Addis Ababa Institute of Technology (AAiT)

School of Chemical and Bio Engineering

Process Engineering Stream (M.Sc. program)

Industrial Ecosystem Engineering

Project Title: Review on Hazardous Wastes

Submitted by

Name ID No

1. Ebuy Werede GSR/2460/10

2. Hadas Kidey GSR/7127/10

3. Hagos Mebrahtu GSR/0301/10

4. Mulu Mehari GSR/9635/10

5. Selam Berhe GSR/4238/10

6. Tsge Tsegay GSR/4968/10

Submitted to Dr.ing. Shegaw A.

Submission Date: 26/02/2018

Contents
List of tables................................................................................................................................................. iii
Background .................................................................................................................................................. iv
Chapter One .................................................................................................................................................. 1
1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1. Description of Hazardous Waste Categories...................................................................................... 1
1.1.1. Hazardous waste from the tannery sector ................................................................................... 2
1.1.2. Hazardous waste in the transport and transport-related sectors .................................................. 2
1.1.3. Pesticides used in the health sector ............................................................................................. 3
1.1.4. Poisons used in the agricultural and domestic sector .................................................................. 3
Pesticides and rodenticides ................................................................................................................... 4
Fungicides ............................................................................................................................................. 4
Herbicides ............................................................................................................................................. 4
1.1.5. Medical waste ............................................................................................................................. 4
1.1.6. Radioactive Substances ............................................................................................................... 5
Chapter Two.................................................................................................................................................. 6
2. Hazardous wastes Classification ............................................................................................................... 6
2.1. Listed Hazardous Wastes ................................................................................................................... 6
2.1.1. The F-list (non-specific source wastes)....................................................................................... 8
2.1.2. The K-list (source-specific wastes) ............................................................................................. 8
2.1.3. The P-list and the U-list (discarded commercial chemical products) ......................................... 8
2.1.4. M-listed Wastes (discarded mercury-containing products) ........................................................ 8
2.2. Characteristic Hazardous Wastes ....................................................................................................... 9
2.2.1. Ignitability ................................................................................................................................... 9
2.2.2. Corrosivity ................................................................................................................................ 11
2.2.3. Reactivity .................................................................................................................................. 11
2.2.4. Toxicity ..................................................................................................................................... 12
2.2.5. Hazard assessment .................................................................................................................... 13
Chapter Three.............................................................................................................................................. 17
3. Hazardous Waste Management ............................................................................................................... 17
3.1. Regulations ...................................................................................................................................... 17
3.1.1. Generator Rules......................................................................................................................... 17
3.1.2. Transporter Rules ...................................................................................................................... 18
3.1.3. Manifest Rules for Hazardous Waste........................................................................................ 18

Page | i
 3.2. Treatment/Storage/Disposal ............................................................................................................. 18
3.3. Reporting Requirements .................................................................................................................. 19
Summary ..................................................................................................................................................... 21
References ................................................................................................................................................... 22

Page | ii
List of tables
Table 1:Hazardouse waste sources ............................................................................................................... 1
Table 2: waste chemical from agriculture ..................................................................................................... 4

Page | iii
Background
According to protection regulations, a waste is classified as hazardous if it poses a health hazard
or exhibits one or more of the following characteristics: ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, or
toxicity. [1] A waste is also classified as hazardous if it is included in one of the EPA's lists of
hazardous wastes. Always treat unwanted chemicals as potentially hazardous waste and take
precautions to contain them in a manner to prevent unauthorized release to the environment or
exposure to people. Pollution prevention is the use of materials, processes or practices that reduce
or eliminate the creation of pollutants or wastes at the source. It includes practices that reduce
the use of hazardous and non-hazardous materials, energy, water, or other resources as well as
those that protect natural resources through conservation or more efficient use. There must be an
ongoing and comprehensive examination of the operations at all facilities with the goal of
minimizing all types of waste products.

Page | iv
Chapter One

1. Introduction
Hazardous waste is waste that has potential, even in low concentrations, to have a significant
adverse effect on public health and the environment because of its inherent toxicological, chemical
and physical characteristics.

