SEAT NO: 4-1 10/2/2018

Pagaduan, Gedeon I. PHY11-4 / C1

Waves
The disturbance that travelling through a medium or vacuum from one place to other by transferring the
energy is called a wave. When the wave is travelling through a medium it will experience some local
oscillations, but the particles in the medium do not travel with the wave.
Properties of waves:

Frequency:
The number of wave cycles that passes through a given point in one second is called frequency.
Wavelength:
The distance between two identical points in a wave is called wavelength.
Amplitude:
The height of the wave measured in meters is called amplitude.
Period:
The time taken by one complete wave to pass a given point in one second is called period.
Speed:
The distance travel by a periodic motion per unit time is called speed of wave.

Formulas
Speed = Wavelength • Frequency
v=f•λ

Problem
1. Picture given below shows wave motion of source having frequency 2s-1.
SEAT NO: 4-1 10/2/2018
Pagaduan, Gedeon I. PHY11-4 / C1
a) Find wavelength

Using picture given above, we find wavelength as; 24cm

b) λ.f=V
24.2=V
V=48 cm/s
c) Using picture given above, we find amplitude as; A=6 cm

2. A sound wave travels with the wavelength 660 nm. Calculate its frequency.
Given: Wavelength λ = 660 nm, velocity of light v = 3 × 108 m/s.
The frequency is given by,
f = vλ
f = 3 × 108m/s
660 × 10−9m
f = 4.54 × 1014 Hz.

3. The wave speed according to figure below is…

Given:
1 wavelength has 1 crest and 1 trough. According to figure above, 1 wavelength = 2 meters x 4 = 8
meters.
Period of wave (T) = 0.5 x 4 = 2 seconds
The wave speed:
v = s / t = λ / T = 8 meters / 2 seconds = 4 meters/second

4. The distance between point A and B is 30 cm. What is the wave speed according to figure
below?
SEAT NO: 4-1 10/2/2018
Pagaduan, Gedeon I. PHY11-4 / C1

Given:
From A to B, there is ¾ wavelength. If the distance between A and B is 30 cm, then the distance of ¼
wavelength is 30 cm / 3 = 10 cm. Thus, 1 wavelength = 4 x 10 cm = 40 cm.
According to the figure above, a period of the wave is 4 seconds.
Formula:
v=d/t=λ/t
v = the wave speed, d = distance, λ = wavelength, t = time interval
The wave speed:
v = λ / t = 40 cm / 4 seconds = 10 cm / 1 second = 10 cm/second

Doppler Effect
When a vehicle with a siren passes you, a noticeable drop in the pitch of the sound of the siren will be
observed as the vehicle passes. This is an example of the Doppler effect. An approaching source moves
closer during period of the sound wave so the effective wavelength is shortened, giving a higher pitch
since the velocity of the wave is unchanged. Similarly, the pitch of a receding sound source will be
lowered.

Problem
1. A sound source with a frequency of 790Hz moves away from a stationary observer at a rate of
15m/s. What frequency does the observer hear? The speed of sound is 340m/s.

In this scenario the Doppler effect is described by the following equation.

Using the values from the problem, we know that vo is zero and vf is 15m/s. v is 340m/s and fs is 790Hz.
SEAT NO: 4-1 10/2/2018
Pagaduan, Gedeon I. PHY11-4 / C1

2. At a local concert, a speaker is set up to produce low-pitched base sounds with a frequency
range of 20Hz to 200Hz, which can be modeled as sine waves. In a simplified model, the sound
waves the speaker produces can be modeled as a cylindrical pipe with one end closed that travel
through the air at a velocity of, where T is the temperature in °C.

A person runs away from the speaker at 3m/s, while it creates a 200Hz sound wave. What
frequency does he or she hear?
Use 340m/s for the speed of sound.
In our case, the speaker is not moving, so vs is zero. vr is negative when the person is walking towards
the speaker, so the frequency heard will be lower than the original frequency. We can calculate the
heard frequency using our equation.

Interference
Wave interference is the phenomenon that occurs when two waves meet while traveling along the same
medium. The interference of waves causes the medium to take on a shape that results from the net
effect of the two individual waves upon the particles of the medium.

Shock Wave
Shock waves are large amplitude pressure waves produced by an object moving faster than the speed of
sound like a boat or plane, or other things such as an explosion, lightning or even a moving piston.
When a source moves faster than the waves it produces, no waves will form in front of the source but
will pile up behind and become compressed. The waves protruding is confined to a cone that narrows as
the speed of the source increases and the waves bunch up, creating high-pressure regions outside the
compressed waves. This border from inside to outside is the shock wave. The strength of a shock wave
SEAT NO: 4-1 10/2/2018
Pagaduan, Gedeon I. PHY11-4 / C1

dissipates greatly with distance, much more so than a regular wave, as heat and other energy are more
quickly transferred into the surrounding environment. Once enough energy has dissipated, the shock
wave will become a regular wave such as a sound wave.

Resonance
Resonant frequency is the frequency of a resonant circuit. Resonant circuit is also known as LC circuit or
tank circuit. This circuit consists of inductor and capacitor connected parallel to each other. Resonant
circuit is used to generate a particular frequency or to select a particular frequency from a complex
circuit. So, the resonant frequency formula is given as,

Where, f0 is the resonant frequency, L is the inductance and C is the capacitance

Problem
1. Determine the resonant frequency of a circuit whose inductance is 25mH and capacitance is
5μF?
Given parameters are,
L = 25mH and C = 5μF
The formula for resonant frequency is,

2. he inductance and capacitance of a resonant circuit is given as 1H and 0.5F. Determine the
resonant frequency of the circuit?
Given parameters are,
L = 1H and C = 0.5F
The formula for resonant frequency is,