2018-11-17, 11)40 AM

Module 4 – The Endocrine System and Reproduction

Unit 11: Hormones in Growth and Metabolism
In this unit, you will take a closer look at specific hormones involved in both growth and metabolism. In your
studies, you will focus on hormones released by the adrenal, thyroid, and pituitary glands and how they are
involved in controlling growth and metabolism. You will also examine what disease states may develop if
too much or too little of a hormone is produced.

Learning objectives
Upon completion of this unit you should be able to:
· Describe the anatomy of the adrenal glands, identify the steroid hormones produced by the three
zones of the cortex, and describe how these steroid hormones are synthesized.
· Describe the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) pathway and include all feedback signals.
· Describe cortisol secretion patterns, how it is transported, its target cells, where the receptors are,
how it creates a cellular response, and its metabolic effects.
· Identify the hallmarks of hypercortisolism and hypocortisolism and distinguish between potential
causes.
· Identify the additional physiological functions of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).
· Describe the anatomy of the thyroid gland and identify the hormones secreted by the different cell
types.
· Describe the synthesis of the thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and indicate which form is more
biologically active.
· Describe secretion of thyroid hormones, how they are transported, where the receptors are, how a
cellular response is created, and their metabolic effects.
· Diagram the thyroid hormone control pathway.
· Identify the hallmarks of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism.
· Describe and diagram the control pathway for growth hormone release.
· Describe growth hormone secretion patterns, how growth hormone is transported, where its
receptors are, how it creates a cellular response, and its metabolic effects.
· Identify the hallmarks of hypersecretion and hyposecretion/no secretion of growth hormone.
· Describe and diagram the general mechanisms that regulate plasma calcium concentration.
· Describe and diagram the specific actions of parathyroid hormone, calcitriol, and calcitonin.

! Read the following subheadings in Chapter 23 of your textbook:

· 23.1 Review of Endocrine Principles (Page 728)
· 23.2 Adrenal Glucocorticoids (729)
o The Adrenal Cortex Secretes Steroid Hormones (729)
o Cortisol Secretion Is Controlled by ACTH (731)
o Cortisol Is Essential for Life (731)
o Cortisol Pathologies Result from Too Much or Too Little Hormone (733)
o CRH and ACTH Have Additional Physiological Functions (734)
· 23.3 Thyroid Hormones (734)
o Thyroid Hormones Contain Iodine (736)
o TSH Controls the Thyroid Gland (736)

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o Thyroid Pathologies Affect Quality of Life (737)

· 23.4 Growth Hormone (739)
o Growth Hormone Is Anabolic (739)
o Growth Hormone Is Essential for Normal Growth (741)
· 23.5 Tissue and Bone Growth (741)
o Tissue Growth Requires Hormones and Paracrine Signals (741)
o Bone Growth Requires Adequate Dietary Calcium (742)
· 23.6 Calcium Balance (743)
o Plasma Calcium Is Closely Regulated (744)
o Three Hormones Control Calcium Balance (746)
o Calcium and Phosphate Homeostasis Are Linked (748)
o Osteoporosis Is a Disease of Bone Loss (750)

" Complete the following MasteringA&P tutorial:

· Unit 11 – Hormones

# Complete the following Pencast tutorial on UMLearn:

· Thyroid Hormone Synthesis

" Optional – Complete the following MasteringA&P Dynamic Study Module:

· Basics of Hormone Function and Common Pathologies

" Optional – Complete the following MasteringA&P Interactive Physiology tutorial:

· IP: Stress

After you finished the above readings and tutorials and before you proceed to the quiz, you should
revisit the learning objectives at the start of the unit and be sure you have met them all.

? Complete the MasteringA&P quiz entitled “Quiz 11 – Hormones”

o Check your course schedule for the due date of this quiz. There will be no make-up quizzes.
o This quiz is worth 2% of your final grade. (Your two lowest quiz marks will be disregarded.)
Unit Summary
By the end of this unit, you should understand the roles of hormones in metabolism, growth, and calcium
balance. Specifically, you should know how hormones such as cortisol, corticotropin-releasing hormone,
adrenocorticotropic hormone, and the thyroid hormones control metabolism, how growth hormone controls
growth, and how parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, and calcitrol control calcium balance.
In the next unit, you will complete this course with an exploration of human reproduction including its control
by hormones.

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