1.1. Description of Hazardous Waste Categories

Hazardous wastes are generated from wide range of industrial, commercial, agricultural,
institutional and even domestic activities. The table below illustrates the widespread distribution
of hazardous wastes. [2]
Table 1: Hazardous waste sources

Sector Source Hazardous Waste

1. Domestic Homes, Hospitals & other Used poisons, medicines,
and health facilities disposable batteries, used paint tins
institution Infectious waste, chemical and
al pharmaceutical waste, sharps
2. Commerce Vehicle maintenance Waste oils, used batteries
& Airports Oils, hydraulic fluids etc.
Agricultur Dry cleaning Halogenated solvents
e Electrical transformers Polychlorinated Biphenyl’s (PCBs)
Farms, gardens Unused pesticides and used
pesticide containers
3. Small- Metal treating (electroplating, Acids, heavy metals
scale etching, galvanizing etc.) Solvents, acids, silver
Industry Photo developing Cadmium, mineral acids
Textile processing Solvents, inks, dyes
Printing Solvents, chromium
Leather tanning
4. Large- Petrochemical manufacture Oily wastes, spent catalysts
scale and oil refining Tarry residues, solvents

Page | 1
Review on Hazardous Wastes, 2018, AAiT
 Industry Chemical/pharmaceutical Mercury
manufacture
Chlorine production

1.1.1. Hazardous waste from the tannery sector

The treatment of animal hides to produce leather creates organic wastes that can become a health
hazard as they putrefy. In addition, and potentially more dangerous, are some of the chemicals
used in the tanning process. Corrosive acids are used, which may spill accidentally on site or
during transport to the site. Some fungicides that are used are very toxic to aquatic organisms,
while protein-rich waste, ammonia and nitrates can lead to algal blooms and depleted oxygen
levels in local water sources, killing other forms of aquatic life. Some chromium salts are highly
toxic, and if they contaminate water sources, can kill aquatic invertebrates, fish and frogs. Their
toxicity depends on the chemical form of chromium salts, which again depends on ambient
conditions that the leachate leaks into. [2]

Ideally, these hazardous compounds should not be permitted to spill or leak into any local water
sources, on the surface or underground. Wastewater channels, sludge beds and evaporation ponds
all form part of a tannery infrastructure, to contain effluents and prevent them contaminating any
local water [3]. Final disposal of sludge’s should be into fully lined, impermeable cells or trenches
that are equipped with leachate collection and detection systems.

1.1.2. Hazardous waste in the transport and transport-related sectors

Servicing and repair of vehicles produces a range of wastes, including solvents, heavy metal
solutions and sludge, used oil, used acid-lead batteries, and fillers and other materials for body
repairs.

Used oils generated by garages are probably the largest component of this waste. This waste is of
concern as it can contaminate water, even at very low concentrations of 1 part per million.

Page | 2
Review on Hazardous Wastes, 2018, AAiT
Furthermore, other contaminants such as lead, zinc and arsenic may become concentrated in used
oil, adding to the hazardous potential. [3]

Waste oil can be re-used for various purposes, such as for preserving wood, rust-proofing metal
surfaces, and skin care of livestock (it helps to reduce mites!). These uses are all relatively small-
scale and do not make a significant reduction to the large volumes that are generated. Furthermore,
some other uses of waste oil are not appropriate, such as oiling road surfaces (to prevent dust),
controlling weeds and pests in fields, burning in home fires, and marking boundaries. These
methods contribute to pollution of soil, water and air. [4]

The above-mentioned uses may be pardoned as they represent an effort to re-use this waste in a
practical manner. In comparison, most waste oil is ‘dumped’ inappropriately – into holes in the
ground, discarded with other waste, and poured down drains.

There are a few organizations that provide a disposal service for individuals and businesses that
generate waste oil. Given the correct treatment it can be filtered and cleaned for re-use, but this is
expensive and requires large quantities to be economical. Waste oil is used as an ingredient in
explosives used by mines. In the end, the demand for recycled oil is low, which hampers efforts
to bring about safe disposal, recovery and recycling of this waste.

1.1.3. Pesticides used in the health sector

The Environmental Health Services section of the MOHSS is responsible for control of insect
vectors of diseases. Three different pesticides are used to control mosquitoes. Most heavily used
is DDT, which is sprayed only indoors, in houses and buildings, on upper walls and inside surfaces
of roofs. [2]

1.1.4. Poisons used in the agricultural and domestic sector

A wide range of poisons are available commercially in the world, in agricultural co-operatives as
well as in nurseries and grocery stores. These are used for protection of crops as well as in small-
scale applications in houses and gardens. Agricultural applications are generally large-scale, while
household applications are small but cumulatively significant. The poisons are categorized as
pesticides, rodenticides, fungicides and herbicides.

Page | 3
Review on Hazardous Wastes, 2018, AAiT
The chemical families and examples of their active ingredients of these poisons are shown below
[2]:

Table 2: Waste chemical from agriculture

Pesticides and rodenticides

cyfluthrin, permethrin, deltamethrin

pyrethroids
carbofuran
carbamates
dichlorphos, fenamiphos, tememhos, diazinon
organophosphates
endosulfan, gamma BHC
organochlorines
imidacloprid, aluminium phosphide
others, including synergists

Fungicides propineb/triadimeton

Herbicides acetochlor, acetochlor/terbuthylazine, paraquat,

flufenaset, bromasil

Governments’ use of pesticides is limited to spraying against insect pests that pose a national
hazard, such as migratory locusts and army worm outbreaks.

