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function of as a Taylor series in , stopping at the first order. × (D−∞+
z
) − m2 = 0. (15)
Therefore from (6) we obtain
For all k → 1 we obtain the usual Klein-Gordon equation.
k k *L
S() = L(x, , (D∞− )(x), (D∞+ )(x)) +
* 3.2. Fractional Dirac equation
1,4
*L
1,4
*L The Dirac Lagrangian is given by
+ (D∞−
k
) + ¯ * − m).
k
*(D∞−
k
) k
*(D−∞+
k
) LD = (i (16)
× (D−∞+
k
) + O() − L(x, , (D∞−
k
)(x), In [17, 18] a detailed analysis of the solutions of the fractional
Dirac equation of 23 was done.
× (D−∞+
k
)(x)) d3 x dt. (7) We propose the Lagrangian density for Dirac field of order 23
as follows
Taking into account (7) the form of (6) becomes ¯ D2/3
LFD = ( − (x) + (m)
2/3
)(x). (17)
1,4
*L *L Taking into account (11) and (17) the corresponding Dirac
S() = + k (D∞−
k
)
* k
*(D ∞− ) equation becomes
D+ (x) + (m)2/3 (x) = 0.
2/3
(18)
1,4
*L k
+ k (D−∞+ ) + O() d3 x dt. (8) We would like to stress that in (17) and (18) the expressions
*(D −∞+ ) 2/3 2/3
k of D− and D+ have the same meaning as it was introduced
We now perform a fractional integration by parts of the second in the previous paragraph but for the sake of simplicity we
kept the compact form for summations D− and D+
2/3 2/3
term in (8) by using the formula [1, 29]
∞ ∞ respectively.
f (x)(D−∞+
k
g)(x) dx = g(x)(D∞−
k
f )(x) dx. (9) This result is the same as the fractional Dirac equation obtained
−∞ −∞ in references [17, 18].
Then we obtain
1,4
*L k *L 4. Conclusion
S() = + (D−∞+ )
* k
*(D∞−k
) The fractional Lagrangian is not unique due to the fact that we have
1,4
Dirac equation with fractional derivatives of order 2/3 recently 9. Nonnenmacher, T. F., J. Phys. A 23, L697S (1990).
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11. Zaslavsky, G. M., Phys. Rep. 371, 461 (2002).
Acknowledgments 12. Riewe, F., Phys. Rev. E 53, 1890 (1996).
13. Riewe, F., Phys. Rev. E 55, 3581 (1997).
D. B. would like to thank J. A. Machado for many stimulating discussions. This 14. Rabei, E. and Alhalholy, T. S., Int. J. Mod. Phys. A. 19, 3083 (2004).
work is partially supported by the Scientific and Technical Research Council of 15. Agrawal, O. P., J. Math. Anal. Appl. 272, 368 (2002).
Turkey. 16. Agrawal, O. P., J. Appl. Mech. 68, 339 (2001).
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C Physica Scripta 2005 Physica Scripta 72