1.

Afganistan Presiden Hamid Karzai

Hamid Karzai /ˈhæmɪd ˈkɑːrzaɪ/, (Pashto/Dari: ‫)حامد کرزی‬, born 24 December 1957)
is an Afghan politician who was the leader of Afghanistan from 22 December 2001 to
29 September 2014, originally as an interim leader and then as President for almost
ten years, from 7 December 2004 to 2014. He comes from a politically active family;
Karzai's father, uncle and grandfather were all active in Afghan politics and
government. Karzai and his father before him, Abdul Ahad Karzai, were each head of
the Popalzai tribe of the Durrani tribal confederation.
In the 1980s Karzai was active as a fundraiser for the mujahideen who were fighting
to expel Soviet Army troops during the Soviet-Afghan War (1979–1989). After the
Soviet withdrawal, the Islamic State of Afghanistan was established and then it was
replaced in 1996 when the Taliban came to power and established the Islamic Emirate
of Afghanistan. In July 1999 Karzai's father was assassinated and Karzai succeeded
him as head of the Popalzai tribe. In October 2001 the US invasion of Afghanistan
began and Karzai became a dominant political figure after the removal of the Taliban
regime in late 2001.[1] During the December 2001 International Conference on
Afghanistan in Germany, Karzai was selected by prominent Afghan political figures
to serve a six-month term as Chairman of the Interim Administration.[2]
He was then chosen for a two-year term as Interim President during the 2002 loya
jirga (grand assembly) that was held in Kabul, Afghanistan. After the 2004
presidential election, Karzai was declared winner and became President of the Islamic
Republic of Afghanistan. He won a second five-year term in the 2009 presidential
election; this term ended in September 2014.[3]

Early life and beginning of political career

Karzai was born on 24 December 1957 in the Karz area of Kandahar City in southern
Afghanistan.[4] He is an ethnic Pashtun of the Popalzai tribe. His father, Abdul Ahad Karzai,
served as the Deputy Speaker of the Parliament during the 1960s. His grandfather, Khair
Mohammad Khan, had fought in the 1919 Third Anglo-Afghan War and was the Deputy
Speaker of the Senate. Karzai's family were strong supporters of Zahir Shah, the last king of
Afghanistan. His uncle, Habibullah Karzai, served as the Afghan representative at the UN
and is said to have accompanied King Zahir Shah in the early 1960s to the United States for a
special meeting with U.S. President John F. Kennedy.[5]

Hamid Karzai attended Mahmood Hotaki Primary School in Kandahar and Sayed Jamaluddin
Afghani School in Kabul. He graduated from Habibia High School in 1976.[6] After
graduating from high school, he traveled to India as an exchange student in 1976, and was
accepted to study for his master's degree in international relations and political science from
Himachal Pradesh University. He obtained his master's degree in 1983.[7]

Karzai moved to neighboring Pakistan to work as a fundraiser for the anti-communist

mujahideen during the 1980s Soviet-Afghan War.[8] The mujahideen were backed by the
United States, Pakistan, and Saudi Arabia.

Following the withdrawal of Soviet forces, Hamid Karzai returned to Afghanistan in early
October 1988 to assist in the mujahideen victory in Tarinkot. He assisted in rallying Popalzai
and other Durrani tribes to oust the regime from the city as well as helped negotiate the
defection of five hundred of Mohammad Najibullah's forces.[9] When Najibullah's Soviet-
backed government collapsed in 1992, the Peshawar Accords agreed upon by the Afghan
political parties established the Islamic State of Afghanistan and appointed an interim
government to be followed by general elections. Karzai accompanied the first mujahideen
leaders into Kabul after President Najibullah stepped down in 1992.[10] He served as Deputy
Foreign Minister in the government of Burhanuddin Rabbani. Karzai was, however, arrested
by Mohammad Fahim (who would later become Karzai's Vice President) on charges of
spying for Gulbuddin Hekmatyar in what Karzai claimed was an effort to mediate between
Hekmatyar's forces and Rabbani's government. Karzai fled from Kabul in a vehicle provided
by Hekmatyar and driven by Gul Rahman.[11]

When the Taliban emerged in the mid-1990s, Karzai initially recognized them as a legitimate
government because he thought that they would stop the violence and corruption in his
country.[12] He was requested by the Taliban to serve as their ambassador but he refused,
telling friends that he felt Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) was wrongly using
them.[1] He lived in the Pakistani city of Quetta among the Afghan refugees, where he worked
to reinstate former Afghan King Zahir Shah. In July 1999, Karzai's father, Abdul Ahad
Karzai, was gunned down early in the morning while coming home from a mosque in the city
of Quetta. Reports suggest that the Taliban carried out the assassination.[1] Following this
incident, Karzai decided to work closely with the Northern Alliance, which was led by
Ahmad Shah Massoud.

