Weight of 60 apples picked out at random from a consignment to the nearest

grams

106 107 76 82 109 107 115 93 187 95 123 125

111 92 86 70 126 68 130 129 139 119 115 128
100 186 184 99 113 204 111 144 136 123 90 115
98 110 78 185 162 178 140 152 173 146 158 194
148 90 107 181 131 75 184 104 110 80 118 82

Frequency Distribution of weight of 60 apples

Weight Entries Frequency

65-84 76, 82, 70, 68, 84, 78, 75, 80, 82 9
85-104 93, 95, 92, 86, 100, 99, 90, 98, 90, 104 10
105-124 106, 107, 109, 107, 115, 123, 111, 119, 115, 113, 17
111, 123, 115, 110, 107, 110, 118
125-144 125, 126, 130, 129, 139, 128, 141, 136, 140, 131 10
145-164 162, 152, 146, 158, 148 5
165-184 178, 173, 181, 184 4
185-204 187, 186, 204, 185, 194 5
Total 60

Frequency Distribution of weight of 60 apples by using a Tally-Column:

Mid-Points
Class-
Weight of Class- Tally Frequency
Boundaries
Marks
65-84 64.5-84.5 74.5 |||| |||| 9
85-104 84.5-104.5 94.5 |||| |||| 10
105-124 104.5-124.5 194.5 |||| |||| |||| || 17
125-144 124.5-144.5 134.5 |||| |||| 10
145-164 144.5-164.5 154.5 |||| 5
165-184 164.5-184.5 174.5 |||| 4
185-204 184.5-204.5 194.5 |||| 5
Total 60

Weight 65-84 85-104 105-124 125-144 145-164 165-184 185-204

Frequency 9 10 17 10 5 4 5

(Page No: 1) By: Muhammad Memon

Frequency Distribution

The organization of a set of data in a table showing the distribution of the data into
classes or groups together with the number of observations in each class or group is
called frequency distribution. The number of observations falling in a particular class
is referred to as the class frequency or simply frequency and is denoted by f.

Class Limits
The class limits are defined as the number of values of the variables which describe
the classes; the smaller number is the lower class limit and the larger number is the
upper class limit.

Class Boundaries
The class boundaries are the precise numbers which separate one class from another.
A class boundary is located midway between the upper limit of a class and the lower
limit of the next higher class.

Class Mark
A class mark, also called class midpoint, is the number which divides each class into
two equal parts. It is obtained by dividing either the sum of the upper and lower class
limits, or the sum of the upper and lower class boundaries by 2.

Class Width or Interval

The width or interval of a class is equal to the difference between the class boundaries.
It is also obtained by finding the difference between two successive lower class limits.

Central Tendency
The tendency of the observations to cluster in the central part of the data set is called
Central Tendency and the summary value as a measure of Central Tendency.

Five measures of Central Tendency:

 Arithmetic Mean
 Geometric Mean
 Harmonic Mean
 Median
 Mode

(Page No: 2) By: Muhammad Memon

Table for the calculation of the Arithmetic Mean

Weight No. of Apples Class Mark FX

F X
65-84 9 74.5 670.5
85-104 10 94.5 945
105-124 17 114.5 1946.5
125-144 10 134.5 1345
145-164 5 154.5 772.5
165-184 4 174.5 698
185-204 5 194.5 972.5
Total 60 7350

∑ fx 7350
A.M = = = 122.5
n 60

GEOMETRIC MEAN

Weight No. of Apples Class Mark Log X F x Log X

F X
65-84 9 74.5 1.872156273 16.84940645
85-104 10 94.5 1.975431809 19.75431809
105-124 17 114.5 2.058805487 34.99969327
125-144 10 134.5 2.128722284 21.28722284
145-164 5 154.5 2.188928484 10.94464242
165-184 4 174.5 2.241795431 8.967181725
185-204 5 194.5 2.288919606 11.44459803
Total 60 124.24706

