Assignment 1

CMP3044-D17 Foundation Networks

Nantawan Gantong (TJ)

STUDENT ID : 6010

Lecturer : Jennifer Stephen

1. Explain the terms ‘peer-to- peer communication’ and ‘encapsulation’.
What advantage do these concepts offer designers of open systems?
Peer-to-peer is an action in OPI which allows protocol to communicate
and connect directly to each other in each layer start from the data link
layer.
Encapsulation is a process in OPI as well, it’s a process which allows
the protocol or information is transferred between layers which has 7
layers. In encapsulation process, protocol data unit (PDU) is being built
by adding header or trailer that contain necessarily information which
can lead to the right destination such as port number and destination
Internet Protocol address etc.
Advantages for open system:
 Less mistake because in encapsulation process, it will check and
contain important information to deliver the information to the right
destination.
 Delivery and transferring information in OSI is smooth and flexible
because it works layer by layer and also the peer-to-peer action
which allows protocol communicate with each other directly.
 Communication in OSI is accurate because of encapsulation
process which adding header and trailer.
 Able to prevent the change of previous layer and affect to the next
layer because
2. Explain Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers 802 standards.
IEEE 802 standards were assigned by IEEE which is an organization of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers in USA. IEEE 802 standards consist
of recommendation and standard of uses of LANs at the first place and
after that add more and developed for uses of MANs. This standard is
for make LANs and network work efficient because networks which are
lower than standard won’t be able to work or connect with the network is
standard. IEEE 802 standards consist of used standards are for the
Ethernet family, Token Ring, Wireless LAN, Bridging and Virtual Bridged
LANs.
Showed lists below
802. 1 Overview of 802 standards
802. 2 Logical Link Control
802. 3 Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection CSMA/CD
802. 4 Token Bus 802. 5 Token Ring
802. 6 MANs
802. 7 Broadband LANs
802. 9 LAN Integration
802.10 LAN Security
802.11 Wireless LANs
802.12 100VG AnyLAN
802.17 Resilient Packet Ring
3. Compare serial and parallel transmission. Why is parallel transmission
unsuited for communication over appreciable distance?

Parallel Parallel transmission is a way to send information bus

transmission this method need several separate communication
line between sender and receiver because the
information or signal will be sent at the same time for
example if you want to send ASCII which has 8 bits,
then you will need 8 channel to send that code.
Therefore, this method cost more expensive than
Serial transmission and it’s suitable for a very short
distance such as sending signal between a computer
and a printer etc. However, the good thing is it takes
just a short time to send information.

Advantages :
1. Send the signal faster
2. Accuracy of sending signal
3. Able to send a big amount of data at the same
time
Disadvantages :
1. It’s a costly method
2. Needs complicated maintenance
3. Able to send signals and suit only for a very
short distances
Serial Serial transmission is an alternative method which
transmission needs only one communication line to send signal
between sender and receiver that means it cost
cheaper than Parallel transmission. According to, it
needs only one line to communicate so the signal will
be sent one bit at a time. The previous bit has to
arrive first then the next bit will be sent. Therefore,
serial transmission is a dependable method and
suitable for long distance communications.

Advantages :
1. It’s a cheaper method
2. Uses less cable line
3. Able to send signals and suit for long distance
communication
Disadvantages :
1. Sending signals slower
2. Not suit to send a large amount of data because
it can send only one bit at a time so it will take
long time to send
4. Calculate

a. Data is transmitted asynchronously using bits of 20 ms duration.

Ignoring any constraints on the number of data bits, which may be
accommodated between, start and stop bits, estimate the maximum
number of bits which may be reliably received if the receiver clock is
operating at 48 Hz. Assume that the first reading start at 4ms. (Show
both calculation and Diagram to represent your answer)
Receiver bit duration = 20 ms

Receiver clock period = 1/48 Hz

≈ 20.83 ms
b. Data is transmitted asynchronously at 50 bps. Ignoring any
constraints on the number of data bits, which may be accommodated
between, start and stop bits, estimate the maximum number of bits
which may be reliably received if the receiver clock is operating at 52 Hz.
(Show both calculation and Diagram to represent your answer)
Receiver bit duration = 50 ms

Receiver clock period = 1/52 Hz

≈ 19.23 ms
5. Data is transmitted asynchronously in the form of short blocks
consisting of a start bit, seven information bits, a parity bit and a stop bit.
All bits are of 9.09 ms duration apart from the stop bit, which is of double
length.

Determine:

a) The bit rate

Bit rate = Number of bit
Duration of one symbol

10
× 1000 = 1,100 𝑏𝑝𝑠
9.09

b) The baud rate

Baud Rate = Bit Rate
Number of Bits per Signal Unit

1100
= 110 𝑏𝑎𝑢𝑑
10

6. A computer network is to consist of 20 stations.

a. Determine the number of links required if:

i. Mesh topology is used;

The number of links for star topology is n(n-1)/2 so the answer is 190

ii. Star topology is used.

