Manganism and potential treatment strategies.

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Soares, O. S. G. P., Rocha, R. P., Órfão, J. J. M., Pereira, M. F. R., & Figueiredo, J. L.
(2018). Ethyl and butyl acetate oxidation over manganese oxides, 39(1), 27–36.
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Syiemlieh, I., Kumar, A., Kurbah, S. D., De, A. K., & Lal, R. A. (2018). Low-spin
manganese ( II ) and high-spin manganese ( III ) complexes derived from
disalicylaldehyde oxaloyldihydrazone : Synthesis , spectral characterization and
electrochemical studies. Journal of Molecular Structure, 1151, 343–352.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2017.09.052

Tian, C., Zhao, S., & Lu, Q. (2018). Author ’ s Accepted Manuscript. Ceramics
International. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2018.06.143

Ünver, Y., Baş, H., & Biyiklioglu, Z. (2018). SC. Journal of Molecular Structure, (Ii).
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Yan, J. zhi, Lu, L. ping, Zhu, M. li, & Feng, S. si. (2018). Self-assembly of novel manganese
(II) compounds based on bifunctional-group ligands: Synthesis, structures, and magnetic
properties. Journal of Solid State Chemistry, 262(Ii), 351–359.
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of Two New Multinuclear Manganese ( III ) -Salen- 4 , 4 ’ -Bipyridine Complexes.
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most effective chemother- apeutic agents, despite their known side-effects.(Geromichalos et
al., 2018)
MRI (magnetic re- sonance imaging) contrast agent Teslascan are the most common
manganese compounds used in medicine. There are many reports in the literature with
promising results concerning the in vitro antic- ancer , antimicrobial antifungal and
antioxidant activity of diverse manganese complexes. In regard to the re- ported manganese
complexes with NSAIDs as ligands, these refer to its complexes with the NSAIDs the
anthranilic acid derivatives tolfenamic acid mefenamic acid niflumic acid and the pheny-
lalkanoic acids diclofenac and indomethacin. (Yan, Lu, Zhu, & Feng, 2018)

Chronic manganese (Mn) exposure in rodents, non-human primates and humans has
been linked to Par- kinson’s disease like condition known as Manganism. Mn being a
cofactor for many enzymes in brain has been known to be accumulated in various regions
differentially and thus exert toxic effect upon chronic overexposure. In present study,
neuropathology of Manganism was investigated by evaluating regional neuronal and
astroglial metabolism in mice under chronic Mn exposure.(Bagga & Patel, 2012)

Congenital disorders of manganese metabolism in children are rare occurrences.

Manganese is an essential trace metal that is crucial for numerous metabolic pathways and
normal cell function. However, in chronic overdose states, the metal can cause clinical
toxicity by a variety oof upstream subcellular- level mechanisms. Manganese toxicity is
associated with a parkinsonism-dystonia syndrome termed manganism, the neuroanatomic
substrate for which is manganese deposition in the globus pallidus and substantia nigra of the
basal ganglia(Rodan et al., 2018)

Manganese (Mn) is an essential micronutrient required for normal functioning of the

nervous system. Increased intake of the metal leading to neurotoxic effects, also known as
manganism, was described for the first time by Couper (1837) in workers with excessive
work- related exposure to the metal. Cases of occupational exposure to Mn have been
reported particularly in miners, smelters, and workers involved in the alloy industry(Moura,
Afadlal, & Hazell, 2017)

Considering the metal-diclofenac complexes, reports on the Cu(II), Mn(II), Cd(II) ,

Sn(IV) and Ni(II complexes have been found in the literature. Since the discovery of
cytotoxic properties of cisplatin by Prof.

Rosenberg fifty years ago [30], the research concerning metallo- pharmaceuticals has
been mainly focused on the platinum complexes which have been proven to be among the
 The catalytic per‐ formance of MnOx compounds is attributed to the ability of
manganese to form oxides with different oxidation states hav‐ ing high oxygen storage
capacities. Although the nature of the active sites associated with catalytic oxidation is not
well understood, several authors attribute the high activity of these oxides to the mixed
valence state of the manganese framework and to the higher mobility of lattice oxygen in
these compounds, suggesting that lattice oxygen participates in the oxi‐ dation process
[13,14]. Moreover, the presence of structural defects such as cationic vacancies and chemical
defects have also been found to improve catalyst performance(Gul & Akhtar, 2018)

Among the manganese oxides, cryptomelane (K‐OMS‐2) is of particular interest due

to its open tunnel structure, mixed manganese valence states and highly mobile lattice
oxygen. Cryptomelane‐type manganese oxide (KMn8O16) was found to be very active
during the oxidation of several types of VOCs, and its performance is evidently significantly
affected by the presence of other phases, namely Mn2O3 and Mn3O4(Deawati et al., 2018) .

