Field Scheme II Report: Deformation and Route Surveys

SUG 596 - FIELD SCHEME II (ENGINEERING SURVEY) 2010
1.0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, thanks to Allah for all His Gracious and Kindness in guiding and
helping me and my group to finishing this report. We would like to express our sincere
gratitude to the SUG596 lecturer, Dr. Rosmadi bin Ghazali for his advice and guidance to
us in the preparation finishing our practical work and also give the guide line on how to
make and complete this report.
Besides that, I would like to thanks to my group, who cooperate in finish up the
survey in this practical. Without them, this practical cannot perfectly finish. Furthermore,
I would like to thank everyone who has contributed to the completion of this practical.
Special thanks to all my friends for their help and support during finish this report.
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2.0 FIELDWORK DIARY

DATE/DAY EVENTS
20 NOVEMBER 2010  Travel to UiTM Shah Alam to UiTM Pulau Pinang.

Saturday  Arrived at UiTM Pulau Pinang
 Meeting at television’s room
- Dividing group members
21 NOVEMBER 2010  Dr Rosmadi Ghazali gave explanation about our task 1,

Sunday Deformation Survey and recce side location. Our site in UiTM
Pulau Pinang around the dining hall in Kristal College.
 We did calibration instruments. The result was 0.002
22 NOVEMBER 2010  Traversing around the dining hall at Kristal College, UiTM Pulau
Monday Pinang.
23 NOVEMBER 2010  Stamp the sticker at the wall of the dining hall. The sticker was
Tuesday used as target point for observation for monitoring.
24 NOVEMBER 2010  Reconnaissance site of surveying for Task 2, Road Design. At

Wednesday Taman Tungku, Seberang Jaya.
 Dr Rosmadi explained our task.
 Our group had conducted Deformation survey
 We started at station 8. The angle 0, 90, 180 and 270 were set
as RO. The observation was conducted for 4 times reading at 4
target points on the wall of dining hall.
25 NOVEMBER 2010  Continue deformation survey for station 9 and 10.

Thursday
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26 NOVEMBER 2010  Deformation survey was done again by using different

Friday RO setting, 105, 110, 115,120.
27 NOVEMBER 2010  Traversing at the route survey area at Taman Tunku.

Saturday
28 NOVEMBER 2010  Start route survey.

Sunday  We Conducted sub traverse in the main Traverse. Each group
need to conduct the traverse for detailing and calculation of
control point.
29 NOVEMBER 2010  Discussion on route design

Monday
30 NOVEMBER 2010  Designing route

Tuesday  Calculate curve
1 DISEMBER 2010  Designing route

Wednesday
2 DISEMBER 2010  Our group conducts the setting out to peg the chainage, IP, TS,
Thursday ST, CS and the relevant points for curve design.
 We had detected some mistake in calculation and autoCAD
design for the curve.
 We canceled all of the surveying on that day.
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 We decide to recalculate the curve and design the curve by

using the new calculation value.
3 DISEMBER 2010  We conducted the surveying to peg the picket for our road
Friday design
 All praise to ALLAH. We had completed our task 2 today.
ALHAMDULILLAH.
4 DISEMBER 2010  We completed our Report.

Saturday
3.1 INTRODUCTION
Two peg test:
As in other survey work it is a compulsory to carry out checking towards instrument used in field
work. Hence in levelling work it is necessary to carry out the two peg test. The purpose of this checking is
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to ensure the instrument in good condition. Based on observation made, we will compute the difference
reading value and the result should be within 10mm. If the value is more than 10mm redo the
observation or hand the instrument to the lab assistance for them to do the physical checking towards
the instrument.
(s1-s2)-(s3-s4) = ±1mm
Differential field test:
Purpose of this test is also to determine the condition of the total station. Its applied as the same
concept in two peg test procedure. At the end of the test, we will compute the different value between
two readings to know the value. The value limitation is in between ± 0.010mm. if the value is more than
the limitation then, we should not used the total station or else it will produce an accurate result of field
work.
3.2 OBJECTIVES
Two peg test and differential field test:

1. To determine the accuracy of the instrument
2. To know the condition of the instrument
3. To learn how to do the calibration of the instrument
3.3 INSTRUMENTATION
Total station is the most important instrument in survey works. It is used

in traversing and collecting detail survey. We can obtain bearings and
distance and almost accurate using this instrument. Most setting out
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work can be readily and accurately accomplished by the method of

coordinates
Prism used as a target to measure distances. Prism is placed on top of

the tripod. As the reflector unit where it will give the information about
bearing and distance during the observation
Tripod is used to place the total station and prism on top of it. Tripod is
placed at back sight and foresight together with the prism. In this
surveying work, instead of using prism as target, we used arrow to mark
the setting out point.
Tape will used to measure the distance from one station to another.
Field Book is used for recording observation data during the survey work
using permanent black ink. Observation data that must be recorded are
bearing, distance, stations, pre-computations, latitude, departure and
coordinate of stations. A freehand sketch of the lot surveyed must be
included in the field book.
Length of Nail is not less 55mm and centre with lines 8mm. Head of nail
must be centre with lines 15mm and have lid centre with lines 46mm
with to possess evidence for a drop of station. We used hammer to hit
the spikes in marking the stations
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Staf is used to give height of the ground. It is used with bubble. When
we want to read the height, we must make sure that the staf in a level
condition. The accuracy of the staf is 0.001m.
Automatic Level is used to observe the height of the ground from the
staf.
3.4 PROCEDURAL
Two peg test:

1. Measure by tape 25m from point C to point A and B. Choose flat area for this test and observe
the staff A and B.
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2. After that, the auto level move to point D where is about L/10 meter. L is total length from point
A to B. Jot down the Staff A and B reading.
3. Do comparison between 2 set of readings and the collimating should within 1mm
4. Repeat the observation with another total distance value.
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1. Stand the total station in between 2 prism.

