2 a ) , p . 94 2 .

w . B . F . 24
 ‘

3 70 T H E OR Y O F f

B E SSEL FU N CTIONS [ C H A R x1

a nd so

{ 25
2
siii )
2 1 l

2 2
1 1 1 o
/
eX
p[ a C OS
4’ COS M
m
{ m) J y+ m
2"
2 P i m l (v (Z )
i
m , r (zy + m ) Z
.

Th e i n t e g l u s e d i n t h e p oo f co n e ge s on ly w h en R ( )
ra r v r v 0 ,
but th e fi n l a

res ul t i s t r u e for al l l e s o f by a n lyt i c con ti n u t i on

va u If ,
a a .

T is h r es u l t w as g i v e n by B au er , M a ne/l ett er S i tznng s ber zcitte,

'

V . p . 2 63 i n th e
cas e v = th e g e n e ral for m u l a i s d u e t o G e g e n b a u er , M o na ts /zef te f ar M a th . a nd P lays . X .

pp . 1 89— 1 92 ; s e e al s o B at e m an, M ess eng er , XXX III . p . 1 82 and a l e tte r fr om

G eg e n b au er t o K ap teyn , P r oc S ecti on . o
f S et , K Aca d . . va n Wet . te A m s ter d a m , I V .
(1 90 2 )
pp . 5 84 — 5 88 .

I nt er es ti n g s p e c i a l cas e s o f t h e for m u l a ar e o bt ai ne d by t k i a ng d)
’
e q l t o qt
ua or to if ;

and , if we p ut cp
’
e q u al to % 1r
,
m u l ti l p y by e
i z cos ‘
t’ sin
?”
( ) and I i nteg rate, w e fi nd t h at

J V_ (2 s in c
t) e
i Z CO W s in g "(p ol o)
%
‘
I (
v -
H n ) (v + 2 7 n) JH Qm (z ) J H QM (Z )
m =o Q
Z
v
Zy

so t h at th e ex p r es s i o n o n th e l eft i s a s ym m e tr i c fu nc t i o n o f z and Z ; t is h f o r m u l a al s o

wa s g i v e n by B a u er i n th e cas e v

116 . B a tem a n s exp a ns i o n .

We s h a ll no w e s a t bl i s h th e ge n e l ra ex p a n s on i

(1 ) ( 2 cos qb c os (D
) J . ( i
2 s n ( ) s n CD
1 i )
cos “
4 ) co s “ (I s in ) s i n I)
) ” ”(
4 2 (,
u. v 2n 1 ) J F + V + 27 L+ 1 (z )

x .
2 F1 ( v + n+1; v +1; sin
2
¢)

x 2 F1 (
w ic h h is va li d fo r al l v a lu e s o f ,u. and v wi th th e e xc e p ti on o f n e g at i ve i nte g ral
va lu es .

S om e of th e res ult s of 115 ar e s p e ci a l cas e s o f th is ex p a ns i o n , h hw

w ic as

d i s c e e d by B te m n f o m cons i d a t i n o f t h e tw o t y p e s o f n
ov r a a
’le
r a er o or m a l
s o l t ions
u f th e g en l i s e d e qu a t i on o f w a e m t i ons e m in e d i n
o e ra v o xa

We p ocee d t gi e p oo f o f t h e e p ans i o n by d i e c t t ns fo m t i n
r o v a r x a r ra r a o .

M ess eng er , xxxm . pp . 1 82 —1 88 ; P r oc L ond on M a th S o c

. . .
(2 ) III . pp . [ IL —1 2 3 .
3 72 T H E O R Y LO F B E S S E L F
‘
U N C TI O N S [ CH A R x1

”
(to —) + t
in”
a sin
?“ (
I)
3
u

g i
t 8
n
3
. v s

r :0 s = 0 t- r a =r 7
"
! (V 1 ) r (t (7
'
+ 3 t) ! (u T ) ! (M 1 ) r + s—u

t g
o a =o 3 =t (
v + (t —r ) ! (r + 3 t) ! ( u —) ! (
r a
,
l ) r + s _u

—2 2
t =0 “ 0 (t —r ) l (u
—fl ) '
u —n
8 1“ d)
2n
4 ’
u !

.
2 F1 ( v + 1 ; sin

x 2 F1 (
P1 + l ; s i nh t)
2 f‘ C D
cos I 2 ( v

x 2 F1 (
H e n ce we a t o nc e o bt ai n th e res u lt
5 J“ (
2 2 cos
4 ID
) co s C )J , ( 2 s n i s i n (I? )

.
2 F1 (

l ( v + 1 ;

f o m w hich
r Ba tem an s
’
f
or m of th e ex p a ns i o n is ev i d ent .
 C H AP T E R X II

DE F I N I T E IN T E G RALS

12 1 Va r i ou s typ es o
f de fini t e i nteg ra s l .

In th i s c h p t e r w e s h all i n e s t i ga t e a i o u s d e fi ni te i nt e g al s w h i c h cont i n
a v v r r a

e i th e B e ss e l f n c t i ons o fu n c t i o ns o f a s i m i l a c h a c t e u n d e th e i n t e g l
r u r r ra r r ra

s i g n a n d w h i h h a e fi ni t e l i m i t s
,
c T h e m e th o d s by w h i c h t h e i n t e g a l s a e
v . r r

e a lu t e d a e fo t h e m os t p
v a r t o f n Ob i o s c h a c t e ; t h e on ly no e l fe tu e
,
r ar ,
a v u ra r v a r

i s t h e f i ly s y s t e m a t i c u s e o f m e th o d by w h i c h a d o bl e i nt e g l i s e g d d
a r a u ra r ar e

as a s f ce i nt e gr l o e a p o t i on f a s p h e e e fe re d to one o o th e r o f
ur a a v r r o r r r r

tw o s y s t e m s f p o l coo d i n t e s o T h e m o s t i n t e e s t i n g i nt e g l s a e th o s
ar r a . r ra r e

d i sc s s d i n
u e w h i c h a e d u e t o K p t eyn n d B t e m an T h e s e r a a a
’

i n t e g a l s fo n o e y o b i o u s e s on s e e m to b e o f a m u c h m o e e con d i t e
r ,
r v r v r a ,
r r

ch ar ac t e th n th e o th e i n t e g l s d i s c s e d i n th i s h p t e ; th e i r e l s ig
r a r ra us c a r r a

ni fi c n e h s b e co m
a c a pp en t f o m t h e e c en t w k by H dy d e s i b e d i n
e a ar r r or ar cr

g 1 2 2 2 T h e n m e o s nd i m p o t an t typ e s of i nte g l s i n w h i c h t h e u pp e
. u r u a r ra ,
r

l i m i t o f i n t e g a t i o n i s i nfi ni t e a e d e fe e d to C h ap t e X I I I
r , r rr r .

Th e e d m ay h ere b e e m i n d e d f t h e
r a er e y im p t n t in t e g l d e to r o v r or a ra ,
u

S oni n o nd G e g e nb e w h i c h h s a l re a dy b e en s t bl i s h e d i n
a au r, na m e ly a e a

if )
” W(Z 2
2
2
2 Zz co s
Cm ”
(COS sin
?”
¢d ¢
i
(Z 2 Zz ¢)
2 2 w
2 co s

WP (2 1) g l
a -
Mn (Z ) J u+ m (Z )
2 ”
Z ”
2
”

S oni ne s
’
fi r st fini t e i nt eg ra l .

T h e fo r m ul a

v+ 1
Z
J, 9) S I M “ 9 cos ?” 1
fi el d
(1 ) 2 F
u (2 Si n ,

(v 1)
1,

w h ich l i d w h en b o th R ( ) n d R ( ) x e e d 1 e x p e ss e s ny B e s e l
is va u
,
a v e c ,
r a s

f n cfl d n i n t e m s O f n i nt e g l i n o l i n g
u r B e ss e l fu n ct i n o f l o w e o d e
a ra v v a o r r r .

T h e fo m ul a w as s t a t e d i n s l i ghtly d i ffe e n t fo m by S o n i n e R utg e t * -

r a r r ,
rs
I

and S ch f e i tli n i and i t m a h b e p o e d qu i t e s i m p ly by e xp nd i n g t h e i n t e

a a
y , r v

M a th A nn . . XVI . p . 3 6; s e e al s o G eg e n b au e r , Wi ener S i tz u ng s ber i ch te , L xx xv rn .

p . 97 9 .

T N i eu w Ar e h i ef v oor Wi s k u nd e (2 ) ,
v1. p . 3 70 .

Fu nk ti o nen (L e ip z ig p S ch afh e i tl i n s ee m s to h
’

1 D i e T h eor i e d er B es s e l s c h en ,
. 3 1 .
av e

b een u n awar e of p r e v i o u s r esearc h es on w h at h e d e s cr i b e s a s a ne w

-
i n teg ral .
3 74 T H E O R Yfl ] ? B E S S E L F U N CTI O N S [ CH A R XII
-

grand in p ow e r s o f z an d i n t e gr a t i ng te rm -
by -
t e rm thu s ,

v -l - l 1T
z
J , (e s m 9) s m M+ 1 9 cos 2 v +1
9d 9
2 F (v + 1 )
”

m + v + 2 m +1
) Z u

si n
2 f‘t 2’m + 1
9 co s ? ” 1 9d 9
0

m =o m !

a nd tr uth o f th e fo m ul a i s o b i o u s
th e r v .

I t w i ll b e O b s e e d t h t t h e e ffe ct o f t h e f c t o s i n “ 9 i n t h e i nt e g r n d
rv a a r
+1
a

i s to e l i m i na t e t h e fac t o s F ( m 1 ) i n t h e d e n o m i n a t o s I f w e h ad t k e n
r u.
,
r . a

s t h e fac t o we sh ld h a e e m o e d th e f ct or s m ! H ence w h en
‘
si n W 9 a v r v a
r, ou ,

R() v 1 nd p i s u n e s t i c t e d w e h a e
a . r r ,
v

(2 ) J (
,
2 s n i 9) s in
“ “9 9d 9

In p ti ul
ar c ar , by t k in g va we ha ve

(3 ) J ( ,
z s n i 9) s i n
“ “ 9d 9 H (z ) .

Af or m ul a
*
w ic h h is e as i ly obt aine d f o m (1 ) r is
r e —sme a
v
r

()
4 9d 9
F (
w h en R ( ) R v T i s m ay b e ro v e
1 . h p d by e x p nd i n g I ( a , 2 cos 9) a nd

i nt e g t i n g t e mra r - -
t
by e r m a nd na m ak i n ,
fi lly g u s e o f Lo m m e l s ’
ex p an s oni
gi e n i n
v

Th e fu n ct i o nal e q u ati o n, O bt ai n e d f r om (1 ) by b su s t i tu t i ng fu nc ti o ns to b e d eter m i ned ,

F “ and F fl + v+ l >
in pl ace o f th e B es s el fu ncti o ns , h b as e e n e x a m i ne d by S o n i no, M a th Ann . .

