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ABSTRACT
The main issue in WSN is energy limited network lifetime. These requirements should be met
characteristic of the sensor node. So the problem is to in
n routing protocols of wireless sensor network.
have the routing protocol in such the manner that it Wireless sensor network consist of tiny nodes called
should be energy efficient in order to increase the life sensor nodes. These nodes are battery powered and
time of the whole WSN. Hierarchical routing have limited energy for use. Also these nodes are
architecture divides the whole network in to a group randomly deployed over an area to monitor the
of cluster and only cluster head is responsible to happeningss in the environment such as humidity,
forwarding the data to base station directly or via seismic events, temperature, pollution, fire detection
other cluster heads. In location based architecture of etc [1]. These nodes are mobile or static depending
routing, localization of the sensor node is to be used on the physical phenomenon monitored. There are
to compute the path to the sensed data. During the two types of WSN- unstructured and structured WSN
creation of network topology, the process of setting [2]. Unstructured WSN – it is the one containing a
up routes in WSNs is usually influenced by energy large collection of tiny sensor nodes. The sensor
considerations, because the power consumption of a nodes are deployed randomly in the area. The network
wireless link is proportional to square or even higher is left unattended to perform monitoring and reporting
order of the distance between the sender and the functions. Whereas in structured WSN, all the nodes
receiver. Hierarchical routing can be centralized or are deployed in a pre-planned
planned manner. Network
non- centralized. In non-centralized
centralized hierarchical maintenance (managing connectivity and detecting
routing, the sensor nodes self-configures
configures for the failures) is quite difficult in unstructured WSN than
cluster head on the basis of selecting a random structured WSN. Also, in structured WSN, the sensor
number. They don’t consider the case of residual nodes are placed at specific positions which help in
energy. But in centralized routing the base station is providing g full coverage, whereas there are uncovered
responsible to create cluster. In hierarchical routing areas in unstructured WSN.
architecture, sensor nodes self-configure
configure themselves
for the formation of cluster heads. In this paper, we The primary function of a sensor node is to collects
have studied different types of hierarchical routing data and sent it to the base station. A sensor node
protocols for wireless sensor networks. contains three basic components [3]:
Keywords: WSN, hierarchical routing, SEP, TEEN, A. Sensing Subsystem: - It is used for acquisition
acqui of
Issues in WSN, Applications of WSN data from the physical environment where nodes
are deployed.
1. INTRODUCTION B. Processing Subsystem: - It is used for storing the
The scattered nature and active topology of wireless data and local data processing is carried out.
sensor network (WSN) have some particular C. Wireless Communication Subsystem: - It is used
requirements that are as follows – the reduced energy for data transmission.
consumption of the network, and maximizing the