2. Measured both prism and record the distance value
B A C
1 2
3. Next, stand prism on point B and move total station to point c

4. Again observe the distance value and record the reading
B C
3 difference value
5. Compare both reading to determine the
6. Repeat the observation by using different total distance value.
3.5 RESULTS
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Two peg test:
For 30m
S1 1.470m
S2 1.425m
S3 1.390m
S4 1.346m
(1.470m – 1.425m) – (1.390m -1.346m) = 0.001m
For 40m
S1 1.454m
S2 1.400m
S3 1.407m
S4 1.355m
(1.131m – 1.130m) – (1.128m -1.129m) = 0.002m
For 50m
S1 14571m
S2 14550m
S3 1.387m
S4 1.386m
(1.447m – 1.455m) – (1.387m -1.386m) = 0.001m
For 30m
AB 30.000m
AC 16.164m
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CB 13.838m
(AB)-((AC)+(CB))
(30.000m)-((16.164)+(13.838)) = 0.002m
For 40m
AB 40.000m
AC 19.423m
CB 20.577m
(AB)-((AC)+(CB))
(40.000m)-((19.423)+(20.577)) = 0.000m
For 50m
AB 50.000m
AC 24.989m
CB 25.011m
(AB)-((AC)+(CB))
(50.000m)-((24.989)+(25.011)) = 0.000m
3.6 CONCLUSION
Two peg test:
Based on our observation it can be shown that our instrument is in a good condition since the
difference value between 2 set of reading are in acceptable limit which is 0.001m and 0.002m less than
0.010m. Hence, we will get high accuracy in observation and will produce an accurate work.
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Based on the observation the difference value that we got is 0.003 hence the total station we
used is in a good condition. So, at the end of our field work can form a result of high accuracy. The
different value that we got is o.ooom and 0.001m
4.1 INTRODUCTION
Deformation survey work is to determine the alteration in the shape or dimensions of an object as a
result of the application of stress to it. Deformation is primarily related to the field of applied surveying,
and also related to the civil engineering, mechanical engineering, plant construction, soil and rock
stability mechanics. Instruments used in deformation monitoring based on application, chosen method
and regularity. The concepts are:
 Involved the multi-epoch observation.
 The network of survey that involved from the control point and target point.
 The observation by triangulation either 2D or 3D.
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 The adjustment computations and network analyses are required.

 Involved the determination of the coordinates changing (shift) and comparison with the
magnitude of the error of observation (ellipse error).
Deformation monitoring can be required for the following applications:
 Roads and Tunnels
 Dams, Bridges and Viaducts
 Settlement areas, High-rise and historical buildings
 Foundations and Construction sites
 Mining
 Landslide, Volcanoes Slopes and Earthquake area
 As proactive control of a hazard related to possible change or failure of a structure.
4.2 OBJECTIVES
1. To determine any movements of building structure
2. To expose our group with deformation surveying and give experienced in actual surveying
environment and experience the actual work of deformation monitoring survey theoretically and
practically.
3. To improve the knowledge and skills in setting and operate the instruments, technique of survey,
network planning and post processing.
4. To access the student’s ability to design the survey project includes the pre analyses, network
design, selection of the target point, post processing etc.
5. To experienced the students with deformation computations using the software especially
Star*Net to prepare 3D resection.
4.3 LOCATIONAL AND DURATION
Location: Bangunan Dewan Makan dan Kemudahan Pelajar, Kolej Kristal UiTM Pulau Pinang
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The Building
Duration of survey works:
Three (3) Days
- Reconnaissance Survey
- 3D Perimeter Survey
- 3D Building Deformation Survey
4.4 INSTRUMENTATION
 Topcon Total Station GTS-235N with tripod
 A set of prism with tripod
 Measuring tape
 Booking
4.5 PROCEDURAL
4.5.1 Reconnaissance Survey
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 To determine the suitable place to locate the deformation station and after all, the flat
surrounding area of the building is suitable to make the deformation.
 The building has two (2) storeys and the deformation took at every side of the building.
 Target points have been placed at every side of the building at every floor.
 Ten (10) groups have been divided and each group has to take three (3) stations and has to
monitor four (4) target points.
4.5.2 3D Perimeter Survey

 It is a three dimensional perimeter survey because it took control of x, y, z at every station
where Height of Instrument, Height of Target, Vertical Angle and Slope Distance is taken in
every occupied station
 Traverse has been conducted all around the building and the station of the traverse is been
setup suitable for make a monitoring of the target points.
 Traverse starts from the known GPS station of 2 (X = 7759.794, Y = -4380.741, Z = 2.951) with
the back sight is station 1 and the fore sight is the station 3. And it continues until it close
back to the line 1-2
 The station 11 is also a known GPS point. And the Linear Misclosure after the C and the M
Correction is 1: 47643. (M Correction is referring to the bearing of baseline of GPS2-GPS11)
4.5.3 3D Building Deformation Survey
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 Same as perimeter survey this time it also took Height of Instrument, Height of Target,
Vertical Angle and Slope Distance of the target point (1, 2, 3, 4).
 On first station observed each observed point on building with different initial bearing (RO)
which is 0, 90, 180, and 270 on the both faces (face left and face right).
Diagram: The location of target points
Diagram: How the monitoring of the target points took place

4.6 DATA PROCESSING AND ADJUSTMENT
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 Deformation data processing and adjustment is being done using least square adjustment of
Star*Net Software.
 The adjustment firstly done to the whole traverse network based on a fixed coordinate and
elevation of GPS point 2 and 11.
 Then the second adjustment is being done to the each of target points which is observed by
every group.
 All the set of reading of 00°, 90°, 180°, 270° is being input into the Star*Net. Then run the
adjustment. If the run is unsuccessful do check the related error.
The adjustment runs successfully
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The result of adjustment is produced and do check either it passed the 5% chi square test or not.
The adjusted network is plotted
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Star*Net also allows to make an export to *.dxf format which later can be edited in AutoCAD.
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4.7 DISCUSSIONS AND ANALYSIS
4.7.1 Analysis of Adjustment Output (Main Traverse)
Adjustment Statistical Summary

==============================
Iterations = 2
Number of Stations = 14
Number of Observations = 37
Number of Unknowns = 33
Number of Redundant Obs = 4
Observation Count Sum Squares Error

of StdRes Factor
Angles 13 0.068 0.220
Distances 12 0.443 0.584
Zeniths 12 0.057 0.209
Total 37 0.568 0.377
The Chi-Square Test at 5.00% Level Passed

