Quantum Field Theory

Fractals

Quantum Field Theory

Fractals

Dann Passoja
Los Angeles California
Spring 2018
Following a Path..
After I acquired some new laboratory equipment I contacted
Beniot and told him that I was prepared to do experiments with him on
the fracture of metals. We were successful. Subsequently he invited me
to present our results at the first Fractals conference in Courchevel,
France.
My relationship to everything that followed is best summarized
by:
"Beniot is Beniot and Fractals are Fractals"

because there were two characters in play.

At that time Beniot was under brutal attack from all quarters. I
was amazed because fractals were real! We had just proven that.
Experience has taught me never to ignore these things, instead I
react, without pause, and I become totally committed to removing
cause.
A year later, as I was reading H.E.Huntltley's book "The Golden
Ratio" on ~p 135, I noticed a comment that he made about Pascal's
triangle. He outlined some triangular features that were related to 2.
When I saw this I said to myself
" Yes I happen to know that the relationship is called
Fractal, known as a Serpinski Gasket"...
So, I went home and verified that my suspicions were right.
I've always kept abreast of the major flow of fractals, but I knew
what consequences of the "Fractal-Binomial Probability" relationship
would be.
I hope this explains why I never use interpretations of fractals
that are commonly used. Furthermore, popular understanding of
fractals is far too limited. It comes across as another idea that's just like
counting but in this case, instead of just counting up and putting things

1
in a box, the problem that's presented involves a box and many
different sized copies of one thing. Learning occurs when a student
understands what "Self- Similarity" means. --Find method of folding
one of the copies so that you're able to put everything in the box in
nested positions

Project: "Fractals and Quantum Mechanics"

. This work is a consolidation of the l factors in the Quantum

Fractals Project that started in. late 2017. Fortunately , it's been of
major interest to me for quite some time. I've organized my efforts over
the years and have become more focused and more devoted to reaching
my goals. I’ve determined that Quantum Field Theory to be the most
suitable form of quantum mechanics to use.
QFT uses the quantized harmonic oscillator as a starting point.
that expresses the relationship between particle and field called ( the
particles come to be known as Creation/ Destruction operators.
Defining the field on a set of discrete coordinates delivers amazing
versatility. It eliminates the barrier of having to solve Schrodinger’s
Equation for an uncountable infinite collection of particles without an
uncountable set of corrections to go with it.

2
 Scope of the Fractal QFT Project
Summer July 2018
QFT

3
Fractals

4
 The Conjunction

The exponents of the moments of the quantized oscillator are

the same as the generating set used to create the Mod[Prime] PL
Fractal under the Mod[ ] operation. All of the prime sets are composed
of .....0's and 1's. Since they are both related to the binomial
distribution the transformation to a binary fractal is the quantization of
probability.

I derived an equation based on an algorithm that had used to

construct the Serpinski Carpet (also the first member of the Prime set

5
Mod[3]). It happened to be a similar form of equation that's used to
calculate single particle scattering By studying Richard Feynman's
approach to this problem I found that the only difference was that I'd
found the equation from an algorithm deduced from geometry,
Feynman used the meaning and the geometric structure of the equation
in a form that clarified, identified relationships and gave insights on the
types of interactions that could be included.
The same considerations are applicable when fractals are
included in the picture. There's something additional that needs to be
considered. The algorithm that I found is just like the others but my
deconstruction method didn't address the problem of phase and the
other equations don't either. The structure of the fractal has to be
included in this exercise. But it obvious to me because knew what to
ignore in order to find some of the more the basic ideas that underlie
fractals. My simplification resulted is an algorithm based on area.
The fractal representation is thought to be based on geometry,
however, it's hard not think of it as a geometric power series because
that type of relationship has been used very successfully to solve many-
body single particle scattering problems.

6
 This is a group of equations that are based on that relationship

This is just a way to stimulate everyone's thinking about fractals.

7
 I presented evidence in the form of derivations, geometric
constructions and equations that show direct connections between
QFT and Fractals. Because of this I've been able to determine where
fractals should be introduced in the equations, furthermore that the
prime fractal representations will quantize the moments of the HO in
the form of a fractal set

Probability-The Origin of the Mod[ 2] Fractal

The Binomial distribution is concerned with describing the probability

of successfully drawing n items out of a total number N.
Binomial distribution
æ Nö N- m n! N- m
C ç ÷ p m (1- p ) = p m (1- p )
è mø N!( N - m)!)
The Binomial Coefficients
æ Nö n!
Cç ÷ =
è m ø N!( N - m )!