1.1.5. Medical waste

All health facilities – hospitals, clinics, medical laboratories, pharmacies, and veterinary clinics
and so on - generate various kinds of medical waste.

There are four main categories of medical waste: infectious and pathological wastes such as blood-
contaminated materials, body wastes or body parts which come out of operating theatres, hospital
wards, veterinary clinics etc.; sharps, such as injection needles and scalpel blades; pharmaceutical
wastes such as medicines, drip bags and pills; chemical wastes such as sterilizing solutions and
chemicals used in laboratories for diagnostic purposes. [5]

Page | 4
Review on Hazardous Wastes, 2018, AAiT
Infectious wastes and sharps can be a source of infection of diseases if they are handled incorrectly
or mistakenly by people or animals that come into contact with them. Incorrect use of medicines
can also cause sickness, while some chemicals used in the medical trade are hazardous to health.

Risk of causing disease in infectious wastes and sharps is removed by incineration, or burning at
very high temperatures, above 1000°C. This also melts the metal in sharps so that they do not
pose a danger. [5]

1.1.6. Radioactive Substances

By law, anyone using or handling radioactive substances must possess a licence to do so and must
inform the Radiation Protection Unit of their activities. They are subjected to an annual inspection
to ensure that safe practices are being adhered to.

At the moment the only health institution in the countries that uses radioactive material (apart from
X-ray equipment) is Hospitals. This material is used in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer.
Chemicals used range from TC99, which has a half-life of 6 - 7 hours, to Cobalt-60 (60Co), with a
half-life of about 4 - 5 years. Other chemicals used are Iodine - 125 (125I), Xenon (Xe), Iridium
and Carbon - 14 (14C). Those chemicals which have a relatively short half-life (such as Iodine-
125, about 60 days, and Iridium, about 74 days) are retained in their place of use in safe containers
until they have decayed to safe levels. This takes approximately 10 half-lives. Then the waste is
disposed as normal hospital waste [6].

60
For those with longer half-lives, such as Co, the supplier is responsible for disposal of spent
material. In most cases substances originate from Pretoria in South Africa, and this is where they
are returned. Labels from all radioactive substances are incinerated to ensure that they do not fall
into the wrong hands and get used irresponsibly.

Liquid radioactive waste is currently let down the drain only after the materials have been left to
decay in a concealed environment. This practice could pose a threat to watercourses if there is any
increase in use of radioactive material. The International Atomic Agency has visited the Unit and
did not find a problem with current disposal practices.

Page | 5
Review on Hazardous Wastes, 2018, AAiT
Chapter Two

2. Hazardous wastes Classification

Hazardous wastes may be found in different physical states such as gaseous, liquids, or solids. A
hazardous waste is a special type of waste because it cannot be disposed of by common means like
other by-products of our everyday lives. Listed hazardous wastes are materials specifically listed
by regulatory authorities as hazardous wastes which are from non-specific sources, specific
sources, or discarded chemical products. Depending on the physical state of the waste, treatment
and solidification processes might be required. Characteristic hazardous wastes are materials that
are known or tested to exhibit one or more of the following four hazardous traits:

 Ignitability
 Reactivity
 Corrosivity
 Toxicity

2.1. Listed Hazardous Wastes

Hazardous wastes are wastes with properties that make them dangerous or potentially harmful to
human health or the environment. Hazardous wastes can be liquids, solids, contained gases, or
sludge. They can be by-products of manufacturing processes or simply discarded commercial
products, like cleaning fluids or pesticides. In regulatory terms, RCRA hazardous wastes are
wastes that appear on one of the four hazardous wastes lists (F-list, K-list, P-list, or U-list), or
exhibit at least one of four characteristics-ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, or toxicity.
Hazardous wastes are regulated under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
Subtitle C. Again a listed waste is defined as: An acute hazardous waste chemical - a hazardous
industrial waste chemical severely toxic waste. [6]

Characteristic wastes - Characteristic wastes are identified through testing. They are defined as:
corrosive waste, ignitable waste, leachate toxic waste, reactive waste and Pathological wastes.

Page | 6
Review on Hazardous Wastes, 2018, AAiT
Pathological wastes include: human and animal remains, other non-anatomical waste infected with
a communicable disease.

