Theory of

Structure I
Engr. Gabriel Gamana

1.0 Types of Structures and Loads

2.0 Analysis of Statically Determinate
Structures
3.0 Cables and Arches
Table of Contents 4.0 Influence Lines for Statically
Determinate Structures
5.0 Approximate Analysis of Statically
indeterminate Structures
6.0 Deflections

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 6.1 Introduction
6.2 Elastic-Beam Theory
6.3 Geometric Method
6.3.1 Double Integration Method
6.3.2 Moment-Area Method
6.3.3 Conjugate-Beam Method
6.4 Force Method
6.0 Deflections 6.4.1 Three Moment Equation
6.5 Displacement Method
6.5.1 Moment Distribution Method
6.5.2 Slope Deflection Method
6.6 Work-Energy Method
6.6.1 Virtual Work Method
6.6.2 Castigliano’s Theorem
6.6.3 Betti’s Law and Maxwell’s Law

6.1 Introduction

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6.1 Introduction
• Deflections of structures can occur from various sources,
such as loads, temperature, fabrication errors, or settlement.
In design, deflections must be limited in order to provide
integrity and stability of roofs, and prevent cracking of
attached brittle materials such as concrete, plaster or glass.
• Furthermore, a structure must not vibrate or deflect severely
in order to “appear” safe for its occupants. More important,
though, deflections at specified points in a structure must be
determined if one is to analyze statically indeterminate
structures.

6.1 Introduction
• The deflections to be considered throughout this text apply
only to structures having linear elastic material response.
Under this condition, a structure subjected to a load will return
to its original undeformed position after the load is removed.
• The deflection of a structure is caused by its internal loadings
such as normal force, shear force, or bending moment.

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6.1 Introduction
• Before the slope or displacement of a point on a beam or
frame is determined, it is often helpful to sketch the deflected
shape of the structure when it is loaded in order to partially
check the results.
• This deflection diagram represents the elastic curve or locus
of points which defines the displaced position of the centroid
of the cross section along the members.

6.1 Introduction
Support Conditions

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6.2 Elastic-Beam Theory
In this section we will develop two important differential
equations that relate the internal moment in a beam to the
displacement and slope of its elastic curve.

6.2 Elastic-Beam Theory

Nonlinear second-order differential equation
=

1
=

Where; = Internal moment in the beam

= Radius of curvature
= Material’s Modulus of elasticity
= Beam’s Moment of Inertia

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6.3 Geometric Method
6.3.1 Double Integration Method
Once M is expressed as a function of position x, then
successive integrations will yield the beam’s slope, and the
equation of the elastic curve, respectively. For each integration it
is necessary to introduce a “constant of integration” and then
solve for the constants to obtain a unique solution for a particular
problem.
=

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6.3 Geometric Method

6.3.1.1 Sign Convention
it is important to use the proper sign for M as established by the
sign convention that was used in the derivation of the differential
equation. Furthermore, recall that positive deflection, y is
upward, and as a result, the positive slope angle will be
measured counterclockwise from the x axis.

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6.3 Geometric Method
6.3.1.2 Boundary and Continuity Conditions
• The constants of integration are determined by evaluating
the functions for slope or displacement at a particular point on
the beam where the value of the function is known.
• These values are called boundary conditions. For example,
if the beam is supported by a roller or pin, then it is required
that the displacement be zero at these points. Also, at a fixed
support the slope and displacement are both zero.

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6.3 Geometric Method

• If a single x coordinate cannot be used to express the
equation for the beam’s slope or the elastic curve, then
continuity conditions must be used to evaluate some of the
integration constants.
• Consider the beam in figure, here the and coordinates are
valid only within the regions AB and BC, respectively. Once
the functions for the slope and deflection are obtained, they
must give the same values for the slope and deflection at
point B, so that the elastic curve is physically continuous

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6.3 Geometric Method
Problem 6-1
Determine the slope and deflection at point B of the cantilever
beam shown in figure.

Answer
= .
= . 15

6.3 Geometric Method

Problem 6-2
Determine the deflection at A and slope at point B of the beam
shown in figure. = 29 10 and = 1650 .

Answer
= .
= . 16

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6.3 Geometric Method
Problem 6-3
Determine the maximum deflection for the beam shown in the
figure. = 70 and = 210 10

Answer
= .
= . 17

6.3 Geometric Method

Problem 6-4
Determine the fixed end moments for the beams given shown in
the figure, = 29 10 .

Answer
= .
= .
= . 18

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6.3 Geometric Method
6.3.2 Moment-Area Method
The initial ideas for the two moment-area theorems were
developed by Otto Mohr and later stated formally by Charles E.
Greene in 1873. These theorems provide a semigraphical
technique for determining the slope of the elastic curve and its
deflection due to bending. They are particularly advantageous
when used to solve problems involving beams, especially those
subjected to a series of concentrated loadings or having
segments with different moments of inertia.