Lower/Upper Bounds (0.348/1.669)
1. The 3D network consists of 14 stations. And 3 stations are held fixed (Station 2, 1, 11) with known
coordinates and elevation using code “!” in the Input Data. So the number of free stations is 11
stations.
2. So for each of these 11 stations we need to compute the (N, E, Z) components;
Number of Unknowns per station is =3
Number of Unknowns for 11 stations is 11 x 3 = 33 Unknowns (N, E, Z)
3. This network is considered “over-determined” because the observations exceed the unknowns.
4. The redundant observation or also known as degree of freedom is defined from:
Number of Observations – Number of Unknowns = 37 – 33
Number of Redundant Observation =4
5. The network cannot be solved if the redundant observations are less than zero and generally, the
more redundant observations the better.
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6. The Sum Squares of “StdRes” means each Standardized Residual which is squared and summed. So
the values of below are the function of the number of observations of that data type.
Sum Squares
of StdRes
Angles 0.068
Distances 0.443
Zeniths 0.057
Total 0.568
* Residual is the difference between the value of the observation in the field, and the value that
fits best into final adjusted network.
* Standardized Residual is the actual Residual divided by its Standard Error value. Then the value is
listed in the “StdRes” column for every observation in the listing file.
7. The “Total Error Factor” is the square root of the Total Sum of the Squares of the Standardized
Residual divided by the Number of Redundant observation.
SQRT (∑ (Squares of StdRes) / Number of Redundancies)
Sum Squares of the StdRes = 0.568
Number of redundancies =4
SQRT (0.568 / 4) = 0.377
Total Error Factor = 0.377
8. These Error Factors should be roughly equal and should be all approximately be within a range of
0.348 to 1.669 depending on the Chi-Square Test 5% Tolerance. Since the Error Factor is 0.377, so
it falls within the level passed range. So it passed the Chi – Square test.
9. The Chi Square test often called the “goodness-of-fit-test”, statistically tests whether the residuals
are due to normal random errors.
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4.7.2 Analysis of Adjustment Output (Building Deformation)

==============================
Iterations = 3

of StdRes Factor
Angles 29 138.421 3.185
Distances 28 339.075 5.073
Zeniths 28 3448.308 16.177
Total 85 3925.803 9.907
Warning: The Chi-Square Test at 5.00% Level

Exceeded Upper Bound
1. The 3D network consists of 18 stations. And 3 stations are

held fixed (Station 2, 1, 11) with known coordinates and
elevation using code “!” in the Input Data. So the number
of free stations is 15 stations.
2. So for each of these 15 stations we need to compute the (N, E, Z) components;
Number of Redundant Observation = 40
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Sum Squares
of StdRes
Angles 138.421
Distances 339.075
Zeniths 3448.308
Total 3925.803
Number of redundancies = 40
SQRT (3925.803 / 40) = 9.907
(0.782/1.218) depending on the Chi-Square Test 5% Tolerance. Since the Error Factor is 9.907,
which exceeding the Upper Bound, so it did not pass the Chi – Square tests.
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4.7.3 Analysis of Adjustment Output (Combination of All Groups)

==============================
Iterations = 4

of StdRes Factor
Angles 139 84234.661 29.970
Distances 138 72938.189 27.989
Zeniths 138 20848.043 14.964
Total 415 178020.894 25.215
Warning: The Chi-Square Test at 5.00%

Level Exceeded Upper Bound
1. The 3D network consists of 48 stations. And 3

stations are held fixed (Station 2, 1, 11) with known
coordinates and elevation using code “!” in the
Input Data. So the number of free stations is 45
stations.
2. Each of these 45 stations we need to compute the (N, E, Z) components;

Number of Redundant Observation = 280
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Observation Sum Squares
of StdRes
Angles 84234.661
Distances 72938.189
Zeniths 20848.043
Total 178020.894
Number of redundancies = 280
SQRT (178020.894 / 280) = 25.215
(0.917/1.083) depending on the Chi-Square Test 5% Tolerance. Since the Error Factor is 25.215,
which exceeding the Upper Bound, so it did not pass the Chi – Square tests.
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4.8 CONCLUSION
Deformation monitoring is one of survey work which the purpose is to determine the condition of a
building structure or dam or tunnel and etc whether there is any movement occur since the structure is
build. The detection of the movement is based on the bearing reading taken on each point on the
building on the different time. As a result, if t here is any movement occurred then, the bearing reading
observed archived will de differ from time to time and the interval time depends on the expected
movement. If not, the bearing reading will be the same. Control point is a must as a reference of the
structure position. Movement can occurred due to any movement in the earth, quality of composition of
the structure, natural sources and etc. Hence, if we managed to detect any movement occurred we can
take any precaution to prevent any negative things happen.
Any deformation survey must pay particular attention to errors in the survey so that gross or
systematic errors do not contaminate the detection of movements and produce false results. Graphical
representations of deformation analyses are often shown as ellipses with vectors of movement. 3D and
multi-epoch representations area are possible with CAD system. As the building newly build, hence there
are no movement occur towards the building. In order to form a 3D visualization of the building, we
need to combine each of group results where each group observed on different point around the
building. We also need to observed z value in order to get the 3D design of building.
As a result when we combined all of each group result we managed to form it in 3D monitoring form.
Where each point on their own position shown the shape of the building.
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4.9 INDIVIDUAL COMMENTS
BY: NUR SHAFINAZ BT HASSAN BASERI (2008401502)
Based on our work, what do i understand is that deformation monitoring is about movement
detection on any construction structure such as building, bridge and etc. There most important thing in
this work is control point and bearing reading. Control point used as reference of the true position of any
structure mean while the bearing reading is used as detection of mark point on the building from time to
time.
In full fill our task, we were asking to form a product in 3D. Hence the reading of height and
slope distance is needed. The true position of control point can be obtains from GPS system. For true
position of mark point on the building can be archived trough transfer method. To determine and
confirmation of our work product at the end of work, each group will combine the result and it will form
the dimension of the building in 3D form.
Most important thing in this work is in determination of control point. In setting up the control
point must undergo the traversing. The datum used can be either assume datum or used the real value.
Here, in our task we use from GPS value.
Plus, we also undergo least square equation towards our result in order remove all the error in
our reading. Once the error had been eliminated then it will produce an accurate result. We used star
net software to process all the data were we need to key in all the data capture in notepad format first.
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BY: FAUZIAH BT ABDUL MALEK (2008401502)