By definition, EPA determined that some specific wastes are hazardous. These wastes are
incorporated into lists published by the Agency. These lists are organized into three categories: F-
list (non-specific source wastes) found in the regulations at 40 CFR 261.31, K-list (source-specific
wastes) found in the regulations at 40 CFR 261.32, and P-list and the U-list (discarded commercial
chemical products) found in the regulations at 40 CFR 261.33.

RCRA's record keeping system helps to track the life cycle of hazardous waste and reduces the
amount of hazardous waste illegally disposed.

Based on comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act, the

Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA), was
enacted in 1980. The primary contribution of CERCLA was to create a "Superfund" and provide
for the clean-up and remediation of closed and abandoned hazardous waste sites. CERCLA
addresses historic releases of hazardous materials, but does not specifically manage hazardous
wastes [7].

To manage hazardous wastes appropriately, there must be systematic control of how they are
collected, stored, transported, treated, recovered and disposed.

Under Ontario law (Regulation 347), hazardous wastes include, listed wastes include wastes from
industrial processes, waste chemicals and severely toxic wastes.

In regulatory terms, a hazardous waste is a waste that appears on one of the four RCRA hazardous
wastes lists (the F-list, K-list, P-list, or U-list) or that exhibits one of the four characteristics of a
hazardous waste -ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, or toxicity. However, materials can be
hazardous wastes even if they are not specifically listed or don't exhibit any characteristic of
a hazardous waste.

Page | 7
Review on Hazardous Wastes, 2018, AAiT
For example, "used oil," products which contain materials on California's M-list, materials
regulated pursuant to the mixture or derived-from rules, and contaminated soil generated from a
"clean up" can also be hazardous wastes.

By regulation, some specific wastes are hazardous wastes. These wastes are incorporated into five
lists. These five lists are organized into four categories generally as F-list, K-list, P-list, or U-list
and M-list.

2.1.1. The F-list (non-specific source wastes)

This list identifies wastes from many common manufacturing and industrial processes, such as
solvents that have been used for cleaning or degreasing. Since the processes producing these
wastes occur in many different industry sectors, the F-listed wastes are known as wastes from non-
specific sources. (Non-specific meaning they don't come from one specific industry or one specific
industrial or manufacturing process.) The F-list appears in the hazardous waste regulations in
22CCR Section 66261.31.

2.1.2. The K-list (source-specific wastes)

This list includes certain wastes from specific industries, such as petroleum refining or pesticide
manufacturing. Also, certain sludge’s and wastewaters from treatment and production processes
in these specific industries are examples of source-specific wastes. The K-list appears in the
hazardous waste regulations in 22CCR Section 66261.32.

2.1.3. The P-list and the U-list (discarded commercial chemical products)

These lists include specific commercial chemical products that have not been used, but that will
be (or have been) discarded. Industrial chemicals, pesticides, and pharmaceuticals are example of
commercial chemical products that appear on these lists and become hazardous waste when
discarded. The P- and U-lists appear in the hazardous waste regulations in 22CCR Subsections
66261.33(e) and (f).

2.1.4. M-listed Wastes (discarded mercury-containing products)

Page | 8
Review on Hazardous Wastes, 2018, AAiT
This list includes certain wastes known to contain mercury, such as fluorescent lamps, mercury
switches and the products that house these switches, and mercury-containing novelties. For
additional information see DTSC's mercury web page.

2.2. Characteristic Hazardous Wastes

Wastes may be hazardous wastes if they exhibit any of the four characteristics of a hazardous waste
(ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, and toxicity) as defined in Article 3 of Chapter 11 of the
hazardous waste regulations (Sections 66261.21 to 66261.24) [8].

2.2.1. Ignitability

Ignitable wastes can create fires under certain conditions, undergo spontaneous combustion, or
have a flash point less than 60°C (140°F). Examples include waste oil and used solvents. The
characteristic of ignitability is defined in section 66261.21 of the hazardous waste regulations. Test
methods that may be used to determine if a waste exhibits the characteristic of ignitability include
the Pensky-Martens Closed-Cup Method for Determining Ignitability, the Set a flash Closed-Cup
Method for Determining Ignitability, and the Ignitability of Solids (U.S. EPA Test Methods, SW-
846 Methods: 1010, 1020, and 1030, respectively.). 22CCR 66261.21.

Certain chemicals pose fire and explosion risks because:

• They ignite easily. Vapors often travel a considerable distance to an ignition source remote from
the point of chemical escape.

• Considerable heat is generated. Many volatile substances liberate heat at a rate some ten times
faster than burning wood.

• The fire spreads easily by, e.g., running liquid fire, a pool fire, a fire ball, heat radiation or thermal
lift (convection).