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6.3 Geometric Method

6.3.2.1 Theorem 1
The change in slope between any two points on the elastic curve
equals the area of the M/EI diagram between these two points.

1
=

20

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6.3 Geometric Method
6.3.2.2 Theorem 2
The vertical deviation of the tangent at a point (A) on the elastic
curve with respect to the tangent extended from another point
(B) equals the “moment” of the area under the M/EI diagram
between the two points (A and B). This moment is computed
about point A (the point on the elastic curve), where the
deviation is to be determined
1
/ = ̅

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6.3 Geometric Method

6.3.2.3 Moment by Parts
• When a beam is subjected to different types of loads, such as
a combination of distributed and concentrated loads,
determination of the properties of the resultant M/EI diagram,
due to the combined effect of all the loads, can become a
formidable task.
• This difficulty can be avoided by constructing the bending
moment diagram in parts that is, constructing a separate
bending moment diagram for each of the loads. The ordinates
of the bending moment diagrams thus obtained are then
divided by EI to obtain the M/EI diagram. These diagrams
usually consist of simple geometric shapes, so their areas and
moments of areas can be easily computed.

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6.3 Geometric Method

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6.3 Geometric Method

Problem 6-5
Determine the slope and deflection at point B of the cantilever
beam shown in figure.

Answer
= .
= . 24

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6.3 Geometric Method
Problem 6-6
Determine the maximum deflection for the beam shown in the
figure. = 70 and = 210 10

Answer
= .
= . 25

6.3 Geometric Method

Problem 6-7
Determine the slope at point C and deflection at point A of the
beam shown in figure.. = 200 and = 15 10

20 kN

Answer
= . °
= . 26

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6.3 Geometric Method
Problem 6-8
Determine the fixed end moments for the beams given shown in
the figure, = 29 10 .

Answer
= .
= .
= . 27

6.3 Geometric Method

6.3.3 Conjugate Beam Method
The conjugate-beam method was developed by H. Müller-
Breslau in 1865. Essentially, it requires the same amount of
computation as the moment-area theorems to determine a
beam’s slope or deflection; however, this method relies only on
the principles of statics, and hence its application will be more
familiar.

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6.3 Geometric Method
6.3.3.1 Theorems
The conjugate beam is “loaded” with the M/EI diagram derived
from the load w on the real beam. From the above comparisons,
we can state two theorems related to the conjugate beam,
namely
• Theorem 1: The slope at a point in the real beam is
numerically equal to the shear at the corresponding point in
the conjugate beam.
• Theorem 2: The displacement of a point in the real beam is
numerically equal to the moment at the corresponding point in
the conjugate beam.

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6.3 Geometric Method

6.3.3.1 Conjugate-beam Supports

30

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6.3 Geometric Method

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6.3 Geometric Method

32

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6.3 Geometric Method
Problem 6-9
Determine the slope and deflection at point B of the cantilever
beam shown in figure.

Answer
= .
= . 33

6.3 Geometric Method

Problem 6-10
Determine the maximum deflection for the beam shown in the
figure. = 70 and = 210 10

Answer
= .
= . 34

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6.3 Geometric Method
Problem 6-11
Determine the slope at point C and deflection at point A of the
beam shown in figure. = 200 and = 15 10

20 kN

Answer
= . °
= . 35

6.3 Geometric Method

Problem 6-12
Determine the fixed end moments for the beams given shown in
the figure, = 29 10 .

Answer
= .
= .
= . 36

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6.4 Force Method
6.4.1 Three Moment Equation
The three-moment equation, which was initially presented by
Clapeyron in 1857, provides a convenient tool for analyzing
continuous beams. The three-moment equation represents, in a
general form, the compatibility condition that the slope of the
elastic curve be continuous at an interior support of the
continuous beam. Since the equation involves three moments—
the bending moments at the support under consideration and at
the two adjacent supports—it commonly is referred to as the
three-moment equation.

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6.4 Force Method

6 6
2 =6
38

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6.4 Force Method
6.4.2 Three Moment Factors

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6.4 Force Method

40

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6.4 Force Method

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6.4 Force Method

42

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6.4 Force Method
Problem 6-13
Determine the reactions at each support for the continuous
beam shown in figure.

Answer
= .
= . 43

6.4 Force Method

Problem 6-14
Determine the reactions at each support for the continuous
beam shown in figure.

Answer
= .
= . 44

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6.4 Force Method
Problem 6-15
Determine the reactions at each support for the continuous
beam shown in figure if support C settles downward by 15 mm.
= 200 and = 5 10

Answer
= .
= .
= . 45

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