∑ f logx 124.247
G.M = Anti Log = Anti log = Anti log (2.0707) = 117.7
n 60

(Page No: 3) By: Muhammad Memon

HARMONIC MEAN

Weight No. of Apples Class Mark 1/X F x (1/X)

F X
65-84 9 74.5 0.0134228 0.12081
85-104 10 94.5 0.0105820 0.10582
105-124 17 114.5 0.0087336 0.14847
125-144 10 134.5 0.0074349 0.07435
145-164 5 154.5 0.0064725 0.03236
165-184 4 174.5 0.0057307 0.02292
185-204 5 194.5 0.0051414 0.02571
Total 60 0.53044

∑ f (1/x) 0.53044
H.M = Reciprocal of = Reciprocal of
n 60

H.M = Reciprocal of (.0088) = 113.1

Here H.M ≤ G.M ≤ A.M

(Page No: 4) By: Muhammad Memon

Table for the Calculation of Median

No. of Apples Cumulative

Weight Class Boundaries
F Frequency
65-84 64.5 - 84.5 9 9
85-104 84.5 - 104.5 10 19
105-124 104.5 - 124.5 17 36
125-144 124.5 - 144.5 10 46
145-164 144.5 - 164.5 5 51
165-184 164.5 - 184.5 4 55
185-204 184.5 - 204.5 5 60
Total 60

Median is n/2 th observation i.e 60/2 = 30th observation

While observing cumulative frequency column in the above table we find

that 105 – 124 is the median class, it means median lies between 105 – 124.

The formula to calculate median is:

h
Median = l1 + ------ (n/2 – C)
f

 l1 is lower class boundary of the median class = 104.5

 h is the size/ width of median class = 20
 f is the frequency of median class = 17
 C is the cumulative frequency lower than the median class = 19
 n is the total no: of observations in the distribution = 60

Put these values in the formula

20
Median = 104.5 + -------- (60/2 – 19) = 104.5 + 1.2(11) =104.5 + 13.2 = 117.7
17

Similarly Quartiles, Deciles and Percentiles can be calculated from the data:

(Page No: 5) By: Muhammad Memon

Q1 is 60/4 th item i.e 15th observation. While observing cumulative frequency column
in the above table we find that 85 – 104 is the Q1 class

h
Q1 = l1 + ------ (n/4 – C)
f
 l1 is lower class boundary of the Q1 class = 84.5
 h is the size/ width of Q1 class = 20
 f is the frequency of Q1 class = 10
 C is the cumulative frequency preceding the Q 1 class = 9
 n is the total no: of observations in the distribution = 60

Similarly
h
Q3 = l1 + ------ (3n/4 – C)
f

h
D7 = l1 + ------ (7n/10 – C)
f

h
P61 = l1 + ------ (61n/100 – C)
f

MODE

The Mode is defined as the observation in the sample which occurs most frequently.
Or
The Mode is defined the most common value of a series.

 If each observation occurs the same number of times, then there is no mode.
 If two or more observations occur the same number of times, then there is more
than one mode and the sample is said to be multi-model. If there is only one
mode, the sample is said to be uni-model.
Example:
Size of
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
item
Frequency 3 8 10 12 16 14 10 8 17 5 4 1

Size 10 is the mode because it occurs maximum no of times i.e. 17 times.

(Page No: 6) By: Muhammad Memon

Example:

Class Interval Frequency

6.5 – 7.5 5
7.5 – 8.5 12
8.5 – 9.5 25
9.5 – 10.5 48
10.5 – 11.5 32
11.5 – 12.5 6
12.5 – 13.5 1

Mode lies in 9.5 – 10.5 class because 48 is the maximum frequency of this class.