• Explosion: a confined vapor cloud explosion (CVCE) can result from ignition of vapor
within a building or equipment; a boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion (BLEVE) can result
when unvented containers of flammable chemicals burst with explosive violence as a result of the

Page | 9
Review on Hazardous Wastes, 2018, AAiT
build-up of internal pressure; unconfined vapor cloud explosion (UVCE) can result from ignition
of a very large vapor or gas/air cloud. Clearly, flammable chemicals also pose a health risk if the
substance or its thermal degradation or combustion products are toxic, (e.g. carbon monoxide) or
result in oxygen deficiency because oxygen is consumed. Hot smoke and other respiratory irritants,
e.g. aldehydes, are also produced.

Chemicals may ignite below their flash points if the substance:

• Is in the form of a mist (or froth).

• Covers a large surface area (e.g. when absorbed on porous media).

• Contains a small amount of a more volatile flammable liquid, e.g. due to deliberate or accidental
contamination.

Ignition sources

Combustion is generally initiated by the introduction of a finite amount of energy to raise a finite
volume of the material to its ignition temperature. Resistance arises when the current flow exceeds
the capacity of the wire. The result is often a blown fuse, tripped circuit breaker or heating of the
circuit wire. Arcing occurs when electrical current jumps from one point to another, e.g. in a switch
or connection box when wires separate from connections, or as a result of worn insulation between
positive and neutral wires. [8]

Common ignition sources include:

• Naked flames (e.g. Bunsen burners, welding torches, blow lamps, furnaces, pilot lights, matches,
glowing cigarettes or embers).

• Sparks created by arcs in electrical switchgear, engines, motors, or by friction (e.g. lighter spark).
Aluminium, magnesium, titanium and their alloys have an affinity for oxygen and in a thermite
reaction with rust produce temperatures ≤3000°C. A thermite flash can result from the striking of
a smear or thin coating of alloy on rusty steel with a hammer. The glancing impact of stainless
steel, mild steel, brass, copper–beryllium bronze, aluminium copper and zinc onto aluminium

Page | 10
Review on Hazardous Wastes, 2018, AAiT
smears on rusty steel can initiate a thermite reaction of sufficient thermal energy to ignite
flammable gas/vapor–air atmosphere or dust clouds. [8]

2.2.2. Corrosivity

Corrosive wastes are materials, including solids, that are acids or bases, or that produce acidic or
alkaline solutions. Aqueous wastes with a pH less than or equal to 2.0or greater than or equal to
12.5 are corrosive. A liquid waste may also be corrosive if it is able to corrode metal containers,
such as storage tanks, drums, and barrels. Spent battery acid is an example. The characteristic of
corrosivity is defined in section 66261.22 of the hazardous waste regulations. Test methods that
may be used to determine if a waste exhibits the characteristic of corrosivity are pH Electronic
Measurement and Corrosivity towards Steel (U.S. EPA Test Methods, SW-846 Methods: 9040
and 1110 respectively.). 22CCR 66261.22 [9].

2.2.3. Reactivity

Reactive wastes are unstable under normal conditions. They can cause explosions or release
toxic fumes, gases, or vapors when heated, compressed, or mixed with water. Examples include
lithium-sulfur batteries and unused explosives.

Chemical reaction hazards

Examples of hazardous reactions are given in Table 7.18. Table 7.19 gives basic precautions in
monomer storage; Table 7.20 lists properties of common monomers.

Reaction characteristics

• Reaction in gas, liquid (neat or in solution suspension/emulsion) or solid phase.

• Catalytic or non-catalytic.

Exothermic, endothermic, or negligible heat loss/gain.

• Reversible or irreversible.

Page | 11
Review on Hazardous Wastes, 2018, AAiT
• First or second order or complex kinetics.

Reactors may be operated batch wise or continuously, e.g. in tubular, tubes in shell (with or
without internal catalyst beds), continuous stirred tank or fluidized bed reactors. Continuous
reactors generally offer the advantage of low materials inventory and reduced variation of
operating parameters. Recycle of reactants, products or of diluent is often used with continuous
reactors, possibly in conjunction with an external heat exchanger.

Adequate heat removal facilities are generally important when controlling the progress of
exothermic chemical reactions. A runaway reaction is most likely to occur if all the reactants are
initially mixed together with any catalyst in a batch reactor where heat is supplied to start the
reaction.

The characteristic of reactivity is defined in section 66261.23 of the hazardous waste regulations.
There are currently no test methods available for reactivity. Instead wastes are evaluated for
reactivity using the narrative criteria set forth in the hazardous waste regulations. 22CCR
66261.23.

2.2.4. Toxicity

Toxic wastes are harmful or fatal when ingested or absorbed (e.g., wastes containing mercury,
lead, DDT, PCBs, etc.). When toxic wastes are disposed, the toxic constituents may leach from
the waste and pollute ground water.

