Chemical Reaction Engineering 1

Classification of Reactions
and Reaction Rates

Agung Ari Wibowo, S.T, M.Sc

Dept. of Chemical Engineering
Politeknik Negeri Malang
A chemical reaction is the change of a substance into a new one that has a different chemical identity
Based on enthalpy of reaction Series and Parallel Reaction

• Exothermic Reaction = ∆𝐻 (negative) • Seri Reaction : A B  C

• Endothermic Reaction = ∆𝐻 (positive) • Parallel Reaction : A B

A C
Elementary and non-Elementary Reaction

• Elementary Reaction : Order of Reaction =

Stoichiometry Constant
• Non-Elementary Reaction = Order of Reaction ≠
Stoichiometry Constant
Based on Reaction Phase
• Homogen Reaction : Esterification
• Heterogen Reaction : Ammonia Synthesis
 Reaction rate, the speed at which a chemical reaction proceeds. It is often expressed in terms of either the
concentration (amount per unit volume) of a product that is formed in a unit of time or the concentration of a
reactant that is consumed in a unit of time

1 𝑑𝑁𝑖 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑖 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑑 1 𝑑𝑁𝑖 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑖 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑑

𝑟𝑖 = = 𝑟𝑖 = =
𝑉 𝑑𝑡 (𝑣𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑)(𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒) 𝑆 𝑑𝑡 (𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎)(𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒)

Volume Mass Area Volume

1 𝑑𝑁𝑖 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑖 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑑 1 𝑑𝑁𝑖 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑖 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑑

𝑟𝑖 = = 𝑟𝑖 = =
𝑊 𝑑𝑡 (𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑)(𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒) 𝑉 𝑑𝑡 (𝑣𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟)(𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒)
Concentration of reactants Surface area of a solid reactant or catalyst

• More often than not, the rate of a reaction increases • Because the reaction occurs at the surface of

when the concentration of a reactant is increased the solid, the rate increases with increasing
surface area
Concentration of a catalyst

• A catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a

reaction without being consumed in the overall
reaction.

Temperature at which a reaction occurs

• Usually reactions speed up when the temperature
increases.
 Problem:

Levenspiel, Example 1.1

 Problem:

Levenspiel, Example 1.1 How to solve?

1 𝑑𝑁𝑖 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑖 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑑

𝑟𝑖 = =
𝑉 𝑑𝑡 (𝑣𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟)(𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒)

−𝑟𝐻2 = 2.829 x 104 𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝑚3 𝑠

−𝑟𝑂2 = 1.415 x 104 𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝑚3 𝑠

Negative : reactant being

comsumed