LI X . pp 5 2 9—5 5 2
. .

S om e s p il ec a c as es of th e for m u l ae of t ish s e cti o n h av e b een g iv en by B el t ra m i ,

I s ti tu to L om ba r d o R end i con ti , (2 ) X III . p . 3 3 1, an d y
Ra l e i g h ,
P h i l M ag . .
(5 ) XII .

p . 92 .
[ S ci entifi c P a p er s , I . p .

I t w ill b e o b v i ou s to th e r ea d er th at P o i s s on ’
s i n te g r al i s t h e s p e c i a l c as e o f (1 ) o bt ai n ed

by t k i a ng p .

For som e p
d ev el o m e n t s of th e for m u l ae of t ish s e ct i o n , th e r ea d e r s h o u l d co n s u l t tw o
p p by R
a er s u tg e r s , N i enw Ar ch i ef c oo r Wi s /ca nd e (2 ) V I ,
. pp . 3 68 —3 7 3 (2 ) V II .

pp 88— 90
. .

Th e g eom etr i ca l p r oo
f of S oni ne s
’
fi r st i nteg r al .

An i n s t r u c t i v e p r oo f of th e fo l rm u a of th e p r e ce d i n g s e ct i n d e p e nd s o on

th e d e i ce (e p l i ne d
v x a in of in t e g ra t in g ov er a p t i on o f th e s f ce
or ur a of

a u ni t s p h e e w i th r v ar i o us ax es f polo ar co o r d in t e s a .

If (l m , ,
n ) ar e th e di i
r e ct o n c os n e s O f i th e l i ne j o i n in g th e t
c en r e o f th e

D u e t o R u tg er s , N i eu w Ar c h i ef v oo r Wi s k u nd e (2 ) ,
VI I . p . 17 5 .
 76 T H E O R Yj O F B E S S E L F
‘
UN C T I ON S [ CHA R XII

S o m e i nteg ra l s w ic h h r es e m bl t h i b
e s, u t whi h m c hm ar e uc o re d i ffi c u l t t o e v al u a te ,

h av e b ee n th e su bj e c t o f r es e a r c h by B t m
es a e an , K a p teyn a nd R u tg er s ; s ee 12 2 .

AS a Sim pl e e x am pl e of an i t g l whi h
n e ra c m ay be e v al u at ed by th e s am e d ev i ce , th e
r e ad e r ma yp ro v e t h at , w h en R (v ) £3
(5)
2v + I
P x
(2 )
by w i ti r ng t h e i nt eg r al o n t h e l e ft i n t h e for m
2v + 1 1T
x
9 + x S i n 6 cos d> S i n2 ” ?”
s in 1 d 9 d d)
1
e
t a: cos
3 () .

h
T i s for m ul a was g i v en (w i t h v =0
) by B O h c er , A n na l s f M a th
o . VI I I . p . 13 6 .

S oni n e s
’
s eco nd fi ni t e i nteg r al .

Th e fo rm u a l
“Z "
»
2
3 Z
( )
1 i n 9) J , (Z cos 9) S i n fl +1
9 c os ” 1
9d 9
%
(Z )
2 2
Z

w ich h l i d w h e n b o th
is va R 01 ) a nd R (iz)
. e x ce e d 1 is ,
a so l d u e t o S o ni n e *
;
and i n fac t h e o bt i n e d t h e fo m l
, ,
f g a r u a o f om
r it by d i i d i ng b o th s i d e s
v

o f t h e e qu t i o n by Z nd t h e n m k i n g Z
”
a a a

A i m p l m t h d f p i g th f m l i t
s e e o o r ov n e or u a s o ex p a nd t h e i nt eg r al in p o w e r s o f z an d Z
an d to v e r ify t h at t h e te r m s of d eg r ee
p +
. v + 2m on th e l e ft com bi ne t o fo r m

m!
The p r oo f by t h i s m et h od i s l e ft t o th e r ea d e r .

We p
t bl is h S mi n e s f m ul by i n t e g t i ng o e p o t i ons o f
r oce e d to es a o
’
or a ra v r r

t h e s u f ce o f u n i t s p h e e Un d e t h e hy p o th e s i s th t R ( ) nd R ( )
r a a r . r a u
,
a v

e x ce e d w e s e e t h t wi t h th e n t t i n o f we ha e
a ,
o a o v

(29 e
°

i z s i n 9 cos ¢ + i Z cos ecos wS i n2 n+ 1 9 “ ?"

9 S i n 9) S i n “ ”d ) d , d9
f d g
?
e

t2 0, n > 0

) o, l > o

i g nfl z sm fi f ) cos?“9 s i n2 ”+ i
fi
q§ Sin 9 Sin lq § d 9 d \lr
z c os os 2 ”+ 2 2”
e x

i s m o (z n + Z l ) “9 S i nai
e m am
co s
? / +2
g dwd9

e
i sin 9 s i n (h (2 cos ¢ + Z s i n 4 0 0 0 8 2 1: (
9 S in 9, C OS “9 Sin2 u +2
?
9d g , Cl QSd 9

M a th Ann . . X VI . pp . 3 5 —3 6 .
 D E F I N I T E I N T E G R AL S 3 77

N ow th e
’

e x p o n e n ti a l fu nc t io n i n l e d h e re i s a p e i o d i c an alyt i c f nc ti n f
vo v r u o o

«fi wi th p e r o i d nd s o by C u c hy
a th e m t h e l i m i t s O f i n t e g t i n w i t h
,
a
’
s e or ,
ra o

res p ect to ]
i , ma y b e t k e n to b a and 2 + w h e e a i s d e fi n e d by t h
e a 7r a, r e

e qu i
a t o ns

a co s a = z, w Sin a = Z ,

a nd w d op t th e s e l i m i t s
If w e a Of i n t e g ra t i o n , a nd th e n wr i te
i
« f a
-

fo r « f
i ,
th e t i p l e i n t e gr a l b e co m e s
r

in 9 sin COS ‘
lf c os
?"
g b S i n ( ) (3 0 8 1
2 ’Jl
9 Sin ? "+ 2
9 d ql d d) d 9
‘
,

an d th i st e g al m y a l s o b e o bt i ne d f o m i ts p e ce d i ng fo m by e p l a i ng
in r a a r r r r c

z by w n d Z by ae o On e t ci ng t h e s t e p s o f th e an ly s i s w i th th e s e
z r . r ra a

s ub s t i t u t i o n s we e du ce t h e t i p l e i nt g l to r r e ra

e
m “ 9003 4’ S i n 2r + 1 9 9 s i n “ct -

d \lr d 9 ,

F (v t) F (s)
F (V 1)

P (” 2) F (2)
e
tur n
l m 2v - —d o)
l 1
F (u 1)

F (V 2) F (2) zw co s e “+ 2 v + 2 9 cos d ¢d 9
2 u+ 1
¢
2 2fl
e 8 1 11 si n
gb

F (M 2) F (V 2) (2) F iw c os e
‘ e
2 I (u . + 1»
3)
F
J H+ V+ 1 (m
(V ’

i
'

2 —
(
l l l l
) lA v
- - -
-
a

a nd
“

we O bt a n i S o ni n e
’
s fo rm ul a by a co m p ar i s o n of t h e i ni i a t l an d fi na l
ex p r e s s o ns i .

S o ni n e
’
s ow n p r oo f of th i s fo rm ul a w as b as e d on th e u se of i n fi ni t e d i s
c on tinu o u s i n t e gra l s ,
an d th e p rocess of m ak i n g i t r i g or o u s w o uld b e l o n g an d
ted io us .

Th e fo rm ul a
t d e d to t h e d m ai n s i n w h i h m ay b e e x en o c R (a ) 1,
and
2 2 R ( ) 1 by n a lyt i c co n t i n vt i o n ,
a ua .

In S mi ne fo m ul e p l ce Z by M(Z +
o
’
s 2 Z § CO S gt)
r a, r a
2
,
m ult ip ly by
§ 2 Z § cos an d i n t e g I t fo ll o w s f o m (1 6) th t
2
te ra . r a

J , ( 2 Sin 9) J , (Z cos 9) J (Cc o s 9) ,

s in “+1
9 cos 9d 9

J u+ { (
N/ Z Z 2 2Z § I)
7’ z z 2
u+ i
COS ( D
sin d
9 d
?”
5
2 I v ‘
(v + —2 2 2 6 0 ) ,

p ro v id e d th a t
B ap —1 ,
R () v >

T ish res u l t is al s o d u e t o S o ni no, i bi d . p . 45 . In co nne xi o n wi t h th e fo r m u l a e of hit s

s ec t i o n th e re ad er S h ou l d c o ns u l t M ac d o n a l d
’
s m e m oi r , P r oc . L ond o n M a t/i . S oc . XXX V

pp . 4 42 , 4 4 3 .
3 78 T H E OR Y O F B E S S E L F UN C T I ON S [ CHA R X II

Geg enba u er s
’
fini t e i nteg ra l .

An i n t e g ra l w ic h h s o m ew h at r es e m bl es th e fi rs t of S o mi ne
’
s i nt e gral s ,

nam e ly

iii: ( 2 co s 9 cos l
xr ) J 2 Sin
( 9 si n I
P) (cos 9) S i n
v +i
9d 9 ,

h as b e e n e alu a t e d by G e g e nb au e
v r
*
; we h a ll a d op t
s o ur nor m a l p roce du r e
u s in g th e m e th o d o f i nt e g at i on o r v er a u ni t S p h e e r .

I t i s th u s s e e n th a t

” 00 9 9 COS 4”
J sin 9 s i n qr )
6 (2 (co s 9) s in
”H
9d 9
l z Sin
(2 w) ” i
—
‘

(co s 9 cos w+ s m 0 sm Cr (COS 9) Sl n 9 Sl n

23 c os y ?" 2v l
6
F (V) F (t)

tz (2 co s x
p + m s i n 44 ) Or
—(l a)
(l ) n
v ay 1
e

” ”—
( sin 9 cos 9 s i n 9 d gl) d 9
t)
1
6 c co s

e w i i
-

z s n
4 0}
iz Si n
si n 9 cos (cf) 9 s i n 9 d gbd 9
{
9 00 3 45
e
P ( ) P (is)V
,

Si nce th p nult i m t
e e a e i n t e g r an d i s a p e ri o d ic a na ly t i c fu nc t i on of ()
i wi th
p er i o d 2 7r .