Chemicals which give strong acid reactions, often on interaction with water, e.g. mineral acids.

Some organic acids can also be corrosive. Phenolics can result in local anesthesia so that the pain
will be absent for a time, i.e. contact may go unheeded.

• Halogen compounds.

• Acid anhydrides/halides which react with water to form their parent acids.

• Common bases, which render aqueous solutions alkaline.

Page | 12
Review on Hazardous Wastes, 2018, AAiT
• Certain oxidizing/reducing compounds and salts which, in the form of solid (bulk or dust) or as
solution, can produce irritation by thermal burns.

2.2.5. Hazard assessment

Indicators of toxicity hazards include LD50, LC50 plus a wide range of in vitro and in vivo
techniques for assessment of skin and eye irritation, skin sensitization, mutagenicity, acute and
chronic dermal and inhalation toxicity, reproductive toxicology, carcinogenicity etc.

The LD50is the statistically derived single dosage of a substance that can be expected to cause
death in 50% of the sample population. It is therefore an indicator of acute toxicity, usually
determined by ingestion using rats or mice, although other animals may be used. LD50is also
determined by other routes, e.g. by skin absorption in rabbits.’’’. The values are affected by
species, sex, age, etc.

The LC50is the lethal concentration of chemical (e.g. in air or water) that will cause the death of
50% of the sample population. This is most appropriate as an indicator of the acute toxicity of
chemicals in air breathed (or in water, for aquatic organisms).

The characteristic of toxicity is defined in section 66261.24 of the hazardous waste regulations. It
contains eight subsections, as described below. A waste is a toxic hazardous waste if it is
identified as being toxic by any one (or more) of the eight subsections of this characteristic.
22CCR 66261.24 10].

Total Chemical Leaching Procedure

Toxic as defined through application of a laboratory test procedure called the Toxicity
Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP - U.S. EPA Test Method 1311). The TCLP identifies
wastes (as hazardous) that may leach hazardous concentrations of toxic substances into the
environment. The result of the TCLP test is compared to the Regulatory Level (RL) in the table in
subsection 66261.24(a) (1) of the hazardous waste regulations. This criterion does not apply to
wastes that are excluded from regulation under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act. [9]

Page | 13
Review on Hazardous Wastes, 2018, AAiT
Totals and WET

Toxic as defined through application of laboratory test procedures called the "total digestion" and
the "Waste Extraction Test" (commonly called the "WET"). The results of each of these laboratory
tests are compared to their respective regulatory limits, the Total Threshold Limit
Concentrations (TTLCs) and the Soluble Threshold Limit Concentrations (STLCs), which appear
in subsection 66261.24(a)(2) of the hazardous waste regulations.

Acute Oral Toxicity

Toxic because the waste either is an acutely toxic substance or contains an acutely toxic substance,
if ingested. As stated in subsection 66261.24(a)(3), a waste is identified as being toxic if it
has an acute oral LD50 less than 2,500 mg/kg. A calculated oral LD50 may be used.

Acute Dermal Toxicity

Toxic because the waste either is an acutely toxic substance or contains an acutely toxic substance,
if dermal exposure occurs. As stated in subsection 66261.24(a) (4), a waste is identified as being
toxic if it has a dermal LC50 less than 4,300 mg/kg. A calculated dermal LD50 may be used.

Acute Inhalation Toxicity

Toxic because the waste either is an acutely toxic substance or contains an acutely toxic substance,
if inhaled. As stated in subsection 66261.24(a) (5), a waste is identified as being toxic if it has a
dermal LC50 less than 10,000 mg/kg. U.S. EPA Test Method, SW-846 Methods: 3810, Headspace
(formerly Method 5020) may be used to "test out" (for volatile organic substances).

Acute Aquatic Toxicity

Toxic because the waste is toxic to fish. A waste is aquatically toxic if it produces an LC50 less
than 500 mg/L when tested using the "Static Acute Bioassay Procedures for Hazardous Waste
Samples”. This test procedure is available at:

Carcinogenicity

Page | 14
Review on Hazardous Wastes, 2018, AAiT
Toxic because it contains one or more carcinogenic substances. As stated in subsection
66261.24(a)(7), a waste is identified as being toxic if it contains any of the specified carcinogens
at a concentration of greater than or equal to 0.001 percent by weight.

Experience or Testing

Pursuant to subsection 66261.24(a)(8), a waste may be toxic (and therefore, a hazardous waste)
even if it is not identified as toxic by any of the seven criteria above. At the present time,
only wastes containing ethylene glycol (e.g. spent antifreeze solutions) have been identified as
toxic by this subsection.

