SUMMARY, TRANSLATION, AND POWER POINT SLIDE OF RESEARCH PAPER

“ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION MEASUREMENTS OF SELECTED CELLULAR BASE

STATION IN SANA’A: LONG TERM AND MAPPING ROAD MEASUREMENTS”

WRITTEN BY:
DIAH SARAS WATI (17/410986/SV/12913)

FIKY NANDA PRATAMA (17/410989/SV/12916)

NIDA ANISA HANUM (17/410994/SV/12921)

FIRDHANIA PUTERI R. (17/415652/SV/13517)

ABDURROZAQ AL AKROM (17/416571/SV/14309)

METINS A

D3 METROLOGY AND INSTRUMENTATION

VOCATIONAL SCHOOL
GADJAH MADA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2018
See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/295010508

Research Paper Electromagnetic Radiation

Measurements of Selected Cellular Base Station
in Sana'a: Long Term and M....

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Volume : 5 | Issue : 2 | February 2016 ISSN - 2250-1991 | IF : 5.215 | IC Value : 77.65

Research Paper Engineering

Electromagnetic Radiation Measurements of Selected

Cellular Base Station in Sana’a: Long Term and Mapping
Road Measurements

* Abdulsalam G. Faculty of Engineering, Electrical Engineering Department, Sa-

Alkholidi na’a University, Sana’a, Yemen. *Corresponding author
Faculty of Engineering, Electrical Engineering Department, Sa-
Fuad Hamamah
na’a University, Sana’a, Yemen.
Radiofrequency radiation consists in radiating of waves of electric and magnetic energy moving together through space at
the speed of the light. This paper illustrates the measurements of radiofrequency radiation of some mobile base stations
in the capital of Yemen, Sana’a as long-term measurements. Yemeni towns in general are considered as non-urban cities.
ABSTRACT

However, it is difficult for telecommunication engineers to find many options for the distribution of cellular base stations.
The aims of this paper is to measure the radiofrequency radiation near of the schools, hospitals, universities, and crowded
populated areas. The importance of this study is to focus on invisible pollution in Yemen because no one cares about this
topic even ministry of telecommunication and information technology. Accordingly, there is a mandated radiofrequency
radiation from cellular base stations unmatched worldwide. Experimental results of long term during specific points and 24
hours at fixed points, and mapping roads measurements are presented and discussed in this paper.

invisible pollution, base stations, long-term measurements, environmental science, public

KEYWORDS health.

Introduction readers merely can refer to reference [7].

Last decade wireless telecommunication technologies have de-
veloped significantly. The radio waves used in mobile telepho-
ny are, like visible light and X-rays, electromagnetic waves that
consist of both an electric and a magnetic components which
vary periodically with time. The frequency of variation deter-
mines the wave properties and their uses. Radio waves, which
can be used for various types of communication, are found
in the lower part of the spectrum and classified as non-ion-
izing radiation [1]. Many of the existing safety guidelines gov-
erning microwave/RF/ELF, controlled /uncontrolled exposure
are based on intensity of exposure that produces heating of
tissues due to energy absorption leading to temperature rise
and manifested as thermal effects. On the other hand, though
the human body could compensate for and handle the extra
energy load through the thermoregulatory mechanisms with-
out obvious increase in temperature, stress could still develop
[2]. Indeed, we can utilize mobile phone in a way we desire,
that is, we can turn it off in order to avoid its radiation when
we do not want to use it. However, we cannot control base
stations; moreover we do not know where they are mounted.
So, radiation of base stations has more importance than that
of mobile phones in this respect [3]. International Telecommu-
nication Union (ITU-T) has issued several recommendation to
regulate the nonionizing radiation emitted from mobile base
stations, namely, K.52 [4-5].
This work concentrates on the long term measurements dur-
ing specific time at specific points and 24 hours at a fixed
point. Second type of this study is focus on mapping road
measurements that show the power density in some roads
in Sana’a on the map. The measurements for every point are
registered but the maximum value is taken. The frequency and
power density are registered for every band by the measure-
ment device. Yet, then maximum readings with its frequen-
cies that reveal which company they belong are taken. The
readings are determined by several units (dBm, mW/m², µW/
cm², and V/m). The measurements are carried out via using
a spectrum analyzer device, manufactured by Aaronia Com-
pany in Germany [6]. It includes a spectrum analyzer (SPEC-
TRAN®HF-2025E) at frequency range from 700 MHz to 2.5
GHz, with an antenna (HyperLOG®7025), and a new anten-
na (OmniLOG®9000). For more details about RFR in Yemen,
Related Work
Although much work has been done toward measuring RFR,
most techniques reported [8], such as for example the study
developed by Leen Verloock et al. on temporal 24-hours as-
sessment of radio frequency exposure in schools and homes.
For the first time, temporal 24-hour measurements of all pres-
ent RF signals, including LTE (Long Term Evolution), are per-
formed with accurate spectral narrowband equipment in these
environments where children are present. The largest maxi-
mal variations are obtained for the cordless telephone (DECT)
signals (10.6 dB) and for the WiFi 2.4 GHz signals (12.7 dB),
while variations of broadcasting signals and telecommuni-
cation signal were much lower namely, 2.9 dB and33 dB, re-
spectively.
In the study presented by Agence Nationale des Fréquences
[9], relating to electromagnetic field strength measurements
in Yemen. This assignment will give the opportunity to make
measurement between 100 kHz and 3 GHz, and to train some
Yemeni engineers on the handling of measurement equip-
ment’s. The measurements took place in the 4 main industrial
towns in Yemen. This choice is justified by the presence of the
highest density of radio networks in these areas: Sanaa, Taiz,
Eden, and Hodidah. The study reported at that time (xx) that
all levels measured were compliant with ICNIRP reference lev-
els for general public exposer. Finally, we quote the measure-
ment presented by Lalrinthara Pachuau et al. [10]. RF radiation
from mobile phone towers and their effects on human body.
In this paper, power density of RF radiation have been meas-
ured in close proximity (less than 50 m) to mobile base station
Global system for Mobile Communications 900 (GSM 900) at
the selected locality in Aizawal and Mizoran, India. Absolute
power densities have been measured at some selected houses.
Frequency spectrum was analyzed at different sites. Different
symptoms of RF exposure on human body are studied and re-
sults is analyzed in this paper.
Long Term Measurements at Specific Times
In this pattern of measurements, the antenna was mounted
and connected to a spectrum analyzer. Then the device was
fixed at a specific point at a constant distance from a mobile