We will use formula to determine the mode value, which exists in modal class:

f1 –f0
Mode = l1 + ------------- (l2 – l1)
2f1 – f0 – f2

l1 = Lower limit of modal group

l2 = Upper limit of modal group
f1 = frequency of modal group
f0 = frequency of the next lower group than the modal group
f2 = frequency of the next higher group than the modal group

48 – 25
Mode = 9.5 + ------------------------ (10.5 – 9.5)
2*48 -25 -32

23
Mode = 9.5 + ----------- (1) = 9.5 + .59 = 10.09
39

(Page No: 7) By: Muhammad Memon

MEASURES OF DISPERSION

The scatter of items /observations round an average is called Dispersion.

“A quantity that measures the characteristics i.e. in which manner the observations in
a sample or in a population are spread out, is called a measure of dispersion, or
measure of scatter, or measure of variability.”

For Example: We have two distributions:

 66, 66, 66, 67, 67, 67, 68, 68, 68 A.M = 67

 52, 53, 61, 67, 71, 72, 78, 82 A.M = 67

Note that the mean of both observations is same, but the extent of observations is
different, means the data is spread out in different manners.

Two Types of Measures of Dispersion:

1. Absolute Measure of Dispersion

Absolute Measure of Dispersion is that which measures dispersion in the same

units in which units of observations are given.

 If the unit of the observations is rupee, then the unit of measure of

dispersion will also be rupee.

2. Relative Measure of Dispersion

A relative measure of dispersion is one that is expressed in the form of a ratio,

co-efficient or percentage and is independent of the units of the measurement.

Main Measures of Dispersion

 Range
 Inter-Quartile Range
 Semi-Inter-Quartile Range or Quartile Deviation
 Mean Deviation or Average Deviation
 The Variance and Standard Deviation

(Page No: 8) By: Muhammad Memon

 Mean Deviation is defined as the arithemetic mean of the deviations measured
either from the mean or from the median, all deviations being counted as positive.

Symbolically
_
∑ fi | xi – x |
M.D = -------------------
n

TABLE OF CALCULATION OF MEAN DEVIATION

_ _ _
Marks F X FX
x- x |x - x | f |x - x |
65-84 9 74.5 670.5 -48 48 432
85-104 10 94.5 945 -28 28 280
105-124 17 114.5 1946.5 -8 8 136
125-144 10 134.5 1345 12 12 120
145-164 5 154.5 772.5 32 32 160
165-184 4 174.5 698 52 52 208
185-204 5 194.5 972.5 72 72 360
Total 60 7350 1696

1696
M.D = --------- = 28.27 grams
60

M.D 28.27
Co-efficient of Mean Deviation = ------- = ------- = 0.2308
Mean 122.5

VARIANCE is defined as the mean of the squares of deviations of all observations

from their mean. When it is calculated from the entire population, then the variance is
called population variance denoted be б 2 , then

∑ fi (xi - µ )2
б2 = --------------------
N

(Page No: 9) By: Muhammad Memon

When it is calculated from the sample data, then the variance is called sample variance
denoted be S2 , then
_
∑ fi (xi - x )2
S2 = --------------------
n

TABLE FOR THE CALCULATIONS OF VARINCE & STANDARD DEVIATION

_ _ _
Marks F X FX x- x (x - x )2 f (x - x )2
65-84 9 74.5 670.5 -48 2304 20736
85-104 10 94.5 945 -28 784 7840
105-124 17 114.5 1946.5 -8 64 1088
125-144 10 134.5 1345 12 144 1440
145-164 5 154.5 772.5 32 1024 5120
165-184 4 174.5 698 52 2704 10816
185-204 5 194.5 972.5 72 5184 25920
Total 60 7350 72960

∑ fi (xi - x )2 72960
S2 = -------------------- = ------------------- = 1216 grams
n 60

Standard Deviation is the positive square root of variance.

∑ fi (xi - x )2
S = -------------------- = √1216 =34.87 grams
n

S 34.87
Co-efficient of Variation = ---- * 100 = --------- * 100 = 28.46%
_ 122.5
x

(Page No: 10) By: Muhammad Memon