Used Oil

In California, waste oil and materials that contain or are contaminated with waste oil are usually
regulated as hazardous wastes if they meet the definition of "Used Oil" even if they do not
exhibit any of the characteristics of hazardous waste. The term "used oil" is a legal term
which means any oil that has been refined from crude oil, or any synthetic oil that has been
used and, as a result of use, is contaminated with physical or chemical impurities. Other materials
that contain or are contaminated with used oil may also be subject to regulation as "used oil" under
Part 279 of Title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations. [10]

Mixture & Derived-From Rules

When evaluating materials that are mixtures or that are residuals resulting from processing other
materials, you should check to see if the hazardous waste mixture-rule or derived-from rule applies.
The hazardous waste mixture and derived-from rules are located in 22CCR Section 66261.3. There
are also additional mixture rules specifically for mining wastes and for used oil. These rules are
intended to ensure that mixtures and residuals containing hazardous wastes are regulated in a
manner that is protective of human health and the environment.

Contained-In Policy

Environmental media (soil, groundwater and surface water) are not normally considered wastes.
However, when environmental media are excavated (and stored or transported) for disposal

Page | 15
Review on Hazardous Wastes, 2018, AAiT
at another location, the environmental media may be regulated as hazardous waste if it
contains hazardous waste, including both listed and characteristic hazardous wastes. For example,
soil contaminated with lead is often a hazardous waste because the lead "contained-in" the soil is
a hazardous waste. [11]

Page | 16
Review on Hazardous Wastes, 2018, AAiT
Chapter Three

3. Hazardous Waste Management

Overview

The hazardous waste program in the State of Illinois is a state implementation of portions of the
Federal Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). This act was signed into law in 1976,
and consisted of amendments to the Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1956. Regulations implementing
RCRA became effective on November 8, 1980. Revisions to RCRA, referred to as the Hazardous
and Solid Waste Amendments (HSWA) were made in 1984 as more information has become
available about the amount and types of waste we generate. [12]

The intent of the hazardous waste program is to provide a cradle-to-grave management scheme for
hazardous wastes to ensure that these wastes are not mismanaged in a manner that will impact
human health or the environment. At Illinois EPA, the Bureau of Land Permit Section is
responsible for implementing the hazardous waste program. If you have any questions not
answered here, contact the Permit Section at (217) 524-3300.

3.1. Regulations

In order for a waste to be considered a hazardous waste, it must first meet the definition of solid
waste. For the most part, this includes any material that you are discarding, but there are many
exceptions. Solid waste is defined in the regulations at Part 721 in Section 721.102. It is the
responsibility of all solid waste generators to determine whether their waste is hazardous. The
procedure for this is called a "hazardous waste determination" and is outlined in Part 722 of the
regulations at Section 722.111 [13].

3.1.1. Generator Rules

If you generate a hazardous waste, there are certain standards that apply to how you manage the
waste. In general, generators must comply with the management requirements found in the
regulations at Part 722. Also, there are quantity-specific standards that apply to on-site

Page | 17
Review on Hazardous Wastes, 2018, AAiT
management [14]. These standards will depend on how much hazardous waste you generate in a
calendar month as indicated below:

If you generate more than 1,000 kilograms (2,200 pounds) (or 1 kilogram of acutely hazardous
waste) in a calendar month, the regulations that apply to you can be found in Part 722 at Section
722.134(a) through (c).

If you generate more than 100 kilograms (220 pounds), but less than 1,000 kilograms (2,200
pounds) of hazardous waste in a calendar month, the regulations that apply to you can be found in
Part 722 at Section 722.134.

If you generate less than 100 kilograms (220 pounds) in a calendar month, the regulations that
apply to you can be found in Part 721 at Section 721.105.

3.1.2. Transporter Rules

The rules for transporters of Hazardous Waste can be found under 723, which requires transporters
of hazardous waste to obtain a USEPA identification number (Form 8700-12), and under part
809.910, State Hazardous Waste Transportation and Permit Program. Although it is not a federal
requirement, Illinois requires transporters of hazardous waste to have an Illinois Special Waste
Hauling Permit.

3.1.3. Manifest Rules for Hazardous Waste

The rules for manifesting special waste can be found under Part 809.501, as well as 22.8 of the
Environmental Protection Act. Wastes generated and/or destined for Illinois must be accompanied
by the Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest.

3.2. Treatment/Storage/Disposal

Unless exempted, a person engaged in the treatment, storage and/or disposal of hazardous waste,
as defined in the regulations in Part 720 at Section 720.110, is required to obtain a hazardous waste
management permit. For facilities receiving waste from off-site and on-site facilities managing
non-remediation waste, a RCRA Part B Permit is necessary. Regulations for treatment, storage

Page | 18
Review on Hazardous Wastes, 2018, AAiT
and disposal facilities that are subject to a RCRA Part B Permit include all of Parts 700 to 739 as
they apply to the specific activities conducted at the site.