269 | PARIPEX - INDIAN JOURNAL OF RESEARCH

Volume : 5 | Issue : 2 | February 2016 ISSN - 2250-1991 | IF : 5.215 | IC Value : 77.65

phone base station. This measurement was fulfilled at two dif-
ferent places.
Measurements Results and Discussion:
The first location is Sana’a University area. The number of
readings was set in the device at 30 readings for half an hour
(from 1:30 pm to 2:00 pm) at a distance of 180m from the
mobile phone base station as demonstrated in Fig. 1. The de-
vice recorded and stored the data inside the memory every 60
second. After the operation measuring procedure, the device
was connected to a computer and reading data by using (LSC)
spectrum analyzer software. This program shows electromag-
netic power density in dBm and frequency in MHz. The values
were collected, analyzed, and drawn in function of the time.
The distance and data are shown in Table 1 and the graph for
this measurements is illustrated in Fig. 2.
Based on the graph, the highest value the device recorded
during this period was -19.92dBm at frequency 944MHz.
Hence, the strongest electromagnetic power density at this
value was 1962.96 µW/m² (0.86v/m), the minimum reading
-43.49dBm at frequency 945MHz, that is, 8.628 µW/m²
(0.057v/m). In the light of these measurements, it is concluded
that there are variations in RF radiation level with time. The re-
sults showed that the variations have no systematic pattern
during a specific time period which it varies randomly.
The second location in which measurements were fulfilled
is Al-Tahreer area at a distance of 170m from the mobile
phone base station during different times of day for consec-
utive three days. The measurements were taken on the fol-
lowing times: Thursday (from 1:00pm until 2:30pm), Friday
(from 6:00pm until 7:30pm), and Saturday (from 3:30pm
until 5:00pm). In all cases, a number of readings were set to
measure15 values in device for 90 minutes period and be-
tween each reading 360 second. The values were analyzed
and drawn in function of the time. All readings are shown in
Table 2 and the graph for these measurements is illustrated in
Fig. 3. The results as shown in graph illustrate that the strong-
est value on Thursday during recording period is -13.41 dBm
at frequency 949MHz.Hence the strongest electromagnetic
power density at this value is 8882µW/m² (1.83v/m) while, the
minimum reading is -31.25dBm at frequency 949MHz, that is,
146 µW/m² (0.23v/m). On Friday the highest reading is -15.17
dBm or 5910 µW/m² (1.49v/m), whereas the lowest value is
-32.51 dBm, that is, 109µW/m² (0.2v/m).

Fig. 1. The measurement point is at distance of 180 m Table 2

from base station in Sana’a University. Long term measurements at constant distance from base
station in Al Tahreer Area.
Table 1 Friday
Long term measurements at constant distance from base Thursday Saturday
6:00pm-7:30 pm
station in Sana’a University. 1:00pm-2:30pm 3:30pm-5:00 pm
1 hour and 30
1 hour and 30 min. 1 hour and 30 min.
Readings at distance 180 m from base station in Sana’a min.
university for 30 min. from 1:30-2:00 PM Freq(M- Freq(M-
Freq(Mhz) P(dBm) hz) P(dBm) hz) P(dBm)
P(dBm) Freq(Mhz) P(dBm) Freq(Mhz)
-40.31 939 -43.49 945 949 -17.71 949 -26.15 953 -27.87
-38.53 939 -36.47 945 949 -30.23 948 -24.61 949 -15.53
-19.92 944 -39.25 954 949 -13.41 948 -15.17 949 -16.38
-33.16 945 -39.35 948
948 -17.96 949 -18.15 948 -23.39
-31.89 945 -26.27 948
-32.64 945 -33.44 948 949 -31.25 949 -18.54 949 -16.05
-40.57 945 -34.41 944 948 -27.99 949 -17.69 949 -15.81
-36.65 943 -29.35 944 948 -24.49 949 -18.24 949 -15.75
-36.89 945 -25.21 943
949 -25.73 949 -17.84 949 -16.30
-39.48 944 -29.24 945
-33.84 945 -20.64 945 948 -15.94 946 -30.99 948 -17.66
-37.23 945 -31.58 945 948 -21.21 949 -32.51 949 -19.08
-37.18 943 -28.92 945 949 -18.54 949 -25.19 948 -16.59
-28.55 949 -32.15 944
949 -21.69 948 -23.51 947 -18.54
-38.52 948 -20 945
-41.98 954 948 -14.40 948 -16.37 949 -27.74
948 -14.58 949 -19.25 949 -20.19
Max P (dBm) -19.92 P (µw/m²) 1962.96 Freq
(Mhz) 944
949 -14.95 949 -18.44 949 -19.38
Fig. 2. Variation of power density with time for 30 min-
utes at Sana’a University. 949 -13.44 949 -20.60 949 -22.15

Fig. 3. Variation of power density with time for 90 min-

utes at Al-Tahreer Area.

270 | PARIPEX - INDIAN JOURNAL OF RESEARCH

Volume : 5 | Issue : 2 | February 2016 ISSN - 2250-1991 | IF : 5.215 | IC Value : 77.65

On Saturday the strongest power density is -15.53dBm, Fig. 5. Spectrum analyzer software “LCS” illustrate all pa-
that is, 5451µW/m² (1.43v/m); however, the minimum read- rameters of measurement.
ing is -27.87dBm at frequency 953MHz, that is, 321 µW/m²
(0.35v/m). The results are illustrated in Table 3.

Table 3
Result of measurements for 90 minutes at Al-Tahreer
Area.
Day Thursday Friday Saturday
-13.41dBm at -15.17 dBm at -15.53 dBm at
949MHz 948MHz 949MHz
Max 8882 µw/m² 5910 µw/m² 5451 µw/m²
1.83 v/m 1.49 v/m 1.43 v/m