If we t p s o f t h e naly si s u sin g t h e l s t i nt e gr a l i ns t e d of i ts
r e r ace t th e s e a ,
a a

i m m e d i t e p e d ece s s o w e fi n d th t t h e o i g i n l i n t e g l i s e qu a l t o
a r r, a r a ra

i
I
(g — d o)
-
v

(l COS (I,
ay 1
n
r

(2
F ,
—(l a)
5;
2 1
i z ’l
e C, "
(n c o s «if l s i n xlr ) m 9” l

5 1

‘ —l
e
13 00 3 9
07 If
(
COS \ l
r cos 9 S i n xf s m l 9 co s ¢ ) s m 2 1:
9 S 1n Zv
¢d ¢de ,

N ow ,
by th e a dd i t i on th e or e m i
‘
fo r G e g e nb a u e r s
’
fu nc t i on ,

(cos xlr cos 9 s in xr S i n

l 9 cos

F (2 v 2 ( —1 ) s i np e s i nw
2p
. r
(2 V + 2p
{ P OOP

Wi e ner S i tz ung s ber i c h te , L x xv . p . 221 a n d L x xxv .

pp . 4 91 —5 02 .

h
T i s w as p r o v ed by G eg en b au er , Wi en er S i tz u ng s be r i ch te , L xx . p . 43 3 ; on .
(2 a ) ,

p . 94 2 .
3 80 TH E ORY o r B E S S E L F U N C TI O N S
‘

[ CHA R x 11

J F (t) J ( V Z t) d t 2 2
_0

An i m p t n t d d ti n f
or a e uc o rom th i s res ult i s th a t , w h en R 0 ) 1 0 a nd R (v ) 1

?
a
no J . (t) J (z . t) (t) anJ (z . t) d t (z ) ,

so th t a

t) i
“t Jr " Z ()
(8 ) J . (t) J . ( z
t n
T hisfor m ul a i s d u e to B te m n s o m e s p ec ia l cas e s h a d b e e n obt i ne d a "
a a ; a

i nd e p e nd en tly by K p te yn I w h o con s i d e e d i n t e g a l a lu e s o f
a and v o nly
‘‘

,
r r v u
,
.

I t wi ll b e o b s e e d th a t w can d e d c e f o m rv co m b i n e d w i th e u r

th a t
J“(t) — d = sin z — = J z —c os 2
(4 ) ( tz) t , (t) (
z t) d t () 0 ,

w hen 1 Rhen 1 1, a nd w R 0) 1. 2 r es p t i lyec ve .

By i n t e c h n g i ng w i th v
r nd t
a u.
,
a wi th z —t in we see th a t ,

a nd R ( ) a e b o th p os i t i e th n
v r v ,
e

J t) J (Z J iH (Z )
s
t)
5( )
u
o V
l 1 -
v

It s e em s y to gi e t h e s o m e w h a t co m p l ic t e d i ndu ct i ns by
u n n e c e s s ar v a o

w h i c h K p t eyn d e du ce d (3 ) f o m t h e s p e c i a l c s e i n w h i c h
a 1 or t o r a ,

d es c i b e th e d is q i s i t i o n by R tg e s on th e s ubj e c t of th e f m ul ae g ener lly

r u u r
“
;
or a .

o nom etr i ca l l g
’
K ap teyn s tr i g i n teg ra s .

A s im pl f er or m ul th an th o se j u s t
a co ns i d e re d is

( )
1 co s ( z —t) J o (t) d t
To p ro v e th i s ,
we p ut th e l e ft h and s i d e e qu l
-
a to u

v e r ifi e d th a t
d fi
z
Jl (Z )
de
’
2

a nd th e re fo re

u = Z J 0 (Z ) + A cos z + B sin z ,

w he re A a nd B ar e c o n s a n s o f t t i n t e gr a t i o n .

P r oc L ond on M a th: S oc
. .
(2 ) I II . p . 120 . S o m e s i m i l ar i n te g r al s o ccu r r i ng i n th e t h y eor

of i n teg ral e q u ati o n s a r e e x a m i ne d by th e sa me w r i te r , i bi d .

(2 ) IV . p . 484 .

TP r oc . S ec ti on o f S ci .
, K . Ak a d . v an We t . te Am s ter d a m , vn . p . 4 99 ; N i e u w Ar c h i ef
Wi sk u nd e (2 ) pp 2 0—2 5 ; M em d e Ia S oe R d es S ci d e L i eg (3 ) VI
’

v oor ,
VI I . . . . . . e, . no . 5 .

I N i eu w Arc h i ef v oo r Wi s l r uxnd e ,
(2 ) VI I . pp . 3 85 — 4 0 5 .

M em d e l a S oc R d es S ci d e L i eg (3 ) 5
’

. . . . e, VI . no . .
 D E FINITE I N T E G R AL S 3 81

N o w w h en, 2 is sm a ll ,

u z 0

an d s o A B O , an d th e res ult is es a t bl i s h e d .

It fo ll o ws f o m r
(1 ) by d i ffe r e n t i a ti o n th t a

(2 ) sin (
Z d t = z J 1 (z ) ,

a nd , by p a t i l
a r a i n t e g ra t i o n ,

(3 ) i (z —t)
s n J 1 (t) d t = s i n z —Z J (z ) 0

The for m ul a

J“(t 2 “
3
si n (2 t) 3 J fl + 27 l + 1 (Z )
(4 )
E
’
t 71 0

w ich h is l i d w h en R
va 0 is,
of a m or e e a l b o ra e c t h t
ar ac e r , a n d th e r es ult
of th e p e ce d ing sec t i on
r is re qu i e d r to p rov e it .

We w ri te J o (3 t) J “ (t) d t’

a nd th e n w e h av e

d 2 z

gr u (
.z z) J . (z a} J (t) d t . J; (z )

dt J; (z )

by 122 .

B y th e m e th o d o f v ar i a ti on o f p ar am e e r s t (c f . we ded u ce th at
J n (t)
v =A cos z + B sin z + u
,
sin Z—
( t)
o t

and , s i n ce

w h en z is sm a ll it f ll
o ow s th t a ,
w h en R 0,

H e n ce we o bt qu i d
ai n th e re re r esu lt .

B y d i ffe e n t i t i n g (4 ) w i th
r a res p t
ec to 2 w e fi nd t h at
1 co

(5 ) “
E en ()
Z .

I nz o
3 82 T H E O R Y_ O F B E S S E L
)
F U NCTIONS [ CHA R XI I

H ard
y s m eth od
’
o f ev a l u a ti n
g fi ni te i nteg ra s l .

As a t yp i cal e xa m pl e o f a v er yp o we r fu l m et h o d o f e va l u at i n
g fi n i t e i n teg ral s we s h al l

n ow g iv e a p r oo f o f t h e fo r m u l a 12 1 2 )

‘
I s
/(2 z )

w ic h hi s v al i d w h en R (p ) an d R (u )
T h e m et h od i s m or e el a b ora te t h a n a ny o t h er m et h od d es cr i b ed in t is h c h pt b
a er , e cau s e

it i nv o l v e s t h e u s e o f i nfi ni t e i n teg r al s co m bi ne d wi t h an a pp l i cat i o n of Le r c h th ’
s eo r e m +
o n nu l l —
fu nctions .

J“ s in
?
9) J V 2 2 1; 3 1 2” 1
Le t 00 5 g) g co s 3 d 95 f l (r ) ,

By c h ang i ng fr om pl o ar c o or d i nat e s (r 9) ,
t o Car t es i an c o o r d i na t es (x , g ) and u s i ng

(5 ) we s ee t h at , wh e ne v e r t> l] (2 ) I ,
t h en

?“ 1
e xp r
2
t) fl ( ) r dr x
2
t) J , (2 x ) 3 7 2 2” 1
dx ex p g t) J
?
(2 g ) g
?
dg

4 71.

e xp ( — t) r
2
.
f 2 (r ) d r ,

and h e nce , by an o bi v ou s m o d i fi c at io n of Le r c h ’
s t h e o re m , f l (r ) i s i d e nt i cal l y q e u al to
f2 (r ) an d th i s es t a bl i h s es th e tr u t h of th e f or m u l a .

Ch essi n s i n teg ra l
f o r Y (z)
’
n .

A cu r i o u s i nt eg r al for Y n (2 ) h as b een o bt ai ne d by C h e s s i n, Am er i ca n J o ur na l , X VI .

pp . 1 86 — 1 8 7 , f
r om t h e for m u l a

1 1 n + m
1 1 1 _
t

O l —t
i f we su b ti t
s u te h
t is res ul t i n th e c o e ffi c i e n t s o f th e a s c e nd i ng s e r i es fo r Y " we o bt ai n

th e f orm u l a in q u e s t i o n , na m e l y
—l —
n
(5 )
u + 2m
“ 7" 1 ”1

f
2
Y. z>= 2
< z
m =0 777.

2 J .. (z) (f r H t"
) J. (2 W)
1 l

I m u st ex p res s my t h ank s to P r o f e s s o r H ar d y fo r co m m u n i cati n g th e m e t h od to m e bf e o re

th e p bl i
u ca ti o n o f h is own p
d e v e l o m e n ts of it . T h e m et h od w as u s ed by R a m an uj a n to e v a l u a te

m an y c u r i ou s i n te g r al s ; a n d th e r ea d e r m ay u se i t to e v al u ate th e i nte g ra l s e x a m i n e d e ar l i e r in
t ish h pt c a er .

T Ac ta M a t h em a ti ca , x xv ri . pp . 3 3 9— 3 5 2 . T h e fo r m of th e t h e o re m re q u i r ed h er e is
th a t, iff (r ) is a c o n ti n u o u s f u n c ti o n of r w h en r 0, s uc h th at

exp
( —9t
) r .
f (r ) d r = 0

for al l s u fi i ci en tl y l a r g e p o s i t i v e v al u e s o f t, t e n h f (r ) i s i d e n ti c a l l y z ero .
 T H E OR Y or B E S SE L F U N C T I ON S [ CH AP . X III
13 2 Th e i nteg ral o
f Lip s ch i tz , wi th H a nk el s
’

g en er a l i s a ti ons .

I t was s h e w n by Li p sch i tz le
a
th a t
1
(1 )
t
J 0 (I n
) dt
N/ a( /
2
b)
?

w he re R ( ) a 0 ,
an d in, or de r to s ec u re co nv e r g ence a t th e u pp e r l i m i t of i n
te g i
ra t o n , b o th th e n u m be rs R (a i i b) ar e p si ti e T h at lu e o f th e s q a e
o v . va u r

roo t t ak en w h i c h m ak e s a V(a b ) j Ib l
is 2 ?
.

T h e s i m p l e s t m e th o d o f e s t bl i h in g th i s r e s ult i s t e l ce
p a s o r a th e B e s se l
co e ffi ci e n t by P a s e al s i n t e gr l 2 2 ) an d th e n c h n g e t h e o d e
’
r v a a r r of th e i n
teg ti ons —
ra p oce du e w h i c h m ay be j s tifi ed w i th o t d i ffi ulty
a r r u u c . It is thu s
fou n d th t a

— J (bt) dt
t
e
a
, d 9d t

77 O a
—i b co s 9
l /x/(61
2

an d th e f
o rm u a l is p o e d r v .

N ow c o ns i d e t h e m or e g e n e ra l
r in teg al r

J b “ dt
( )
1
V t t .