For facilities managing on-site remediation waste, the RCRA Remedial Action Plan Permit (RAPP) is
a more streamlined option that is available as an alternative to the RCRA Part B Permit.
Regulations pertaining to RAPPs are located in Part 703, Subpart H and Part 724, Subpart B. You
can find more information on RAPPs in the RAPP Fact Sheet and in the RAPP Application
Instructions.

Persons seeking to engage in any activity that will require a RCRA permit in the state of Illinois
should contact the Bureau of Land Permit Section at (217) 524-3300 to discuss the permitting
process.

3.3. Reporting Requirements

Both generators and facilities have certain requirements to report their waste activity. Each year,
Illinois hazardous waste generators tell the Illinois EPA the amounts and kinds of hazardous waste
they produced during the previous year. If in any month they generate 1,000 kilograms (2,200
pounds) or more of hazardous waste (or 1 kilogram of acutely hazardous waste) they must report
where they have shipped the waste; generators of this quantity of waste are considered Large
Quantity Generators (LQG). Generators indicate by code the types of wastes produced and the
steps they took to manage these wastes. On-site generators who manage their own waste must also
report.

If some or all of these wastes were sent to commercial treatment, storage, and disposal facilities
(TSDFs), that information and the identity of each receiving facility also is submitted. Illinois
TSDFs report the types and quantities of wastes received from in-state and out-of-state generators;
they also report the procedures they used to manage these wastes. Facilities who manage the waste
from other companies must report all waste received. All large quantity generators must submit a
$500 annual fee with their Annual Report, due March 1. Both fee and report are due from every
site that meets the large quantity generator threshold in ANY one or more months.

Page | 19
Review on Hazardous Wastes, 2018, AAiT
The specific companies that must report change yearly, as some businesses close or discontinue
certain practices and other businesses open or add certain practices. Companies that were
previously regulated report as non-regulated generators, and then do not continue to report. The
number of regulated companies is on a downward trend. This is believed to be at least partially the
result of successful waste minimization efforts. [15]

Waste generator and management data reported by Illinois generators and TSDFs for the years
1987-2013 has been compiled and summarized. The data reveals that most Illinois generated
hazardous waste is managed at the site of generation.

Page | 20
Review on Hazardous Wastes, 2018, AAiT
Summary
Hazardous waste is waste that has potential, even in low concentrations, to have a significant
adverse effect on public health and the environment because of its inherent toxicological, chemical
and physical characteristics. Hazardous wastes may be found in different physical states such as
gaseous, liquids, or solids. A hazardous waste is a special type of waste because it cannot be
disposed of by common means like other by-products of our everyday lives. Listed hazardous
wastes are materials specifically listed by regulatory authorities as hazardous wastes which are
from non-specific sources, specific sources, or discarded chemical products.

Page | 21
Review on Hazardous Wastes, 2018, AAiT
References

1. Lunn, G., and Sansone, E.B. (1994) Destruction of Hazardous Chemicals in the Laboratory,
Wiley, Chichester.
2. Porteous, A. (ed.) (1985) Hazardous Waste Management Handbook, Butterworths,
London.
3. Environmental Protection Act 1990
4. A guide to the Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations
1995
5. Hansen, E. 2000. Methodology ñ Hazardous substances in waste.
6. Joseph, K. (2007). Lessons from municipal solid waste processing initiatives in India.
Proceedings of the International Symposium MBT 2007.
7. Proceedings of the 1987 Food Processing Waste Conference (1987) Georgia Tech
Research Institute, Atlanta, Georgia
8. Ministry for the Environment, Wellington; Hazardous Waste Management Handbook;
1994
9. Ministry for the Environment, Wellington; Landfill Guidelines; 1992 New Zealand
Chemical Industry Council, Wellington;
10. Guidelines for Waste Management Practice in New Zealand; 1991 New Zealand
Government Printer, Wellington;
11. Resource Management Act;1991 New Zealand Government Printer, Wellington;
12. Hazardous Substances and New Organisms Act; 1996
13. Occupational Safety & Health Service (OSH), Department of Labour, Wellington;
14. Guidelines for the Preparation of Material Safety Data Sheets in New Zealand; 1995
United Nations, New York; Recommendations of the UN Committee of Experts on the
Transport of Dangerous Goods; 1989 United Nations Environment Programme, Sec.B.C.,
Geneva; The Basel
15. Convention for the Control of Hazardous Waste and their Disposal; 1989

Page | 22
Review on Hazardous Wastes, 2018, AAiT