Binomial Coefficients
æ Nö n!
Cç ÷ =
è n ø N!( N - n )!

The coefficients are a way of counting the success in finding n

particles out of an ensemble of N particles. The distribution is applicable
for discrete particles.

8
 The probability of having a success = P which can be defined in a
number of different ways. The atomic scale would Perhaps necessitate
using a modified wave function

Quantum Mechanics and Fractals

The form of quantum mechanics that offered the most promise

was Quantum Field Theory. Both QFT and Fractals have the ability to
relate local and global scales. This advantage that from fractal's
property is a result of self- similarity.

QFT
QFT replaces the Schrodinger representation by the Heisenberg
representation

Schrodinger

Heisenberg Operator changes with time

9
 Fields are represented as the normal modes harmonic oscillators
which and are therefore quantized

æ 1ö
H = hw ç n + ÷
è 2ø

Which results in probability being defined in terms of a

particles existence either =1 or = 0 it is created destroyed all this comes
about by the C/A operator
and
n= a a = 1
+ -

1 n
n =
n!
( a†) 0 particle operator

a - = x + ip a + = x - ip

10
 Figure 4 shows the excited states that the ground state (a many
body single particle state) creates. The excitations act on the ground
state (the Fermi surface) which result in single particle states that
stabilize the system's fluctuations due to
the conservation of energy. The states are then occupied by the
particles.

11
 æ 1ö
E = hw ç a + a - + ÷
è 2ø r

Use of simple geometry to give pespective to the Commutator

12
The Mod [3] fractal defines a structure
where probability=1; QFT n=1

13
 Fractals acting in conjunction with Quantum Field Theory has the
capability to quantize general forms of probability. For example the
even prime Mod[2] fractal can represent 5 (or more ) particles

14
 A typical scattering problem is shown above. One particle enters,
propagates, collides elastically then scatters#1, propagates,#2, scatters,
propagates.... . The scatters are particles and therefore they have
probability =1 all of the scattering events are products, shown below,
they're rearranged so that that they are presented

15
sequentially, because the entire propagation occurs in time. It's a case
of reorganizing things everything in way that clarifies everything
without destroying the physics.
The many body mathematics uses Feynman diagrams of many
different types

and an array of connections that are represent terms to be used in

equations. This is a way to understand relationships, transformations,
charge exchange, destruction of fields, balance the in and out fluxes at
a scattering site to determine whether a particle or a field exists .

16
On the Path to Understanding
I've found a way to bring this into clear focus and it isn't a matter
of including the rather profound meaning that accompanies the above
equations, but rather by seeing the Schrodinger Equation represented in
algebraic form associated with algebraic expressions and by thinking in
simple geometric terms. The two figures above help to show the place
where fractals belong in the equations. They also show what fractals
represent in the entire picture. The fact that a Mod[2] operation can
change the binomial coefficients into a fractal having a 0,1
representation because of that fractals purpose would play a role in
quantization.

A Gallery of Prime Fractals

I've never presented these before but I wanted to demonstrate

the variety that should be expected from the Passoja Laahtakia set.
These represent the prime numbers. I don't have to construct them I just
use the a prime and that is the key for opening the door. It’s not
possible to see all of the detail on some of the figures but everything is
fractal.
The following figures show that that an operation of congruence
in the case shown 3 5 which amounts to placing physically one set
over the other, is equal to 3 times 65. In order to square 3 it's not
possible to use congruence because your answer would be 3. Instead
you must use Mod[9] which happens to be the most beautiful set that
I've seen so far.

