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Lagrangian Formulation of Classical Fields within Riemann-Liouville Fractional Derivatives

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2005 Phys. Scr. 72 119

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Physica Scripta. Vol. 72, 119–121, 2005

Lagrangian Formulation of Classical Fields within Riemann-Liouville


Fractional Derivatives
Dumitru Baleanu 1 and Sami I. Muslih 2
1 Department of Mathematics and Computer Sciences, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Çankaya University – 06530, Ankara, Turkey
2 Department of Physics, Al-Azhar University, Gaza, Palestine and International Center for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), Trieste, Italy

Received December 10, 2004; accepted in revised form March 8, 2005

pacs numbers: 03.65.Pm, 11.10.Ef

Abstract The aim of this paper is to obtain the Euler-Lagrange equations


The classical fields with fractional derivatives are investigated by using the
for the classical fields with Riemann-Liouville fractional
fractional Lagrangian formulation. The fractional Euler-Lagrange equations were derivatives.
obtained and two examples were studied. The present paper is organized as follows. In section 2 the
fractional Euler-Lagrange equations for fields are obtained. In
1. Introduction section 3 the fractional Klein-Gordon equations and Dirac’s
equation of order 23 are obtained. Finally, section 4 is dedicated
Fractional derivatives [1, 2, 3], have played a significant to our conclusions.
role in physics, mathematics and engineering during the last
decade [4, 5, 6, 7, 8]. Fractional calculus found many interesting 2. Lagrangian formulation of field systems with
applications in recent studies of scaling phenomena [9, 10, 11] fractional derivatives
and in classical mechanics [12, 13, 14, 15, 16].
Riewe has used the fractional calculus to develop a 2.1. Riemann-Liouville partial fractional derivative
formalism which can be used for both conservative and non Let us consider a function f depending on n variables,
conservative systems [12, 13]. Although many laws of nature x1 , x2 , . . . xn . A partial left Riemann-Liouville fractional
can be obtained using certain functionals and the theory of derivative of order k , 0 < k < 1, in the k-th variable is defined
calculus of variations, not all laws can be obtained by using as [1, 2]
this way. For example, almost all systems contain internal 1 *
damping, yet traditional energy based approach cannot be (Dakk + f )(x) =
(1 − k ) *xk
used to obtain equations describing the behavior of a non  xk
conservative system [12, 13]. Using the fractional approach, f (x1 , . . . , xk−1 , u, xk+1 , . . . , xn )
× du (1)
one can obtain the Euler-Lagrange and the Hamiltonian ak (xk − u)k
equations of motion for the nonconservative systems. The simple and a partial right Riemann-Liouville fractional derivative of order
solutions of the fractional Dirac equation of order 23 were k has the form
investigated recently [17, 18]. Even more recently the fractional
1 *
variational principle in macroscopic picture was discussed (Dakk − f )(x) = −
in [19]. (1 − k ) *xk
 ak
An extension of the simplest fractional problem and the f (x1 , . . . , xk−1 , u, xk+1 , . . . , xn )
fractional variational problem of Lagrange was obtained × du. (2)
xk (−xk + u)k
[15, 16]. A natural generalization of Agrawal’s approach, was
to apply the fractional calculus to constrained systems [20] If the function f is differentiable we obtain

and to obtain both the fractional Euler-Lagrange equations 1 f (x1 , . . . , xk−1 , ak , xk+1 , . . . , xn )
(Dakk + f )(x) =
[21] and the fractional Hamiltonian formulation of constrained (1 − k ) (xk − ak )k
systems [22, 23].  xk *f 
The fractional Lagrangian is non-local, therefore we should *u
(x 1 , . . . , xk−1 , u, xk+1 , . . . , xn )
+ du. (3)
take care of this property in handling with its corresponding ak (xk − u)k
Hamiltonian. An interesting proposal for the Hamiltonian
We notice that the last term of equation (3) represents the
formalism corresponding to the non-local Lagrangian systems
Caputo derivative [28]. This derivative has the advantage that
was considered in [24]. The physical degrees of freedom
certain initial conditions are easier to interpret.
of non-local theories were investigated in [25]. Besides, the
Hamiltonian formalism for non-local field theories [26] in d
2.2. Fractional classical fields
space-time dimensions was developed in [27].
For these reasons the fractional variational problems for fields A covariant form of  the action would involve a Lagrangian
are interesting. density L via S= L d4 x = L d3 x dt where L = L(, * )
and with L = L d3 x. The corresponding covariant Euler-
Lagrange equations are
1 On leave of absence from Institute of Space Sciences, P.O. BOX, MG-23, *L *L
R 76900, Magurele-Bucharest, Romania, E-mails: dumitru@cankaya.edu.tr, − * = 0, (4)
baleanu@venus.nipne.ro
* *(* )
2 E-mail: smuslih@ictp.trieste.it
where  is the field variable.