T h i s i n t e g ra l w a s
fi st i ga t e d i n al l i t g e ne ra l i ty by H nk e l l i n a
r n v e s ti s a
' '

m e m o i p bl i s h e d p o s thu m o s ly t b o t t h e s m e t i m e s t h e a pp ea n ce o f
r u u a a u a a ra

tw o p ap e s by G e g e nb u e i r T h e s e w i t e s p o d t h t i f R (y a
) O t r . r r r ve a , . v ,
o

s e c u e co n e ge n e
r t th e o i gi n
v rn d t h e p e i o s c n d i ti ns co nce n i n g a
c a r ,
a r v u o o r

an d b re s tisfi eda t o s e c u e c o n e g e nce

a t i nfi n i ty t h e n t h e i n t e gr a l i s
,
r v r a ,
.

eq u al to

n+ u u
- — i—
l hv -

2 F1 ,

a“ F (v I) 2 2

To es a t bl i s h th i s lt fi t s u pp s e th t
resu ,
rs o a b is fu t h e
r r t i t d s o th at
r es r c e

b a If w e ex p n d t h i nt e g nd i n p o w
a e ra ers o f b an d i n t g a t e t e m by
e r r -

t er m , w e fi nd t h at
[ — e—t d
oo

;
00 a

at
J AM” dl tM+ v+2 m 1
t a
-

6
F ( v + m + 1)

2 ‘ +2m
7 n
,
7 721 ! I (V 7 7L 1) a fl+ v

J ou r na l f itr M a t h . L VI . pp . 1 91 — 1 92 .

1 M a t h A nn . . VI I I . pp . 4 67 —4 68 .

I Wi ener S i tz u ng s ber i c h te , Lxx . pp . 43 3 —4 4 3 ; i bi d . L XX II . pp . 3 43 —3 4 4 .

I n th e i or m er , th e s p ilec a c a s e la z y w a s i n v e s ti g a te d by t h e i nte g ral g i v en i n i n th e

l a tte r , G eg en b au e r o bt i a ned th e g en e r al r e s u l t by su b s ti t u ti n g P ois son
’
s i n te g r al fo r J V (bt) .
13 7 I N F I NI T E I N T E G R A LS 3 85

Th e fi n l s e i es co n e rg e s b s o l t e ly
a r v a u ,
s ince
lb a an d so th e p r o ces s of

t e m by t e m i n t g t i on i s j s ti fi e d
r - -
r e ra u
*
. H e nce

at
t l
dt
"
r
-

a V ‘
l 1
"

2 2

Th e resu lt h as , as
y e t, b een p ro v e d on ly w he n R (a ) O an d b a

but , so l on g as m ere ly .

a nd R ( —i b) 5
a 0,

th e n b th s i d s o f (2 ) e n lyt i c f n c t i n o f b ; nd s o by th e p n p l e o f
o e ar a a u o s a ,
ri ci
'

an lyt ia co n t i n t i o n (2 ) i s t u e f th i s m o e x t e ns i e n g e o f lu es o f
c ua ,
r or re v ra va

Ag i n by s i n g t n s f m t i n s o f t h e hy p e g e m t i f nc t i on s (2 ) m y
a ,
u ra or a o r o e r c u ,
a

b e w i t te n i n t h e f ll o w i n g fo m s
r o r

e
-
af
J . bt t“
( )
-
1
dt

l a(2 )
Th e f o rm u h as b e e n s d by G e g e nb j u e au e r
'
in ex p r es s n i g t o r oi d l a

f nc t i n s s i n fi n i t e
u o a i n t e g l s ; s p e c i l c s e s o f (2 )
ra a a ar e q i ed in v io
re u r ar us

p hy sic l ese ch es a r ar ,
o f w h i h th os e by La m b ; m y b e
c
r
a r eg d e d s ty pi c l
ar a a .

b
B y c o m i ni ng t w o B es s e l fu nc t i o n s , i t i s eas yt o d e d u ce t h at

e
—I at f
, (bt) di

co t w r
r (n + 1 )
—V ) a
l
— V 1 —lu —V
—)
,

2 2
)
V
p (1 V

p ro v i d e d R (p ) R (v ) l an d R (
a i i h)
-
0; s p e c i al cas es of h
t i s fo r m u l a ar e d u e to H o b s on ,

P r oc . L o nd o n l lf a th S oc xx v . . . p . 7 5, and H e av i s i d e , E l ectr om ag n eti c T h eory, -

I II .

(Lo nd o n
—
,
l
p . 85 .

It
[
l g o b vi ou s t h at i nte re s ti ng s p e ci al cas e s of t h e fo r m u l a e so fa r d i s cu s se d m a y be

Cf B r o m wi c
. h , T h eor y f
o I nfi n i te S er i es , 17 6 .

J
r Wi ene r S i tz u ng s be r i c h te , C . pp . 7 4 5 — 7 66 ; G eg e n b au er al s o ex p r e s se d s e r i es ,

w h os e g e n er al te r m s i n v o l v e to r o i d a l fu nc ti o n s and B e s s e l fu nc ti o n s , as i n teg r al s wi t h B es sel

f u n c ti o n s u n d er th e i n te g ra l sig n .

3: P r oc L o nd o n M a t h . . S oc . XXX IV . pp . 2 7 6—2 8 4 ; (2 ) VI I . pp . 1 22—141 . S ee

al s o M ac d o n al d , P ro c L o nd o n M a t h . . S oc . x xx v . pp . 42 8 —4 4 3 an d B a s s e t , P r oc . Ca mb .

P h i l S oc . . V . pp . 4 2 5 —4 3 3 .

W . B . F .
 3 86 T H E OR Y O F B E S S E L F UN CTIONS [ C H AR X II I

O bt ai ne d by h c oos i ng p
. an d v so t h at th e h yp er g eo m e tr i c f u n c t i on s r e d u c e to el e m e ntar y
fu nc ti ons . Th u s, by t ki a ng i t e q u al to v 1 or u + 2 , we O bt a i n th e r e s ul ts

"
(5 ) at
J, (bt) t dt
-

6
J” .

p r o v id e d t h at R (v ) > R (v ) 1 re s p ec ti v e l y .

T h es e for m u l ae we r e O btby G g b
ai ne d Wi Sit g b i h t e (1 8 7 5
en) au e r , ener zu n s er c e, L x x .

pp . 43 3 —4 4 3 ; t h yw
e l
e r e a s o no t i d by S i M h A ce p 45 ; d H dy o n ne , at . nn . X VI . an ar ,

T r a ns Ca m b P h i l S oc
. . . . X XI p 1 2 ; wh i l B l t m i A tti d l l R A d d l l S i
. . e e ra ,
e a . cca . e e c .

d i T or i n o, XVI .
(1 880 p 2 03 d B l g M m i (4 )
.
,
pp 4 6 1 —5 05 h
an o o na e o r e, II . .
,
as

O bt ai n e d v a r i o u s s p e ci a l f m l
or by t k i g P = 1 d t b y i t g
u ae a n an v o e an n e er .

Ot h er s p e c i al fo r m u l a e ar e

”
_ at dt b?) a )
(7 ) e L
V (bt) t v b
];

”
at
62 ) d
}

[ N OT E . I t w as o b s er v ed by P i h nc e rl e, B o l og na M em or i e, (4) V I II . pp . 1 2 5 — 1 43 ,

t h at t h es e i nteg r al s a re d er i v a bl f m e ro th e g e ne r al i s e d for m of B es s e l
’
s i nt e g r al s 62 ) by
p
La l ace s tra ns
’
fo r m at i o n (cf . h T is as p ect o f th e su bj ect h as b een s tu d ied by
M acd onal d , P r oc L ond on fli a th S oc XXX V pp 4 2 8 — 4 43 an d Ca i l l e r , Ill é m d c l a
—3 68
. . .
,
. . .

S oc d e P hys i q u e d e G eneve,
. XXX IV .
(1 590 2 pp . 2 95 . T h e d i ffe r ent ial e q u a ti o n s

s at i s fi e d (5 ) a nd g uaby f u nc t i o ns of a , h av e b ee n e xa m i n e d by K ap t e yn, Ar ch i ves

N eer l a nd a i s es ,
’

(2 ) VI . pp . 1 03 —1 1 6 ]
T h e i nteg r al t w as O bt a i ne d by N e u m a n n, J ou r na l fu r hi a th . L XX II .

p . 4 6, as a l im it o f a s e r ies Of Leg e nd r e f u nc t i o ns (c f . T h e i nt e g ra l d oe s
n o t s ee m t o be ca p bl a e of b e i ng e v a l u at e d i n fi ni t e t e r m s , t h ou g h it is e as yt o O bt ain a

s er i e s for i t by u s i ng th e ex p an s i o n

co s e c h t = 2 =2
7r
n o

A s er i es w ic h h c o n v er
g es m ore ra p id l y (w h en I) i s l ar g e ) w il l b e O bt a i ne d in g 13 5 1 .

S o m e i nt e g ra l s O f th e l ty p by W b J o u r na l f ur M a th XX
'

s am e
g e ne ra e are g iv e n e er, . L V .

pp . 92 — 1 02 ; an d m o re r ec e n tl y th e for m u l a

1
(9) 8” 1 JW
w ic h h is v al i d w h en (u) > R O a nd 7 r, h as b een O bt ai n e d by K ap t eyn, M em d e l a
’

S oc R d es S ci
. . . d e Li eg e (3 ) ,
VI . no . 9 .

Th e Lip s chi tz H -
a nh e l i nteg r a s exl p r es s e d as Leg e nd r e f u nct ons i .

t i ce d by H n k e l th at th e hy p e g e o m e t i c fu n t i ns w h i c h o cc
I t wa s no a r r c o ur

i n th e i nt e g l s j s t d is u ss e d e O f t h e s p e ci a l ty p e
ra u ss ci a t e d w i th Le g e n d e
c ar a o r

fu nc t i on s ; b s e q e ntly G e ge nb e e p es s e d t h e i nt g l s i n t e m s o f t o o id l
su u au r x r e ra r r a

fu n ct i o ns (w h i c h a e k no w n t b e e x p e s s i bl e s Le ge n d e f n c t i on ) nd
r o r a r u s ,
a a

l i ttl e l a t er H o b s n ga e t h f m ul e i n s om e d e t i l o
*
v e or a a .

P r o c L o nd o n M a t h
. . S oc . xxv . pp . 4 9— 7 5 .
 L
3 88 T H E O R YJ O F B E S S E L F
"

.
U N CT I ON S [ C H A TSX I II
fu nc ti on O f c os h a in te fu n c t i on of i Th e
'

rm s of a c o th a m or e
‘
' '

e xp r e s se s a

g e ne ra l fo m ul f th e s
r a O am e typa i s
— COS V 77 Qijl f (Cos h a)
6 e
-
t c os h a
IAt) tM dt l

si n

In th es e fo rm ul ae , R (, u 4h u > ) 0 an d R (cosh a ) 1 .

On re pl aci n g -
v by v in w e fi nd th a t
F "
P co s h a

(7 ) l
s i nh t“ E
a

an d th i s fo rm ul a is va l i d w h en R (u ) R (v ) an d R (cos h a) 1 .