-31.25 dBm At -32.51 dBm At -27.87 dBm At
949MHz 949MHz 953MHz
Min 146 µw/m² 109 µw/m² 321 µw/m²
0.35 v/m
0.23 v/m 0.2 v/m
-20.1969 dBm -21.4531 dBm -19.2756 dBm
Average 1860 µw/m² 1395 µw/m² 2299 µw/m²
0.84 v/m 0.73 v/m 0.93 v/m
These measurements show that there is variation in RF radi-
ation level from mobile phone base stations during specific
times. The results also show that the variations have no sys-
tematic pattern during stated time.
Long Term Measurements For 24 Hours
Measurements Results and Discussion:
The second experiment was to monitor closely a typical GSM
tower. The measurements were carried out for 24 hours at a
fixed distance from the mobile phone base station. The device
was mounted with an antenna (HyberLog7025) and orient-
ed to the tower of the base station at distance of 350m. The
tower location was in Al-Bolyli Area. The equipment was fixed
on the building rooftop of the researcher’s residence. Then the
number of readings were set at 240 readings in the function
of the time between each reading 360 second that means
the duration of measurements at 24 hours are 86400 sec-
ond. Data was copied to spreadsheets to analyze it and draw
it according to time. The 24 hour measurements of the pow-
er density was recorded in dBm and the frequency in MHz.
The power density levels for 24 hours are illustrated in Fig. 4.
The readings in the table indicate that most readings from the
base station are at frequency of 951MHz.
Fig. 4. Long-term (24 hours) measurement of RF radiation.
The variation of the power density with time is due to the var-
iation of the number of active time slots. With most sector an-
tennas used in the mobile phone network, each one has two
transmitters. Each transmitter has a bandwidth of 200 KHz
generated from multiplexing 8 slots in the time domain. The
minimum operation of a base station requires one transmitter
to be in operation for each sector antenna. This transmitter
operates at full power even when not handling any calls. This
usually occurs after midnight on most sites. As more people use
the network, the second transmitter is turned on allowing up to
another eight simultaneous telephone calls. It may be observed
from Fig. 4 that the peak hour of the network is, as expected,
between 11 and 12 o’clock in the morning. As the power den-
sity at that interval is almost twice, its corresponding after mid-
night, it is concluded that the specific sector antenna operates
at its full capacity at the peak hour. To reduce the call blocking
probability the cell capacity may be enhanced by increasing the
number of transmitters. If four transmitters are used to power
the sector antenna instead of two, then it can handle up to 32
simultaneous calls allowing probable duplication of current RF
levels. Based on the results, it could be concluded that there are
variations in the RF radiation during the day. The variations have
no systematic pattern during the day, and the levels of RF radi-
ation on rooftop of buildings around the base station are more
than the levels on the ground.
Mapping the Strength of Signals Along Some Major
Roads in Sana’a
Electric field signals from mobile telephone base stations were
measured along the major roads in Sana’a. The number of
readings was set in the device at 306 readings for 157 min-
utes (from 11:50am until 2:27pm). The measurements were
taken in several different roads around Sana’a university.
Measurements were made in locations that maintain direct
line-of-sight with known RF source. Practically, the measure-
ment antenna was positioned in open area on a car, at height
of approximately 1.7m above ground as shown in Fig. 6. The
antenna was positioned and oriented so as to obtain maxi-
mum signal strength. The measurements were fulfilled and
recorded in the device and it was downloaded to a computer,
analyzed and drawn by using Google map.

The results in the graph illustrate that the strongest value dur-
ing recording period is -26.48 dBm at frequency of 951MHz.
Accordingly, the strongest electromagnetic power density at
this value is 553.77µW/m² (0.46v/m) at 11:48AM. The low-
est reading, however, is -30.80 dBm at frequency of 951MHz,
that is, 162.7 µw/m² (0.25v/m) at 9:18 PM. The average of
readings is -28.47 dBm, that is, 277.3 µw/m² (0.32v/m). The
antenna gain was displayed on the program which was -1.9
dBi as shown in Fig. 5. As a result, it was used to calculate the
power density using the following equation: Fig. 6. Antenna location on the car for mapping RF meas-
urements on roads.

Measurements Results and Discussion:

Obtained measured values along the streets were carried out
at more than 300 values. The power density levels are record-
ed in dBm in function of frequencies. The measurements in
several roads included all bands for all mobile operators in

271 | PARIPEX - INDIAN JOURNAL OF RESEARCH

Volume : 5 | Issue : 2 | February 2016
Yemen, Sana’a. It contains power density levels at 946MHz
that belong to Sabafon Company, some locations give read-
ings at 955MHz that belong to MTN, readings at 937MHz
that belong to Y Company and also some readings for Yem-
enMobile company at 877MHz.
Figure 7 shows the electromagnetic power density levels on a
color-coded map. The larger colored circles indicate higher sig-
nal levels, while progressively smaller circles indicate decreas-
ing levels. There are some comments on the results of this
experiment: First, it is found out that the strongest measured
values were in Sana’a University and around Mathbah Bridge.
Secondly, at rare places, the measured values were found low
(less than 100µw/m²) wherever the beam of antenna was
shielded by the buildings. Therefore, the RF radiation levels
were low in the street, which indicates that this radiation was
shielded and dissipated. Finally, it is noticed that the measure-
ments of radiation levels according to this study in main roads
around Sana’a University due to mobile phone base stations
are below the reference levels established by the internation-
al health organizations but close to some national limits and
some measurements exceeded Salzburg standard. The re-
sults show that the high readings are -11.67dBm, -15.8dBm,
-16.08 dBm, -17.36dBm at 877MHz and -14.44dBm,
-16.44dBm, -19dBm at 946MHz as shown in Fig. (8). For MTN
the highest value is -19.28dBm at 955MHz. The maximum
power density for Y Company are -21.61dBm at 934MHz. For
Sabafon operator the highest value is -14.44dBm at 946MHz.
The maximum power density for Yemen Mobile Company are
-11.67dBm at 977MHz.
Fig. 7. Mapping RF radiation levels along main roads
around Sana’a University.
Fig. 8. The highest values with its frequency for street
mapping measurements.
Figure 9 demonstrates the locations that the intensity of elec-
tromagnetic radiation around base stations along roads are
the highest. The strongest measured values were at Sana’a
university and around Mathbah Bridge. They were -11.67dBm
272 | PARIPEX - INDIAN JOURNAL OF RESEARCH
ISSN - 2250-1991 | IF : 5.215 | IC Value : 77.65
at 877 MHz, that is, 6982µw/m² (1.623v/m) and -14.44dBm
at 946 MHz, that is, 6962 µw/m² (1.62 v/m) consecutively. The
maximum value was illustrated by LCS as shown in Fig. 10.
Fig. 9. Maximum values and its locations for street map-
ping measurements.
Fig. 10. LCS program illustrate the highest value at street
mapping measurements.
Conclusion
This study found that the power densities were lower than
ICNIRP reference level and FCC limit for general public, and
close to some national standards like Italian, Bahraini, Kuwaiti
standards and it had exceeded Salzburg limit. However, the
obtained data is still not enough to conclude firmly that peo-
ple may not have adverse health effects from EMR transmis-
sion from mobile phone networks. The intensity of the elec-
tromagnetic radiation was measured and 240 readings taken
for 1440 minutes. The results showed that the variations have
no systematic pattern during a specific time which it varies
from time to another. For mapping measurements. The re-
sults further showed that the power densities of streets level
in roads were significantly different. The intensity of electro-
magnetic radiation was higher in the locations wherever the
buildings didn’t shield the beam of antenna. We found that
the highest measured values were in Sana’a University gate
and around Mathbah Bridge. We would like to point out that
the majority of readings in this study match ICNIRP standards.
However, there are many irregularities in the installation of
the BTS towers at a height for example of three meters or 6
meters above the ground in the middle of crowded populated
areas. During the coming period, we will inform the mobile
operating companies to respect ITU-T recommendation. In ad-
dition, we will participate in awareness the Yemeni community
on non-ionizing radiation.
References
[1] Mohammed Abdellati, Electromagnetic radiation from mobile phone base sta-
tions at Gaza, Journal of the Islamic University of Gaza (natural Science Series),
Vol. 13, N° 2, (2005) 129-146.
[2] K. Sri Nageswari, Biological effects of microwaves and mobile telephony, Pro-
ceeding of the International Conference on Non-Ionizing Radiation at UNITEN
(ICNIR 2003) Electromagnetic Field and our Health, 20th-22nd October (2003)
1-10.
[3] S. S. Durduran et al., Measurement of electromagnetic signal strengths of four
GSM base stations at 900 MHz in a pilot region, Proceeding of the World Con-
gress on Engineering, London, UK, Vol. II, (WCE 2013).
[4] International Telecommunication Union (ITU-T), Telecommunication standardi-
zation sector of ITU, Guidance on complying with limits for human exposure to
electromagnetics fields, ITU-T Recommendation K.52 (12/2004).
[5] http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/recommendations/rec.aspx?rec=7427
[6] http://www.aaronia.com/, Accessed on 11 February 2015, at 19H05M.
Volume : 5 | Issue : 2 | February 2016 ISSN - 2250-1991 | IF : 5.215 | IC Value : 77.65