17
These are the first 25 primes

18
This demonstrates the operation of congruence. I discovered a
mathematical tertianship that was native to the sets the Congruence
operation is represented by placing one set on top of the other
Mod[3] Mod[5] 3x if I wanted determine and tried Mod[3] Mod[3]
I'd get the answer =3 but to
2
find 3 , or 9 I'd have to use [9]

19
 Mod[9]
This demonstrates how a matrix congruence operation for fractals
causes something that's unexpected.
Simple congruence is associated with similarity and therefore is a
way to describe reflections, translations, rotations, scaling and
dilatations. The self- similarity property of fractals is certainly related to
this also. I'm guilty of replacing self-similarity and scaling with
magnification because I've been an electron microscopist for many
years. Also, I've noticed that magnification is taken for granted and
ignored all of the time. I'm quite aware of its importance and I wanted
to use it as often as possible in as many different contexts that I could

20
find and develop some new equations that demonstrate a more general
meaning for it.
I decided to do this about 10 years ago when I was working on
the PL set. I found that if I wanted a more detailed representation of
Mod[3] for example if I was using a 81x81 matrix and wanted to see
more of it that next whole image was 3x(81x81). That was the same -
Prime- times for everything. Sure that's because fractals are self similar,
but in order to see a more detailed image I had to look at larger areas.
That could only mean that I was decreasing the magnification. Of
course everything that I observed made little sense because it was
exactly the opposite of what I expected. Yes I knew about fractals self-
similarity but I really didn't know what that meant in terms of of my
reality.
Magnification is important because it I rely on it in so many
ways. To keep my balance, how to (but not where) point if I'm going to
change direction, to know whether I'm entering or leaving somewhere,
to know if I'm moving away from where I started (obviously because
the magnification had decreased)
Because I'm a scientist I'm constantly working with wave
behavior. In all cases everything is treated in terms of being periodic on
a circle. The equations take care of the radius of the circle and the
positions around the circle so everything is understood in that way. But
II saw same image appear hen I decreased the magnification and once
again when I decreased the magnification. I wasn’t confused at all
because I'm a microscopist and don't miss a thing self similarity also
means periodic with magnification.
So I sense a great opportunity to learn something new because
I'm going to watch fractals, matrices, prime numbers and congruence
play together.

21
Examples created from the P-L set: the top one is Mod[5] and the
bottom one was made from a different set of boundary conditions -
normally ..1,1,1,1.... ...1,0,1,0,1,0... the bottom one is based on Mod[3]
(0,1) which created the fine structure.
This set has the capability of almost an infinite number of variations.

22
 The next demonstration shows that it's possible to determine the
algorithm for building the Mod[3]- the Serpinski Carpet
what I 've named "Take Away Areas at Every Reduction Step " method

I've shown that the take away method helps to clarify everything.

The Algorithm
Start with an area of 1. Slice into 9 equal squares at every step.
On first step take away 1/9 of the starting area.

Areao = 1
1 8
1- =
9 9

23
 Then proceed with the next steps and reduce every one by the
reduction factor

Keep track of everything. Notice that the reduction ends up as an

infinite series because you must use it on every step. What you did on
the first step influences all of the subsequent steps.

Û
24
25
.

I’ve have always been impressed by two relationships that are readily
obvious on this little giant. First, when I look at it it’s so simple…in every
row the row’s number = the number of balls= the numbers are on the
balls. But look again, the sum of all the numbers in the row are Row 2
but don’t stop there because product of all the numbers in every row is
rowrow

26
 Operations that are associated with
F Mod[2] and
related to their use in QFT
The properties of fractals that must be taken into consideration
when they’re used in QFT. Based on what is known about fractals so far
they will add uncertainty to measurements. I refer to the example of
measuring the coast line of England.. In that case an any answer will
depend on the ruler size. Therefore this must be taken into account
through means of the Commutator that is responsible for quantization
and the probability amplitude of the wave function.
I’ll propose a way to handle this problem but it’s just a
reasonable way to approach everything and it has no other claim to
fame.

Which states that we’re certain that h is h with a probability of 1.

But since Mod[2} Binomial coefficients can be thought of as a fractal
operator that operates on the Binomial Distribution having a

27
probability of 1 ( because it’s a complete set ) I’ve represented it as an
identity matrix because it’s an invariant. I decided use the identity
matrix in place of the probability of 12 particles as a matter of
convenience.