In 2000 and 2001, he traveled to Europe and the United States to help gather support for the
anti-Taliban movement. "Massoud and Karzai warned the United States that the Taliban were
connected with al Qaeda and that there was a plot for an imminent attack on the United
States, but their warnings went unheeded. On September 9, 2001, two days before the 9/11
attacks in America, Massoud was assassinated by al Qaeda agents in a suicide bombing."[13]
As the U.S. Armed Forces were preparing for a confrontation with the Taliban in September
2001, Karzai began urging NATO states to purge his country of al-Qaeda. He told BBC
"These Arabs, together with their foreign supporters and the Taliban, destroyed miles and
miles of homes and orchards and vineyards... They have killed Afghans. They have trained
their guns on Afghan lives... We want them out."[1]

President and Chairman of a transitional administration

Further information: List of Afghan Transitional Administration personnel

Karzai appointed as President of the Afghan Transitional Administration at the June 2002
loya jirga (grand assembly) in Kabul, Afghanistan.

After 7 October 2001 launch of Operation Enduring Freedom, the United Front (Northern
Alliance) worked with teams of U.S. special forces. Together, they overthrew the Taliban
regime and mustered support for a new government in Afghanistan. Karzai and his group
were in Quetta (Pakistan) at the time, where they began their covert operation. Before
entering Afghanistan, he warned his fighters:

We might be captured the moment we enter Afghanistan and be killed. We have 60 percent
chance of death and 40 percent chance to live and survive. Winning was no consideration.
We could not even think of that. We got on two motorbikes. We drove into Afghanistan.[14]

— Hamid Karzai, October 2001

On 5 December 2001, Hamid Karzai and his group of fighters survived a friendly fire missile
attack by U.S. Air Force pilots in southern Afghanistan. The group suffered injuries and was
treated in the United States; Karzai received injuries to his facial nerves, as can sometimes be
noticed during his speeches.[15] On 4 November 2001, American special operation forces flew
Karzai out of Afghanistan for protection.[16]

Karzai speaking before the U.S. Congress in June 2004

In December 2001, political leaders gathered in Germany to agree on new leadership

structures. Under 5 December Bonn Agreement, they formed an Interim Administration and
named Karzai Chairman of a 29-member governing committee. He was sworn in as leader on
22 December. The loya jirga of 13 June 2002 appointed Karzai as Interim President of the
new position as President of the Afghan Transitional Administration.[17] Former members of
the Northern Alliance remained extremely influential, most notably Vice President
Mohammed Fahim, who also served as the Defense Minister.

Karzai re-enacted the original coronation of Ahmad Shah Durrani at the shrine of Sher-i-
Surkh outside Kandahar where he had leaders of various Afghan tribes, including a
descendent of the religious leader (Sabir Shah) who originally selected Ahmad Shah Durrani
in 1747 as key players in this event.[18] Further evidence that Karzai views himself fulfilling a
Durrani monarch's role arise from statements furnished by close allies within his
government.[19] His late brother, Ahmed Wali Karzai, made statements to a similar effect.[20]

After Karzai was installed into power, his actual authority outside the capital city of Kabul
was said to be so limited that he was often derided as the "Mayor of Kabul". The situation
was particularly delicate since Karzai and his administration have not been equipped either
financially or politically to influence reforms outside of the region around Kabul. Other areas,
particularly the more remote ones, have historically been under the influence of various local
leaders. Karzai has been, to varying degrees of success, attempting to negotiate and form
amicable alliances with them for the benefit of Afghanistan as a whole, instead of
aggressively fighting them and risking an uprising.[citation needed]

In 2004, he rejected an international proposal to end poppy production in Afghanistan

through aerial spraying of chemical herbicides, fearing that it would harm the economic
situation of his countrymen. Moreover, Karzai's younger brother, Ahmed Wali Karzai – who
partially helped finance Karzai's presidential campaign – was rumored to be involved in
narcotic deals,[21] which has been rejected. Karzai said that he has sought in writing a number
of times, but failed to obtain, proof of allegations that Ahmed Wali was involved in illegal
drugs.[22][23]

2. Afrika Selatan Presiden Jacob Zuma

Jacob Gedleyihlekisa Zuma[needs IPA] (born 12 April 1942) is a South African politician who
has served as the President of South Africa since 2009.[5] Zuma was the President of the
African National Congress (ANC) until 18 December 2017 when Cyril Ramaphosa was voted
in as his successor at the ANC Conference at Nasrec, Johannesburg.[6] He was Deputy
President of South Africa from 1999–2005.[7] He was first elected by parliament following
his party's victory in the 2009 general election. He was re-elected in the 2014 election.[8]
Zuma is also referred to by his initials JZ[9] and his clan name Msholozi.[10][11]