I f we t a k e cos h a = O we
,
d e d u ce t h at

(8 ) K, (t)

a res u l t g iv en by H ea v i s i d e * i n th e cas e v=0 .

Wh e n i t : 1 , (7 ) b e co m e s

e
—t c os h a
]1
'

l dl
97 sin h va

si n w r s ni h a

ar c s i n h J( a
z
1) ar e s i n /
N (1 a
?
) ar c cos a

w a
z -
1) J (1 —) a
2 —a 2 ) °

I f we re pl ac e a by t i l) , w e fi nd t h at

ng { ir I t
s ar c s m h b
g r o (1) h:
i
o
2
J( + b )
1
an d s o , w h en < 1,
1
—é
”
71
(10 ) C OS (bl ) K 0 (Z) d t
fi b j
a r c s i nh b
(1 1 ) s 1n (bt) . K0 (t) dt
/ b?
N (l i ) - -

T h e fo r m er Of t h es e i s d u e t o B a s s e t, H yd r od yna m i cs , 11 .
(Cam b r id g e , p . 3 2 .

[ N OT B . Var i o u s w r i t er s h av e s tu d i ed th e Li p h it
sc z -
H an k el i n te g ral s f rom th e as p e ct o f

p o t e nt i al t h y; eo r t o ta k e th e sim pl e s t c as e , i f (p , ()I ,
z ) are c
yl i nd r i c al co o r d i na te s , we h av e

1
Pt J0 (zt) dt
‘

It is s ug
g e s te d t h at , s i nc e e
‘
pt J O (zt) i s p t t i l f t i th
a o en a u nc o n, e i nt eg ra l o n t h e l e ft i s a

p o t en t i a l fu n c t i o n fi n i t e at al l p o i nt s O f re a l p s p t th i g i
a ce e xce e or n a nd t h at o u t th e pl a ne

z= 0 it is e q u al t o 1 /p , a nd s o i t i s i n fe r r e d th t it m t b th p t
a us e e o e n t i a l o f a u ni t c h ar g e a t

th e o rig in . Bu t suc h an a r g u m e n t d oes no t m t p s ee l d th p o rec u e e os s i b il ity Of th e i nte g ra l

bi e ng a p o te n t i al fu n c t i o n w i t h a co m pl i c a t e d e s s e nt i a l s i ng u l ar i t y at th e o ri g i n, a nd so

t hi s r e a s on i ng m u s t be r e g ar d e d a s s u g g e s t i v e ra t h er t h a n co n v i nc i ng .

E l ec tr om ag n e ti c T h e ory, III .
(L o n d o n , p . 2 69 .

J
r O n th e ax i s o f z , th e i n te g r al is e q u al to a c o n s ta n t d ivi d ed by | z
 " ”

I N F I N I T E I N T E C H A LS 3 89
'

F or v ar i o u s re s ear c h es on p o te nt i a l t h y w i t h th id
e or e a Of t h e i nte g ral s o f h
t is s e c ti o n ,

th e r ea d e r m ay co ns u l t H a e n , M a th Ann f . XX. L pp I . . 5 17 — 53 7 . For som e d e v el o p

m e n ts ba s e d o n t h e p o te n t i a l fu nc t i o n

“ J o [ Iv J { < x t) ? + r 2 } ] f (t) d t
‘
e ,

s ee B ate m a n, M es seng er , X L I . p .

1 3 2 2 Ap p l i ca ti ons . o
f th e a d d i ti on
f or m u l a to th e Lip s ch i tz H -
a nk el i nteg ra s l .

It is e as y to d e d ce f u ro m th e res u l ts Of th e p r e ce d i ng s e t i o n c s c om b ine d
wi th th t i f a ,
al l fu o r of th e n u m b R (a j i b i i c)
er s ar e p si ti o ve

a nd R (p . 2v) 0 w h ile
, a i s w r i tt e n i n p l ce o f t/(l) c 2 bc co
a
2 2
s
qt) th e n
,

w J (bt) J (ct)
—di
(1 )
t 1
. . t it

l
(2 be)
v

e —s i n ?”
d d
p g t
b
1
r v
c

l 2 v)
- -
2 1; p + 2 v + 1

Th e hy p e g r e o m e tr c i f u nc t i o n r e du ce s to l
a n e e m e nt a r yf u nc t i on i f ) u. 1 or 2;
a nd s o we h av e

1
(2 ) J . (bt) J (a ) d t .
7T N /(l m)
t
The ca s e
.
p . m ay b e de r vei df rom th i by d i ffe s re n t i t i on w i th r e s p e c t to
a a .

T h ese f o r m u l ae , o r s p e c i a l c as e s o f t h em h b,
av e e e n e xa mi d b y th f l l w i g w i t
ne e o o n r e rs

B e l tr am i , B ol og na M em or i e, (4 ) II . pp 4 61 — 5 0 5 ; Atti
. d el l a R Acca d d el l e S ci d i
. . .

Tor in o, X VI .
(1 88 0 pp . 2 0 1— 2 05 ; S om m er f lde ,
K o nig s berg
’

D i sser ta ti o n , 1 89 1 ;
G eg en b au e r, M o na ts h ef te f ur M a th . l
u no P h ys . v . p . 55 ; a nd M ac d o nal d , P r oc .

L o nd o n M a th S oc . . XX VI . pp . 2 5 7 — 2 60 .

B y ta i ng it k : 1, v = 1 in w e fi nd t h at

.l w e
3
'

+2 2 qt ) } (1 + 0 0 8
—
.
a c os a
l2 9J 7 ,
a

so t h at t h e i n te g r al on t h e l e ft, w i c h hw as e n co u nt e r e d by R yl ig h a e ,
P hil . M ag (5 ) X LII .

p . 1 95 [ S ci entifi c P ap er s ,
IV . p . is ex p i bl
r es s e a s an e l l i p ti c i n teg r al .

An i n t e gr a l w h ich m ay b e a s s oc a e i t d wi th (1 ) i s
co s a t I . (bt) K (ct) 0
4 bc s i n 9l
'

Na (b )
‘
? ? 3
0 ( c

h
T i s w as d is o e e d by K i hh o ff c v r rc a s e ar ly as 1 8 5 3 ; th e r ea de r s h ld h
ou av e

no d i ffi c ulty i n d d ci n g i t f o m e u r com b i ne d wi th it
is va l id i f l l th e n m b s a u er

a re p i ti os ve .

J ou r na l fi tr M a th . X LVII I . p . 3 64 .
3 90 T H E O R Y tO F B E S S E L F UN C T I ON S [ CH AR X III

A s om e w h a t s i m i l ar r e s u l t, n a m e l y
J (bt) J (ct) d t
‘
at fl V
(4 ) z
-

e .

2V
(2 n s in
P ¢d¢
2 2 2
( a + 2 iac co s ( )
i 0 cos
qt
h h
w ic is v al i d w h R( en a i i b i i c) > 0 an d R (u) > —315, i s d u e t o G e g e n b au er, Wi ener
S i tz u ng s ber i ch te, L XXX VI II . p . 99 5 I t i s m os t e a s il
. r ov ed yp by b ti t su s u t i ng

i nt eg ral s o f P o i s s on s ty p for t h e B e s s el fu n c ti on s I n t h e m em o i Ci t d G g b
’
e . r e e en a u er h as
al s o
g i ven a l ist o f c as e s in w ic h h th e i nt eg r al on th e r ig ht is ex p i b l by l m
re s s e e e e n t ar y
fu nc ti o ns (cf .

Geg en ba u er s
’
d ed u cti ons f r om th e i nteg ra s o l f Lip s ch i tz a nd H a nk e l .

A fo rm ul a d u e to G g nb e e au e r , M ona ts h ef te f ur M a th . u nd P h ys . IV .

pp . 3 97 — 4 0 1 , i s O bt
d by c m b i ni ng th e e s l ts Of
a ne i w i th t h e i n t e g l
o r u ra

fo m u l a o f
r for th e p o du c t o f t w o B e s s e l fu nc t i on s ; i t i s th s p os s i bl e t o
r u

e p es s ce t i n e p o n e n t i a l i n t e gr a l s w h i c h i n
x r r a x l e t w o B e s s e l fu nc t i ons by vo v

m e an s o f i n t e gr a l s o f t i g o n o m e t i ca l f n c t i o n s T h e g e n e l e s lt O bt i n e d
r r u ra r u a

by G e g enb a u e i s d e du ce d by t k i n g th e f m l
r a or u a

J . ( t)
b J . (bt) . (2 bt co s ct) c o s (u ,
v ) d d d) ,

—m t
m ult i p ly ing i t by e an d i n t e gr a t i n g f omr 0 to so i t i s t hu s fo u n d th at ,

if R ( )
a an d —l th e n ,

— 9 ~
J (In) J (bt) w d t
w
( a co s gt ) t
2 +
) a as d t
v
e . . co s v .

mt
(2 bt ( ) (j) d t d ct
‘

e co s cos u.
,
v .

b oo s fibl‘m
“3
cos (it V
) qS d j
c)
H

é
(4 a qb)
? 2 e+ v+
co s .

T h e i n v e r s i on of th e or d er of th e i n t e g a t i o ns p
r r esen s t no g rea t th e o e t i ca l r

d i ffi c ulti e s ; h e nce
(1 ) e
‘
g “t
J. (bt) J .
r ”
( ) t dt
bt

wt (a 6
2 2 2
co s

T ish r es u l t , i n th e s p e c i al c as e in w ic h h a v = O h ad
,
b een O bt a i ne d p r ev io u s l y
B el tr am i , A tti d e l l a R Acca d d el l e S ci d i T or i no ,
. . . X VI .
(1 8 80 p . 2 04 .

As p ar t i cu l a r cas e s O f (1 ) ta k e n : 1 and v e q u al to O and to 1 . It is f o u nd t h at

— J
K E
(2 ) e
2 t a
1 (In) J 0 (bt) t d t 2 7d )
2
(2 2
a + b
2
)K 2 ( 05
2
4 6 -
)E
<3 ) 62 )

S ee al s o a n e ar li e r n o te by G eg e n b au e r , i bi d . pp . 3 79 —3 80 .
 T H E O R Y H IF B E S S E L F U N C TI O N S [ OH AR XI II

R 0 and R (v ) w th e n h (t h e i n t e g ra l s b e i n g a b so lut e ly
‘

e av e
°

co n

v er ge nt )
J . t) dt

2 i s i n ,u 7r F (u ) cos i l l/ 77
3
.
.

“ 9 s i n? ” 9d 9
. .
‘

c os
P (t) 0

2 i s in m r
—
.