A “Measurement” Something that Requires More of Our

Attention
The standard notion of a measurement is tied to a ruler. The
ruler’s measurements are based on: 1dimensional, finite overall
(defined ) fixed length, subdivisions that are discrete (quantized), and
an abrupt discontinuity of dimensions at both of its ends.
In the case of a ruler the so- called quantization doesn’t arise
from natural causes but from a necessity to have the “right”
information to manage needs and communication in a human society.
Errors come from the necessity that the measurer has to estimate
the where measurements by quantization begin and end. In this case
errors are caused by the choosing to use discreteness.
In quantum mechanics the ruler’s discreteness is Planck’s
constant. But the length of the ruler depends on what is being measured
in other word sit’s the cause and effect of errors.
The measurements based on 2 points -a standard ruler the Is the
same that was used to measure the coastline of England. This should
stabilize the measurement errors in the probability amplitude.
This is a plausibility argument. I’ve chosen an example to
measure the distance between two points with the old reliable ruler
because it will be easier to find the errors and improve on something
that’s familiar.
Some basics:
Idealization: the distance between two points is
measurable

28
 It’s possible to measure the distance between two points
with a ruler
use only two points as a search criterion.

The ruler is a fixed length, a rigid slab that’s located on the last
point after having been placed there. The ruler should be coincident
with second measurement point ( an uncertainty). Then number
value must be estimated and recorded.
Errors are to be expected and are thought of as human
errors.
I’ve created a ruler that has a different geometry, in fact
different dimensions. I’ve never heard anyone say that the
measurements by a ruler are based on assumption that the ruler
is 1 dimensional but errors are present because there’s an
abrupt change in dimension at the end of the ruler.
Errors occur because of the uncertainty that comes with
not knowing how to place the ruler, that’s because it is actually
difficult to do .
The process of measurement ( all parts - the measurer-the
ruler- etc.) is embedded in more two dimensions. I’ve accepted
this a fact included it as part of the ruler. Therefore I’ve bounded
it and have stabilized it.
Planck’s constant works the same way. It sets bounds on
the uncertainty and the equations below show that it works like a
standard deviation in probability or kit in thermodynamics.
In QFT where discreteness is a major factor in an analysis,
an evaluation of the probability amplitude consists of accounting
for all of the particle’s behaviors (ground state and excited states).
by summing along all possible paths.
The final equation that appears indicates the n, the
number of particles (a very general statement!) that are to be
expected can be accounted for by finding difference between the

29
path dependent uncertainty that’s encountered along every path
and the uncertainty that’s expected because of the HUP.
This is a more explicit presentation of I’ve said above. There’s a
great deal of redundancy in it so that it easier to keep track of the
relationships

30
31
Transformed into k space to maintain translational invariance

This is the ruler in k space. The ruler’s structure goes along with the
equations: the commutator is responsible for quantization,

32
 measurements of x and p will always be larger than h but anything
>h can be accounted for by using multiples of h. There’s entropy to
be expected in determining n, and that accounts for the last term.

Techniques of Analysis

The Fractal Mod[2]

These are the eigenvalues of fundamental building block. I hope that

everyone appreciates the fact that they are all 1

33
 This is the standard symmetry for fractal that I used. I always had
to do surgery on the starting matrix. It's very easy. The original matrix
has all 1's along the diagonal and 0’s above it that need to be removed
because the symmetry operation involves transposing the matrix then
adding it to the original one. If this isn't done I’d end up with 2's along
the diagonal. The 1's of the transposed matrix can be removed by
subtracting an identity matrix.
When working with fractals It’s necessary to have a standard
method to use to construct the starting set. This should be checked from

34
time to time because sometimes I’d accidentally start out working with
an improperly defined set. This always results in a major problem
because errors chaotically multiply and are carried downstream.
This an adjacency graph drawn from the adjacency matrix -the
fractal shown above.

The fractal matrix acted as an adjacency matrix in order to

construct the graph. However this will be an advantage because the
eigenvalues and the eigenvectors of the excited states can determined
and using that matrix to see the adjacency graph, which shows the
connections between the various types of excited states.

