Reinforced Concrete

Design
Introduction of Subject
Objectives and expectations
Welcome
Selamat Datang
Let’s start marathon ………
We have passion to touch the
sky……
What is this course?
 VAB 3023 is a design course that
aims at introducing the practical
approaches in the reinforced concrete
design of buildings
What is the main Objective?

 The objective of this course is to

coach students with the knowledge to
properly design the reinforced
concrete structures and be able to
provide complete/proper construction
details of their design.
What is the expected outcome?

At the end of this semester………..

 Students attending the class would be
able to appreciate and practice the
design of reinforced concrete
elements that include slabs, beams,
columns and foundation.
Learning Outcome
At the end of this course the student shall be able to:
1. Explain principles of reinforced concrete mechanics
2. Compute load distribution and load flow path
3. Explain the main characteristics of concrete as a structural
material
4. Design of concrete elements subjected transverse loads
including
a. Determining the required amount of flexural reinforcement
b. Check shear strength of concrete elements
c. Check serviceability limits of concrete beams and slabs
d. Check anchorage length requirements and steel curtailment
5. Design of one-way and two-way slabs with and without
beams.
6. Design of concrete columns and combined axial and bending
loads.
7. Design of foundation
Course outline

 Chapter-1 Fundamentals of RC Design

 Chapter-2 Structural load taking
 Chapter-3 Analysis and design of beams
 Chapter-4 Analysis and design of slabs
 Chapter-5 RC column design
 Chapter-6 Shallow foundations
Assessment

 Coursework 50%
Tutorials 5%
Assignments 10%
Group project 10%
Tests 25%
Attendance (>95%) 1 bonus mark will be added

Final Exam 50%

Books and References

Reinforced concrete design by Mosely

and Bungy (based on BS 8110)
BS 8110 1997 Part-1 and Part-3
Lecture notes and handouts
Chapter-1

Fundamentals of Reinforced Concrete

Design
Chapter-1:
Reinforced Concrete Introduction

This chapter includes the:

 Review of concrete as structural material
 Reinforced concrete mechanics, principles and
aims of design.
 Codes, specifications and approaches i.e. limit
state design
 Building configuration, types of loading and
load flow pattern/path and load
calculation/distribution on each element.
 The learning outcome of this chapter is:
 Should be able to explain the principles of
reinforced concrete mechanics including
the concept of durability
Reinforced Concrete Introduction

Reinforced concrete is a composite

material made up of concrete and steel.

The steel bars are embedded

in rectangular shaped
concrete
! building frame
Reinforced Concrete Introduction

This chapter will provide the basic

information on the way by which
combining of steel and concrete together
to provide a versatile construction
material.
SCOPE OF “RC” STRUCTURE
(BASIC ELEMENTS OF A BUILDING STRUCTURE)
What is a Building Structure?

Typically a building structure is

composed of the following elements:
Slabs
Beams
Columns
The principal materials of construction
are:
Concrete
Steel
 Beam

Slab

Column
Basic Configuration of RC Structure
Why steel bars are embedded in
concrete?

This is the fundamental question; the

answer will come from the review of

Solid mechanics
Concrete Technology
Behaviour of a beam

The behaviour of beam was learnt in

Solid Mechanics:
 A Simply Supported Beam

P=0
A

N.A.

A-A A
Behaviour of a beam

If the beam is made of concrete, three

basic stages before collapse:
1. Un-cracked Concrete stage
2. Cracked Concrete (tension zone) -
Elastic Stage
3. Cracked Concrete (tension zone) -
Ultimate Strength Stage
BEAM FAILURE MECHANISM FROM THE
KNOWLEDGE OF “SOLID MECHANICS” AND
CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY
Bending of Beam

R (Radius of
curvature)

Compression

N.A

Tension
Bending of Beam
(A middle section)
1

fc
b
C

ft

1
 Compression

Tension
Manipulated Image visualization for flexural failure.
(Digital image from Northridge Collection, Earthquake Engineerin g Research Center, University of
California, Berkeley)
Review from Concrete Technology

Plain concrete beams are not practical

because as soon as a crack is formed,
the entire beam splits into two parts
causing immediate and sudden
structural failure.
The basic mechanics problem is that
concrete is very weak under tension
stresses.
Review from Concrete Technology

To increase both the strength and the

safety of concrete beams, steel bars are
embedded at the location of tension
stresses.
The figures on next slides illustrate how
the stresses in the beam change as the
moment load is increased.
Lesson from Concrete Technology
Concrete in compression 1

b fc C

c M

1 Reinforcing Steel in tension

Neglect concrete in tension
Load/Moment versus Stresses in a Beam
Load/Moment versus Stresses in a Beam
Load/Moment versus Stresses in a
Beam
Load/Moment versus Stresses in a
Beam
Load/Moment versus Stresses in a
Beam
Shear in Beam

Vertical sliding or
transverse shear
Applied Load

Support Support
Shear in Beam

Load, P

Support Support
Horizontal sliding
or in-plane shear
Comparison of properties of
concrete and steel
What is the aim of Reinforced
Concrete design?