Zuma became the President of the ANC on 18 December 2007 after defeating incumbent
Thabo Mbeki at the ANC conference in Polokwane. He was re-elected as ANC leader at the
ANC conference in Mangaung on 18 December 2012, defeating challenger Kgalema
Motlanthe by a large majority.[12] Zuma was also a member of the South African Communist
Party (SACP),[13] briefly serving on the party's Politburo until he left the party in 1990.[14] On
20 September 2008, Mbeki announced his resignation after being recalled by the African
National Congress's National Executive Committee.[15] The recall came after South African
High Court Judge Christopher Nicholson ruled Mbeki had improperly interfered with the
operations of the National Prosecuting Authority (NPA), including the prosecution of Jacob
Zuma for corruption.[citation needed]
Zuma has faced significant legal challenges. He was charged with rape in 2005, but was
acquitted. He fought a long legal battle over allegations of racketeering and corruption,
resulting from his financial advisor Schabir Shaik's conviction for corruption and fraud.[citation
needed]
On 6 April 2009, the National Prosecuting Authority dropped the charges, citing
political interference, although the decision was successfully challenged by opposition
parties, and the charges are now before the NPA for reconsideration.[citation needed] After
extensive state-funded upgrades to his rural homestead at Nkandla, the Public Protector found
that Zuma had benefited improperly from the expenditure, and the Constitutional Court
unanimously held in 2016's Economic Freedom Fighters v Speaker of the National Assembly
that Zuma had failed to uphold the country's constitution, resulting in calls for his resignation
and a failed impeachment attempt in the National Assembly.[citation needed]

Imprisonment and exile

Zuma began engaging in politics at an early age and joined the African National Congress in
1959. He became an active member of Umkhonto we Sizwe in 1962, following the South
African government's ban of the ANC in 1961. Zuma joined the South African Communist
Party (SACP) in 1963.[13]

That year, he was arrested with a group of 45 recruits near Zeerust in the western Transvaal,
currently part of the North West Province. Convicted of conspiring to overthrow the
Apartheid government, a government led by the white minority, Zuma was sentenced to ten
years imprisonment, which he served on Robben Island with Nelson Mandela and other
notable ANC leaders also imprisoned during this time. Whilst imprisoned, Zuma served as a
referee for prisoners' association football games, organised by the prisoners' own governing
body, Makana F.A.[22]

After his release from prison, Zuma was instrumental in the re-establishment of ANC
underground structures in the Natal province. During this time Zuma joined the African
National Congress' Department of Intelligence where he later became the departments Head
of Intelligence.[7]

Zuma first left South Africa in 1975 and met Thabo Mbeki in Swaziland, and proceeded to
Mozambique, where he dealt with the arrival of thousands of exiles in the wake of the
Soweto uprising. He became a member of the ANC National Executive Committee in
1977.[23] He also served as Deputy Chief Representative of the ANC in Mozambique, a post
he occupied until the signing of the Nkomati Accord between the Mozambican and South
African governments in 1984. After signing the Accord, he was appointed as Chief
Representative of the ANC.

He served on the ANC's political and military council when it was formed in the mid-1980s,
and was elected to the politburo of the SACP in April 1989.[24]

In December 1986, the South African government requested Mozambican authorities expel
six senior members of the ANC including himself. As a result of the pressure applied by the
apartheid government on Mozambique, in January 1987, Zuma was forced to leave
Mozambique. He moved to the ANC Head Office in Lusaka, Zambia, where he was
appointed Head of Underground Structures and shortly thereafter Chief of the Intelligence
Department.[citation needed]
Return from exile

Following the end of the ban on the ANC in February 1990, Zuma was one of the first ANC
leaders to return to South Africa to begin the process of negotiations.[7]

In 1990, he was elected Chairperson of the ANC for the Southern Natal region, and took a
leading role in fighting political violence in the region between members of the ANC and the
Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP). He was elected the Deputy Secretary General of the ANC the
next year, and in January 1994, he was nominated as the ANC candidate for the Premiership
of KwaZulu Natal.[citation needed]

The IFP, led by Mangosuthu Buthelezi, put particular emphasis on Zulu pride and political
power during this period. In this context, Zuma's Zulu heritage made his role especially
important in the ANC's efforts to end the violence, to emphasise the political (rather than
tribal) roots of the violence, and to win the support of Zulu people in the region.[25]

MEC of Economic Affairs and Tourism

After Nelson Mandela was elected president and Thabo Mbeki his deputy, Zuma became the
Member of the Executive Council (MEC) for Economic Affairs and Tourism in his home
Province of Kwazulu-Natal.