2 " t l
F ( v —é u -
l

B y th e th e o y f an ly t i co nt i nu t i n th i s e s ult i s l i d w h e n nd v
r o a c a o ,
r va u. a
,
ar e

Su bj e c t e d to th e s in gl e e s t i t i on R (u ) R ( r r c v

Wh en R (u) 0 w e d e fo m th e con t o u i n t o th e p o s i t i e h lf o f t h e
,
r r v a rea l
ax i s t k e n t w i ce nd w e t n c Obt i n t h e VV b e S c h a fh e i tl i n fo m ul a
a ,
a a o e a e r -
r .

T h e i nt e g l ra

—u + 1
t) v

m ay b e t
t d i n e c tly rea e xa th e sam e m a nn e r ; th e on ly d iffe r e nc e i n th e
an ly s i s i s th t
a os (t 9) a c co s h as t o b e re pl ace d by si n (t c o s an d s o, by
E l e s fo m ul a ( d p t e d fo u i n t e gr al s) t h e f t mr h as t o b e
’
u r r a a r co nto r ,
a c t o r cos

re p l ce d by
a sin

I t i s th s fo n d th a t u u
'
H t) d t 2 i si n M r (at ) tan % u7r
T
—u
.
.

t) Q fl
F (v é “ 1)
v v
,

p ro v ided th t a R (u )
,
R (v a) an d R (u ) g 0 .

Wh e n R (u ) 1 , th e c ont o u r m ay b e d e fo rm e d i n t o th e p i ti
os ve h alf o f
th e r ea l a xi s a t k en t w i ce , so th t a

“
H (t ) dt F f—
i fl ) M IN I /4 7 )
—H —
‘

j
v

( )
2 —M l
I
“
g“
l
t l
Q (
‘
u v i
'

0 I!

p r ov id ed th t a 1 R (u )
, g 0 an d eR (,a ) R (v ) g .

If we t kea a 0 , v = 1 , we see t h t a

(3 )

h
T is r e s u l t, c om bi ned wi t h th e as ym p t o ti c fo r m u l a
1 H 1 (2 t) d t 2 1 .
co s (m a i n )
3 12 5 2
2 77 x /

w as u s ed by S tr u v e , A n n d er P hysi /c . u nd Ch em i e, (3 ) X VI I . p . 1 0 1 4 , to t a b u l ate

fo r b th
o s m al l a n d l ar g e v al u e s o f x . T h e l a s t i nt e g ral is of im p or tan ce i n th e T h y eo r of

D iffr ac t i o n .

G e n e r a l i s a ti o n s O bt ai n e d by re pl a cing
B e s s e l fu n c ti o n s by L o m m el s f u n c t i o n s 1 0 7 ) in
’

th e i n te g ral s of t ish s e c ti o n an d in h
m a ny o t e r i n te g r a l s ar e d i s c u s s e d b y Ni e l s e n , K D a ns h e .

Vi d ens k a ber nes S e l s k a bs S k r if ter , (7 ) V . 1 3 7 pp .

— .
13 3 ] 1 I N FI N I T E I N T E G R A L S 3 93

[ N O TE .
'

By d i fi er e nti at i ng (1 ) u n d er t h e i nt e g r al s i g n we O bt a in IVeb e r s
’
r es u l t

t) l o g t d t —
y l g o
-

2 ;

h f
t is or m u l a h as al s o b ee n i nv e s t i g a te d by Le rc h ,
M ona ts h ef te f ur Ill a th . u nd P h ys . I .

pp . 10 5 — 1 1 2 .

T h e fo r m u l a for f u n c ti o n s O f th e s ec o nd ki n d , c o rr es p o n d i ng to (1 ) is

(5 ) —
Z M V i l
' '

2V

p ro v i d e d t h at I R (v ) < R (p . T is h res u l t h as b ee n g i v en by H e a v i s id e E l ectr o

m a g neti c T h eory, I II .
(Lo nd o n , p . 2 73 ,
w h en v =0 .
]

Weber s fi r s t exp onenti a l

’
i n teg r a l an
‘

d i ts g . ener a l i s a ti ons .

T h e in teg al f r orm ul a

1
J 0 (a t) —
( )
1
0 o
ex
p 2p z
ex
p

w as d e du ce d by VV b e f m h i s d o bl e i n t e g l f m ul w h i h w i ll b e
e r
*
ro u ra or a c

d i s s e d i n 5 1 4 2 T h i s i n t e g l d i ffe s f m th os e con s i d e d e l i e i n t h e
cu s . ra r ro er ar r

c h p te a by con t i ni n g th e q
r f t h e a i bl e i n t h e e p o n n t i l f n c t i o n
a s u ar e O v r a x e a u .

I t i s s pp s e d th t I g p i i n t o s e c u e co n e g e n ce b t a i s a n u nr e s t i c t e d
u o a ar r v r , u r

co m p l e nu m be x r .

It is eq lly e s y to p o H nk e l s i m e g e n e l fo m ul
ua a r ve a
’ ‘
or ra r a,

J (a t) e ‘
t“
—al l
(2 ) p t)
3 3 1
'

x
. p

by a d i e c t m e th d r o . To sec u re co n v e r ge n ce at th e ori gin ,

it m ust no w be
s u pp os e d th t i a

R (u
,
. v ) 0 .

To O b t ai n th e re s ult ,
we O b s er v e th t a , s i n ce by
( g 7 3 2 3 )

[ in f a t e-X —
l ) l P( P
2
t 2
) “ M
id i
is conver g en t, it is p er m is si bl § t o l e e v a u a te th e gi v en i nt e g r a l by ex p nd in g
a

J .
p ow e rs o f t an d inte g ting te ra rm -
by -
te rm .

J ou r na l f u r M a th . m m . p . 227 . Weber al s o e v a l u a ted (2 ) i n th e c as e ,a z r 2, v bi e ng

an i n te g er .

1 M a th
‘
. A nn . VI I I . p . 4 69
,
. S ee a l s o G eg en b a u er , Wi ener S i tz u ng s ber i c h te , L XX II .

p . 3 46 .

I T hi s r e s tr i c ti o n m ay b e d i s r eg ar d e d i f we re pl ace th e d e fi n i te i n te g r al b y th e c o n to u r

Cf B r o m w ic
. h , T h eo r y of I nfi ni te S er i e s , 176 .
3 94 TH E ORY O F B E SSEL F U N C TI O N S [ C H AR X I II

I t is thu s fo u n d th a t
— w —) m
J (a t) ( p t ) Cl t
2 2 1 a a
ex ex
u p p

2
F (
av
‘
t t tb + m )
2p v + lu + 2 m
m =0 m l

an d th i s is qu i v l ent t o th e r es ult s t t e d
e a a .

a pp ly K u m m e s fi s t t ra ns fo m t i on fu nct i on
(g
’
If w e r r r a to t h e on th e
ri ght in w e fi nd th a t

(3 ) J . (a t) ex p p t)
2 g
t“ 1
dt

) (e a /P )
?
FL a
ex
p ” Fl év
4p 2

a nd s o th e i n t e gra l is ex p re ss i bl e in fi ni t e t e rm s w h ene v er u
,
— v is an e v en

p iti
os ve i nt e g e r .

In p ti l
ar c u ar , we h av e

ll
a
()
4 J (a t) e xp
. p t
2 2
) t "+ 1
dt ex
p
(2p ) +1
2 v

p ro v id ed th t a R (v ) 1 . T is in h teg l ra i s th e b as i s o f s e v e ra l i nv es t i gat i o ns
by S oni ne M a th A nn X V I
,
.pp 3 5 — 3 8 ; s om e O f th e s e pp l i cat i ons e
. . . a ar

d isc u s s e d i n
I n o d er th at th e hyp e g e o m e t i c fu n c t i on on t h e i ght i n (2 ) m ay b e
r r r r

s u s c e p t i bl e t o K u m m e s s e co n d t n s fo m t i n w e t ak e
’
r 1 an d ra r a o u.
, ,

i f w e rep l ce aby w e th e n fi nd th t
y a

( ) at ex
p ( p t 2 2
) . dt — ex
p
2p 8p ?

a r es ult gi v enby We b e r in th e cas e

If we r epl e v by
ac v, i t is ea s y to se e th t a

(6) f (a ne xp W) at

—e x
J?
tan m r —K sec v
p 7T
.

w h en R (v ) 1
9 ; a nd , if we m a k e
p (
a b ei n g no w p os i t i v e ) w e fi nd
,
th t a

tan ” T
(7 ) Y. . (a t) d t (L
,

w h en R (v ) a by)
us n i g an d in,
p t i ular c ar ,

r . (t) d t o .
3 963 .
T H E OR Y O F B E S S E L F ?
UN CTI O N S [ C H A RXI JI L

G ener a l i s at io ns o
f We ber s
’
s eco nd ex on nti a l
p e i nteg r al .

Wh e n th e B e s s e l fun ct i o ns i n in t g l s f th e ty p j s t cons i d e e d e ra o e u r ar e

d e it i s u s llyi m p os s i bl e t e p e s t h e r e su l t i n
.

n ot of th e sam e an y
’

or r, ua o x r s

Si m pl f e orm . Th e o n ly m e th d o f d e l i n g w i th t h e m os t g e n e a
o l i n t g al
a r e r

J ( t) J (bt) e
.
a .
x
p p t 2 2
) t“ ?
dt

i s to su b s t i tut e th e s er i es of fo r t h e p ro d u ct o f B ess e l fu nc ti o ns an d
i n t e g r a t e t e r m by t e r m b u t i t s e e m s u n ne c e s s ar y t o g i v e t h e r e s u l t h e r e
- -

,
.

p
I n t h e s e c i a l c as e i n w h i c h A v u M a c d on a ld h a s s h e w n th a t th e i n t e gr a l
*
, ,

is e qu l a to
—
eo n v

9 sin "+ 1
9I
(it
.
v )
by a t ra n s or m af ti on b ase d on th e r es u l ts of 13 7 .

An e x ce p ti on a l c a s e oc cu r s w h en a b i f R (A ,
a v ) 0 we th e n h av e

f
*—
fiL
- -
v
a
J . (a t) J . (a t) ex
p
g
p t) t
? 1
dt
2 p + v

p
h +p + v
F (fi“ 1)

“T V - —I
l n + u + 2 K l u l - — - -
v
X ] ?
3 3
o
d
o o
d

by s i ng t h e e p n i n o f g
u x a s o S om e s p ecia l c as e s of t ish fo rm u a l
b e e n in e s ti gat d by G e g nb
v e e au e r
‘'

l .

S tr uv e s i n teg l i nvo l vi ng p r o d u cts f B ess el f i

’
ra o u nct o ns .

It wi ll no w be s h e w n t h at ,
w h en R (,u . v ) 0 t , h en

w
J fl < t>J V (t) T (u + V ) F (t l
(1 )

T is h r es ul t w as O bt a i ned b y S tr u v e , M em d e l Aca d I mp d e s S ci d e S t P e ter s bou rg

.
’
. . .
'

, (7 )
XXX . p . 9 1 , i n th e s p e c ia l ca s e p v = 1
; t h e e x r e s s i o n o n th p e rig ht i th s en e q u al

to

lu t i ng t h
In ev a a e i n te g l i t is fi s t
ra r c on v e ni e n t to su pp ose t h at R (u) an d
R ( ) b th
v e d i o e xc e s . It t h e n f ll o w s f o rom 3 3 (7 ) t h at

(2 n
W ”
39 1
“
(v i)
s in (t s i n 9) s i n (t s i n (b) ?“ —2 ” —2
sin 9 sin d 9 d b d
‘
c os 9 c os qb ¢ g t .