The aim of the reinforced concrete

design is to combine the steel bars with
the concrete in such a manner that
sufficient of the relatively expensive
steel bars is incorporated to resist the
tensile and shear forces which may
exist, whilst utilizing the comparatively
inexpensive concrete to resist the
compressive forces.
Aim of Reinforced Concrete design

 To achieve this aim, the designer needs

to determine:
 not only the amount of steel reinforcement
to be used,
 but how it is to be distributed and where it
is to be positioned.
An example of steel placement for
slab
RC DESIGN RULES AND GUIDELINES
CODES AND STANDARDS
Codes and Specifications

Reinforced Concrete structures are

normally designed in accordance with a
variety of CODES:
BS 8110-1997: Code of Practice for the
Structural use of Concrete. Which is to be
the basis of the work for this semester.
Codes and Specifications

BS8110 is divided into 3 parts

 Part 1: Code of Practice for Design and
Construction. Covers material commonly
required for everyday design.
 Part 2: Code of Practice for Special
Circumstances. Torsion, Deflection and
Elastic Deformation
 Part 3: Design Charts for Singly Reinforced
Beams, Doubly Reinforced and Rectangular
Columns.
Challenges in RC Design

To to produce a structure which:

Performs adequately under normal service
conditions (without excessive deflections or
excessive cracking)
Has adequate reserves of strength to resist
extreme loading conditions that may occur in
its lifetime
Is durable – won’t deteriorate significantly
over time
Is robust – able to resist unlikely but possible
events that may occur during its lifetime
without total collapse
RC Design Fundamentals

The Basis of Design

Material Properties
Loading
Stress Strain Relationships
Durability and Fire Resistance
RC Design Basis

The design of RC structure must ensure

that:
1. Under the worst loading the structure is
safe, and
2. During normal working conditions the
deformation of the members does not
detract from the appearance, durability
or performance of the structure.
RC Design Approaches: Limit State Design

The purpose of design is to achieve

acceptable probabilities that a structure
will not become unfit for its intended
use, that is, that it will not reach a limit
state.
There are two principal Limit States
1. Ultimate Limit state, ULS
2. Serviceability Limit State, SLS
Ultimate Limit Stat, ULS

 This requires that the structure must be

able to withstand, with an adequate
factor of safety against collapse, the
loads which it is designed.
 The possibility of buckling or
overturning must also be taken into
account, as must the possibility of
accidental damages as caused, for
example, by an internal explosion.
Serviceability Limit Stat, ULS

SLS is the behavior at working load. The

most important SLS are:
 Deflection
 Cracking
 Durability
 Excessive vibration
 Fatigue
 Fire resistance
 Special circumstances
Material Properties
Stress-Strain Curve for Concrete
 A typical curve for concrete is shown below:

Note: the stress-strain behavior for concrete is never linear and that the
maximum value is only 80% of the characteristic cube strength.
Material Properties
 BS 8110 makes use of a modified stress-strain curve as
shown
Material Properties
 with a peak stress of 0.67 fcu and hence the design
strength is given by:

 This stress is therefore only about 56% of the stress at

failure of the concrete cube specimen.
Material Properties
Stress-Strain Curve for Steel
 A typical curve for concrete is shown below
 This curve can be divided into three regions -
 linear elastic where strain is proportional to stress
 plastic where a small increase in stress results in a large
strain
 strain hardening
Material Properties
BS 8110 simplifies this behavior in both tension and compression
as shown:
Material Properties: Characteristics
Strength
 CHARACTERISTIC STRENGTH OF A MATERIAL is the
strength below which not more than 5% (or 1 in 20)
samples will fail.

f k f m 1.64 s
Where
fk = Characteristic Strength
fm = Mean strength
s = Standard Deviation
Characteristics strength of concrete

Concrete Grade Characteristic Strength, fcu

(N/mm2)

C25 25

C30 30

C35 35

C40 40

C45 45

C50 50
Characteristics strength of steel bars

Characteristic Strength, fy
Reinforcement Type (N/mm2)

Hot Rolled Mild steel 250

High Yield Steel 460

Example:
calculation of characteristic strength
of concrete
 Ten concrete cubes were prepared and tested by
crushing in compression at 28 days. The following
crushing strengths in N/mm2 were obtained:
 44.5, 47.3, 42.1, 39.6, 47.3, 46.7, 43.8, 49.7,
45.2, 42.7
 Mean strength fm = 448.9/10 = 44.9N/mm2
 Standard deviation s = √
f-fm)2/(n-1)]
= √(80/9) = 2.98N/mm2
 Characteristic strength, fk = 44.9 – (1.64 X 2.98)
= 40.0 N/mm2
Design Strength

In order to take account of the

difference between actual and laboratory
values, local weaknesses and
inaccuracies in the assessment of the
resistance of sections, the Characteristic
Strengths fk are divided by an
appropriate partial safety factor for
strength m.
Partial safety factors
Partial safety factors for Strength of Material (BS 8110, 1997
section 2.2.4.1)

