Organized by Oil & Gas Metering

Section – 01
Introduction Oil & Gas Metering

Anis SOUISSI

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 Oil & Gas Metering
Introduction
What is a Custody or Fiscal metering system ?
• Fiscal metering is combination of regulations, laws, protocols,
systems and devices which enables two parties to transfer
and measure a valuable product from one side to another in
a way that both sides agree on.
When do we need fiscalmetering?
• When seller and buyer are dealing on huge amount of
material or expensive one, it is important to have precise
measurementof amount transferred between two parties.
• Both seller and buyer should agree on the amount and the
way it’s calculated, tohave a deal.
• In Oil & Gas field, it’s both huge andexpensive

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Introduction
How much value does itmake?
• A very large custody transfer system can
$6,000,000 worth of natural gasper day,or $2.2 Billion per year.
If the measurementis off by 0.25%, that’s an error of$15,000
per day or $5.5 million per year in somebody’s favor.
What can be done using createdvalue?
• We can build much better custody transfer systems,
spending portion of that $5.5 million at first, And save a lot
everyyear!
That’s the importance of having anaccurate material transfer
system

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Overview Oil Value Chain

It ALL requires Metering !

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Metering & Allocation
• Fiscal measurement includes:
1-Allocation
2- Custody Transfer
• Allocation is the numerical distribution of products between parties according totheir
equity share.
you share whatever you have, good or bad, according to everyone’sshare.

• Custody transfer is contract driven: that means that there is a contractual

obligation between buyer and seller which may require adherence to
accuracy, repeatability, linearity or uncertainty standards as defined by
measurement standards such asAPI,GOST(Russian equivalent to API),etc.

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Metering & Allocation
• The terms custody transfer and fiscal metering are often interchanged.
Custody transfer takes place any time fluids are passed from possession of
one party toanother.
• Fiscal – concerned with government finance and
policy.
• Custody – ‘safekeeping or guardianship’
Custody transfer applied to natural gas applications:
• Between gas supplier and Gas transporter.
• Between Consumer and transporter/supplier.
• LNG purchase and sales agreement, whether this
sale be F.O.B. [Port of loading], D.E.S. or C.I.F. [Port
of unloading].

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Metering & Allocation
Basic requirements of custody:
• Measurements of Quantity and Quality of gas,
• Type approval certifications of measuring equipment,
• Local legal requirements in line with weights
and measures legislations,
• Obligations to implement OIML recommendations in the
national legislation.

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Metering & Allocation
Basic requirements of custody:

• Meter proving requirements like check meters/ master

meters,

• Verification of measurements system,

• Maintaining valid certification by the user of the entity

at metering site by regular verifications and
validations,

• Gas meters must be type approved by accredited

agency and authorized by legal authority.

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Metering & Allocation
Basic requirements of custody:

• Custody transfer metering systems must meet

requirements set by industry bodies such as :

• AGA, API, or ISO, and national metrology standards

such as OIML (International), NIST (U.S.), PTB
(Germany), CMC (China), and GOST (Russia), ANM
(Tunisia) among others.

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Metering & Allocation

Standards - Custody Transfer requirements:
• In Custody Transfer measurement accuracy is of
highest value.
• Small error may lead to a large financial implications !

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Custody Transfer - Practices

Actual operating conditions consideration:

• Expected ambient temperature variation,
• Static line pressure and temperature variation,
• Maximum allowable permanent pressure loss,
• Measurement Flow turndown ratio,
• Expected frequency of flow variation and/or pulsation.

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Custody Transfer - Practices

• Select hardware,
• Installation and maintenance procedures which will
ensure that the measurement provides the required
installed performance under the expected
(uncontrollable) operating conditions.

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Standard

International applied Standards

• American Petroleum Industry (API),

• International Standards Organization (ISO),
• American Gas Association (AGA),
• Petroleum Measurement Standards,
• OIML standards, American society of Mechanical
Engineers (ASME),
• American National Standard Institute (ANSI).

