Engineering Design

Chapter 1

1References:
1. Dieter/Schmidt, Engineering Design 5e. ©2013.The McGraw-Hill Companies
What is design?
 “To fashion after a plan!”
 To design is:

To synthesize new or to arrange existing things in a new way

to satisfy a recognized need of society.

“Design establishes and defines solutions to and pertinent(i.e.

proper) structures for problems not solved before, or new
solutions to problems which have previously been solved in a
different way.”

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The Four C’s of Design
 Creativity
Requires creation of something that has not existed before or
has not existed in the designer’s mind before.
 Complexity
Requires decisions on many variables and parameters.
 Choice
Requires making choices between many possible solutions
at all levels, from basic concepts to the smallest detail of shape.
 Compromise
Requires balancing multiple and sometimes conflicting
requirements.

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Importance of the Engineering Design
Process
 Decisions made in the design process cost very little in
terms of the overall product cost but have a major effect on
the cost of the product.

 You cannot compensate in manufacturing for defects

introduced in the design phase.

 The design process should be conducted so as to develop

quality, cost-competitive products in the shortest time
possible.

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Types of Designs
 Original Design: Innovative design (Design microprocessor)

 Adaptive Design (adapts a known solution to satisfy a different

need) (adapting the ink-jet printing concept to spray binder to
hold particles in place in a rapid prototyping machine.)

 Redesign:Variant design(Available design,change weight)

 Selection design(Proper components to meet requirements)

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Design Method Versus Scientific Method

Adapted from P. H. Hill, The Science of Engineering Design, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York 1970.
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A Problem-Solving Methodology
 Definition of the problem

 Gathering of information

 Generation of alternative solutions

 Evaluation of alternatives and decision making

 Communication of the results

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How The Design Depends On How The
Problem Is Defined

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Design Paradox Between Design Knowledge
and Design Freedom

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Design Process Phases
 Phase I:
Conceptual Design

 Phase II:
Embodiment Design

 Phase III:
Detail Design

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Engineering Design Process

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Considerations of Good Design

1) Achievement of Performance Requirements

2) Life-Cycle Issues

3) Social and Regulatory Issues

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Achievement of Performance Requirements
 A major characteristic of a design is its function.
 Performance Requirements:
Primary Performance Requirements
Complementary Performance Requirements

 Part (Component): A single piece requiring no assembly

 Assembly: When two or more parts are joined.
 Subassemblies: Smaller assemblies which compose larger
assemblies.

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Total Materials Life Cycle

Reproduced from “Materials and Man’s Needs,” National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., 1974.
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Regulatory and Social Issues
 The code of ethics of all professional engineering societies
require the engineer to protect public health and safety.

Example of Standards and Codes in USA:

ASME: American Society of Mechanical Engineers

ASTM: American Society for Testing and Materials
OSHA: Occupational Safety and Health Administration
CPSC: Consumer Product Safety Commission
EPA: Environmental Protection Agency
DHS: Department of Homeland Security

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Regulatory and Social Issues
 The code of ethics of all professional engineering societies
require the engineer to protect public health and safety.

Example of Standards and Codes in Turkey:

Türk Standartları Enstitüsi(TS EN 60335)

Bilim, Sanayi ve Teknoloji Bakanlığı(Makine yönetmeliği)

Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığı (Elektrikli ve elektronik eşyalarda bazı zararlı

maddelerin kullanımının sınırlandırılmasına dair yönetmelik)

Gümrük ve Ticaret Bakanlığı (Ürün güvenliği yönetmeliği)

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Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE)
 The advent of plentiful computing has produced a major
change in the way of engineering design.

Advantages of Computer-Aided Engineering:

Automated engineering drawing in two dimensions

Three dimensional modeling
Finite Element Modeling (FEM)
Rapid prototyping
Design optimization
Computer-Aided Design (CAD)
Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM)

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Designing To Codes And Standards
 A code is a collection of laws and rules that assists a
government agency in meeting its obligation to protect
the general welfare by preventing damage to property or
injury or loss of life to persons.
 A standard is a generally agreed-upon set of procedures,
criteria, dimensions, materials, or parts.
Chief Aspects of Designing To Codes and Standards:
I
n
c • Efficiency
r • Safety
e • Interchangeability
a
s • Compatibility
e

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Design Review
 A design review is a retrospective study of the design up to that point
in time.

 The essence of the technical review of the design is to compare the

findings against the detailed Product Design Specification (PDS).

 The PDS is a detailed document that describes what the design must be in
terms of:
 Performance requirements
 Environment in which it must operate
 Product life
 Quality
 Reliability
 Cost
 Host of other design requirements

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Redesign
 Two categories of redesigns:
 Fixes
 Updates

 A fix is a design modification that is required due to

less than acceptable performance once the product
has been introduced into the marketplace.
 Updates are usually planned as part of the product’s
life cycle before the product is introduced to the
market.

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Societal Considerations in Engineering
Design
 ABET Code of Ethics:
“Engineers shall hold paramount the safety,
health, and welfare of the public in the
performance of their profession.”
 Some influences on the practice of engineering design
due to increased societal awareness of technology:
 Greater influence of lawyers on engineering decisions
 More time spent in planning and predicting
 Emphasis on “defensive research and development”
 More effort expended in research, development, and
engineering in environmental control and safety.
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Characteristics of an Environmentally
Responsible Design
 Easy to disassemble
 Able to be recycled
 Contains recycled materials
 Uses identifiable and recyclable plastics
 Reduces use of energy and natural materials in its
manufacture
 Manufactured without producing hazardous waste
 Avoids use of hazardous materials
 Reduces product chemical emissions
 Reduces product energy consumption

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