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performance than conventional reactive power compensators like the voltages and their angles at every bus except the Slack bus,
SVC. The gate turn-off ability shortens the dynamic response which makes them the load bus or the PQ bus. In this case, we
time from several utility period cycles to a portion of a period assume the initial values of all voltage angels as zero and the
cycle. STATCOM is also much faster in improving the transient magnitude as 1p.u. Meaning, we choose a flat voltage profile.
response than a SVC. This advantage also brings higher reliability We then put these assumed values in our power flow equations,
and larger operating range [3]. knowing that these values don’t represent the actual system, even
though it should have been describing its state. So, now we iterate
IV. Series-Connected Controllers this process of putting in the values of voltage magnitudes and
As shunt-connected controllers, series-connected FACTS angles and replacing them with a better set.
controllers can also be divided into either impedance type or So, as the flat voltage profile keeps converging to the actual values
converter type. The former includes Thyristor-Switched Series of the magnitudes and angles, the mismatch between the P and
Capacitor (TSSC), Thyristor-Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC), Q will reduce. Depending on the number of iterations we use
Thyristor-Switched Series Reactor, and Thyristor-Controlled and our requirements we can end the process with values close
Series Reactor. The latter, based on VSI, is usually in the form of a to the actual value. This process is called as the iterative solution
Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC). The composition method. The final equations derived in the previous section are
and operation of different types are similar to the operation of the the load flow equations where bus voltages are the variables. It
shunt-connected peers [4]. can be seen that these equations are nonlinear and they can be
solved using iterative methods like:
V. Load Flow Analysis 1. Gauss-Seidel method
Load-flow studies are very common in power system analysis. It 2. Newton-Raphson method
allows us to know the present state of a system, given previous
known parameters and values. The power that is flowing through VII. Power Flow Analysis with SVC
the transmission line, the power that is being generated by the Fig. 2 below shows a power plant which is connected to a larger
generators, the power that is being consumed by the loads, the system via a double line transmission system (upper part). The
losses occurring during the transfer of power from source to load, lower part of the figure shows simplified the voltages at the end
and so on, are iteratively decided by the load flow solution, or also of the transmission system for various load cases:
known as power flow solution. In any system, the most important 1. Heavy load
quantity which is known or which is to be determined is the voltage 2. Light load
at different points throughout the system. Knowing these, we can 3. Outage of one line during heavy load condition
easily find out the currents flowing through each point or branch. 4. Load rejection at the end of the line
This in turn gives us the quantities through which we can find According to the loading conditions voltage decreases and increases
out the power that is being handled at all these points. In earlier will occur with larger deviations at contingency conditions. An
days, small working models were used to find out the power flow SVC will be typically designed in size to limit voltage deviations
solution for any network. Because computing these quantities was during normal load conditions and a good voltage profile is kept
a hard task, the working models were not very useful in simulating for this operation. At other contingency conditions larger voltage
the actual one. It’s difficult to analyze a system where we need deviation will occur due to the sizing for normal conditions.
to find out the quantities at a point very far away from the point
at which these quantities are known. Thus we need to make use
of iterative mathematical solutions to do this task, due to the fact
that there are no finite solutions to load flow.
The values more often converge to a particular value, yet do not
have a definite one. Mathematical algorithms are used to compute
the unknown quantities from the known ones through a process
of successive trial and error methods and consequently produce
a result. The initial values of the system are assumed and with
this as input, the program computes the successive quantities.
Thus, we study the load flow to determine the overloading of
particular elements in the system. It is also used to make sure
that the generators run at the ideal operating point, which ensures
that the demand will be met without overloading the facilities and
maintain them without compromising the security of neither the
system nor the demand.
The objective of any load-flow analysis is to produce the following Fig. 2: Voltages at the End of a Transmission System Under Various
information: Operating Conditions
• Voltage magnitude and phase angle at each bus.
• Real and reactive power flowing in each element. Fig. 3 below shows the case of load rejection. The voltage
• Reactive power loading on each generator. rises rapidly in will be reduced by the voltage control means
of the system i.e. voltage controllers in power plants. If a SVC
VI. Load Flow Equation Solution Methods is connected close the voltage will also rise rapidly but will be
To start with by solving the load flow equations, we first assume reduced in only a few cycles by the fast reaction of a SVC. The
values for the unknown variables in the bus system. For instance, first peak cannot be influenced because the SVC control must first
let us suppose that the unknown variables are the magnitude of observe the increase and can only react afterwards.
Fig. 5:
ETAP Load Flow analysis calculates Bus voltages, Branch Power Factors, Currents and Power Flows throughout the Electrical
system in single line diagram. ETAP allows for swings, voltage regulated, unregulated power sources with multiple power grids and
generator connections. It is capable of performing on both radial and loop systems. ETAP allows feeding of all these above values in
single line diagram for load flow analysis. ETAP provides three load flow calculation methods: Newton-Raphson, Fast-Decoupled,
and Accelerated Gauss- Seidel. They possess different convergent characteristics, and sometimes one is more favourable in terms
of achieving the best performance. Any one of them is selected depending on system configuration, generation, loading condition,
and the initial bus voltage. The following two figures shows load flow analysis of the above shown single line diagram with and
without using SVC.
By using two SVCs, average value of voltage is changed from 77.366 to 78.071 i.e. increased by 0.705 units. Thus using two SVCs
in the single line diagram at location bus 9-10 where static load is present, it has been found that, we have increased voltage profile
and increased active power. Reduction of losses, increase of power transfer capability and voltage profile can also be optimized by
number of other optimization methods such as simulated annealing, fuzzy logic.
References
[1] Guneet Kour, Dr. G.S.Brar, Dr. Jaswanti, International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology (IJEST), Optimal
Placement of Static VAR Compensator in Power System.
[2] H. K. Tyll, Senior Member, IEEE,"Application of SVCs to Satisfy Reactive Power Needs of Power Systems".
[3] Y.H. Song, A.T. Johns,“Flexible ac transmission systems (FACTS)”, IEEE 1999.
[4] Juan Dixon (SM), Luis Morán (F), José Rodríguez (SM), Ricardo Domke, Reactive Power Compensation Technologies, State
of-the-Art Review.
[5] A. K. Chakraborty, A. E. Emanuel,“A Current regulated Switched Capacitor Static Volt Ampere Reactive Compensator”, IEEE
Transactions
[6] Power Electronics by Dr. P.S Bhimbra
[7] Elements of Power System Analysis by Stevenson