[7] Abdulsalam Alkholidi, and Fuad Hamamah, Radio frequency radiation meas- urement from mobile base
station at capital of Yemen Sanaˈa, Int. Journal of applied sciences and engineering research, Vol. 3, Issue
1, (2014) 209-2019.
[8] Leen Verloock et al., Temporal 24-hour assessment of radio frequency expo- sure in schools and homes,
ELSEVIER, Measurements 56, (2014) 50-57.
[9] Agence Nationale des Fréquences, Relating to electromagnetic field strength measurements. Report of the
mission in Yemen. March 2007, Technical report.
[10] Lalrinthara Pachuau et al., RF radiation from mobile phone towers and their effects on human body, Indian
Jornal of Radio & Space Physics, Vol. 43, (2014) 186-189.

273 | PARIPEX - INDIAN JOURNAL OF RESEARCH

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273 | PARIPEX - INDIAN JOURNAL OF RESEARCH
 Summary of Research Paper “Electromagnetic Radiation Measurements of Selected
Cellular Base Station in Sana’a: Long Term and Mapping Road Measurements”

Last decade wireless telecommunication technologies have developed significantly. The radio
waves used in mobile telephony are, like visible light and X-rays, electromagnetic waves that consist of
both an electric and a magnetic components which vary periodically with time. The frequency of variation
determines the wave properties and their uses. Radio waves, which can be used for various types of
communication, are found in the lower part of the spectrum and classified as non-ionizing radiation. This
work concentrates on the long term measurements during specific time at specific points and 24 hours at a
fixed point. Second type of this study is focus on mapping road measurements that show the power density
in some roads in Sana’a on the map. The measurements are carried out via using a spectrum analyzer device,
manufactured by Aaronia Company in Germany.

The study reported at that time that all levels measured were compliant with ICNIRP reference
levels for general public exposer. Finally, we quote the measurement presented by Lalrinthara Pachuau et
al. [10]. RF radiation from mobile phone towers and their effects on human body. In this paper, power
density of RF radiation have been measured in close proximity (less than 50 m) to mobile base station
Global system for Mobile Communications 900 (GSM 900) at the selected locality in Aizawal and Mizoran,
India. Absolute power densities have been measured at some selected houses. Frequency spectrum was
analyzed at different sites. Different symptoms of RF exposure on human body are studied and results is
analyzed in this paper.

The first location is Sana’a University area. The number of readings was set in the device at 30
readings for half an hour (from 1:30 pm to 2:00 pm) at a distance of 180m from the mobile phone base
station as demonstrated in Fig. 1. After the operation measuring procedure, the device was connected to a
computer and reading data by using (LSC) spectrum analyzer software. This program shows
electromagnetic power density in dBm and frequency in MHz. The values were collected, analyzed, and
drawn in function of the time. The distance and data are shown in Table 1 and the graph for this
measurements is illustrated in Fig. 2.

The second location in which measurements were fulfilled is Al-Tahreer area at a distance of 170m
from the mobile phone base station during different times of day for consecutive three days. All readings
are shown in Table 2 and the graph for these measurements is illustrated in Fig. 3. The results as shown in
graph illustrate that the strongest value on Thursday during recording period is -13.41 dBm at frequency
949MHz. The results are illustrated in Table 3. These measurements show that there is variation in RF
radiation level from mobile phone base stations during specific times. The results also show that the
variations have no systematic pattern during stated time.

The second experiment was to monitor closely a typical GSM tower. The measurements were
carried out for 24 hours at a fixed distance from the mobile phone base station. Data was copied to
spreadsheets to analyze it and draw it according to time. The 24 hour measurements of the power density
was recorded in dBm and the frequency in MHz. The power density levels for 24 hours are illustrated in
Fig. 4. The readings in the table indicate that most readings from the base station are at frequency of
951MHz. The results in the graph illustrate that the strongest value during recording period is -26.48 dBm
at frequency of 951MHz.

It may be observed from Fig. 4, it is concluded that the specific sector antenna operates at its full
capacity at the peak hour. To reduce the call blocking probability the cell capacity may be enhanced by
increasing the number of transmitters. If four transmitters are used to power the sector antenna instead of
two, then it can handle up to 32 simultaneous calls allowing probable duplication of current RF levels.
Based on the results, it could be concluded that there are variations in the RF radiation during the day.

Obtained measured values along the streets were carried out at more than 300 values. Figure 7
shows the electromagnetic power density levels on a color-coded map. The larger colored circles indicate
higher signal levels, while progressively smaller circles indicate decreasing levels. The results show that
the high readings are -11.67dBm, -15.8dBm, -16.08 dBm, -17.36dBm at 877MHz and -14.44dBm, -
16.44dBm, -19dBm at 946MHz as shown in Fig. (8). Figure 9 demonstrates the locations that the intensity
of electromagnetic radiation around base stations along roads are the highest. The strongest measured values
were at Sana’a university and around Mathbah Bridge.