The latter improves catalytic performance by increasing the reac‐ tivity and mobility
of lattice oxygen, while the former has the opposite effect. The development of fast, simple
and low cost methods to produce highly active catalysts for VOC oxidation is still a chal‐
lenge, considering that this would require the scaled‐up pro‐ duction of various materials. The
aim of the present work was to prepare stable, efficient manganese oxides for use as cata‐
lysts for VOC oxidation (Ünver, Baş, & Biyiklioglu, 2018)

These materials were synthesized us‐ ing new techniques involving a novel solvent‐
free reaction or a reflux method to synthesize cryptomelane‐type manganese oxides, but also
by conventional methods. The goal of this study was to assess the effects of the oxide surface
area, morphology, surface reducibility and redox properties on the catalytic per‐ formance.
These catalysts were tested based on the oxidation of two esters representative of those found
in industrial emis‐ sions: ethyl and butyl acetate. (Bowman et al., 2014)

These esters were selected be‐ cause the former is among the most studied catalytic
oxidation model compounds while there have been few reports of the catalytic oxidation of
the latter. In addition, esters are generally reported to be the most difficult organic solvents to
oxidize completely (Soares, et al, 2018)

Manganese is present in the active centre of many important enzymes; thus, it is

considered a necessary bioelement. Ad- ditionally, the anticancer agent SC-52608 and the
 Manganese silicate is a promising candicate in terms of the active composition,
multiple redox states, low cost and high stability. Recently, manganese silicates with
desirable component and morphology have been designed giving an alternative electrode
material. Wang et al reported manganese silicate drapes as a novel electrode material for
supercapacitor. Karthikeyan et al studied electrochemical performance of carbon-coated
lithium manganese silicate for asymmetric hybrid supercapacitor . (Qiu, Xia, & Sun, 2018)

Manganese silicate as a supercapacitor electrode exhibited a specific capacitance of

281 F/g and 75% of initial capacitance retained after 1000 cycles at 1 A/g . However, some
limitations still exist such as low specific capacitance and poor rate capability. Therefore, it is
crucial to design and synthesize novel structural manganese silicate with porous structure and
large specific surface areas, which can provide more active sites for reactions in order to
improve the performance. In this paper, we have proposed for the first time a facilely
hydrothermal approach to fabricate mesoporous manganese silicates using mesoporous silica
as a self-reacting template. Phase, morphology, microstructure and electrochemical
performance of mesoporous manganese silicates are investigated systematically. The porous
sample with high crystallinity and a specific surface area of 374.7 m2/g exhibits excellent
electrochemical performance. This work provides a new strategy to explore and improve the
property of silicates in energy storage device. (Tian, Zhao, & Lu, 2018)

Manganese is an essential trace element occurring in the bio-logical systems [1,2],

and plays a significant role in electron and oxygen transfer processes in nature with iron and
copper. Although manganese occurs in some of the enzymes as Mn(II), in other biological
systems, it occurs in higher oxidation states, such as Mn(III) and Mn(IV) like oxygen
evolving complex and as Mn(III) in manganese superoxide dismutase.(Kim et al., 2016)

The divalent high-spin man- ganese complexes are quite common in the field of
coordination chemistry. They do not have strong stereo - chemical preferences as it is
controlled by the nature of the ligand and hence its complexes can exist in square planar,
tetrahedral, trigonal bipyramidal, square pyramidal, octahedral and pentagonal bipyramidal
stereochemis- tries etc. Although high-spin manganese(II) complexes have been extensively
studied but low-spin manganese complexes are very few in number. Manganese(II), has very
high spin-pairing energy amongst 3d metal ions. Hence, ligands with very strong ligand fields
only can induce low-spin character on manganese ion. Cyano- [4,5], phosphine-,
dithiochelate ligands, and oxime (Syiemlieh, et al, 2018).