P ro c L o nd on M a th S oc x xxv p 44 0 .

—1 000
. . . . .

'

1 Tl i e ne r S i tz ung s be r i c h te ,
-
L XX X VII I . pp . 999 .
1 3. I N F I NI T E I N T E G R A L S 3 97

In i
v ew o f th e fa t that
c t
“
a
s in (t s in 9) sin (t S i n d d nu m e i
o es no t e xcee r

ca lly t h e s m ll a er Of and Sin 9 s i n (,t , th e p e te d i nt e g l n g s

re a ra co v er e

a b o lu t ly nd th
s e ,
a e or de r of th e i nt e g ra t i o n s m a y b e h ngc d a e .

S in c e
s in (t s i n 9) s i n (t s i n

w e fi nd th at th e t ipl
r e i n t e g ra l i s e
q u al to

“ —2
co s
? 2
9 c OS 2"
_ gt s i n 9 Sin
2
f d 9d ¢
c)

—2
9 cos 2"
() sin
i 9 sin 2
() d
1 }c; d 9 .

Bu t ,
by a p r ti l i nt g t i
a a e ra o n, we h ave

(2 1) 1) i i qb
“— 9 s in 9d 9 d gb
}
?” 2 ? 2 2
cos () s n cos

c os
2 V‘ 1
f
c) co s “ ?
9 sin 9 d 9 2
t
c cos h “ ?
c s in
t
?
d
d d)

F (n + v
i
'

Th e o th e r i n t e gr a l i s eva u a e l t d in th e s am e m ann e r , an d s o we h av e

W "

w h e nce th e res u l t s ta t e d i s e i d e n t v . The e x te ns i on O v e rge Of l e s th e r an va u

o f ,u a nd vf or w h i h m e e ly R (
c r u.
,
v ) O i s O bt i n e d by t h e th o y o f a n lyt i
a e r a c

c o n t i n u t i on a .

It m ay b e s h ew n in a sim i l ar m a nne r t h at, w h en R is

I

p o s i ti v e, t h e n al s o

‘ ‘
I (n+ V ) I (at )
(2 )

T is h res u l t w as al s o O bt by S t
ai n ed ru ve (i bi d . p . 1 0 4 ) i n th e cas e u
= v 1 .

B y u s i ng we fi n d th t w h a ,
en R (u) an d R (v ) e x ce e d
a ,

0 f tp

(2 p .
—1 ) (2 —1 ) u ir {l — cos (t s i n {l —co s (t s i n
‘
a r r e
w e mw i) f
-

n r
2M _ 2 2" 2
9 cos () s in 9 s in ¢ d 9 d gbd i
"

x 008 1 .

N o w , if a an d B ar e p o s i ti v e , it a pp e ar s fr o m a co n s id e ra t i o n O f

'
a l 'Z
e

T ish r es u l t is e as i l y p ro v e d by co n to u r i n teg r ati o n .

 T H E O EI UN CT I ON S CHA R
'

3 98 [
°

OF B E S SE L F X II I

r ou nd a co nto ur c o ns i s t i n g of th e r eal a x i s a nd a l ar g mi i l
e se b c rc e a ove i t, t h at

{1 co s (a t) i { 1 c os (Bt) } d t
£2

H e nce t h e t r i p l e i n t eg r al u nd e r c o n s i d er a ti o n is e q u al to t h e tr i l e i nteg p r al e v al u at ed in
p r ov i ng an d co ns e q u e n tl y (2 ) i s e s ta b l i h d i th
s e n e s am e w ay a s
0

Th e re a d e r wi l l p r ov e in l i k e m ann e r t h t if R (u)
a , a nd R (v ) b th o e xcee d
a th e n
,

H . (t) J (t) . a. 1
(3 ) “
W

an d h
t i s m ay b e e xte n d e d o v er th e r a ng e O f v al u e s Of p. and v for w i c h h R (v ) > 5 an d

R (ti l v ) 1-
.

T h e i nteg ra l s

m ay b e e v al u a t e d in a s im i l ar m anne r , b u t t h e r e s u l ts a re o f n o g r e at i nte r e s t *

Th e d i s co nti nu ou s i nteg ra l f
o We ber a nd S ch af h ei tl i n .

T h e i n t e gr a l
J (a t) J
. . (bt)
h
t

h h a
in w ic an d b a re su pp
d t be posit i e
os e o v to s ec u re co n v e r gen ce at th e
u pp e l i m i t w as i nv e s t i g t e d by We b e Jo M a th
r ,
a r, u r na l
f ii r . LX X V .

pp . 7 5 — 80 i n ,
s e v e ra l s p e i a l s es n m e ly
c ca ,
a ,

(i ) v = 1, ii
( )
T h e i nt e g r al w as e v a l u a te d , fo r
A, It a nd v fo r w i c i t i s c o n v e r g e nt, al l v al u es of h h by
S o mi n e r, Ill a th Ann X V I
J
51. 5 2 ; b u t h e d i d n o t e x a m i ne t h e i nte g r al i n v e r
. . pp .
— y
g r eat d e t a i l , nor d i d h e l a y a ny s t re s s o n t h e d i s c o nti nu i ti e s w i c o cc u r w e n a an d 6 h h h
b e co m e e q u al . Som e y e ar s l a te r t h e i n t e g r al was i nv e s tig a te d v e r y th or o u g h l y by S h c af

h e i t l i n 1, bu t h i s p r e l i m i n ar y a n al y s is r es ts to a s om ew h a t u nd u e e xt e n t o n th t he y eo r of

l i n e ar d i ff e r e n ti al e q u ati o ns .

The s p e c i al c as e i n w ic h h was d i s c u s s e d i n 1 8 95 by G b l u er § wh o u s ed a v er y
e l eg a n t tr ans f or m a t i o n o f c o n t o u r i n teg r al s ; u n for t u na e t ly h w ,
o e v er , it s ee m s im p oss i bl e

to ad a p t G bl u er s
’
a nal y s is t o th e m or e g e ne r al c as e in wh i h A O
c . Th e a nal y s is in th e
S p e ci al c as e w il l b e g i v e n su b q se u e nt l y
S om e r e l ate d i n teg ral s h av e b e e n e v a l u a te d b y S i e m o n , P r og ra m m , L u i s ens ch u l e B e rl i n ,
1 8 90 [ J a h r bu c h i l ber d i e F or ts c h r i tte d er M a th . 1 8 90 , p .

S ee al s o in c o n ne x i o n wi t h th e r es earc h es of Gg b e enW aue r , i ene r S i tz u ng s ber i c h te ,

L XXX VI I I . pp . 990— 99 1 .

1: M a th Ann . . xxx . pp . 1 61 —1 7 8 . Th e q u e s ti o n O f p i i y i di r or t s s cu s s e d by S o n i n e ,
M a th Ann x x x
. . . pp . 5 8 2 — 5 83 , and by S c h a fh e i tl i n , M h A at XXX . nn . I . p 156
. .

M a t h Ann X L VI I I pp 3 7 —4 8 S ee al s o G r af and G bl Ei l u er , n e i t u ng i n d i e T h eor i e

—1 4 8
. . . . .

d er B e ss e l
’
s ch e n F u n k ti onen, II .
(B e r n ,
pp . 13 6 .
4 00 T H E O Ry O F B E S S E L F UN C T I O N S [ CHA R XI II

an d fth e
‘

hype ge r om e r ic t fu n c t i on on th e ri ght m ay b e
’

re
p l ace d b
y
*

—
‘
I (a
2 3 1
_

—zl
—8
'
I (a
’
“

ZF I 1 _
+
P —
e n
+ 7 n+
2 7 1

N ow th e mo dul i Of th e te rm s i n th e ex p an s on o f i

2 R( a -

Fmé —m ; x )
do no t e x ce e d in a b s o lut e
lu e th e a l te n t e t e
va r a rm s i n th e ex p i
an s o n of

(1 w h e e A i s t h e gr e t e O f 2 ] and
r a r a 1 l; an d , s i m i l ar ly t h e
,

mo dul i of th e te rms i n th e ex p i
ans on o f

do n o t e xc e e d in a b s o lut e va lu e th e a lt e r na e t te rm s i n th e ex p i
an s o n O f

—A —2 m
(1 N/w )
H e n ce th e t e m s in th e
r i n fi ni t e s er i e s w hi ch h as b e e n o bt i
a ne d do no t

e xcee d in a b s o lut e lu e th e va t erm s Of th e se ri e s

—B —2 m
« nea re r 1
e r r <2a + 2m) Pe (1 Ja w
-

a
2 _
m =0 F (l B 77 1 )
A —2 m —1
m) P (a m) l
w he re x c
2
/( a
2
But th i s l s t s e i e s i s b s o l t e ly co n e g e nt w h en
a r a u v r

2 « N a
?
c )
?
c, a n d i t r e p e s e n t s n a na lyt i c f n c t i o n O f z i n th i s d o m i n
r a u a .

H e n ce , by th e gene r a l th e o y o f n lyt i c c o n t i n u t i n
r a a a o ,

‘
B

r + 2m —1
2 g y (g p s F (2 a 2m )
. -

z a

m =0 m! F (7 ( CL
2
C O
H W
F (a 8
1
1)

X Q F, + m

p r ov i d d th
e at 2 sa tisfi e s th e t h r e e c on d i t i on s
c,
|z|<
C to b e a p i ti
os ve n um be r so s m a ll th at

‘
l) / a
x (
z
0 2
) C ,

an d ta k e 0 c g C ,
so th t l s
a a o

6 C
2
)
Cf F o r s yt
. h , T r ea t i s e on D zfi e re nti a l E q u a ti ons , 127 .
 I N F I N I T E I N T E G RAL S 40 1

T hen in th e l as t in t e g l fo ra rm ul
w e m a y ta
a k e z h e n th i s h b e n
b
,
an d w as e

d one , if w e u se
f on cti ons m aj or a ntes ust as j b e fo e w e fi nd th a t t h e e lt i n g
r ,
r su

s er i e s h a s i ts t er m s l e ss t h an th e te rm s o f a n b so l te ly co n e ge n t s e i e s
a u v r r

—1
E F (2 a (% (1
_
4_ F
‘ +m
(a 0 m) P (a
‘

m =o m l I (y m) i 2
)
a
F (I 8
,
m
‘
| I ( tl l (1
w he re X
"
O /(a
z 2

H t e s t o f We i e t s s t h o i g in l s e i s co n e ge s u ni f m ly
e nce , by th e r s ra ,
e r a r e v r or

w i th e s p e c t t o 0 w h e n 0 g c g C
r n d th e e f e th e l i m i t o f t h e se i es w h en ,
a r or r

0 O i s th e s m e t h e l e o f t h e s e i e s w h e n 0 0
a as va u r .

We h a v e t h e r e fo r e p ro v e d th at

—) m
F (2 a 2m )
2
m z
o m ! F (y + 7n
)
an d t h e r e for e

v
—
) b
m r i m —1 F
(2 a 2m) F (g )
m! I
’

(y « in ) ” I BM ?” F (1 18 m ) P (a i m l
“ ” “ “

2)
I t h a s t h e r e fore b e en s h e w n th a t
b (a )
1
Y F
“

2 3 ”
” T 3

th t a i s to sa
y
J r (a t) J , (M) f) F”
(i n .
%v %7\
A —A i
t A
Q v
-

V M + 1
X Q FI V + 1 3
9

p rov i d d th e at 0 b a , a nd th t a th e i n teg l ra is c on v er ge n t . h
T i s i s th e resu lt
O b t i ne d by
a S o ni n e and S ch a f h e i t l i n .

