Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
57-66.
Kacung Marijan
The emergence of the contemporary study Generally, there are two categories
of political culture occurred in the late of the concept of political culture. 3 First,
1950s and the early 1960s in reaction to a political culture is understood structurally.
polarization in the levels of analysis by This point of view looks at political
political scientists - a polarization sparked culture as part of the political phenomena
57
Kacung Marijan, “The Study of Political Culture in Indonesia, “ Masyarakat Kebudayaan dan Politik, Th XII, No 2, April 1999,
57-66.
which explains authoritarian phenomena institutions, and then to discuss the impact
in Latin America. 19 of this relation on the political culture. 23
The relationship between political Since the middle of the 1980s,
culture and political struct ure, and the some political scientists have attempted to
significant contribution of political culture revive the glorious days of the study of
in the appearance of democracy and political culture. Inglehart calls this effort
political stability, is also questioned, as the "renaissance of political culture". 24
has been discussed by Barry and The revival of the cultural approach,
Pateman. 20 Barry argues that, even though according to Inglehart, is occurring
Almond and Verba provide magnificent because the rational choice model which
data, there is insufficient explanation focuses on economic variables and which
about the relationship between public has dominated perspectives in political
attitudes and the working of a political science since the late 1960s, could not
system.21 The relationship between provide satisfactory answers to some
political culture and political structure, political phenomena, such as the influence
and also with democracy and political of the church in Latin America and the
stability, is not simply linea r. As Pateman involvement of religions (Islam, Judais m
notes, political structure or the democratic and Christianity) in the political tensions
political system can produce civic culture of the Middle East. 25 Basically,
because, through democratic institutions culturalists argue that the cultural factor is
such as political parties, elections, one of the main variables determining
parliament, and a set of rules of law, political behavior. As Wildavsky
people and political elite eventuall y work mentions, culture, in the sense of “shared
in the democratic framework as well. values legitimating social practices”,
From another point of view, Wiatr also provides guidance for individual’s
questions that relationship. 22 Departing political behavior. 26 It means that when
from the Marxist perspective that political individuals participate in politics, their
consciousness reflects the development of basic consideration is not merely one
political economics of society, he agrees concerning costs and benefits as rational
with Pateman that political structure choice suggests, but also their valu es.
(including the people’s social, economic In addition, Eckstein defends the
and status), contributes to political culture. argument that political culture is dynamic.
However, he differs from Pateman’s To support the argument that political
position that the relationship is culture can explain political change, he
interdependent, viewing instead that reminds us of some postulates of social
political structure as a more independent scientists using the cultural political
variable. This notion refers to the vulgar orientations are not homogenous but have
Marxist thought that existence determines variations and are not solely “subjective”
consciousness. Political culture, therefore, reflections of the objective conditions.
is one of the forms of superstructure According to this postulate, the
which is determined by the mode of socialization of individuals influences
production. Thus, he suggests there is a their orientations. This leads to the third
need to analyze the relationship between postulate of “cumulative soc ialization”,
socio-economic reality and political meaning that socialization occurs during
60
Kacung Marijan, “The Study of Political Culture in Indonesia, “ Masyarakat Kebudayaan dan Politik, Th XII, No 2, April 1999,
57-66.
23 39
ibid., p. 114. W. Liddle, Politics and Culture
24
R. Inglehart, “The Renaissance in Indonesia, (Columbus: The Ohio State
of Political Culture,” American Political University, Centre for Political Studies
Science Review, Vol. 82, No. 2, 1988. Institute for Social Research The
25
ibid., p. 1203. University of Michigan, 1988), p. 1.
26 40
A. Wildavsky, “Choosing W. Liddle, Leadership and
Preferences by Constructing Institutions: Culture in Indonesian Politics , (Sydney:
A Cultural Theory of Preference,” Allen & Unwin, 1996), p 143.
41
American Political Science Review, Vol. ibid., p. 153.
42
81, No. 1, 1987, pp. 5-6. This notion R. Simon, Gramsci’s Political
seems similar to the concept of ideology. Thought: An Introduction, (London:
The different is, culture constitutes many Lawrence and Wishart, 1982), pp. 20 -28
43
kind of social practices, while the Liddle, “Leadership…” op. cit.,
ideology is more related to the political p. 159.
sphere. <<<<<>>>>>
27
Eckstein, op, cit., pp. 790-791.
28
Diamond, “Introduction,” in
Diamond (ed), op. cit., pp. 9-10.
29
ibid., p. 9.
30
ibid.
31
ibid., p. 10.
32
ibid.
33
R. Robison, “Culture, Politics,
and Economy in the Political History of
the New Order,” Indonesia, No. 31, 1981,
p. 1.
34
C. Geertz, The Interpretation of
Culture: Selected Essays, (New York:
Basic Books, Inc., 1973), p. 89.
35
C. Geertz, The Religion of Java,
(London: Free Press, 1960).
36
J. Howell, “Javanese Religious
Orientations in the Residency of
Surakarta,” in Carol A. Smith (ed),
Regional Analysis, Vol. II: Social System
(New York: Academic Press, 1976).
37
D. Emerson, Indonesia’s Elite:
Political Culture and Cultural Politics ,
(Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1976).
38
H. Feith, The Decline of
Constitutional Democracy in Indonesia ,
(Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1962),
pp. 113-123.
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