35
Upper the eigenvalues, lower, the matrix.

36
37
38
This is the matrix of the destruction orator

39
This the matrix of

40
41
Eigenvectors of

This is a fractal representation of the (x+ip) operator. There are two of

these, this one, and its transpose ( Please note that I made the
construction by using the binomial coeffects in the form of i+1/i, j-1/j

42
under the assumption that I was making a random selection of either a +
or a-operators out of a total of number of N possibilities

43
44
45
46
This is some of the supporting information about the Hydrogen
molecule

47
These are the MO states of the molecule. The

48
49
These are the MO states of the molecule. The presence of the fractal
should be noted. The eigenvalues are all the same because I didn’t
account for the energy of interaction that would show up on the eigen
values. Fractals effect the antisymmetric states,

50
51
52
 FRACTURE
FRACTALS IN THE REAL WORLD
Everywhere -in unexpected places
BIG CRACKS!
CRACKS IN THE EARTH’S LITHOSPHERE
CRACKED PLANET SURFACES
CRACKS IN GLACIERS
MOUNTAINS
COASTLINES

SMALLER CRACKS!

53
 AIRPLANE WING STRUCTURES
BOAT HULLS
BUILDING SUPPORTS
GLASS- ALWAYS
SIDEWALKS
STREETS
COMMONLY IN BONES

54
This an a example of fracture on a grand scale in the earth's crust. It's
presence is responsible for the movements of the continents
Why have I decided to do something like this? Because I have
something that I share with Feynman. It's important to understand
what it is that you're doing and why you're doing it. It's an extremely
valuable learning method. I'll present it this way- you might decide to
familiarize yourself with QED. But then you don't have the first notion of
what to do with it.
Example- you're on your own and eager to try your newly
acquired knowledge. What criteria should be used? There's no reason

55
to expect that you'll be able to use your experience that came by solving
some of the problems to define something that you've never seen
before. Because only the most expert people have the capability to do
that. The way that they became experts is by experience, they develop
an ability to set up problems and solve them by the methods that they
knew that came by their acquisition of a large knowledge base.
I've chosen to present this phenomena for several reasons. This is
a physical phenomenon showing a relationship between energy and the
fractal state. It's not a theoretical concept. A real example such as this
makes it possible to identify boundaries thereby reducing the burden of
having to guess what analytical work should be used to analyze the
problem.

The Fractal Dimension that has been measured and relationships have
been found between the Fractal Dimension and the Fracture Energy of
metals and the Fracture Toughness of ceramics.
The relationship between the dimension and fracture energy is
shown below.

56
I’ve done some additional work on this recently. I’ve used a form of the
very traditional Griffiths equation:

Which showed no relationship between DF and the Energy of Fracture. It

showed sensitivity to strain and the elastic modulus. I’m presenting both
of these results so you realize that there’s much more to do on this
issue. A relationship between energy and dimension is out of place. I’ve
been able to do some accounting for this relationship in phase space. In

57
that case particle ( the particles are h) exchange changes the volume of
phase space this changes the pressure then the energy.

Both the strain and the elastic modulus have the same effect.

More details about fracture

I’m including some of my experimental results because I wanted
everyone to know that fracture is hardly “A done deal” it’s extremely
complex. That’s because of its nature. It’s behavior is complicated
because it’s structure depends on a direct connection between the
atomic and the macroscopic worlds. To make everything even more

58
complicated the point of transition isn’t abrupt or even linear but is a
strain dependent 1/r region that extends in front of the crack tip.
In the following section I've detailed some of the factors that are
associated with fracture Structural disorder (fractal) is related to G the
fracture toughness, a material's intrinsic ability to withstand both crack
initiation and propagation.
Fatigue crack Growth
My experiments on fatigue crack growth in an aircraft quality
aluminum alloy were not of the common type. Most of those are done
to determine relationships between crack growth and the number of
cycles. This is vital data for aircraft where fatigue is responsible for
many of the crashes.

Results-

59
Wanted to know: if a signal of a crack’s dynamic behavior could be
found in a fatigue test. Where was it? How was it related to the cyclic
driving force? Opinions an some experimental evidence were that: if it
was wiggly ( a large fractal dimension) it’s forward movement would be
slower because it’s projection along the x direction is decreased for
every cycle;
• The record of the crack's showed up as a modulation of the
output force the was the same as an AM signal . This signal
was de-modulated by means of a lock-in amplifier. The a crack
displacement gauge was used to measure the crack opening in
the y direction and that was compared to the modulations in
the y direction of the testing device.
• Displacement gauge
• Placed directly on the crack’s mouth to record a detailed
history on the crack
• -
• Feedback signal
•
• This. signal is (basically) a record of the difference between
what cyclic load delivered and what it was supposed to deliver.
Fracture contributed to the difference.
• Both of these signals were measured because it was important
verify that the signals were similar -one that corrected the
output of the system ( a 20000 pound servo hydraulic test
system) and the other that was directly connected to the crack.
• Phase lock detection made it possible to measure:
1) a small signal in a very noisy made worse because most of
machine noise was the same direction as my
measurements had to be taken. (2 The lock in frequency
was an extremely narrow band-width locked onto the
driving frequency of the test. The crack’s dynamic record