This study found that the power densities were lower than ICNIRP reference level and FCC limit
for general public, and close to some national standards like Italian, Bahraini, Kuwaiti standards and it had
exceeded Salzburg limit. However, the obtained data is still not enough to conclude firmly that people may
not have adverse health effects from EMR transmission from mobile phone networks. The intensity of the
electromagnetic radiation was measured and 240 readings taken for 1440 minutes. The results showed that
the variations have no systematic pattern during a specific time which it varies from time to another.
 Translation of Research Paper “Electromagnetic Radiation Measurements of Selected Cellular
Base Station in Sana’a: Long Term and Mapping Road Measurements”

Pendahuluan (Nida Anisa Hanum)

Dalam dekade terakhir, perkembangan teknologi telekomunikasi nirkabel telah berkembang secara
signifikan. Gelombang radio yang digunakan dalam telepon seperti cahaya tampak, sinar-X, dan gelombang
elektromagnetik yang terdiri dari komponen listrik dan magnetik yang memiliki variasi waktu tertentu
secara berkala. Variasi frekuensi menentukan sifat gelombang dan penggunaannya. Gelombang radio yang
dapat digunakan untuk berbagai jenis komunikasi, ditemukan pada bagian bawah spektrum frekuensi dan
diklasifikasikan sebagai radiasi non – pengion [1]. Banyak pedoman keselamatan yang berlaku yang
mengatur tentang gelombang pendek/RF/ELF (Extremely Low Frequency), terkontrol / pencahayaan yang
tidak terkontrol didasarkan pada intensitas pencahayaan yang menghasilkan pemanasan pada jaringan
karena penyerapan energi yang menyebabkan kenaikan suhu dan menunjukkan efek termal. Di sisi lain,
meskipun tubuh manusia dapat mengimbangi dan menangani beban energi ekstra melalui mekanisme
termoregulasi tanpa peningkatan suhu yang signifikan, namun tekanan masih dapat terjadi [2]. Memang,
kita dapat menggunakan ponsel dengan cara yang kita inginkan, artinya kita dapat mematikannya untuk
menghindari radiasi ketika kita tidak ingin menggunakannya. Namun, kita tidak dapat mengontrol BTS
(Base Transceiver Station / stasiun pemancar) – infrastruktur telekomunikasi yang memfasilitasi
komunikasi nirkabel antara piranti komunikasi dan jaringan operator - , apalagi kita tidak mengetahui
dimana tower itu dipasang. Jadi, dalam hal ini radiasi dari BTS / stasiun pemancar lebih penting daripada
radiasi ponsel [3]. Sektor Telekomunikasi Standardisasi / International Telecommunication Union (ITU-T)
– badan khusus PBB yang bertanggungjawab untuk teknologi informasi dan telekomunikasi – telah
mengeluarkan beberapa rekomendasi untuk mengatur radiasi non-pengion yang dipancarkan dari BTS
mobile, yaitu K.52 [4-5].

Penelitian ini berkonsentrasi pada pengukuran jangka panjang pada waktu tertentu di titik – titik
tertentu dan selama 24 jam pada titik tetap. Studi kedua dari penelitian ini adalah fokus pada pemetaan
pengukuran jalan yang menunjukkan kepadatan daya di beberapa jalan di Sana’a pada peta. Pengukuran
dilakukan untuk setiap titik yang terdaftar, tetapi hanya nilai maksimum yang akan diambil. Frekuensi dan
kepadatan daya yang telah tercatat untuk setiap file oleh perangkat pengukuran. Yet, then maximum
readings with its frequencies that reveal which company they belong are taken. Pembacaan ditentukan oleh
beberapa unit (dBm, mW/m2, µW/c2, dan V/m). Pengukuran dilakukan dengan menggunakan alat analisa
spektrum yang diproduksi oleh Aaronia Company di Jerman [6]. Alat tersebut termasuk penganalisis
spektrum (SPECTRAN®HF-2025E) pada rentang frekuensi 700 MHz hingga 2,5 GHz dengan antena
(HyperLOG®7025) dan antena baru (OmniLOG®9000). Untuk rincian lebih lanjut tentang RFR di Yaman,
pembaca dapat merujuk ke referensi [7].

Tinjauan Pustaka (Diah Saras Wati)

Meskipun banyak pekerjaan yang telah dilakukan untuk mengukur RFR, sebagian besar teknik dilakukan
[8], seperti hal nya penelitian yang dikembangkan oleh Leen Verloock et al. Pada temporal 24 jam as-
sessment paparan frekuensi radio di sekolah-sekolah dan rumah-rumah. Untuk pertama kalinya,
pengukuran temporal 24 jam dari semua sinyal RF yang sudah ada, termasuk LTE (Long Term Evolution)
dibentuk dengan peralatan pita sempit spektral yang akurat di lingkungan ini, di mana anak-anak pada
datang. Variasi maksimal terbesar diperoleh untuk sinyal telepon tanpa kabel (DECT) (10,6 dB) dan untuk
sinyal WiFi 2,4 GHz (12,7 dB), sedangkan variasi sinyal penyiaran dan sinyal telekomunikasi jauh lebih
rendah yaitu 2,9 dB and33 dB, re-spectively. Dalam studi yang disajikan oleh Agence Nationale des
Fréquences [9], berkaitan dengan pengukuran kekuatan medan elektromagnetik di Yaman. Tugas ini akan
memberikan kesempatan untuk membuat pengukuran antara 100 kHz dan 3 GHz, dan untuk melatih
beberapa insinyur Yaman dalam menangani perlengkapan pengukuran. Pengukuran dilakukan di 4 kota
industri utama di Yaman. Pilihan ini dibenarkan oleh kehadiran kepadatan jaringan radio tertinggi di
bidang-bidang ini :

(1) Sanaa;
(2) Taiz;
(3) Eden; dan
(4) Hodidah.

Penelitian ini memberitahukan pada waktu itu (xx) bahwa semua level yang diukur sesuai dengan referensi-
referensi ICNIRP untuk public exposer umum. Akhirnya, kami mengutip ukuran yang disajikan oleh
Lalrinthara Pachuau et al. [10]. Radiasi RF dari menara ponsel dan efeknya pada tubuh manusia. Dalam
makalah ini, densitas daya radiasi RF telah diukur dalam jarak dekat (kurang dari 50 m) ke stasiun
pangkalan mobile Sistem global untuk Mobile Communications 900 (GSM 900) di lokasi yang dipilih di
Aizawal dan Mizoran, India. Kerapatan daya absolut telah diukur di beberapa rumah yang dipilih. Spektrum
frekuensi dianalisis di lokasi yang berbeda. Gejala yang berbeda dari paparan RF pada tubuh manusia
dipelajari dan re-sults dianalisis dalam makalah ini.
Hasil dan Pembahasan 1 (Firdhania Puteri R)

Pengukuran Jangka Panjang pada Waktu Tertentu

Dalam pola pengukuran ini, antena dipasang dan dihubungkan ke penganalisis spektrum.
Kemudian perangkat itu tetap pada titik tertentu pada jarak yang konstan dari base station ponsel.
Pengukuran ini terpenuhi di dua tempat yang berbeda.