Partial Safety Factor

Material and Stress type
m

Reinforcement 1.05

Concrete - Flexure or Axial Load 1.50

Concrete - Shear, un-reinforced 1.25

Concrete - bond 1.4

Concrete - other e.g. bearing >1.5

Applied Loads on
Structure/Building
Load Types and categories
1. Gravity loading (vertically downward)
1. Dead load
2. Live (imposed) load
2. Lateral Loading due to
1. Wind
2. Earthquake
3. Temperature
4. Settlement of support
Gravity Loading: Dead Load

1. Dead Load (Permanent Load), is the

weight of the structural and non-
structural elements, finishing weight,
and any fixed elements.
Gravity Loading: Dead Load
Gravity Loading: Dead Load
Gravity Loading: Live Load

2. Live Load (Imposed Load), is the weight

of residential people and furniture and
any moving loads.
Gravity Loading: Live Load
Gravity Loading: Live Load
Lateral Load

 Wind Effect of the pressure of wind on

the whole building especially, in a windy
area.
Other forms

 Action due to temperature effects and

restraint to expansion
Other forms

 Action due to an imposed deflection

such as foundation settlement
Characteristic Load
 The actual loadings applied to a structure can seldom be
defined with precision; liquid retaining structures may
provide exceptions.
 To design a structure for the maximum combination of
loads which could conceivably be applied would in many
instances be unreasonable.
 A more realistic approach is to design the structure for
'characteristic loads', i.e. those which are deemed to
have just acceptable probability of not being exceeded
during the lifetime of the structure.
 The term 'characteristic load' normally refers to a load of
such magnitude that statistically only a small probability,
referred to as the fractal, exists of it being exceeded.
Characteristic Load

 Imposed loadings are open to

considerable variability and idealization,
typically being related to the type of
occupancy and represented as a uniform
load intensity.
 Dead loads are less variable although
there is evidence that variations arising
in execution and errors can be
substantial, particularly in the case of
in-situ concrete and finishes such as
tarmac surfacing on road bridges.
Characteristic Load
Characteristic Load Mean Load 1.64 Standard Deviation
Partial Safety Factor for Load
Load combinations and values of gf for the
ultimate limit state
Load Flow Pattern (Load Path)

The structure must carry the applied

loads from point of application to points
of resolution (reaction)
A path taken by the load through the
structure and the components of the
structure from point of application to
points of resolution (including the path
through individual members) is called a
load path
Load Path

 Most structural components can be categorized as beams,

columns, slabs and walls
 These components have one or two dimensions
considerably smaller than the others
 It is convenient to integrated stresses through the smaller
dimensions and talk in terms of stress resultants (axial
forces, shear forces and bending moments)
 A component (or member) carries load applied in the
direction of the smaller dimension through shear force (V)
and bending moment (M)
 A component carries load applied normal to the direction
of the smaller dimension through axial force (N)
 Illustrations of load paths in typical concrete structures
Load Path
Load Path
Load Path
Load Path
Durability aspects of RC structure
Durability

Signs of concrete deterioration are

nowadays far too common.
Repair can be very costly and difficult.
Improved durability is therefore
paramount.
How can this be achieved:
 cover to reinforcement
 minimum cement content
 maximum water/cement ratio
 maximum crack widths
Cover: Definition

Cover is the thickness of concrete layer

that conceal the outer most steel bar or
it is the concrete clearance to steel bar

Clear Cover
Durability
The table below gives nominal (min+5) depths of cover to be
used for a variety of exposure conditions. Note linkage with Max.
water/cement ratio, Min. cement content and concrete grade.
Durability
 To avoid corrosion of reinforcement BS 8110
recommends that a limit be placed on the maximum
crack width of 0.3mm.
 this requirement can generally be satisfied if the
simplified rules on detailing reinforcement are observed
wrt.:
 minimum area and maximum spacing.....see later for
beams, slabs & columns.
Durability
Fire Protection
 Fire protection of reinforced concrete members is
largely achieved by specifying limits for:
 Cover to reinforcement
 minimum dimensions for section
Durability
This table shows the nominal cover to ALL
reinforcement to meet the specified period of fire
resistance.

Fire Nominal Cover (mm)

resistance Beams Floors Columns
hrs. S.S Cont. S.S Cont.
.5 20 20 20 20 20
1 20 20 20 20 20
1.5 20 20 25 20 20
2 40 30 35 25 25
3 60 40 45 35 25
4 70 50 55 45 25
Durability
In addition to cover we must also consider minimum section
dimensions which vary depending upon the element considered
and its location as indicated:
Durability
Fire Minimum Dimensio n
resistance Beam Floor Fully
exposed
hrs. Width Thickness column
width
(b mm) (h mm) (b mm)
.5 200 75 150
1 200 95 200
1.5 200 110 250
2 200 125 300
3 240 150 400
4 280 170 450