60
 was an AM signal. There was another benefit to be
considered: that of coherency. All of the measurements
were coherent with the input frequency. This was the major
reason why the spectrum of the crack and the spectrum of
the crack’s displacements could be used to find the phase
velocity and the group velocity.

Fatigue crack growth hasn’t been described like this be. fore.
• Approximately 10 tests were done and 5 were chosen to be
analyzed.
• The crack spectra were measured for the crack profile. The
profiles were perpendicular to load direction.
It clarifies the relationship between the crack and the cyclic load. The
crack is identified as the group velocity and the load is the phase
velocity. In the past , the crack is always observed after the fact when it
has finished propagating. However this shows when it is in a dynamic
state it a propagates as wave packet similar to De Broglie’ s particle –
wave. It’s got a wave vector and it’s structure should be analyzed in k
space.

61
This a portrayal of things that haven’t been mentioned before. This ,
basically, a toolbox.

62
Figure 3 These are images of the crack ‘s side view. (-right side view-)
prepared by serial sectioning perpendicular to the crack. It's line
profiles shown as superpositions on the x-y plane.
I’d like to relate some of the unexpected benefits that I’ve
received that influenced the analytical methods that I use for fracture.
1) Everything in QM started with a spectrum
2) Fatigue experiments demonstrated that the De-Broglie particle
wave is a valid way to treat fracture.
3) The figure to the left shows many traces of the crack taken
from the fracture surface. It is reminiscent of quantum
mechanics and also implies that Feynman’s path integral
method could be used to find the energy along every fracture
and then added to reconstitute the surface.
4) The next figures are depictions of structures in the vicinity of
the crack tip under the assumption that by describing the
microstructure and the atomic structure. The spheres attached
to the ends of a ruler create a way to measure a crack in a
different way that is usual. The distance between the ends
centered somewhere within the blobs includes the first and
second moments (bounded) in the measurements. However
measurements within the spheres only include regions around

63
 the crack front. The next measurement must be done with. A
smaller ruler and further, and before plotting the results a new
equation must be found.

5) This figure has a great deal of information and warrants some

careful study

Shown below is a detailed visualization of what happens just

before a crack moves. It's a hypothesis that's required if you think that
bond breaking isn't just one thing but is statistical where statistical
mechanics must be used

64
 Fracture isn't a "thing", as people think of it because there's
ample evidence that it can be thought of as a particle., It’s energy with
a finite half -life that not an observable that leaves a record of its
presence in the form of a fracture surface.
of fracture came out of my analysis as the energy of a quasi
particle. A detailed description of the fracture surface wasn't part of the
energy. Even so, the fracture surfaces of ceramics show that's there
some correlation between G and the fractal dimension.
I used alkali halides as model solids ( and I found that some
G's had been measured). I proceeded to calculate their

Fracture in Einstein’s Eyes

Propagation as a Field In Metallic Conductor
Preliminary Comments

65
In anticipation of working on the EM particle problem in the future I’ve
been working on a problem that needs to precede that work. One that’s
seems to have been around since the beginning of time. A piece of
metal is strained elastically, and as it elongates, the atomic spacing
increases in the y direction but in the x direction it decreases by Poisson
ratio times the elongation in the y direction. Elastic behavior is usually
treated by using parameters that can be determined by using atomic
models. For example the bulk modulus of some metals compares
favorably to the measured values on this basis.
However a metal's behavior beyond the elastic range into the
irreversible plastic range must be handled differently. This is due to
structure dependent distributions of the symmetry breaking
microstructure. In this case state space is not invariant and does not