Hasil Pengukuran dan Diskusi:

Lokasi pertama adalah area Universitas Sana'a. Jumlah pembacaan ditetapkan di perangkat pada
30 pembacaan selama setengah jam (dari pukul 13:30 hingga 14:00 ) pada jarak 180 m dari base station
ponsel seperti yang ditunjukkan pada Gambar 1. Perangkat direkam dan menyimpan data di dalam memori
setiap 60 detik. Setelah prosedur pengukuran operasi, perangkat terhubung ke komputer dan membaca data
dengan menggunakan perangkat lunak analisa spektrum (LSC). Program ini menunjukkan rapat daya
elektromagnetik dalam dBm dan frekuensi dalam MHz. Nilai-nilai dikumpulkan, dianalisis, dan digambar
dalam fungsi waktu. Jarak dan data ditunjukkan pada Tabel 1 dan grafik untuk pengukuran ini diilustrasikan
pada Gambar 2.

Gambar 1. Titik pengukuran berada pada jarak 180 m dari stasiun pangkalan di Universitas Sana'a
 Tabel 1. Pengukuran jangka panjang dengan jarak konstan dari stasiun pangkalan di Universitas Sana'a

Pembacaan pada jarak 180 m dari stasiun pangkalan di universitas Sana'a selama 30 menit. Mulai pukul
13:30 - 14:00.

Gambar. 2. Variasi kepadatan daya dengan waktu selama 30 menit di Universitas Sana'a.

Berdasarkan grafik, nilai tertinggi perangkat yang direkam selama periode ini adalah -19.92dBm
pada frekuensi 944MHz. Oleh karena itu, kepadatan daya elektromagnetik terkuat pada nilai ini adalah
1962,96 μW / m² (0,86v / m), pembacaan minimum -43,49dBm pada frekuensi 945MHz, yaitu, 8,628 μW
/ m² (0,057v / m). Dalam terang pengukuran ini, disimpulkan bahwa ada variasi tingkat radiasi RF dengan
waktu. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa variasi tidak memiliki pola sistematis selama periode waktu tertentu
yang bervariasi secara acak.
 Lokasi kedua di mana pengukuran terpenuhi adalah area Al-Tahreer pada jarak 170 m dari base
station ponsel selama waktu yang berbeda dalam sehari selama tiga hari berturut-turut. Pengukuran
dilakukan pada waktu-waktu berikut: Kamis (dari pukul 13:00 sampai 14:30), Jumat (dari pukul 18:00
sampai 19:30), dan Sabtu (dari pukul 15:30 sore sampai 17:00). Dalam semua kasus, sejumlah pembacaan
ditetapkan untuk mengukur 15 nilai dalam perangkat selama 90 menit dan antara setiap pembacaan 360
detik. Nilai-nilai dianalisis dan digambar dalam fungsi waktu. Semua pembacaan ditunjukkan pada Tabel
2 dan grafik untuk pengukuran ini diilustrasikan pada Gambar 3. Hasil seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam
grafik menggambarkan bahwa nilai terkuat pada hari Kamis selama periode perekaman adalah -13,41 dBm
pada frekuensi 949MHz. Karena kepadatan daya elektromagnetik terkuat pada nilai ini adalah 8882μW /
m² (1,83v / m) sementara, pembacaan minimum adalah -31.25dBm pada frekuensi 949MHz, yaitu, 146 µW
/ m² (0.23v / m). Pada hari Jumat, pembacaan tertinggi adalah -15.17 dBm atau 5910 µW / m² (1.49v / m),
sedangkan nilai terendah adalah -32.51 dBm, yaitu, 109μW / m² (0.2v / m).

Tabel 2. Pengukuran jangka panjang dengan jarak konstan dari base station di Al Tahreer Area.
 Gambar. 3. Variasi kepadatan daya dengan waktu selama 90 menit di Area Al-Tahreer.

Pada hari Sabtu, kepadatan daya terkuat adalah -15.53dBm, yaitu, 5451μW / m² (1.43v / m); namun,
pembacaan minimumnya adalah -27.87dBm pada frekuensi 953MHz, yaitu, 321 µW / m² (0.35v / m).
Hasilnya diilustrasikan pada Tabel 3.

Tabel 3. Hasil pengukuran selama 90 menit di Area Al-Tahreer.

Pengukuran ini menunjukkan bahwa ada variasi tingkat radiasi RF dari stasiun pangkalan telepon
seluler selama waktu tertentu. Hasilnya juga menunjukkan bahwa variasi tidak memiliki pola sistematis
selama waktu yang ditentukan.

Hasil dan Pembahasan 2 (Fiky Nanda P)

Pengukuran jangka panjang selama 24 jam

Hasil pengukuran dan diskusi:

Percobaan kedua adalah untuk memonitor secara dekat suatu tipikal menara GSM. Pengukuran
dilakukan selama 24 jam pada suatu jarak tetap dari base station (stasiun pangkalan) ponsel. Perangkat
dipasang dengan antena (HyberLog7025) dan berorientasi pada menara stasiun pangkalan pada jarak 350m.
Itu lokasi menara berada di Al-Bolyli Area. Peralatan itu diperbaiki di atap gedung tempat tinggal peneliti.
Maka itu jumlah bacaan ditetapkan pada 240 bacaan dalam fungsi waktu antara setiap bacaan 360 detik itu
berarti durasi pengukuran pada 24 jam adalah 86400 detik. Data disalin ke spreadsheet untuk
menganalisanya dan menggambar itu sesuai dengan waktu. Pengukuran 24 jam dari densitas daya dicatat
dalam dBm dan frekuensi dalam MHz. Tingkat kepadatan daya selama 24 jam diilustrasikan pada Gambar.
4. Pembacaan dalam tabel menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar bacaan dari stasiun pangkalan berada pada
frekuensi 951MHz.

Gambar 4. Jangka panjang (24 jam) pengukuran radiasi RF.

(Gambar)

Hasil dalam grafik menggambarkan bahwa nilai terkuat selama periode perekaman adalah -26,48
dBm pada frekuensi 951MHz. Dengan demikian, kepadatan daya elektromagnetik terkuat di nilai ini adalah
553,77µW / m² (0,46v / m) pada 11:48. Pembacaan terendah, bagaimanapun, adalah -30,80 dBm pada
frekuensi 951MHz, yaitu, 162,7 µw / m² (0,25v / m) pada pukul 21:18. Rata-rata bacaan -28.47 dBm, yaitu,
277,3μw / m² (0,32v / m). Gain antenna ditampilkan pada program yang -1,9 dBi seperti yang ditunjukkan
pada Gambar. 5. Akibatnya, itu digunakan untuk menghitung densitas daya menggunakan persamaan
berikut:

Gambar. 5. Perangkat lunak analisa spektrum “LCS” menggambarkan semua parameter

pengukuran.