If w e i n t e c h n ge
r a a a nd b,
’

an d a s o l u an d 11 , th r ou gh o u t t h e w or k ,
w e fi nd

t h at , w h en 0 a l) an d t h e i n t e g ra l i s c o nv e r ge n t , th n e

—B F
J _
B ( ) at (l
a
(a )
—)
.

rfl F (y P 1)
‘
B bi
(a
‘
“
a
a

w . B . F .
 4 02 TH E
q R Y OF B E S S E L F
”
UN CT I O N S [ CHA R X II I
6

N ow i t so h app e ns th t a th e ex p i
r e s s on s o n th e r i ght i n (1 ) an d (3 ) a r e not

th e ana l ti
y c conti nu a ti ons o
f th e sam e
f u n cti on . T he re is c ons e qu e n tly a

d i scon t i nu i ty i n th e fo m ul w h en r a a b; a nd i t w i ll b e n e c es sar y to e xa m i n e

t h i s p h e no m e no n i n s o m e d e t a i l .

Th e cr i ti ca l cas e o f th e Weber -
S ch af h ei tl i n i nteg ra l .

I n th e cas e O f th e i n te g l ra no w u nd e r co n s i d e r a t i on w h e n , a b we ,
ha v e,

as b e fo re,
co
(a t) J (a t)
.
di l im
°

e
_ct J . (a t) J . (a t)
A A
t C t

a ss u m in g th at R (u v 1) R (A) 0, to s ec u r e co n v e r g ence .

N o w cons i d e r

w he z i s com p l e a i bl w i th R ( ) p o s i t i e
re a x v r a e 2 v .

Wh en R ( ) 2 w e m y e x p n d t h e i n t e g an d i n ce n d in g p o w e s o f
z a a a r as r a

a nd i n t e g a t e t e m br t e m th i s p oce du e b e i n g j s t i fi e d by t h e f
r r t t h at
y r r u ac
- -

t h e e s ul t i n g s e i es i s con e g e n t
r r v r .

We th s g e t by s i ng u ,
u

a H’

_z t
e

—1
t 2a +2 m
P ( a B (
y 2 77 2 )
m =0

—
)
m
F (2 a 2m ) F ( —
B l 7
i
0
a (
32
m ‘
m = o 2
9a + 2
on l F (a I (a
Now th e i n teg l ra on th e l e ft is an lyt i fu n ct i on
a na c of 2 w hen R (z ) O ,

a nd so i ts va u l e wh , en 2 h as t h e sm a ll p o i t i e l e 0 s v va u ,
is th e a na lyt
ic co n
t i n u a ti on of th e s e rie s on th e r i gh t .

But ,
by B ar n e s
’

th e y th e s e i es on
or
*
,
r th e ri ght an d i ts a na ly t i c cont in ua

t i on s m ay b e re p re s e n t e d by t h e i n t e g l ra

—
m
(
1
1 (é ar f fl l
F (2 a 2s) I 8 2s)
‘ ‘

a y ‘
I ( )d
,
s s ;
2 7ri

an d th i st e g l e p e s e nt a f nc t i n f w h i c h i s n lyt i c w h e n g z
in ra r r s u o O e a a ar 7r .

It is pp s e d th t t h e n t o con s is ts Of t h e i m g i n y a i s w i th l p s t o
su o a co ur a ar x oo

e ns ur e th t t h e p l e s
a f F s ) l ie
o n t h e i ght o f t h e c n t u
O w h i l e th e p ol s o r o o r, e

o f F (2 a + 2 3 ) n d o f F ( a 8 y 2 8 ) l i e o n t h e l ft f th e co nt o u
a ,
' e O r .

Wh e n | 2 we m y
z l t e t h e i n t e g l by m od i fy i ng t h e nt o s o
a a eva ua ra co ur

a s t o e n c l os e t h e p l e s n t h e l e ft O f t h e co n t o u
o o nd e lu t i n g t h e e s i d e s r a va a r u

P r o c L ond on M a t h
. . S oc .
(2 ) v . pp . 59 —1 1 8 . S ee al s o s up r a .
404 TH EO RY OF B E S SEL F UN CT I O N S [ CH A R X I I I

an d h e n ce

+ 4) F (a 47x)
—p ) ’

u nl e s s A = O . T is h s h o uld b e co m p e d w i th ar t he m or e g en e a l fo r rm ul a e
o bt i n e d f o m
a r 13 4 ,
n m e ly th t w h e n 6
a a a , ,

J . and ,
h
t

U F (a ék ) —p
P
P
“
I

J
1
a _ l
4
-
1 p
l
l

o X; a ;
7\ + D
t
-

an d w h en b
, a,

_
( %X)
1
m tp
1
-

a a
F1 —
1 _ l
a X p + 1 x ol +p + 1
-

2 , 2
2 b A a +p

S i nce A 0 th e
,
fu nc t i on s on th e r i ght i n (4 ) an d 5) do not t e nd to
w h en a b .

"

O n th e o th e r h nd a ,
w h e n A is z ero, th e co n t o u r i nte gr a l b e co m e s
(ta l
mm ‘
l
{P (2 4 28 WF 8 ) ds
z
2a + 23 “
l (a + p + s + 1) F ( —p a + 3 ) P (2 a + s )
,

an d th e du e t s
r esi a a is

It f ll o w s th a t
o

b “ p
(a )
F
—p ;
1
—p ;
‘

(
"

‘ F. a. a
p I (a
‘
a
a

J a fl , ( ) at bt d
( ) i
0 )

a cc o r d i ng as b a, l) a, b a . S i n ce

Fd
e a. —r ; —r ; a —) f r I P < a m i n/N )
f’
a ,

it is ev i d e n t th at th e va l u e o
f th e i nteg ral wh en I) a i s th e m ea n f
o i ts l i m i ts
wh en b a O and b a 0 .

T he r e s u l t Of k
ta i ng A= 1 i n (2 ) is

f 2 S in
5( p)
;
C
°

v 71
(7 ) J. J . (a n - _
77 V
7
P
“
.

w hi h
c is a l s o e as i l y bt O ai n e d by i ns e r t i ng l i m i t s i n h
t i s for m u l a h a s b ee n

d i s c u s s e d i n g r eat d e ta i l by K ap t e yn , P r oc S ecti o n . o
f S ci , If . A/ca d . va n Wet . te

A m s ter d a m , I V . pp . 102— 103 ; Ar ch i ves N eer l a n d a i ses ,

’

(2 ) VI . pp . 1 03
116 .
 I N F I N I T E I N T E G R AL S 4 05

Sp eci a l cas es o
f th e d i s conti nu ou s i n teg r al .

N u m erou s s p e ci a l cas e s O f in t ere s t ar e O bt aine d by gi v i ng s p e ci a l l

v a u es

t o th e c on s a n t s t d in g n i T s e e p e t i t i on
7x, u, v i n th e
n p r e ce a a ly s s . o av r ,
wh e

th e e lu s e g i e n f n i n t e g l t h e fi s t i s i ts lu e f b a th e s e n d
r va e ar v or a ra , r va or ,
co

fo lr a nd t h e t h i d f
) ,
b a w h n t wO lu s n ly e g i e n t h e fi s t i s
r or a e va e o ar v r
,

th e l e f 1 g a t h s e nd f 5 2 ; nd t h e l e s e
va u or 1 , e t f
e llco or a a va u ar c o rr c or a

va lu s f th e ns t n t s w h i h m k t h e i n t g l n e g n t
e o co a c a e e ra s co v r e .

T h f ll w i n g e th e m os t i m p
e o o t n t s p e ci l c s e
ar or a a a s
*

t (W W/n .

R
[ (n) O]
é (a /bwm
—I
sin
{u ar c s i n
a “si n
[R
P lb x/ (9 “ l l“
.
2 i
»

l“ a r e s i n
1
97 CO S
00
J n (a t) Cos bt '

a “ CO S
t é/ m [ R (n) 0]
W nr
‘

{b a

s in in a r c s i n (Wa di

6)
/ Q 3
V (CL

J . (a t) s i n n d i so or 0 .
[ R (“l 2]
a “ c os 4m
) {1} b
2 ?
a .
« K
c os
{u ar e s i n
/ Ct
x (
2
b) e

J . (a t) cos bt d t
. 00 or 0 , [R ( )
,
u 1]

a “s i n é /M T
V(b
2
a
2
) {6
.
Wt )
?

S p e ci a l c as e s O f p re ce d in g r es u lt s ar e

(6 ) J 0 (a t) s i n bt d t .

J0 (a t) c o s bt d t

T h es e tw o for m u l a e , w i c h h we r e g i v e n by V V
e b er i
'

,
J o u r na l f ur I XX
ll a th . L V .

p 7 7, ar e k no w n a s Weber s ’
d i s co nti nu ou s f ac to r s ; t hy e ar e a s s o ci a e t d w i t h th p b l e ro em o f

d e t e r m i n i ng th e p o t e nt i al o f a n e l e c t r i fi e d c i r c u l ar d i s c };

if
N u m er o u s o th er s p e c i al cas e s a r e g i v e n by Ni el s e n , A nn . ( Ii M a t (3 .
) XI V . pp . 8 2 — 90 .

T h e i n t eg r al s i n (4 ) and (5 ) d i v e r g e fo r c e r ta i n v al ue s o f p w . h en a z b .

r T h e fo r m er w a s k n o w n to S to k e s m a ny yea r s ear l i e r , an d wa s , i n fac t, by h i m

J
set as a

Sm it h pi ’
s r z e e x am i n a ti o n q u e s ti o n i n F e b 1 85 3. .
[ M a th a nd P h ys P ap er s ,
. v . p .

1 C f G all o . p , Q u a r ter l y J o ur na l , X XI . pp . 23 0 —2 3 1 .
406 T H E O RY O F B E S S E L F UNCTI O N S [ C H AR X II I

Ano th e r s p e ci a lf or m ul a is
—
b /ar
r l
,

w )