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Nalli, WSU
References
(1) Smith, Chapter 7. 14. (2) Pavia et. al., Expt 19B&D and pp 160-168. (3) Screttas, C. G.
J. Org. Chem. 1980, 45, 333-326.
OVERVIEW
We will carry out experiments 19B and 19D in Pavia using Hyperchem molecular
modeling software. The molecular orbital calculations being used make fewer
assumptions and provide more reliable molecular energies that the molecular
mechanics method used in previous modeling labs.
You will need to install Hyperchem on your computer: (You must be logged on to the
campus network to install and run Hyperchem.
1. Go to \\appsrv1\apps\hyper75install\install\Hyper75 and run the setup file. When
prompted enter your user name, “wsu” as your organization, and “edutechnology” as
the dealer. The serial number must be entered as 12-750-1601800013. Choose
“networked installation” and “software license key”.
2. Go up two folders (to \\Appsrv1\apps\hyper75install\install and run the
“HyperChem752Update” file followed by the “LSHOST check” file.
3. Go to \\Appsrv1\apps\Hyper75\Program and click and drag the CHEM (a green
beaker) on to your desktop. Double click on your new HyperChem shortcut and the
program should start. (You may be asked to once again enter the serial number, etc.
General Instructions. Construct the compound of interest by using the “draw” tool (left
most icon in the toolbar at top) to click and drag C-C bonds just as you would in
Chem3D (one click gives you a single carbon). Attach Br by first selecting Br as the
“default element” under the “build” menu. (You will need to change this back to carbon
before building other molecules.) Then click, drag, and release from the carbon to which
the Br needs to be bonded. Finally, select “Add H and Model Build” under the “Build”
menu.
(There is no “undo” capability in Hyperchem, but if you make a mistake you can delete
the offending atoms by right clicking on them with the draw tool.)
As directed in Pavia, we will be doing semi-empirical MO calculations using the AM1
parameter set. Set up Hyperchem to do this by selecting “Semi-empirical” under the
“Setup” menu and then “AM1”.
To compute the energy of each molecule once built, select “Geometry Optimization”
under the “Compute” menu and then “OK”. (An RMS gradient of 0.01 and the Polak-
Ribiere energy minimization algorithm should both work fine for our purposes.) The
energy displayed by the program once the calculation is completed represents the
Standard Enthalpy of Formation of the molecule in kcal/mol.
Suggested Procedures
1. Calculate the energy of each of the four alkyl bromides in turn. Save each molecule
once the calculation is complete (you will need them later) and then create the next one
by replacing one H with a CH3.
2. Now calculate the energy of the carbocations. Pull up each saved RBr file in turn and
first remove the bromine atom (right click on it). Under “Build”, choose “Explicit
Hydrogens” and “Allow Arbitrary Valence”. Then go to the “Setup” menu and select
“Semi-empirical”, “Options”. This is where you set the charge to +1. Also set the spin
multiplicity to 1. Calculate the energy of the carbocation using “Geometry
Optimization” as before. (Also note your observations on the geometry of the optimized
carbocation.) (Also save each carbocation file before going on to the next calculation!)
3. Lastly, compute the energy of a bromide ion. Set the charge to –1 in the same manner
as in step 2.
Reopen each carbocation structure from part 1. Under the “Display” menu select
“Labels”. Under “Atoms” select “charge”. Record the charge of each carbon atom as
data in your notebook. Pay special attention to the charge on the carbocation carbon, i.e,
the carbon with formal charge = +1.
Part 4 – (Expt 19D, Part 2) Allyl Cation Electrostatic Potential Map
Build and optimize the allyl cation, CH2=CH-CH2+, using the techniques learned earlier
in the lab. Note your observations on the optimized structure and then display and
record the atomic charges using the same procedures as in part 3 above.