Deformation survey is very precise surveys performed to detect and measure movements of a
variety of physical objects or land parcels. Deformation surveys can detect relative or absolute
movements for monitoring. The procedures of deformation survey job are not as difficult and
complicated as the other types of survey. If only change in shape, then a minimal constraint or free
network solution can be used to avoid any influence from external constraints. If a block shift or rotate,
then connection must be made to survey stations which are sited in stable areas to provide the required
absolute datum. Survey for deformation is generally repeated at certain time intervals that depend on
the expected movement or settlement of the structure.
Our task is to detect any relative of absolute movement for the retaining wall. We must compare
our result from other group that have been used the same control point by comparing the coordinates
for all point at the wall of the building but the wall of building that has been choose by our group was
not same as all the other groups. So, we cannot compare the coordinates of point at the wall with the
other groups. To find the coordinates at the retaining wall, it is possible to calculate manually because it
take a lots of calculation and quite difficult to solve it. So we have used StarNet programming to find the
coordinates points of the retaining wall. By using the programmed, we could know all the coordinates
and also be able to know the standard deviation and residual for the retaining wall.
While monitoring the building, the slope distance must be read for design three dimensional
building. Before the measurements be made, we must make sure that the sticker that used as a
observed point on the building can reflect the signal from the theodelite for slope distance
measurement. This is because we found that some of the sticker cannot reflect the signal from the
theodelite. Furthermore, the signal from theodelite also cannot be reflected if the station is far from the
building. Because of that, we decide to choose the station nearest to the building as long as it can
measure the slope distance.
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BY: MOHD RIZALMAN BIN RASIDIN (2009201944)

For this deformation survey we were received the task to do the deformation to monitoring the
movement for the Student Facilities building of in UiTM Penang. This movement can be detected by
comparing the deformation result with history, to get the best value for error by using statistical
calculation from redundant observation.
For the first day, we done reconnaissance at the building for target identification and decide
where the control point should be established. The control point should be safe from disturbance so the
observation does not contain too much error. Moreover, the control point should not be established too
close from the building. The shape of control point should be in good triangle. It means the inner angle is
between 60 degree and 120 degree.
Before we done the traversing, the datum for network control was taken from GPS observation
on station 11 and 2. After done traversing around the building, we get the linear misclose of 1:9000 using
bowditch method. But there are some different when the misclose is calculate using starnet software
which applying Least Square Adjustment (LSA). The linear misclose when using starnet software is 1:400
000. This situation happen when starnet use LSA to calculate error for each station from redundant
observation. Meanwhile the bowditch method generally distributed error equally for each station.
For the observation, we have observed 4 points from 3 control points which are. We also
determined the Z value for each station using GPS observation to get reduce level for each control
station. The purpose of the leveling survey is to design 3-dimension deformation in StarNet. It needs the
Z value to design the 3-D dimension.
For my comment, the location of target should be well spread around of the building and not
focus at one certain part only. Moreover, the target point should be at stable place and should have clear
line of sight. In my opinion, the observation should avoid during afternoon because during afternoon,
the refraction and sun heat make the observation contain error. Moreover, the targets become blurry
when afternoon. In addition, the instrument should be done calibration first before it use for
observation. To obtain good observation, the control point should have good geometry. By using StarNet
software its can detect all of error in observation, this software is good to make the analysis for the
surveying work. From this software we can define how well the field work, because its use more
statistical calculation for analysis. I suggest, all of student for survey studies need more knowledge about
StarNet software and must be expert to handle StarNet software. Because it’s good for analysis survey
data and define error.
BY: MOHD ZULKARNAIN BIN ZAINAL ABIDIN (208411092)
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Deformation task required us to conduct the deformation survey at the Student’s facilities
building, nearby the crystal college, UiTM Penang. We are given 2 days to finish the task. The works
involved in this survey work are reconnaissance, traversing, GPS coordinate conversion and transferring,
deformation and processing the collection of data. The processing of data is used using StarNet software.
Before starting a job, reconnaissance of the area is very important, to investigate and to get
familiar with the area. Reconnaissance are needed to properly planed the works involve to ensure
smooth flow and to avoid any obstacle during the field work.
Deformation work mainly focused on detecting or to identify any movement or deformation of a

