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Discussion :

The first experiment we conduct is by using Proportional + Integral Controller which is commonly called
PI Controller. We used to test the response of the level control system by load change and changing the
set point. We change the load from 35 LPM to 0 LPM for 20 seconds and then back to original. Then, for
the set point change we change from 50% to 60%. To compare which situation for the controller to
response better, we conduct two experiment for TI and two experiment for PB.

Theory : Proportional band (PB) is defined as the amount of change in the controlled variable
required to drive the loop output from 0 to 100%. Systems subjected to abrupt
changes in load or set point will typically require a wider proportional band to achieve
stability in control during these system upsets. Very quick system response times, such
as those found in static pressure control, will require much wider proportional bands to
prevent “overshoot,” the most common cause of oscillation. The gain of the loop is
inversely proportional to the throttling range or proportional band. In general,
decreasing the throttling range will increase the amount of over shoot. Conversely, the
larger the throttling range, the slower the loop will respond.

The integral component of a control loop has the effect of continuing to increase or
decrease the output as long as any offset or droop continues to exist. This action drives
the controller in the direction necessary to eliminate the error caused by the offset.
Integral, or reset, adjusts a controller’s output in accordance with both the size of the
deviation from set point and the time it lasts.

Derivative action adds the effect of the error’s differential or rate of change. This
means when an error changes by more than a given percentage during a specified time
period, a portion of the error is added to the calculated output to boost the output
response. Derivative action observes how fast the actual condition approaches the
desired condition and produces a control action based on this rate. In effect, it
counteracts the control signal produced by the proportional and integral terms. The
intended result is a reduction in overshoot.

PI Controller :
First of all, we constant the PB value which is 20 and we change the TI value by 20 seconds and
5 seconds. Based on the graph that we get, we can compare the response of the system that using PI
controller. From the graph which is the TI value is 5 seconds, we can see that the oscillation happen at
high rate and its takes time for the PV to be corrected same as the set point. But it was different for 20
seconds TI value, there is some oscillation and it comes back to the set point faster. We also can see that
the oscillation dampened. So this shows that the higher the TI value, the faster the response of the
system that used the PI controller to adapt with the disturbances and for the level back to the set point.

Then we compare by changing the PB values and constant the TI value at 20. First we set the PB at 50,
the observation that we get from the graph is the overshoot is higher compared to the graph that we set
the PB at 10. So when the overshoot is higher, it cause the oscillation become longer but still damping.
And it takes more time for the disturbance to return to its set point. While the graph that we set the PB
at 10 take a short time to return to the set point after the disturbance applied. We can conclude that,
the higher the PB, the slower the response of the system.

PID Controller :

For Proportional + Integral + Derivative which is known as PID controller. We only make one experiment
to test the response of system that used this controller. The only changes that we make is TD which is 1
seconds and 12 seconds. From the graph that we get, we can see that when TD is at 12 seconds it show
better response than the TD that we set at 1 seconds. There are least oscillation in the 10 seconds TD’s
graph compared to 12 seconds TD’s graph. And it takes shorter time for the disturbance to come returns
to its set point. We can see that both graph shows dampened oscillation.
References :

http://www.industrialcontrolsonline.com/training/online/basics-pid-control-
proportionalintegralderivative

http://blog.opticontrols.com/archives/344

https://prezi.com/lvsexygx73co/level-flow-process-control/

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