The number of links for star topology is n so the answer is 20

b. Suppose that four stations are designated as hubs, each fully
interconnected with the others. The remaining 16 stations are equally
distributed to the hubs, any one station only being connected to one hub.
Sketch the topology and determine the number of links.

The number of links is 20

c. Compare all three topologies from (a) and (b).

Mesh In mesh topology, every computer connected to each other.

topology Even if, one computer is fail, it always has other line to
connect. However, it uses many line and cable to connect
all of them together so it’s costly.
Advantages :
1. It’s efficient and handy because every computer can
connect to each other
2. Able to fix and adjust easily without effect other lines
Disadvantages :
1. It’s expensive because it needs many cable and links
to connect
2. Installation and maintenance are complex

Star There is the central control called “hub” which every

topology computer has to connect to hub that allows them to
connect to each other
Advantages :
1. All computer connect each other easily
2. Easy to maintain and point to the fail spot
3. Able to add new computer without disturbing other
computers
4. Even though, one computer fails but the rest will still
work normally
5. Don’t use many of cable like mesh topology
Disadvantages :
1. The hub is expensive
2. If the hub fails, all network will fail down too
Hybrid It’s a type of network which combines between 2 or more
topology than 2 topologies in one network. For example in B. , it
combines between ring and star topology. For the cost,
strength, weakness and required links , it depends on what
topologies are mixed.
Advantages :
1. It’s flexible to adjust the network
2. It’s easy to add more new computers
Disadvantages :
1. It’s difficult to design the network because if you don’t
have good knowledge, the network might not work
efficiently and have many problems
2. If it mixes between a topology which requires many
cable and a topology which has hub, it will be very
expensive. Therefore, it need professional or
specialist who has good knowledge to design the
network.
7. Compare the relative merits of transmitting data over copper
conductors, optical fibre and radio.

Copper Copper conductors are popularly use. It has 3 types of

conductors wire
1. Coaxial Cable
2. Unshielded Twisted Pair : UTP
3. Shielded Twisted Pair : STP
Three of them have copper inside. Copper wire suits for
computer network, long distance connection etc.
Advantages :
1. The equipment, cable and installation are cheap
2. Able to handle heavy load of electrical power
3. It has a high melting point so you don’t have to
worry that it will melt and burn
4. It works flexibly
5. The cables are not heavy
6. Easy and simple to work with
Disadvantages :
1. It can’t carry much data
2. It’s not safe when the cable is broken
3. The signals gets disturb easily from outside
4. Much data might get lost
5. Electrical noise affects signal transmission

Optical fibre Optical fibre is getting popular recently. It transmits the

signal faster than copper wire and the weight is lighter
than copper. It suit for sending a huge amount of data
and very long distance connection.
 Advantages :
1. The weight is less than the copper wire
2. Sending the data faster
3. Sending the data further
4. Able to carry loads of data
5. Less data get lost
Disadvantages :
1. The cable and equipment are expensive
2. Needs specialist or professional to install or set up
3. It’s costly to install
4. It’s difficult to find the error when something is
wrong

Radio Radio is suitable for in area that cannot install the cable
or have limited space.
Advantages :
1. It’s easy and cheap to install for small unit
2. Uses less equipment
3. Able to adjust later easily
Disadvantages :
1. Gets disturb from interfering outside signal highly
2. It’s expensive to install for large area
3. Not able to control the spread of data from the
network
8. State the maximum entropy of a 16-symbol source.

1 1
= × 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 ( ) × 16
16 1
16
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 (16)
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 (24 )
= 4𝑙𝑜𝑔2 2
= 4

9. By adding together rows (modulo-2 addition), rearrange the following

generator matrix so that it is in standard echelon form : (5,3)
10. An (8,4) linear block code has the following check equations:

a. Determine the check and generator matrices.

b. What is the minimum distance of this code?

 References

 LaserMotive, Comparison of Optical Fiber to Copper Wire , view

19 August 2017,<http://lasermotive.com/wp-
content/uploads/2012/12/Fiber_vs_Copper_summary2013Jan.pdf>
.
 Syed,K 2016, Hybrid topology, 27 Aug , View 19 August 2017,
<https://www.slideshare.net/syedkaramatalishah/hybrid-topology-
65413717>.
 Sparrow,S 2016, Hybrid Topology : Advantages and
Disadvantages of Hybrid Topology, View 19 August 2017,
<http://www.ianswer4u.com/2012/05/hybrid-topology-advantages-
and.html#axzz4qE7vvY00>.
 Micheal,D 2003, Data Communications and Computer Networks
for Computer Scientists and Engineers,
<http://cpe.rmutt.ac.th/network/images/cn/[5]Data%20Communicati
ons%20and%20Computer%20Networks.pdf>.
 Laura,M 2016, Data Transmission – Parallel vs Serial, April , View
19 August 2017, <https://www.quantil.com/content-delivery-
insights/content-acceleration/data-transmission/>.
 Babani, S 2014, COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN FIBER
OPTIC AND COPPER IN COMMUNICATION LINK, April , View 19
August 2017, <http://www.ijtra.com/view/comparative-study-
between-fiber-optic-and-copper-in-communication-link.pdf>.