certain manmade structure, which in this case is a building. The work given requires observation of the
target points mounted on the sides of the building, and should be done in time frame to monitor the
movement of the building. However, as we only has a few days to complete the job, the job was
conducted only for learning process of the procedure, methods and the main objectives is to understand
the whole process of conducting the job.
The control points located on the building are pre determined, as a group required observing
minimum 4 target points on the building, from 3 ground control points. As the work requires us to
observe the same points on the building, the target points located on the building must be visible from
all the ground control points. The best locations for the ground control points are identified and the
processes of observing the building are then started, starting from the traversing work.
The 1st task is to establish the ground control points. This is obtained by traversing around the
student facilities building. Then the coordinate of the control points or stations are determined by
transferring the coordinate from the GPS observation made from 2 stations, located on the traverse
network itself. The GPS observation also gives the corrected bearing for the traverse, as the rotations of
the traverse are done. The data processing of the traverse are made in StarNet, using 3D parameter, to
obtain the least square correction for the traverse. As the job require all 10 groups to be located on the
same building with minimum 3 stations per group, the distances between the stations are quite small,
thus affecting the accuracy of the traverse work.
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Then the deformation work was carried out, by observing 4 sets of different starting bearing for
all 3 points on the building. During the deformation survey process, we were required to obtained the
slope distance from the ground control points to the building CP. The method used was by using
reflective stickers on the building, to rebounce back the wave signal send from the Total Station. There
were issues of reflective capability of the sticker, but the problem is then solved by selecting the right
material.
Finally, I would to conclude that the work done was very successful, although there were some
problems arise at the site, such as the problem with the sticker wave rebounces capability. Other than
that, the process of data processing using the StarNet software were very time consuming, as we are not
so familiar with using the software.
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BY: MUHAMMAD KHAIRI BIN IDRUS (2008401526)
I would like to say thank you to Allah s.w.t for giving His opportunity for completing this
deformation project. Also thanks to my lecturer, Dr Rosmadi Bin Ghazali, and all my friends for the
guidance and cooperation. The objective of this practical is to train students how to detect the
movement object from observation with total station.
As we have learnt, deformation surveys are very presice survey in engineering works. It is
performed to detect and measure movements of a variety of physical objects or land parcels. In this
project, we are needed to monitor and detect any movement at Student’s facilities building, nearby the
crystal college, UiTM Penang .
Firstly, we done reconnaissance at the building and we decide where the control point should be
established. The control point should be in suitable location. The control point should not be established
too close from the building because the shape of control point should be in good triangle.
The datum for network control was taken from GPS observation on station 11 and 2 and we
make the traverse around the building that we want monitoring. After that, we have observed 4 target
points from 3 control points which are. Then, we also determined the Z value for each station using GPS
observation to get reduce level for each control station. It is to design 3-dimension deformation in
StarNet. It needs the Z value to design the 3-D dimension.
The error also came from the observation by the different obsever, the different observer will
gain the different observation value. The instrument for the observation also brings important result,
smaller error will comes out with the accurate value for these accurately survey. If we can see the zenith
error from the result of the analysis above, the value was too high and absolutely not in the acceptance
range of the chi square. My comment it was we used the standard leveling, in my opinion we should
come out with the precise leveling to get more accurately result .The points on the wall also play an
important result for this accuracy survey. The unclear and invisibility crosshair of centering on the points
will produce an error during the observation.
Page 32 of 53
BY: SITI NAIMAH BT NGISAH@NORMAN (2009687856)
Assalamualaikum. All praise to be ALLAH. Thanks to Dr Rosmadi Bin Ghazali for his guidance in this
fieldwork.
Deformation surveys are very precise survey performed to detect and measure movement of a
variety of physical objects or land parcels. Beside that deformation surveys can detect relative or
absolute movements for monitoring of pump base or pipe connections, storage tanks, retaining walls,
slope areas or general ground subsidence but in this practical we just to monitoring the retaining walls.
The procedures of deformation survey job are not as difficult and complicated as the other types of
survey.
In this practical task we are needed to monitor and detect any movement of the building of
dining hall at Kolej Kristal, UiTM Pulau Pinang. There are 3 control points on the ground at station 8, 9, 10
and 4 observe points.
At the first day, we had done reconnaissance of the area to identify the suitable location for
control points. There are 10 groups those co-operated to conduct traverse around the building of dining
hall. The traverse used to determine the coordinate of ground control. The 3 control points were used in
the monitoring. The next day, we conduct the monitoring from the control point station to observe the 4
target points on the wall of building of dining hall. We spend two day to complete this job.
During do the practical, i noticed that weather condition also affect our sight viewing to target
that give the refraction because the hot weather. Rain also delayed our fieldwork. Human error exists in
our data reading because difference observers have difference parallax. The observation also difficult to
done because the sticker at the wall unable to reflect. However, after the little adjustment that had been
done to the sticker, the observation able to read by using total station finally.
For the processing data, Starnet software was used. The observation data is entering to calculate
standard error, error factor, error propagation and residual. Starnet give a plot and listing the coordinate
at 4 targets and our observation data is acceptable.
At the end I hope this practical helpful to me as a guideline in the real job. I conclude that this
task enable to identify the changing in construction monument. I hope our lecturer satisfy with this
practical. InsyaALLAH.
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BY: MUHAMMAD RUZAINI BIN MOHAMMAD FADZIL (2009837016)
i. Alhamdulilah, for the completion of the task. Deformation Surveying is about a precise surveying
conducted to detect and monitor the movement of the physical structure in the engineering field.
ii. In this task we have been assigned to monitor the structural of a three-storey building which taking
consider of observing four target points. Two target points were placed at the first floor and the
other two at the second floor.
iii. At the first thing, a three dimensional traverse control has been done around the building
purposely for setting up stations for deformation. And the traverse has been controlled with two
known (x, y, z) GPS points.
iv. We have to observe the height of instrument, height of target point, slope distance between the
instrument to target point instead the horizontal angles and the vertical angles.
v. for the observation of the target points, we have observed with three different horizontal angles
(0°, 90°, 180°) for the both face of left and right.
vi. Once the observation finished, based on the yet two known GPS control, it would be input into the
Star*Net Least Square Adjustment software, to make an adjustment for the traverse station and
also the four target points.
vii. The traverse control network has passed the 5% Chi Square Test but unfortunately the target
points (1071, 1072, 1073, and 1074) were not.
viii. As a result of the adjustment, all the target points would be produced with the coordinate of X and
Y plus the elevation. This is what it called three dimensional monitoring.
ix. Many thankful for Assoc. Prof Dr. Rosmadi for helping in advance and also the fellow group
members for a good teamwork.
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5.1 INTRODUCTION
Route surveying is comprised of all survey operations required for design and construction of
engineering works such as highways, pipelines, canals, or railroads.
A route surveying system usually contains four separate but interrelated processes:
• Reconnaissance and planning
• Works design
• Right of way acquisition
• Construction of works
Major Components of Route Surveying Systems

• Stationing
• Offset distance
• Profile grades (slope percentage)
• Curves (Horizontal and Vertical)
• Cross sections
• Slope staking
5.2 OBJECTIVES
The objective mainly is to give the student an exposure to conduct an actual route survey on the given
site. Secondly is to give the student an opportunity to practice and apply their knowledge and theoretical
wise on handling the whole process of route surveying job. Thirdly to give the student an experience of
using survey processing software and CAD packages for the survey data processing and preparation of
plan.
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5.3 LOCATIONAL AND DURATION

Location : Taman Tunku Seberang Jaya, Pulau Pinang adjacent to Masjid Seberang Jaya
Satellite image of the site area
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Location of the site
OUR SURVEY AREA
The survey area has been proportioned into ten areas according to the ten groups of survey.
The Duration of the survey works:

Four (4) Days
 reconnaisance survey
 perimeter survey
 details and topographical survey
 setting-out survey of the proposed road
5.4 INSTRUMENTATION
 Topcon Total Station GTS-235N with tripod
 A set of prism with tripod
 Mini prism and prism with pole
 Measuring tape
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5.5 PROCEDURAL
5.5.1 Reconnaisance Survey
 It has been done on the first day of survey to determine the condition and of the area and
the details to be covered.
 Generally this area is a public area and better known for a recreational park.
 The terrain of the ground is flat and undulating and the details comprised with natural
features such as waterways and river and some structural permanent feature such as
bridge, pondok, bench and etc.
 This reconnaissance also including the planning of the perimeter survey to be conduct
upon the area.
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5.5.2 Perimeter Survey

 A traverse for the whole area has been done to establish the control of x, y and z for the
area.
 However the control x, y, z of the area is only based on assumed value at the Station 1 (x =
1000, y = 1000, z = 3.850).
 After the area of the area has been acquired, it later has been proportioned into ten (10)
portions for the ten (10) survey groups.
The black line is the main traverse for the whole area STATION 1:
N1000
E1000
Z = 3.850
The red line is our sub traverse upon the proportioned area
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5.5.3 Details Survey

 The details survey has to be conducted upon an area of 10,000 meter square with a
coverage for the both side is 20 meter each.
 And generally the details covered in our proportioned area are a portion of river and
waterway, slope cutting and permanent features like pondok, drainage, concrete wall and
benchs.
 The details taken are stored in the total station internal memory
 To start the details survey basically we make a sub traverse starting from the known point
Station 3 (916.833, 998.729, 3.862) with the reference to the station 2 and make foresight
to station 100, 101, 17, 103 and close back at the line of station 2 and 3. And the linear
misclosure after the C correction is 1 : 17251.
 Instead the station for traversing, the same station also used to pickup details. And the
method used is Radiation Method
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5.5.4 Road Setting out

 After the details of the area has been covered and processed, then we can determine
which area suitable for designing a road.
 Since the bottom side of the area is mostly a waterway and river so it is better to design a
road at the above side area which flat and undulating area.
 Two curves have been designed with different specifications. And each curve is to be set
out by five (5) groups. And we are assigned to design the curve no. 2.
Curve no.2
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 The Specifications:
1. The Design Speed = 80 km/h
2. Lateral Acceleration = 1.2 m/s3
3. Radius = 200 meters
4. Deflection Angle = 15° 14’ 16”
5. Chainage Interval = 5 meters
6. Incoming Tangent Bearing = 173° 23’ 50”
The proposed curve design

 The calculations of the coordinate of the chainage of the curve is at Appendices 6.11
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5.5 DATA PROCESSING AND PREPARATION OF PLAN

5.5.1 Data Transfer
 Data is being transferred from the total station to computer using the
manufacturer software. So in this survey since we use Topcon Total Station the
suitable software is T-COM.
 The parameter for the transfer is like in the Diagram 1
 Once after transfer finished it would appear like in the Diagram 2
 Then set the file name with the extension “*.gt6”
Diagram 1: T-Com data transfer Diagram 2: After the data transfer has been finished
parameter
5.5.2 Data Processing

 The software used for processing survey data is Civil Design and Survey
(CDS).
 Then import the *.gt6 file into the CDS and
make it a stadia before it can be stored in the
data base. Then export to a *.dxf or *.dwg
format.
Diagram 3: Stadia
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Diagram 4: Details is been stored in the database
5.5.3 Plan Preparation

 The software used for data editing and coding joining for a plan
preparation is AutoCAD 2007.
 User have to open the saved *.dxf or *.dwg file into the AutoCAD.
 And later the details are being joined appropriately according its coding. It is important the
person who produces the plan get an impression of the site before joining the coding. And
it also better for the surveyor to assist with providing a brief diagram of the site and
further explanation.
 It also better for the draftman to put a diagram of certain features in the plan such as a
diagram of concrete drain with the diameter.
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The detail and topographical plan is prepared.