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Applied Standards

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Applied Standards

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Gas Metering Standards
General design AGA standards:
• AGA–Report No 3: Gas custody metering based on orifice
metering,
• AGA–Report No 7: Gas custody metering using turbine
meters,
• AGA-Report No 9: Gas custody metering using Ultrasonic
flow meters,
• AGA-Report No 11: Gas custody metering using Coriolis mass
flow meters,
• AGA-Report No 8: Compressibility and Super-compressibility
for Natural Gas + composition analysis,
• Report No 10-Speed of Sound in Natural Gas and related
hydrocarbon gases
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Gas Metering Standards

ISO standards:

• ISO 12765: Measurement of Fluid Flow in Closed Conduits

–Transit Time Ultrasonic Flow meters.
• ISO 10723: Natural gas – On-line Analytical Systems.
• ISO 5168: Measurement of Fluid Flow.
• ISO 6569: Natural Gas – Rapid Analysis by Gas
Chromatography.
• ISO 6976: Natural gas - Calculation of Calorific Value,
Density and Relative Density.
• OIML DR 3: Draft Recommendations Gas meters (Combined
revision of R6, R31 & R32 Draft.

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Gas Meter-Requirements

OIML Requirements for gas meters:

• Terminology

• Construction requirement

• Seals and Markings requirements

• Metrological requirements

• Technical requirements

• Metrological controls and approval of gas meter and

verification.

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Fiscal, Custody and Allocation

Approach Typical Uncertainty in Mass Flow Rate

Measurement (%)
Liquid Gas
Custody Transfer 0.25 1.0
Allocation 0.5 – 5 2-5
Well Test 10

Multiphase Metering 10 – 20

Measurement approaches

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Gas Metering Station

Components of a typical custody gas metering station:

• Gas filtration
• Gas Flow meter and /or check meter
• Pressure and Temperature Sensor for compensation
• Block Valves on each meter run
• Master Meter
• Gas composition analysis equipment
• Automatic Gas Sampler
• Gas Flow computer in control / auxilliary room
• Flow control valve

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Gas Metering Station

• It’s not only about the flow meter, the whole system
should be designed for fiscal metering:
a) Multiple Meters/Meter runs
b) Flow computers and data management system
c) Gas sampler and gaschromatograph
d) Calibration system (Master Meter or prover)
e) Valves, Piping and Flanges
f) Pressure regulator or boosters
g) Transmitters (TT, Pt,…)
h) Gasfiltration
i) Skid
j) Validating (Operator control, After sales services,
Training, Monitoring system, …)

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Typical Gas Metering Station

Inlet
Gas metering system
PGC
∆P
FT PT TT Outlet

Auto
Sampler

∆P
FT PT TT

FT PT TT

Master Meter

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Crude Metering station at Reliance Refinery - India

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Accuracy Classes as per OIML :

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Accuracy Requirements as per OIML

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Accuracy vs. Uncertainty and Validation

• All meters and metering systems are subject to uncertainty and it is a
common mistake to mix accuracy and uncertainty as they are subtly
different.
• Accuracy is matching the meter output to a known standard or reference
and will include terms like bias, readability and precision, this can be
considered the best estimate according to the scale of themeasurement.
• Uncertainty is more related to repeatability and is an estimate ofthe
limits where the true value is expected to lie fora given confidence
level.
• Validation, before we can report any data, we should be able to make sure
our obtained data is valid! It takes some equipment, observation, time
and money but it totally worth it, because all these data is useless if they
are not valid.

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Definition of Accuracy:

Accuracy is defined as the closeness of the

agreement between the measurement result
and the accepted reference value,
conventionally indicated as the “true” value of
the measured quantity.

The quantitative expression of this concept should be

in terms of uncertainty.

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The accuracy of measurement achieved is

mainly influenced by factors like:

• The nature of the measuring instrument and the

measuring or analysis method used,
• The calibration status of the measuring instrument,
• The environment in which the measurement
is carried out,
• The procedure followed in performing the
measurement.

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Have you ever…

Shot a rifle?
Played darts?
Shot a round of golf? Omar

Played basketball?

What is a better result ?

Ahmed

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To be considered :

• What do you measure in your process?

• Why do those measures matter?
• Are those measures consistently the same?
• Why not?

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Variability

Deviation = Distance between observations and

the mean or the average

8
7
10
8
9

Ahmed

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Variability
Deviation = Distance between observations
and the mean or the average

Omar

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Variability

Variance = Average distance between observations

and the mean squared

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10
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Ahmed

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Variability

Variance = Average distance between observations

and the mean squared

Omar

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Overview Relation Precision and Accuracy

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Example of applied Control Chart

Microsoft Excel
97-2003 Worksheet

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End of this section,

Any Questions ?

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