Deputy presidency

After the 1994 general election, with the ANC becoming a governing party but having lost
KwaZulu-Natal province to the IFP, he was appointed as Member of the Executive
Committee (MEC) of Economic Affairs and Tourism for the KwaZulu-Natal provincial
government, after stepping aside to allow Thabo Mbeki to run unopposed for deputy
presidency.[citation needed]

In December 1994, he was elected National Chairperson of the ANC and chairperson of the
ANC in KwaZulu-Natal, and was re-elected to the latter position in 1996. He was elected
Deputy President of the ANC at the National Conference held at Mafikeng in December 1997
and consequently appointed executive Deputy President of South Africa in June 1999.[citation
needed]

During this time, he also worked in Kampala, Uganda, as facilitator of the Burundi peace
process, along with Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni. Museveni chairs the Great Lakes
Regional Initiative, a grouping of regional presidents overseeing the peace process in
Burundi, where several armed Hutu groups took up arms in 1993 against a government and
army dominated by the Tutsi minority that they claimed had assassinated the first president
elected from the Hutu majority.[26]

Criminal charges
Corruption charges
Main article: South African Arms Deal
Zuma became embroiled in a corruption controversy, one of many, after his financial advisor,
Schabir Shaik, was charged with corruption and fraud. Bulelani Ngcuka, the national director
of Public Prosecutions at the time, investigated both Zuma and the Chief Whip of the ANC,
Tony Yengeni, after allegations of abuse of power were levelled against them. This
concerned improper influence in the controversial arms deal, and the question of financial
benefit as a result of such influence. While Yengeni was found guilty, the case was dropped
against Zuma, with Ngcuka stating, "...that there was prima facie evidence of corruption, but
insufficient to win the case in court".[27] Ngcuka moved to private practice after criticism
from the ANC over this incident.

In 2004, Zuma became a key figure mentioned in the Schabir Shaik trial. Schabir Shaik, a
Durban businessman and his financial advisor, was questioned over bribery in the course of
the purchase of Valour class frigates for the South African Navy, a proposed waterfront
development in Durban, and lavish spending on Zuma's residence in Nkandla. In the trial
Shaik was shown to have solicited a bribe of R500 000 per annum for Zuma in return for
Zuma's support for the defence contractor Thomson CSF, documented in the infamous
"encrypted fax".[28][29] On 2 June 2005, Shaik was found guilty and sentenced to 15 years in
prison.[30]

Judge Hilary Squires elaborates in detail on the numerous transactions that transpired
between Zuma and Shaik, summarising with "all the accused companies were used at one
time or another to pay sums of money to Jacob Zuma". The media mis-quoted Squires with
the phrase "A generally corrupt relationship" (existed between Zuma and Shaik), whereas
these exact words do not appear in the court transcripts.[31] To the defence of the originators
of this phrase, the full transcript[32][33] of the judgment against Shaik actually does mention
Zuma 471 times, uses word "corrupt" or "corruption" 54 times, and contains 12 sentences
with both the word "corrupt" and the name "Zuma". Media sources later switched to the
phrase "mutually beneficial symbiosis", from the judgment's paragraph 235: "It would be
flying in the face of commonsense and ordinary human nature to think that he did not realise
the advantages to him of continuing to enjoy Zuma's goodwill to an even greater extent than
before 1997; and even if nothing was ever said between them to establish the mutually
beneficial symbiosis that the evidence shows existed, the circumstances of the
commencement and the sustained continuation thereafter of these payments, can only have
generated a sense of obligation in the recipient."

After twelve days of intense media speculation about his future, President Thabo Mbeki
relieved Zuma of his duties as deputy president on 14 June 2005. Mbeki told a joint sitting of
parliament that "in the interest of the honourable Deputy President, the government, our
young democratic system and our country, it would be best to release the honourable Jacob
Zuma from his responsibilities as Deputy President of the republic and member of the
cabinet." Zuma then resigned as a member of parliament.

In the aftermath of the Shaik trial, Zuma was formally charged with corruption by the
National Prosecuting Authority. The case was struck from the roll of the Pietermaritzburg
High Court, after the prosecution's application for a postponement (petitioned in order to
allow the NPA to secure admissible forms of documentation required as evidence) was
dismissed. In dismissing the application for postponement, the Court rendered moot the
defence's application for a permanent stay of proceedings which would prevent Zuma from
being criminally prosecuted.[34]
Zuma's legal team continued to delay proceedings and in spite of Zuma's claim that he
desired the matter to appear in court, succeeded in making critical evidence unavailable to the
court resulting in the prosecution making an application for postponement on the set date. As
the prosecution was not ready the case was struck from the roll after the prosecution's
application for a postponement was dismissed,[34] however Zuma's legal team was
unsuccessful in its attempts to have the courts grant a permanent stay of proceedings (which
would have rendered Zuma immune to prosecution on the charges). This left Zuma open to
being recharged with corruption as soon as the NPA completed preparing its case.

On 8 November 2007, the Supreme Court of Appeal ruled in favour of the National
Prosecuting Authority with respect to appeals relating to various search and seizure exercises
performed by them, and rejected four appeals made by Zuma's defence team. This ruling
pertained to the National Prosecuting Authority obtaining the personal diary of senior
member of a French arms company, which may have provided information relating to Zuma's
possible corrupt practices during the awarding of an arms deal.