 And the detail and topographical plan we prepared are in the scale of 1 : 500 in the A3
sized.
5.6 CONCLUSION
It can be said that route survey is a work that consist of several important procedure to make
sure it will form a high accuracy result in the end of the work. It accomplishes the need of engineering
field work according to the need of customer. In other word, routes survey is defined as being the
required service and product that adequately locates the planned path of a linear project or right of way
which crosses a prescribed area of real estate, extending from at least one known point and turning or
terminating at another known point. Adequate location shall mean substantial compliance with the
conditions and tolerances expressed in this standard.
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Based on our field work, now we able to visualise how the real world is for route survey work,
especially the condition of the ground, complication of detailing, appearance of station invisibility, any
natural problem and etc. In producing high accuracy of work product depends on how close we carry out
the traverse. In our task, in order to check our work is correct or not, at the end of the work we must
compare our product with the others group which each of group must get an equal and parallel distance
between the curve designs. However the main problem is that each group us a different datum. Hence
the possibility in getting error is high.
As a result, in order to checking each of group work the combination of the circular curve are
parallel to each other. Even though each group use the different datum supposed to be that the circular
to be parallel since it use the value from big traverse as a reference to their small traverse.
5.7 INDIVIDUAL COMMENTS
BY: NUR SHAFINAZ BT HASSAN BASERI (2008401504)
Based on our field work, i found that in finishing the route survey work, planning is the major
factor to complete and produce a good quality work. Without planning wisely we might not produce a
good work. The planning work must be based on the details, area parameter, ground level and all off sets
on the area work. In this work also involve the use of CDS software which is use as processing data and
AutoCAD which is use to design.
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If error occurred in bearing determination and design calculation, later it will effect during
setting out process. Plus, during traverse work also is important where it act as a horizontal control. If
there is error in control, hence during setting out will produce an absolute high error result. We used
GPS in order to get coordinate value.
During setting out procedure, must be based on a right bearing and distance compute from the
planning drawing that had been made. After open the bearing based on calculation made, then the
pegging must be done wisely and accurately. The checking step based on the coordinate reading where
the same point must the same coordinate value.
At the end of our work, now I realise and able to visualize on how the real world is in full fill the
route survey work. All the possibility that I might face during route survey and how to solve also I have
learn. Including all the possibility of the condition of the ground, complication of detailing, appearance
of station invisibility, any natural problem and etc
BY: MUHAMMAD KHAIRI BIN IDRUS (2008401526)
I would like to say thank you to Allah s.w.t for giving His opportunity for completing this task.
Also thanks to my lecturer, Dr Rosmadi Bin Ghazali and all my friends for the guidance and cooperation.
The objective of this practical is to train surveying students how to plan and reconnaissance for
route surveying, how to establish control points on ground, how to conduct route alignment and how to
conduct a cross section and longitudinal surveys. details on the site were observed to identify the
topography and layout of the site. Besides, the observe details on the area are made to carry out detail
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survey for the purpose of designing and planning for the road design and to produce a detail drawing of
the site.
Firstly, we make traverse. It is required to established the control network frame on the site, and
to obtained a roughly estimation of the site area. Then, we get the coordinate of the station on the
traverse by GPS observation on two stations located on the traverse network.The traverse made by
ourselves in this practical and we just to peg chainages above traverse line. Then, we transfer the
coordinates by calculation.
When the field work were completed, we used CDS and AutoCAD to process all data that
taken, and produce cross section and detail plan. It was a good experience for me to learn and practice
this software and doing this practical so I think this practical have gave me clearly overview of route
surveying work.
BY: MOHD ZULKARNAIN BIN ZAINAL ABIDIN (2008411092)
I wish to thank Dr Rosmadi bin Ghazali for providing me with the opportunity to work alongside
him, for all his patience and guidance in the way of conducting the field work.
The field work for road design survey was conducted at the Taman Tunku, Seberang Jaya,
Penang. The objective for this practical are to establish control points (horizontal and vertical) around or
in the area and chainages (CH) using pegs. Moreover, the details on the site were observed to identify
the topography and layout of the site. Besides, the observe details on the area are made to carry out
Page 48 of 53
detail survey for the purpose of designing and planning for the road design and to produce a detail
drawing of the site.
All measurements in this practical are based on a network of horizontal and vertical control
points. These networks are used on site in the preparation of maps and plans. Firstly, traversing is
required to established the control network frame on the site, and to obtained a roughly estimation of
the site area. The coordinate of the station on the traverse are obtained from GPS observation on two
stations located on the traverse network itself. Then, the coordinate are transferred to the chainage
using calculated value from the road design curve.
After all the detail survey and traversing work are done, all data we downloaded from the total
station using the T-Com software. Data processing are done by using the CDS software, all data
downloaded in CDS software where graphic image from observation can be produced and editing by file
checking on screen. This software can produced data or information from measured points of station.
Each of those points has their level and coordinates. All complete data then exported to AutoCAD R14
software in DWG format and graphic editing will be plotted to the final plan.
Then, the curve or the road design took place. The design was made based on the details
drawing that were made earlier. From the design, the calculation for the curve was made to obtain
every chainage, IP, TS and ST coordinate. The final coordinate are used to obtained the bearing and
distance by calculating the differences in coordinate from the traverse stations. Lastly, the chainage are
pegs according to the calculated values.
Finally, I would like to conclude that the survey and design work that has been carried out was a
success, with minimum obstacle, as the planning work was conducted accordingly.
BY: MOHD RIZALMAN BIN RASIDIN (2009201944)
AlhamdulillaH, a grateful thanks I wish to our Creator as He is the only who can give us ideas and
zest especially to complete this route surveying practical. First of all, I would like to wish a big thankful to
our lecturer Dr Rosmadi bin Ghazali as his pleasant teaching in this subject and definitely we had
completely finished this practical route surveying and not forgotten to our group members in finishing
this practical work.
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We have done the procedure work accordly. Starting with reconnaissance on the first week, we
identify the area before observations started. Every group is assigned to a different area at Taman Tunku,
Seberang Jaya, Penang. After that, we carried out traversing works for establishing control points. The
absolute values of the corrected horizontal and vertical value were obtained using GPS observation.
These steps are very important for every surveying observation.
The second process of the practical works required for detailed survey at the given area. The
detail survey works were conducted by making observation from stations on the traverse network
frames, to the features on the site. The pickup features on the site, are trees, drainage, river, building
and others permanent features and the ground level heighting.
After all the field work done, we downloaded and processed all the data in total station to T-
COM software. All the raw data were then imported to CDS software and then transferred to Auto CAD.
In Auto CAD, detail plan are made, by based on the points extracted from the CDS software.
The details survey plans that were drawn are used to obtained the topographic features on the
site and then are used to design the curve. The curve design were created using autocad based on the
spec given. Then, then curve are calculated to obtained the final coordinate of every chainage and other
required features of the curve.
Finally, the curve is pegs on site, based on the coordinate calculated. The differences of coordinate were
transferred from the observed station to the chainage.
BY: FAUZIAH BT ABDUL MALEK (2008401502)
Route survey includes the application of detailed survey, setting out and circular curves. Details
on the site were observed to identify the topography and layout of the site. The observed details on the
area are made to carry out detail survey for the purpose of designing and planning for the road design
and to produce a detail drawing of the site. Setting out is the establishment of the marks and lines to
define the position and level of the elements for the construction work so that works may proceed with
reference to them. Setting out begins with the plan and ends with the various elements of a particular
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engineering project correctly positioned in the area. Mistakes in setting out can cause abortive work and
delays which leave personnel, machinery and plant idle, resulting in additional costs.
In this practical, we make traverse which required to established the control network frame on
the site and to obtained a roughly estimation of the site area. After that, we use GPS observation on two
stations on the traverse network to get the coordinate of the station. Then, we peg chainages above
traverse line and transfer the coordinates by calculation. This operation should incorporate a checking
procedure. Work is not complete until it has been checked. We did the coordinate checking between
calculation and GPS observation and the checking proved that our coordinate that we calculated are
nearly accurate. The set back bearing at back stations and open a long chord bearing with it distance for
pegging to make a spiral and circular curves. The circular that we peg should be align and intersect with
the other groups. We have checked the accuracy of IP point of our group and others which are parallel
with our circular, and the results is around 0.1 to 0.3.
Finally after the field work were completed, we used CDS and AutoCAD to process all data that
taken, and produce cross section and detail plan.
BY: SITI NAIMAH BT NGISAH@NORMAN (2009687856 )