C Physica Scripta 2005 Physica Scripta 72
120 Dumitru Baleanu and Sami I. Muslih

Now we shall investigate the fractional generalization of the 3. Examples


above Lagrangian density.
In this section we shall analyze two systems. The first one is the
Let us consider the action function of the form
 Klein-Gordon field and the second one is the Dirac field.
S = L((x), (Dakk − )(x), (Dakk + )(x), x) d3 x dt. (5)
3.1. Fractional Klein-Gordon equation
Here 0 < k ≤ 1 and ak correspond to x1 , x2 , x3 and t As a first example let us consider the following Lagrangian
respectively. For each partial derivative we may have a specific density as
order k and a given limit ak .
In this paper the integration limits are −∞ and ∞ respectively. LKG = 21 [* *  − m2 2 ] (12)
Under these conditions Dakk + would become D−∞+ k
and Dakk − or
k
would become D∞− .
LKG = 21 [()
˙ 2 − (∇)2 − m2 2 ]. (13)
Let us consider the  finite variation of the functional S(),
that we write with explicit dependence from the fields and their The fractional generalization of (13) is given by
fractional derivatives  
 LFKG = 21 [(D−∞+
t
)2 − (D−∞+
x
)2 − (D−∞+
y
)2 − (D−∞+
z
)2
 S() = [L(x,  + , (D∞− k
)(x) + (D∞−
k
), −m2 2 ]. (14)
× (D−∞+
k
)(x) + (D−∞+
k
) − L(x, , (D∞−
k
)(x), By using (11), the fractional Euler-Lagrange equations are
× (D−∞+
k
)(x))]d3 x dt. (6) obtained as follows
  
We will develop the first term in square brackets, which is a D∞−
t
(D−∞+
t
) − D∞−
x
(D−∞+
x
) − D∞−
y y
(D−∞+ ) − D∞−
z


function of  as a Taylor series in , stopping at the first order. × (D−∞+
z
) − m2  = 0. (15)
Therefore from (6) we obtain
    For all k → 1 we obtain the usual Klein-Gordon equation.
k k *L
 S() = L(x, , (D∞− )(x), (D∞+ )(x)) +  
* 3.2. Fractional Dirac equation

1,4
*L 
1,4
*L The Dirac Lagrangian is given by
+ (D∞−
k
) + ¯  * − m).
k
*(D∞−
k
) k
*(D−∞+
k
) LD = (i (16)

× (D−∞+
k
) + O() − L(x, , (D∞−
k
)(x), In [17, 18] a detailed analysis of the solutions of the fractional
 Dirac equation of 23 was done.
× (D−∞+
k
)(x)) d3 x dt. (7) We propose the Lagrangian density for Dirac field of order 23
as follows
Taking into account (7) the form of (6) becomes ¯  D2/3
LFD = ( − (x) + (m)
2/3
)(x). (17)
 
1,4
*L *L Taking into account (11) and (17) the corresponding Dirac
 S() =   + k (D∞−
k
)
* k
*(D ∞− ) equation becomes
  D+ (x) + (m)2/3 (x) = 0.
2/3
(18)
1,4
*L k
+ k (D−∞+ ) + O() d3 x dt. (8) We would like to stress that in (17) and (18) the expressions
*(D −∞+ ) 2/3 2/3
k of D− and D+ have the same meaning as it was introduced
We now perform a fractional integration by parts of the second in the previous paragraph but for the sake of simplicity we
kept the compact form for summations  D− and  D+
2/3 2/3
term in (8) by using the formula [1, 29]
 ∞  ∞ respectively.
f (x)(D−∞+
k
g)(x) dx = g(x)(D∞−
k
f )(x) dx. (9) This result is the same as the fractional Dirac equation obtained
−∞ −∞ in references [17, 18].
Then we obtain
 1,4

*L k *L 4. Conclusion
 S() =   + (D−∞+ ) 
* k
*(D∞−k
) The fractional Lagrangian is not unique due to the fact that we have
1,4

   several choices to replace the fractional derivatives in the usual


k *L one. This property of the fractional Lagrangian is an advantage
+ (D∞− ) k  d 3
xdt + O() d3 x dt.
k
*(D −∞+ ) of this theory. For a specific problem we have several options
(10) to obtain, under the limit process, the usual Euler-Lagrange
After taking the limit lim−→0  S() we obtain the fractional equations for fields.
 In this paper we have extended the derivation of the usual
Euler-Lagrange equations as follows
Euler-Lagrange equations of motion for classical field to the
1,4

*L  *L *L case the Lagrangian contains fractional derivatives of fields.
+ (D−∞+
k
) + (D k
∞− ) = 0. (11)
* k
*(D∞−
k
) *(D−∞+
k
) This method has been applied with the variational principle to
obtain the corresponding fractional Euler-Lagrange equations.
It is worth commenting that for k → 1, equations (11) are The fractional Klein-Gordon equations were obtained by using the
the usual Euler-Lagrange equations for classical fields. fractional variational principle. This approach allows to obtain the
Physica Scripta 72 
C Physica Scripta 2005
Lagrangian Formulation of Classical Fields within Riemann-Liouville Fractional Derivatives 121

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