On 28 December 2007, the Scorpions served Zuma an indictment to stand trial in the High
Court on various counts of racketeering, money laundering, corruption and fraud. A
conviction and sentence to a term of imprisonment of more than one year would have
rendered Zuma ineligible for election to the South African Parliament, and consequently he
would not have been eligible to serve as President of South Africa.

3.kolombia presiden jose manuel santos

Juan Manuel Santos Calderón (Spanish: [xwan maˈnwel ˈsantos kaldeˈɾon]; born 10 August
1951), GColIH is a Colombian politician and the President of Colombia, in office since 2010.
He was the sole recipient of the 2016 Nobel Peace Prize

An economist by profession and a journalist by trade, Santos is a member of the wealthy and
influential Santos family, who from 1913 to 2007 were the majority shareholders of the
newspaper El Tiempo until its sale to Planeta DeAgostini in 2007. He was a cadet at the Navy
Academy in Cartagena. Shortly after graduating from the University of Kansas, he joined the
National Federation of Coffee Growers of Colombia as an economic advisor and delegate to
the International Coffee Organization in London, where he also attended the London School
of Economics. In 1981, he was appointed deputy director of El Tiempo newspaper, becoming
its director two years later. Santos earned a mid-career/master's in public administration in
1981 from Harvard Kennedy School (HKS) and was a 1988 Nieman Fellow for his award-
winning work as a columnist and reporter. Santos was a Fulbright visiting fellow at Fletcher
at Tufts University in 1981. Santos served as a member and Vice Chair of the Washington-
based think tank the Inter-American Dialogue and was president of the Freedom of
Expression Commission for the Inter American Press Association.

In 1991, he was appointed by President César Gaviria Trujillo as Colombia's first Minister of
Foreign Trade. Santos worked in expanding international trade with Colombia, and worked in
creating various agencies for this purpose including: Proexport, Bancoldex and Fiducoldex.
In 2000, he was appointed by President Andrés Pastrana Arango as the 64th Minister of
Finance and Public Credit.[1]

Santos rose to prominence during the Administration of President Álvaro Uribe Vélez. In
2005, he co-founded and led the Social Party of National Unity (Party of the U), a liberal-
conservative party coalition that backed the policies of President Uribe, successfully
supporting his attempt to seek a Constitutional reform to be able to run for a second term. In
2006, after Uribe's re-election, when the Party of the U won a majority of seats in the two
chambers of Congress, Santos was appointed as Minister of National Defence, and continued
defending the security policies of President Uribe, taking a strong and forceful stance against
FARC and the other guerrilla groups operating in Colombia. Santos also created the Good
Government Foundation.

On October 7, 2016, Santos was announced as recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize, for his
efforts negotiating a peace treaty with the FARC-guerilla in the country, despite the
unsuccessful referendum held over the deal.[2] The Colombian government and the FARC
signed a revised peace deal on November 24 and sent it to Congress for ratification instead of
conducting a second referendum.[3] Both houses of Congress ratified the revised peace accord
on November 29–30, 2016, thus marking an end to the conflict.[4] Juan Manuel Santos has
been named as one of Time magazine's 100 most influential people.[5]

Life and career

Santos was born in Bogotá, Colombia. He attended Colegio San Carlos,[6] a private secondary
school in Bogotá, where he spent most of his school years until 1967, when he enlisted in the
Colombian Navy and transferred to the Admiral Padilla Naval Cadet School in Cartagena,
graduating from it in 1969, and continuing in the Navy until 1971, finishing with the rank of
naval cadet NA-42z 139.[7]

After leaving the Navy, Santos moved to the United States where he attended the University
of Kansas. A member of Delta Upsilon fraternity,[8] he graduated in 1973 with a Bachelor in
Economics and Business Administration.[9] On October 31, 2017, Santos received an
honorary doctorate of human letters from KU.[10]

After graduating from the University of Kansas, Santos served as Chief Executive of the
National Federation of Coffee Growers of Colombia to the International Coffee
Organization[11] in London. During this time he also attended the London School of
Economics, graduating with a Master of Science in Economic Development in 1975.[12] He
then attended the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University, graduating
with a Master of Public Administration in 1981.[13] He returned to Colombia to become
Deputy Director of his family owned newspaper El Tiempo. Santos served as a member and
Vice Chair of the Washington-based think tank the Inter-American Dialogue and was
president of the Freedom of Expression Commission for the Inter American Press
Association.[14]

A Fulbright visiting fellow at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University
in 1981,[15] and a Nieman Fellow at Harvard University in 1988,[16] Santos also holds an
honorary Doctor of Laws degree.

