GENERAL CHEMISTRY REVIEWER

SCIENCE
- from the Latin word “scientia” meaning “knowledge”
- -refers to a system of acquiring knowledge that uses observation and experimentation to describe
and explain national phenomenon.

CHEMISTRY
- A science that deals with the structure and properties of substance and with the changes that will
go through
- The branch of science that concern with the study of matter.

DIFFERENT BRANCHES OF CHEMISTRY

1. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- The study of compounds containing carbon
2. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- The study of all elements without carbon content
3. PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
- Deals with the relations between the physical properties of substances and their chemical
composition
4. ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
- The study of what is present= Quantitative Analysis
5. BIO-CHEMISTRY
- Chemistry of the living things and combination of biology and chemistry

MEASUREMENT
- A comparison to a standard measuring device

SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
- Include both the certain digits and estimated digits

COUNT NUMBERS
- Are numbers that starts from 1-9

RULES
Zeroes are significant if they are:
a) CAPTIVE ZEROES- are zeroes written in between two count numbers.
Ex: 101
b) LEADING ZEROES- it is not significant it is only used to show decimals.
Ex: 0.10 0.0012
c) TRAILING ZERO- is a zero written after a count number. It may be significant or not.
WRITE THE SIGNIFICANT FIGURES OF THE FOLLOWING:
1) 15
2) 1000
3) 25, 957
4) 0.1010103
5) 0.000023
6) 0.000000004562
7) 101231
8) 0.201201
9) 1.111104
10) 0.003
MEASUREMENT: SCIENTIFIC NOTATION

SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
- The numbers are always written as a number greater than 1 and less than 10 with an exponent.

RULE #1
If the movement of the decimal point is towards the left, the exponent is positive.
Ex: 1.20876 > 1.21 x 10

RULE #2
If the movement of the decimal point is to the right, the exponent is negative.
Ex: 0.0197 > 1.97 x 10

1) 5254
2) 8117000
3) 143
4) 0.00000005678
5) 0.00000001056

TEMPERATURE
- A measurement that indicates how hot or cold something is.

TEMPREATURE SCALE
- Fahrenheit
- Celsius
- Kelvin

FAHRENHEIT
- Named after the German physicist Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit

CELSIUS
- Named after the Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius

KELVIN
- Named after the British physicist and mathematician William Thompson

9
°F= 5 °C + 32 °F= 1.8 °C + 32

5 °𝐹 − 32
°C= (°F – 32) °C=
9 1.8

°K= °C + 273

EXERCISE
35°C > °F 25°F > °C 100°C > °K 86°F > °C 450°C > °F
DENSITY
- Mass of a substance occupying a unit volume

If the DENSITY is unknown

Density= mass / volume (grams/ml)
If the VOLUME is unknown
Volume= mass / density

Calculate the density in grams per ml of a piece of metal that has a mass of 12 grams and occupy the
volume of 1.6 ml
12𝑔 𝑀
Given= D Solution= 1.6𝑚𝑙 Formula: D= 𝑉
M= 12g = 7.5 g/ml
V= 1.6 ml

EXERCISE
A cube of lead measures 3.00 cm on each edge and has a mass of 308grams. Calculate the density in g per
cubic meter.

MATTER
- Anything that occupies space and has mass

PROPERTIES OF MATTER
 CHEMICAL PROPERTY
- Describes how a substance reacts with another substance
 PHYSICAL PROPERTY
- Can be determined without changing the identity of a substance

MASS
- Indicates the amount of the pull of gravity on a body

WEIGHT
- The measure of the pull of gravity on a body

VOLUME
- The amount of space an object occupies

MELTING
- Change in phase from solid to liquid

MELTING POINT
- The temperature at which a solid starts to melt
FREEZING
- The change in phase from liquid to solid

FREEZING POINT
- The temperature at which liquid changes to solid

BOILING
- When water is heated to high temperature. Bubbles of gas begin to form within liquid

BOILING POINT
- The temperature at which a liquid starts to boil

SPECIAL PROPERTIES
HARDNESS
- The resistance of a material to being scratched by another

ELASTICITY
- The capacity of a material to return to its original size and shape when the force applied to it is
removed

TENACITY
- The resistance of a material to being pulled apart

DUCTILITY
- The capability of a material to be drawn into wires

MALLEABILITY
- The capability of a material to be hammered into thin sheets

PLASTICITY
- The capability of a material to be molded or shaped easily

POROSITY
- The capacity of a material to readily absorb water because of its pores