(GAMBAR)

Variasi kepadatan daya dengan waktu disebabkan oleh variasi jumlah slot waktu aktif. Dengan
sebagian besar antena sektor yang digunakan dalam jaringan telepon seluler, masing-masing memiliki dua
pemancar. Setiap pemancar memiliki bandwidth 200 KHz dihasilkan dari kelipatan 8 slot dalam domain
waktu. Itu operasi minimum dari stasiun pangkalan membutuhkan satu pemancar beroperasi untuk setiap
antena sektor. Pemancar ini beroperasi dengan kekuatan penuh bahkan ketika tidak menangani panggilan
apa pun. Ini biasanya terjadi setelah tengah malam di sebagian besar situs. Karena semakin banyak orang
menggunakan jaringan, pemancar kedua dihidupkan memungkinkan hingga delapan panggilan telepon
simultan lainnya. Itu bisa diamati dari Gambar. 4 bahwa jam puncak jaringan adalah, seperti yang
diharapkan, antara jam 11 dan 12 pagi. Karena densitas daya pada interval tersebut hampir dua kali lipat,
sesuai setelah tengah malam, dapat disimpulkan bahwa antena sektor tertentu beroperasi pada kapasitas
penuh pada jam sibuk. Untuk mengurangi pemblokiran panggilan probabilitas kapasitas sel dapat
ditingkatkan dengan meningkatkan jumlah pemancar. Jika empat pemancar digunakan untuk menyalakan
antena sektor bukannya dua, maka dapat menangani hingga 32 panggilan simultan memungkinkan
duplikasi kemungkinan tingkat RF saat ini. Berdasarkan hasil, dapat disimpulkan bahwa ada variasi dalam
radiasi RF pada siang hari. Variasi tidak memiliki pola sistematis pada siang hari, dan tingkat radiasi RF di
atap bangunan di sekitar stasiun pangkalan lebih banyak dari tingkat di tanah.

Hasil dan Pembahasan 3 (Abdurrozaq Al Akrom)

Memetakan Kekuatan Sinyal Sepanjang Beberapa Jalan Besar di Sana'a

Sinyal medan listrik dari stasiun base telepon seluler diukur sepanjang jalan utama di Sana'a.
Jumlah pembacaan ditetapkan di perangkat pada 306 pembacaan selama 157 menit (dari 11:50 hingga 2:27
siang). Pengukuran dilakukan di beberapa jalan yang berbeda di sekitar universitas Sana'a. Pengukuran
dilakukan di lokasi yang mempertahankan line-of-sight langsung dengan sumber RF yang dikenal. Praktis,
antena pengukuran diposisikan di area terbuka pada mobil, dengan ketinggian sekitar 1,7m di atas tanah
seperti yang ditunjukkan pada Gambar. 6. Antena diposisikan dan diorientasikan sehingga memperoleh
kekuatan sinyal maksimum. Pengukuran terpenuhi dan dicatat dalam perangkat dan diunduh ke komputer,
dianalisis dan digambar dengan menggunakan peta Google.

Hasil Pengukuran dan Diskusi:

Nilai yang diukur di sepanjang jalan dilakukan pada lebih dari 300 nilai. Tingkat kepadatan daya
dicatat dalam dBm dalam fungsi frekuensi. Pengukuran di beberapa jalan termasuk semua band untuk
semua operator seluler di Yaman, Sana'a. Ini berisi tingkat kepadatan daya di 946MHz milik Perusahaan
Sabafon, beberapa lokasi memberikan pembacaan di 955MHz milik MTN, pembacaan di 937MHz milik Y
Perusahaan dan juga beberapa bacaan untuk perusahaan mobil Yaman di 877MHz.
Gambar 7 menunjukkan tingkat kepadatan daya elektromagnetik pada peta warna-kode. Lingkaran
berwarna yang lebih besar menunjukkan tingkat sinyal yang lebih tinggi, sementara lingkaran yang semakin
kecil menunjukkan tingkat penurunan. Ada beberapa komentar tentang hasil percobaan ini: Pertama,
diketahui bahwa nilai terukur terkuat ada di Universitas Sana'a dan sekitar Jembatan Mathbah. Kedua, di
tempat yang jarang, nilai yang terukur ditemukan rendah (kurang dari 100μw / m²) di mana pun pancaran
antena terlindung oleh bangunan. Oleh karena itu, tingkat radiasi RF rendah di jalan, yang menunjukkan
bahwa radiasi ini terlindung dan hilang. Akhirnya, perhatikan bahwa pengukuran tingkat radiasi menurut
penelitian ini di jalan-jalan utama di sekitar Universitas Sana'a karena BTS ponsel berada di bawah tingkat
referensi yang ditetapkan oleh organisasi kesehatan internasional tetapi dekat dengan beberapa batas
nasional dan beberapa pengukuran melebihi Standar Salzburg. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa pembacaan
tinggi adalah -11.67dBm, -15.8dBm, -16.08 dBm, -17.36dBm pada 877MHz dan -14.44dBm, -16.44dBm,
-19dBm pada 946MHz seperti ditunjukkan pada Gambar. (8). Untuk MTN, nilai tertinggi adalah -
19.28dBm di 955MHz. Kepadatan daya maksimum untuk Perusahaan Y adalah -21.61dBm pada 934MHz.
Untuk operator Sabafon, nilai tertinggi adalah -14.44dBm di 946MHz. Kepadatan daya maksimum untuk
Yaman Mobile Company adalah -11.67dBm di 977MHz.

Gambar 9 menunjukkan lokasi bahwa intensitas radiasi elektromagnetik di sekitar stasiun pangkalan
sepanjang jalan adalah yang tertinggi. Nilai terukur terkuat ada di universitas Sana'a dan sekitar Jembatan
Mathbah. Mereka -11.67dBm di 877 MHz, yaitu, 6982μw / m² (1.623v / m) dan -14.44dBm di 946 MHz,
yaitu, 6962 μw / m² (1.62 v / m) secara berurutan.