He was Minister of Foreign Trade of Colombia during the administration of President César
Gaviria Trujillo from 1991 to 1994,[17] Minister of Finance and Public Credit of Colombia
during the administration of President Andres Pastrana Arango from 2000 to 2002.[1] In 1992
he was appointed President of the VIII United Nations Conference on Trade and
Development.[18]

In 1994 Juan Manuel Santos founded the Good Government Foundation, whose stated
objective is helping and improving the governability and efficiency of the Colombian
Government.[19][20][21] This organization presented a proposal for a demilitarized zone and
peace talks with the FARC guerrilla group.[22] Juan Manuel Santos has been named as one of
Time magazine's 100 most influential people.[5] Universidade NOVA de Lisboa is granting
the Honoris Causa Doctorate title to Juan Manuel Santos.[23]

4.filipina presiden gloria macapagal arroyo

Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (born April 5, 1947)[2] is a Filipina politician who served as the
14th President of the Philippines from 2001 until 2010, as the 10th Vice President of the
Philippines from 1998 to 2001, as the deputy speaker of the 17th Congress and a member of
the House of Representatives representing the 2nd District of Pampanga since 2010. She was
the country's second female president (after Corazon Aquino), and the daughter of former
President Diosdado Macapagal. Arroyo is also the first duly elected female Vice President of
the Philippines.[3]

Arroyo was a former professor of economics at Ateneo de Manila University where Benigno
Aquino III was one of her students. She entered government in 1987, serving as assistant
secretary and undersecretary of the Department of Trade and Industry upon the invitation of
President Corazon Aquino. After serving as a senator from 1992 to 1998, she was elected to
the vice presidency under President Joseph Estrada, despite having run on an opposing ticket.

After Estrada was accused of corruption, she resigned her cabinet position as Secretary of
Social Welfare and Development and joined the growing opposition to the president, who
faced impeachment. Estrada was soon forced from office by the EDSA Revolution of 2001,
and Arroyo was sworn into the presidency by Chief Justice Hilario Davide, Jr. on January 20,
2001. She was elected to a full six-year presidential term in the controversial May 2004
Philippine elections, and was sworn in on June 30, 2004. Following her presidency, she was
elected to the House of Representatives, making her the second Philippine president—after
Jose P. Laurel—to pursue a lower office after their presidency.

On November 18, 2011, Arroyo was arrested following the filing of criminal charges against
her for electoral fraud. She was held at the Veterans Memorial Medical Center in Quezon
City under charges of electoral sabotage[4][5] but released on bail in July 2012. She was
rearrested while in the hospital on charges of misuse of $8.8 million in state lottery funds in
October 2012.[6] On July 19, 2016, after the public backing of president Rodrigo Duterte, she
was acquitted by the Supreme Court by a vote of 11-4 despite numerous evidences pointing
to her guilt.[7] She has since been a member of the Philippine Academy of the Spanish
Language after she announced her support to bring back Spanish as an official language of
the Philippines during her presidency of 10 years. She, however, failed to do so.

Early life
She was born as Maria Gloria Macaraeg Macapagal to politician Diosdado Macapagal and
his wife, Evangelina Macaraeg Macapagal. She is the sister of Dr. Diosdado "Boboy"
Macapagal, Jr. and Cielo Macapagal Salgado. She spent the first years of her life in Lubao,
Pampanga, with her two older siblings from her father's first marriage.[2] At the age of four,
she chose to live with her maternal grandmother in Iligan City.[8] She stayed there for three
years, then split her time between Mindanao and Manila until the age of 11.[8] She is a skilled
polyglot. She is fluent in English, Tagalog, Spanish, French, and several other Philippine
languages, such as Kapampangan, Ilokano, Hiligaynon, Pangasinense, Bikolano, and
Cebuano.

In 1961, when Arroyo was just 14 years old, her father was elected as president. She moved
with her family into Malacañang Palace in Manila. A municipality was named in her honor,
Gloria, Oriental Mindoro. She attended Assumption Convent for her elementary and high
school education, graduating valedictorian in 1964. Arroyo then studied for two years at
Georgetown University's Walsh School of Foreign Service in Washington, D.C. where she
was a classmate of future United States President Bill Clinton and achieved consistent Dean's
list status.[9] She then earned her Bachelor of Arts degree in Economics from Assumption
College, graduating magna cum laude in 1968.
In 1968, Arroyo married lawyer and businessman Jose Miguel Arroyo of Binalbagan, Negros
Occidental, whom she had met while still a teenager.[2] They had three children, Juan Miguel
(born 1969), Evangelina Lourdes (born 1971) and Diosdado Ignacio Jose Maria (born in
1974). She pursued a master's degree in Economics at the Ateneo de Manila University
(1978) and a Ph.D. in Economics from the University of the Philippines Diliman (1985).[10]
From 1977 to 1987, she held teaching positions in several schools, notably the University of
the Philippines and the Ateneo de Manila University. She became chairperson of the
Economics Department at Assumption College.

