CONVERSION FACTORS

WEIGHT
1 ounce (1 oz) = 28.3495 grams (18.2495 g)
1 pound (1 lb) = 0.454 kilogram
1 pound (1 lb) = 454 grams (454 g)
1 kilogram (1 kg) = 2.20462 pounds (2.20462 lb)
1 stone (English, 1 st) = 14 pounds (14 lb)
1 ton (US; 1 short ton) = 2000 lbs
1 ton (English; 1 long ton) = 2240 lbs
1 metric ton = 2204.62262 pounds
1 tonne = 2204.62262 pounds

TEMPERATURE CONVERSIONS
°F = (°C × 1.8) + 32
°C = (°F − 32)/1.8
(°F − 32) × 0.555 = °C
Absolute zero = −273.15°C
Absolute zero = −459.67°F

AREA
1 square centimeter (1 cm2) = 0.1550 square inches
1 square meter 1 (m2) = 1.1960 square yards
1 hectare = 2.4711 acres
1 square kilometer (1 km2) = 0.3861 square miles
1 square inch (1 inch2) = 6.4516 square centimeters
1 square foot (1 ft2) = 0.0929 square meters
1 square yard (1 yd2) = 0.8361 square meters
1 acre = 4046.9 square meters = 43,560 sq ft
1 acre foot = 7758.0 bbl
1 square mile (1 mi2) = 2.59 square kilometers

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xii Conversion Factors

CONCENTRATION
1 part per million (1 ppm) = 1 microgram per liter (1 μg/L)
1 microgram per liter (1 μg/L) = 1 milligram per kilogram (1 mg/kg)
1 microgram per liter (1 μg/L) × 6.243 × 108 = 1 lb per cubic foot (1 lb/ft3)
1 microgram per liter (1 μg/L) × 10−3 = 1 milligram per liter (1 mg/L)
1 milligram per liter (1 mg/L) × 6.243 × 105 = 1 pound per cubic foot
(1 lb/ft3)
1 gram mole per cubic meter (1 g mol/m3) × 6.243 × 105 = 1 pound per
cubic foot (1 lb/ft3)
10,000 ppm = 1% w/w
1 ppm hydrocarbon in soil × 0.002 = 1 lb of hydrocarbons per ton of con-
taminated soil

OTHER APPROXIMATIONS
1 acre-inch of liquid = 27,150 gallons = 3.630 ft3
1 atmosphere = 14.7 pounds per square inch (14.7 psi)
1 atmosphere = 760 mm Hg = 14.696 psia = 29.91 in. Hg
1 atmosphere = 1.0133 bars = 33.899 ft. H2O
1 barrel (oil) = 42 gal = 5.6146 cu ft
1 barrel (water) = 350 lb at 60°F
1 barrel per day = 1.84 cu cm per second
1 Btu = 778.26 ft-lb
1 centipoise × 2.42 = lb mass/(ft) (h), viscosity
1 centipoise × 0.000672 = lb mass/(ft) (s), viscosity
1 cubic foot = 28,317 cu cm = 7.4805 gal
1 cubic yard (1 yd3) = 27 ft3 = 0.765 m3
1 cubic yard (clayey soils-excavated) = 1.1–1.2 tons (US)
1 cubic yard (sandy soils-excavated) = 1.2–1.3 tons (US)
Density of water at 60°F = 0.999 g/cu cm = 62.367 lb/cu ft = 8.337 lb/gal
1 foot depth in 1 acre (in situ) = 1613 × (20–25% excavation factor) =
~2000 yd3
1 gallon = 231 cu in. = 3785.4 cu cm = 0.13368 cu ft
1 gallon of water (US gallon) = 8.34 lbs
1 gallon of water (imperial gallon, UK gallon) = 10 lbs
1 inch = 2.54 cm
1 kilopascal (kPa) × 9.8692 × 10−3 = 14.7 pounds per square inch (14.7 psi)
1 meter = 100 cm = 1000 mm = 10 microns = 10 angstroms (A)
1 ounce = 28.35 grams
1 pound = 453.59 grams = 7000 grains
1 square mile = 640 acres