66
follow the "all states are equally accessible" assumption that are
normally used in statistical mechanics.
There has to be a way to account for the continuity that exists
between the atomic and microstructural scales . Coherency must be in
place to connect probabilities or particle- structure correlations. Using
the concept of coherency might not seem possible at first, but working
in Fourier space, would make visualizations in k space accompanied by k
space representations equations of mechanics including time would
open exploration of the behavior of metals as well many other
materials. The advantage of developing this method compared to the
finite element method, for example, is simply that it's far more objective
and creates a capability that that finite element can't match. This
makes it possible to introduce an observer into the picture who would
be able to evaluate homogeneity and relationships having no known
form of description.
The next figure is a conceptualization of an electromagnetic
particle that would readily lend itself to a QFT analysis.
I’ve taken many aspects of classical fracture into consideration in the
course of designing this structure. There are many new and different
parts to this puzzle but it is far from complete

67
The phase velocity determines the speed of propagation and the group
velocity is the particle velocity
I'll use DFT to express what goes on from a different viewpoint.
The generalized idea of fracture has translational symmetry in
momentum, which means that the translational operator T(x )
commutes with the Hamiltonian [H,T(x)]=0. The operator is equivalent
to displacing all the particle coordinates by x and keeping their

68
symmetry. The symmetry in the nearest neighbor position i+1 has been
broken
I'm using 1 dimension:

Propagation occurs because of this. In QFT it can be described by the

C/A operators as a particle
translational invariance

Probability =1 in the final site

T(x) is the translation operator.
The momentum P=hk

69
which is the Hamiltonian for what I've just described.

70
 Something should be done to consider that there's a need for a
set of Mechanical Operators in solids. A good example of hesitate of a
metal specimen in tension: the metal is strained elastically and as it
elongates, the atomic spacing increases in the y direction but in the x
direction it decreases by Poisson’s ratio times the elongation in the y
direction. Elastic behavior is usually treated by using parameters that
can be determined by using atomic models. For example the bulk
modulus of some metals compares favorably to the measured values on
this basis.
However a metal's behavior beyond the elastic range into the
irreversible plastic range must be handled differently. This is due to
structure dependent distributions of the symmetry breaking
microstructure. In this case state space is not invariant and does not

71
follow the "all states are equally accessible" assumption that are
normally used in statistical mechanics.
to have continuity between the atomic and microstructural scales
probabilities must be coherent or partially coherent. Using the concept
of coherency might not seem possible at first, but working in Fourier
space, would make visualizations in k space accompanied by k space
representations equations of mechanics including time would open
exploration of the behavior of metals as well many other materials. The
advantage of developing this method compared to the finite element
method, for example, is simply that it's far more objective and creates a
capability that that finite element can't match. Also this makes it
possible to introduce a human element into the picture who would be
able to evaluate coherency and statistical behavior between the atomic
and larger structure dependent scales

72
73
 At this point I decided to present some examples of my ideas to
show the interred parties that something tangible could emerge from
the concepts that I’ve described so far. Of course I think that the QFT
needs to be included in all of this but I didn’t feel that I could do justice
to this part because I’ve just begun to study this fascinating (and
difficult) subject. I chose one of the fundamental, beginning parts to

74
demonstration because everything was compartmentalized in such a
manner that it helped me to present my example.
I’d like to point out some features of the way I work with the
mathematics of fractals. My presentation demonstrates one of the
most useful features of the operations everything is readily observable
in the form of pictures. Matrix operations can be understood by looking
at the pictures and interpreting what has been done to the fractal form
of the prime number. It’s possible to observe the results of the roles that
operators play on the number sand, perhaps having lost the structure of
number along the way (which I’ve done many times) it’s possible
reconstruct it. If you’ve kept a record of what has been done the steps
of reconstruction can be interpreted in terms of the problem and can be
used to define an operational processes ( similar to a computer
program) that’s unique and important because it cannot be inferred by
theoretical reasoning alone. Of course, the steps that have been used in
the reconstruction are based on reason and valid understanding of the
basic features of the problem but have the advantage of being removed
in the face of battle.
Problems such as these will occur as a consequence of the role that
many body concepts bring into the picture. Complications such as these
should be appreciated since they extend our intellectual activities into
the future using the success that has come to be known by using
quantum mechanics..

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84