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Cov(X, Y)
r
Var (X)Var (Y)
where: X and Y are variables under consideration.
where: X and Y are variables under consideration.
• Unit free
• Pearson r ranges from -1 to +1
-1 0 +1
• Positive and negative signs indicate the
direction of the relationship.
direction
4
Example:
Y
2
X = Score in BEE Math
Y = Score in BEE English
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
X
of X and Y go in 6
opposite direction
4
Example:
Y
2
X = Employment Rate
Y = Crime rate
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
X
2 4 8
6
Y
3 6 4
2
4 8 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
5 10 X
1 2.5 10
8
2 3.5 6
Y
4
3 5.0 2
4 7.0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
X
5 9.0
Curriculum Instruction Educational Technology Research
Sample Data with r = -1.0
Data set C
Scatter Plot of Data set C
X Y with its Estimated Line
(r = -1.0)
1 10 10
8
2 8 6
Y
4
3 6
2
4 4 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
5 2 X
1 9 10
8
2 6.5 6
Y
3 6.9 4
2
4 3 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
5 1 X
1 1 10
8
2 10 6
Y
3 7 4
2
4 9 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
5 2 X
X X X
r = -1 r = -.6 r=0
Y Y
X X
r = +1 r = +.3
Curriculum Instruction Educational Technology Research
Pearson r: Guide Interpretation
(Note: Rule of Thumb only)
Suppose r = .4 with p=.02. This means that there is only 2% probability that
the observed relationship could have happened by chance. Or, there is a
high probability ( 98%) that the observed relationship would not happen by
chance. Thus, the researcher should reject the null hypothesis that the
variables are not correlated and conclude that the variables are significantly
correlated.
Curriculum Instruction Educational Technology Research
Example 1: Correlation between product
quality, price, and company image
Variables:
• Price level (X2) - perceived level of price charged by product suppliers
• Price Flexibility (X3)- perceived willingness of representatives to negotiate
price on all types of purchases
• Product Quality (X7) - perceived level of quality of a particular product
• Manufacturer Image (X4)- overall image of the manufacturer/supplier
• Salesforce Image(X6) - overall image of the manufacturer's sales force
1 2 3 4 5