In 1987, she was invited by President Corazon Aquino to join the government as Assistant
Secretary of the Department of Trade and Industry. She was promoted to Undersecretary two
years later. In her concurrent position as Executive Director of the Garments and Textile
Export Board, Arroyo oversaw the rapid growth of the garment industry in the late 1980s.

Senator
Arroyo entered politics in the 1992 election, running for senator. At the first general election
under the 1987 Constitution, the top twelve vote-getting senatorial candidates would win a
six-year term, and the next twelve candidates would win a three-year term.[11] Arroyo ranked
13th in the elections, earning a three-year term. She was re-elected in 1995, topping the
senatorial election with nearly 16 million votes.

As a legislator, Arroyo filed over 400 bills and authored or sponsored 55 laws during her
tenure as senator, including the Anti-Sexual Harassment Law, the Indigenous People's Rights
Law, and the Export Development Act.[2]

The 1995 Mining Act, which allows 100% foreign ownership of Philippine mines, has come
under fire from left-wing political groups.

Vice Presidency
Arroyo considered a run for the presidency in the 1998 election, but was persuaded by
President Fidel V. Ramos and leaders of the administration party Lakas-Christian Muslim
Democrats to instead seek the vice-presidency as the running mate of its presidential
candidate, House Speaker Jose de Venecia, Jr.[12] Though the latter lost to popular former
actor Joseph Estrada, Arroyo won the vice presidency by a large margin, garnering more than
twice the votes of her closest opponent, Estrada's running mate Senator Edgardo Angara.[13]

Arroyo began her term as Vice President on June 30, 1998. She was appointed by Estrada to
a concurrent position in the cabinet as Secretary of Social Welfare and Development.[12]

Arroyo resigned from the Cabinet in October 2000, distancing herself from Estrada, who was
accused of corruption by a former political supporter, Chavit Singson, Governor from Ilocos
Sur.[14] She had initially resisted pressure from allies to speak out against Estrada,[15] but
eventually joined calls for Estrada's resignation.[14]
2. Amphibians

When the first amphibians evolved from their tetrapod ancestors, 400 million years ago, they
quickly became the dominant vertebrates on earth. However, their reign wasn't destined to
last; the frogs, toads, salamanders and caecilians that make up this group have long since
been out-competed by reptiles, birds and mammals. Amphibians are characterized by their
semi-aquatic lifestyles (they have to stay near bodies of water, both to maintain the moisture
of their skin and to lay their eggs), and today they are among the most endangered animals on
earth.

Reptiles

Reptiles, like amphibians, make up a fairly small proportion of terrestrial animals—but in the
form of dinosaurs, they ruled the earth for over 150 million years. There are four basic types
of reptiles: crocodiles and alligators, turtles and tortoises, snakes, and lizards. Reptiles are
characterized by their cold-blooded metabolisms—they fuel themselves up by exposure to
the sun—their scaly skin, and their leathery eggs, which, unlike amphibians, they can lay
some distance away from bodies of water.
Invertebrates

The first animals to evolve, as far back as a billion years ago, invertebrates are characterized
by their lack of backbones and internal skeletons, as well as their relatively simple anatomy
and behavior, at least as compared to most vertebrates. Today, invertebrates account for a
whopping 97 percent of all animal species; this widely varied group includes insects, worms,
arthropods, sponges, mollusks, octopuses, and countless other families.

Fish

The first true vertebrates on earth, fish evolved from invertebrate ancestors about 500 million
years ago, and have dominated the world's oceans, lakes and rivers ever since. There are three
main types of fish: bony fish (which includes such familiar species as tuna and salmon);
cartilaginous fish (which includes sharks, rays and skates); and jawless fish (a small family
made up entirely of hagfish and lampreys). Fish breathe using gills, and are equipped with
"lateral lines" that detect water currents and even electricity.

3. Political Condition In Indonesia Heats Up After Demonstration On November 4th

Religion blasphemy case that happened to Basuki Tjahaya Purnama or Ahok, was triggered
emotion of some religion figures and moslemen. That’s why, the initiative to make a massive
demonstration was done to get justice. Massive demonstration which was promoted by
some islamic organization on 4 November 2016 brings some effects on political condition in
Indonesia. Some of them are assumption of rescuing Ahok from law process, assumption of
political actor who utilized the demonstration on 4/11, and coup issue.

Demonstration on 4/11 can lower Ahok’s electability. So far, Ahok has been on top of
governor candidate, but it has decreased significantly after demonstration on 4/11. Ahok
electability will raise again when Ahok is innocent on the religion blasphemy case. As the
result, issue of rescuing Ahok appears. It makes political condition heats up.

Recently In social media, there are news that shows saving Ahok issue. Some sources bravely
involves and mentions Indonesian Police on this case. Of course, it makes chaos, because the
news is not one hundred percent true, but it can provoke many people. Even there are
indication that some people in social media had been propagated.