Kesimpulan (Diah Saras Wati)

Percobaan kali ini menemukan bahwa, kepadatan daya lebih rendah daripada tingkat referensi ICNIRP dan
batas FCC untuk masyarakat umum, dan dekat dengan beberapa Negara yang berstandar nasional seperti
Italia, Bahraini, standar Kuwait telah melampaui batas Salzburg. Namun, data yang diperoleh masih belum
cukup untuk menyimpulkan dengan tegas bahwa orang mungkin tidak memiliki efek kesehatan yang
merugikan dari transmisi EMR dari jaringan telepon seluler. Intensitas radiasi elektromagnetik diukur dan
240 pembacaan diambil selama 1440 menit. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa variasi tidak memiliki pola
sistematis selama waktu tertentu yang bervariasi dari waktu ke waktu. Untuk pengukuran pemetaan. Hasil
penelitian lebih lanjut menunjukkan bahwa kepadatan daya tingkat di jalan berbeda secara signifikan.
Intensitas radiasi elektro-magnetik lebih tinggi di lokasi di mana pun bangunan tidak melindungi pancaran
antena. Kami menemukan bahwa nilai yang terukur tertinggi ada di gerbang Universitas Sana'a dan sekitar
Jembatan Mathbah. Kami ingin menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar bacaan dalam penelitian ini sesuai
dengan standar ICNIRP. Namun, ada banyak ketidakbenaran dalam pemasangan menara BTS pada
ketinggian 3 meter atau 6 meter di atas tanah di tengah daerah padat penduduk. Selama periode mendatang,
kami akan memberi tahu perusahaan operator seluler untuk menghargai rekomendasi ITU-T. Sebagai
tambahan, kami akan berpartisipasi dalam kesadaran masyarakat Yaman tentang radiasi non-pengion.
Slide 1

Research Paper Elektromagnetic Radiation

Measurements of Selected Cellular Base Station in
Sana’a: Long Term and Mapping Road Measurements

1. Abdurrozaq Lutfi Al-akrom

2. Diah Saraswati
3. Fiky Nanda Pratama
4. Firdhania Puteri Ramadhanty
5. Nida Anisa Hanum

Slide 2

Introduction

Last decade wireless telecommunication technologies have de- veloped

significantly. The radio waves used in mobile telepho- ny are, like visible light
and X-rays, electromagnetic waves that consist of both an electric and a
magnetic components which vary periodically with time. The frequency of
variation deter- mines the wave properties and their uses. Radio waves, which
can be used for various types of communication, are found in the lower part of
the spectrum and classified as non-ion- izing radiation [1].
Slide 3

This work concentrates on the long term measurements dur- ing specific time
at specific points and 24 hours at a fixed point. Second type of this study is
focus on mapping road measurements that show the power density in some
roads in Sana’a on the map. The measurements are carried out via using a
spectrum analyzer device, manufactured by Aaronia Com- pany in Germany
[6].

Slide 4

Related Work
The study reported at that time (xx) that all levels measured were compliant
with ICNIRP reference lev- els for general public exposer. Finally, we quote
the measure- ment presented by Lalrinthara Pachuau et al. [10]. RF radiation
from mobile phone towers and their effects on human body. In this paper,
power density of RF radiation have been meas- ured in close proximity (less
than 50 m) to mobile base station Global system for Mobile Communications
900 (GSM 900) at the selected locality in Aizawal and Mizoran, India.
Absolute power densities have been measured at some selected houses.
Frequency spectrum was analyzed at different sites. Different symptoms of RF
exposure on human body are studied and re- sults is analyzed in this paper.
Slide 5

Long Term Measurements at Specific Times

In this pattern of measurements, the antenna was mounted and connected to a

spectrum analyzer. Then the device was fixed at a specific point at a constant
distance from a mobile phone base station. This measurement was fulfilled at
two different places.

Slide 6

Measurements Results and Discussion

Fig. 1. The measurement point is at distance of 180 m

from base station in Sana’a University.
Slide 7

Table 1
Long term measurements at constant distance from base station in Sana’a
University.

Slide 8

Fig. 2. Variation of power density with time for 30 min-

utes at Sana’a University
Slide 9

Table 2
Long term measurements at constant distance from base station in Al Tahreer
Area.

Slide 10

Fig. 3. Variation of power density with time for 90 min- utes

at Al-Tahreer Area.
Slide 11

Table 3
Result of measurements for 90 minutes at Al-Tahreer Area.

Slide 12

Long Term Measurements For 24 Hours

Measurements Results and Discussion

Fig. 4. Long-term (24 hours) measurement of RF

radiation.
Slide 13

Fig.
Fig. 5.
5. Spectrum
Spectrum analyzer software “LCS”
analyzer software “LCS” illustrate
illustrate all
all
pa- rameters of measurement.
pa- rameters of measurement.

Slide 14

Mapping the Strength of Signals

Along Some Major Roads in Sana’a

Fig. 6. Antenna location on the car for mapping RF meas-

urements on roads.
Slide 15

Fig. 7. Mapping RF radiation levels along main roads around Sana’a University.

Slide 16

Fig. 8. The highest values with its frequency for street mapping measurements.
Slide 17

Fig. 9. Maximum values and its locations for

street map- ping measurements.

Slide 18

Fig. 10. LCS program illustrate the highest

value at street mapping measurements.
Slide 19

Conclusion
This study found that the power densities were lower than ICNIRP reference
level and FCC limit for general public, and close to some national standards
like Italian, Bahraini, Kuwaiti standards and it had exceeded Salzburg limit.
However, the obtained data is still not enough to conclude firmly that peo- ple
may not have adverse health effects from EMR transmis- sion from mobile
phone networks. The intensity of the elec- tromagnetic radiation was measured
and 240 readings taken for 1440 minutes. The results showed that the
variations have no systematic pattern during a specific time which it varies
from time to another.

Slide 20

References
• Mohammed Abdellati, Electromagnetic radiation from mobile phone base sta- tions
at Gaza, Journal of the Islamic University of Gaza (natural Science Series), Vol. 13,
N 2, (2005) 129-146.
• K. Sri Nageswari, Biological effects of microwaves and mobile telephony, Pro-
ceeding of the International Conference on Non-Ionizing Radiation at UNITEN
(ICNIR 2003) Electromagnetic Field and our Health, 20th-22nd October (2003) 1-
10.
• S. S. Durduran et al., Measurement of electromagnetic signal strengths of four
GSM base stations at 900 MHz in a pilot region, Proceeding of the World Con-
gress on Engineering, London, UK, Vol. II, (WCE 2013).
• International Telecommunication Union (ITU-T), Telecommunication standardi-
zation sector of ITU, Guidance on complying with limits for human exposure to
electromagnetics fields, ITU-T Recommendation K.52 (12/2004).
• http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/recommendations/rec.aspx?rec=7427
• http://www.aaronia.com/, Accessed on 11 February 2015, at 19H05M.