STATES OF MATTER
- SOLID
- LIQUID
- GAS
- PLASMA

CHANGES IN MATTER
PHYSICAL CHANGES
- There are may be a change in size, shape, appearance, or form of matter but the identity of a
substance does not change

CHEMICAL CHANGES
- Changes that produce a new substance with new properties

LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS

- States that in chemical or physical changes, mass in neither created nor destroyed; it is conserved.
PURE SUBSTANCE
- Constant composition

COMPOUND
- Combination of two or more atoms

ELEMENT
- Can’t broken down into substances
 METALS
 NON-METALS
 SEMI METALS
 METALLOIDS

MIXTURES
- Consist of two or more substances that doesn’t form a new substance
 HOMOGENOUS- uniformis; change in color, taste; ex: powdered juice and water
 SOLUTION- spread throughout
SOLUTE – substance being dissolve
SOLVENT – substance dissolve the solute
 HETEROGENEOUS- can be separated; mechanical separation
 SUSPENSION- big enough to be seen by naked eye; bigger than colloids
 COLLOIDS- liquid heterogeneous mixture that have particles bigger than those of a solution
but smaller than those of a suspension

SEPARATION OF MIXTURES
FILTRATION
- Separation of solid to liquid that is used not only in laboratories but also at home.

MECHANICAL SEPARATION
- The techniques used for the separation of the heterogeneous mixtures; can be applied for
separating solids from solids, solids from liquids and also solids from the gases

FLOTATION
- The process of separating small particles of various materials by treatment with chemicals in water
in order to make some particles adhere to air bubbles and ruse to the surface for removal while
others remain in water.

DECANTATION
- A process of separating the liquid from the solid component of a mixture

EVAPORATION
- Separating a soluble solid to a liquid or solvent

DISTILLATION
- The separation of mixtures through the continuous cycle of evaporation and condensation of the
volatile mixture
ATOMIC STRUCTURE: HISTORY OF ATOM

DEMOCRITUS (460 BC)

- develops the idea of atoms
- he pounded up materials in his pestle and mortar until he had reduced them to smaller and smaller
particles which he called ATOMOS (greek for indivisible)

JOHN DALTON (1808)

- SOLID SPHERE MODEL
- Revisited Democritus’ Idea
- Suggested that all matter was made up of tiny spheres that were able to bounce around with
perfect elasticity and called them ATOMS

JOSEPH JOHN THOMSON (1898)

- PLUM PUDDING OR RAISIN BUN MODEL
- Conducted Cathode ray tube experiment
- Found that atoms could sometimes eject a far smaller negative particle which he called on
ELECTRON

ERNEST RUTHERFORD (1910)

- EMPTY SPACE MODEL
- Performed the GOLD FOIL EXPERIMENT and discovered NUCLEUS

NEILS BOHR (1913)

- ORBIT MODEL/ PLANETARY MODEL
- Studied under Rutherford at the Victoria University in Manchester
- Bohr refined Rutherford’s idea by adding that the electrons were in ORBITS. Rather like planets
orbiting the sun. With each orbit only able to contain a set number of electrons.

JAMES CHADWICK (1932)

- Discovered the existence of the neutron
- He found this out because when he was looking at alpha waves (positive charge) bounced off the
nucleus saying there was no charge in the neutron.

ERWIN SCHRODINGER
- Proposed the Quantum Mechanical Model

MASS
- Anything that has mass and takes up space (volume)

ATOM
- Smallest possible unit into which matter can be divided, while still maintaining its properties.

ATOMIC NUMBER
- The number of protons in an atom

ATOMIC MASS
- Summation of numbers of proton and neutron in the nucleus in an atom.

PROTONS
- Positively charged particles; help make up the nucleus of the atom.
NEUTRONS
- Neutral particles; have no electric charge

ELECTRONS
- Negatively charged particles; found outside the nucleus of the atom, in the electron orbits/ levels.

QUARKS
- Particles that make up protons and neutrons

MASS NUMBER
- The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom’s nucleus; expressed in Atomic Mass Units
(amu)

ISOTOPES
- Atoms that have the same number of protons, but have different numbers of neutrons

FORCES IN THE ATOM

- GRAVITATIONAL FORCE
- The force of attraction of objects due to their masses
- ELECTROMAGNETIC FORCE
- The force that results from the repulsion of like charges and the attraction of opposites
- STRONG FORCE
- The force that holds the atomic nucleus together
- WEAK FORCE
- This force plays a key role in the possible change of sub-atomic particles

ION
- Charged particle that typically results from a loss or gain of electrons