Political condition in Indonesia has got more unstable since issue of political actors who
utilized he demonstration on 4/11 appears. President f Indonesia, Jokowi, presented this
after the demonstration. Even Jokowi said that, he have some intelligent information which
 shows political actor who re involved in 4/11 demonstration.

The issue of political actor can be separated from the issue of failing Ahok on governor
election. Ahok can be a candidate of governor election when he got criminal case. So it will
be easy for another candidate.

In fact, political actor is not only about Ahok. Some analysis show that there are some
political actor who want to make chaos in political condition in Indonesia by utilizing
demonstration on 4/11. By the chaos in political condition in Indonesia, the coup agenda can
be done.

There are some people who want to make political condition in Indonesia as happen in
Egypt, Turkey, Syria, and so on. Coup agenda in some countries begin with chaos that
involves civilian and military force. That chaos becomes a main gate for successful coup.

Therefore, some days ago, Jokowi checked Indonesian Military forces. General
GatotNurmantyo, as commander of Indonesia military force, said that he and his troops are
ready to prevent coup agenda. Clearly, he said that if there is people who eant to make
chaos and do coup, they will deal with Indonesia military force.

However, the main intention of demonstration 4/11 is to find justice and to prove
seriousness of law in Indonesia. Religion figure who promoted the demonstration don’t want
to make chaos in political condition in Indonesia, of fourse, it is to make political condition in
Indonesia better.

In other side, we cannot guarantee that all people who involved in 4/11 demonstration have
good intention. We cannot guarantee this demonstration is free from the people that have
different objective. Those people want make us separated to make a chaos in political
condition in Indonesia. Therefore, not easily provoked is the wise way to make political
condition in Indonesia is better.

4.bill gates
 Bill Gates is a business magnate, investor, philanthropist, and author from the United States
who is now the chairman of a large corporate in the world, Microsoft. From 1995 to 2009 he
topped the list of the richest people in the world.

Gates was born in Seattle Washington on Friday, October 28th, 1955. His father, William H.
Gates, Sr. is a well-known lawyer, while his mother, Mary Maxwell Gates was a member of
the board of directors of First Interstate BancSystem and the United Way. He has a younger
sister named Libby and an older sister named Kristianne.

Gates was a smart kid, but he was too vigorous and tends to have trouble in school. So, at age
of 11, he moved to Lakeside School. Lakeside School is an elementary school that is reserved
just for male students. In this school, in 1968, Bill Gates was introduced to the world of
computers in the form of a teletype machine.

In 1973, Bill Gates graduated from Lakeside School. Then, he took the SAT tests and got a
very high score, 1590 from 1600. Then, he was accepted at Harvard College since 1975. At
this university, he met Paul Allen, the man who was very instrumental in developing Microsoft.

In 1975, they built cooperation and set up an office in Albuquerque. Their partnership called
the ‘Micro-soft‘. A year later, precisely on November 26th, 1976, the name ‘Micro-soft‘ turns
into’Microsoft‘. Focusing on expanding the company made Gates never returned to Harvard
to complete his studies.

Microsoft launched its first retail version of Microsoft Windows on November 20th, 1985, and
in August, the company reached an agreement with IBM to develop a separate operating system
called OS/2.

Although the two companies have successfully developed the first version of this system,
different creativity undermined this cooperation. Gates issued an internal memo on May 16th,
1991 announcing that the cooperation OS/2 ended and Microsoft shifted its operations to the
Windows NT kernel development.

On January 1st, 1994, Bill Gates was married to a beautiful woman named Melinda French.
Their marriage was blessed with three children, namely: Jennifer Katharine Gates (born 1996),
Rory John Gates (born in 1999), and Phoebe Adele Gates (born 2002).

In 2000, Bill Gates stepped down from his position as Chief Executive Officer and he chose to
return to his old profession as the Head of Research and Development Software at his own
company, Microsoft Corp. Eight years later, Bill Gates decided to step down from Microsoft’s
management and concentrate on philanthropic work through the establishment of a charitable
foundation, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Full Name: William Henry Gates

Alias: Bill Gates, Gates

Residence: Medina, Washington, United States

Profession: Entrepreneur, Investor, and Philanthropist

Place of Birth: Seattle, Washington

Religion: Roman Catholic

Date of Birth: Friday, October 28, 1955

Zodiac: Scorpion

Nationality: United States

Father: William H. Gates, Sr.

Mother: Mary Maxwell Gates

Wife: Melinda Gates

5. 1.Garuda Pancasila

Garuda pancasila
I am your supporter

Patriot proclamation
Readily sacrificed for you
The basic State of Pancasila
Fair people’s prosperous sentosa
My personal
Come forward forward
Come forward forward
Come forward forward

Mengheningkan Cipta

With the rest of the sky Kingdom praise

State hero
Nan autumn teen for the flag
for nation and society
You’re a memory, o son of flowers of the nation
The price of the service
Are you Judy lamp