All praise to be ALLAH. Thanks to Dr Rosmadi Bin Ghazali for his guidance in this fieldwork.
In this practical the main objective is to design a road based on horizontal and vertical control
point around the site area. Our site area is at Taman Tunku, Seberang Jaya, Pulau Pinang.
At the first, traversing is done at the site area to get the horizontal control (x, y) along route. The
coordinate of the control point on the traverse are obtained from GPS. Then, the detail at the site area
are observed and recorded for the purpose of designing the route and detail drawing. Besides that we
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are recorded all important details think such as drain, tree, retaining wall, Culvert, Pipe line Ground
Level. Along traverse we are marked chainage every 5 meter intervals. The coordinate of chainage (CH)
can be obtained from the curve calculation.
Then, we used CDS software to process the data and plotting the plan using AutoCAD. Besides,
using CDS is easier to joint all details compared to AutoCAD because we just need to key-in all the data
and then process but in AutoCAD we have to key-in the data one by one and joint the details which is
much more complicated. After all measurement, calculation and plotting are completed; we marked the
chainage(CH), TS,ST and IP according to calculated values.
Finally, this task is very challenging but we all co-operated to complete it. I conclude that this
task had been conducted successfully and all group members gave the good commitment. I hope our
lecturer satisfy with our job. Thank you.
BY: MUHAMMAD RUZAINI BIN MOHAMMAD FADZIL (2009837016)
i. Alhamdulillah for the completion of the job. Route surveying is about a survey which conducted
to design and setting out a road alignment and some would take consider curves.
ii. And this route surveying is mainly comprised of details survey and alignment survey, which the
later details plan produced, would give an idea which terrain is suitable to design a road.
iii. Basically the site is mainly a flat and undulating area although some part of it is waterway, river
and permanent features.
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iv. The control for the survey job is based on an assumed value of x, y and assumed reduced level of
z.
v. The details are observed using a radiation method using total station and later would be
processed and generated using CDS software. And the final output is a detail and topographical
plan which was edited using AutoCAD 2007.
vi. The area covered is about 10000 meter square with an offset for the both side 20 meters.
vii. Once finished the part of detailing and the proposed location for the road is determined, we are
required to design a road which concerned about a spiral and circular curves.
viii. A calculation has been made according to the given specification and once the coordinate of
chainage is computed, the setting out for the chainage is started.
ix. The setting out is being carried out from the nearby traverse station and as a result is pegging
mark on the ground according to the computed coordinate.
x. Lastly many thankful for Assoc. Prof Dr. Rosmadi Ghazali for supervising and fellow group
members for the helping hands to finish this task.
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Field Scheme II Report: Deformation and Route Surveys

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Field Scheme II Report: Deformation and Route Surveys

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SUG 596 - FIELD SCHEME II (ENGINEERING SURVEY) 2010

2.0 FIELDWORK DIARY

20 NOVEMBER 2010  Travel to UiTM Shah Alam to UiTM Pulau Pinang.

21 NOVEMBER 2010  Dr Rosmadi Ghazali gave explanation about our task 1,

24 NOVEMBER 2010  Reconnaissance site of surveying for Task 2, Road Design. At

25 NOVEMBER 2010  Continue deformation survey for station 9 and 10.

26 NOVEMBER 2010  Deformation survey was done again by using different

27 NOVEMBER 2010  Traversing at the route survey area at Taman Tunku.

28 NOVEMBER 2010  Start route survey.

29 NOVEMBER 2010  Discussion on route design

30 NOVEMBER 2010  Designing route

1 DISEMBER 2010  Designing route

 We decide to recalculate the curve and design the curve by

4 DISEMBER 2010  We completed our Report.

Two peg test:

Differential field test:

Two peg test and differential field test:

Total station is the most important instrument in survey works. It is used

work can be readily and accurately accomplished by the method of

Prism used as a target to measure distances. Prism is placed on top of

Two peg test:

Differential field test:

1. Stand the total station in between 2 prism.

3. Next, stand prism on point B and move total station to point c

Two peg test:

(1.470m – 1.425m) – (1.390m -1.346m) = 0.001m

(1.131m – 1.130m) – (1.128m -1.129m) = 0.002m

(1.447m – 1.455m) – (1.387m -1.386m) = 0.001m

Differential field test:

Two peg test:

Differential field test:

 The adjustment computations and network analyses are required.

4.5.2 3D Perimeter Survey

4.5.3 3D Building Deformation Survey

Diagram: The location of target points

Diagram: How the monitoring of the target points took place

The adjustment runs successfully

The adjusted network is plotted

4.7 DISCUSSIONS AND ANALYSIS

4.7.1 Analysis of Adjustment Output (Main Traverse)

Adjustment Statistical Summary

Observation Count Sum Squares Error

The Chi-Square Test at 5.00% Level Passed

4.7.2 Analysis of Adjustment Output (Building Deformation)

Adjustment Statistical Summary

Observation Count Sum Squares Error

Warning: The Chi-Square Test at 5.00% Level

1. The 3D network consists of 18 stations. And 3 stations are

4.7.3 Analysis of Adjustment Output (Combination of All Groups)

Adjustment Statistical Summary

Observation Count Sum Squares Error

Warning: The Chi-Square Test at 5.00%

1. The 3D network consists of 48 stations. And 3

4. The redundant observation or also known as degree of freedom is defined from:

4.9 INDIVIDUAL COMMENTS

BY: NUR SHAFINAZ BT HASSAN BASERI (2008401502)

BY: FAUZIAH BT ABDUL MALEK (2008401502)

BY: MOHD RIZALMAN BIN RASIDIN (2009201944)

Deformation work mainly focused on detecting or to identify any movement or deformation of a

BY: MUHAMMAD KHAIRI BIN IDRUS (2008401526)

BY: SITI NAIMAH BT NGISAH@NORMAN (2009687856)

BY: MUHAMMAD RUZAINI BIN MOHAMMAD FADZIL (2009837016)