F·117A

NIGHTHAWK
STEALTH FIGHTER 2.0
 MicroProse Entertainment Software, Inc.

F·117A
Nighthawk
Stealth Fighter 2.0

MicroProse Entertainment Software

180 Lakefront Drive, Hunt Valley, MD. 21030
(301) 771-1151

All rights reserved.

Copyright © 1991 by MicroProse Entertainment Software, Inc.
This book may not be reproduced in whole or in part by mimeograph or any other means without permission,
with the exception of quoting brief passages for the purposes of reviews.

Printing History
Printing: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

IBM is a registered trademark of International Business Machines Inc.

 TABLE OF CONTENTS
A Note to Players of F-19 Stealth Fighter .......... ........ 5 3 . TECHNIQUES AND TACTICS ......... ........ 59
F-117A Data .................................................................... 6 How to Fly ................. ......... ... .... ... .............. .. .. ... .. .......... 59
Aerodynamics and Flying ......... .......... ............... 59
INTRODUCTION: F· 117A NIGHTHAWK ........ 7 FlyingtheF-117A ... ..... ... ........ ..... ..... .......... .......... 60
1. TUTORIAL ............................................... 15 Landing the F-117A ........... ........... .... ......... .. ..... ... . 63
Your First Mission ............................... ...... ... ..... ......... . 15 Offensive Actions ............................ .. ...... .................... 67
Your Second Mission ....................... ........ ........ ........... 23 Finding and Hitting a Target ... ............ ........... ... 67
Firing Your Missiles ......... ................... ...... .......... 68
2. OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS ................. 27 Firing Your Cannon ............ ......... .............. .......... 68
Preflight Briefing ............. .... ................ ........................ 27 Bombing .. ............ ...... ... ............ .. .... ..... ................... 69
Hardware Options ........................................ ....... 27 Photos and Special Equipment ........ ....... ......... . 73
Aircraft Identification ..... .. ...................... .. ........... 27 Defensive Actions ..... ...... ....... ..... .... ..... .. ...... .. ..... .... .... 74
Pilot Roster ........................... .......... ......... ............. . 27 Radar and Stealth Tactics ...... ....... .. ................... 74
Ready Room ........ ............ .......... .... ........................ 30 Dealing with Surface-to-Air Missiles (SAMs) .76
Commanding Officer's Office ........................... 30 Air-to-Air Duels ..... ... .................................................... 86
Briefing Room ............. ............. .. .... ....................... 33 Using Air-to-Air Missiles (AAMs) ...................... 86
Maintenance Room ....... .............. ......................... 34 Using the 20mm Vulcan .............. ........................ 87
The Hangar ....... ......... .. ................... ............ ........... 35 Dealing with the Enemy .. ............... .......... .......... 88
Simulation Controls .. .......... ........................................ 36
Viewing Controls ... .. ........ .. ...... .. ... .... ................... 36
Other Controls .................................. ... .... ............. 37
Displays and Aircraft Controls ................................. 40
Heads-Up Display (HUD) ........ ..... .... ................... 40
Multi-Function Displays (MFDs) ........ ......... ... ... 45
Aircraft Controls ................. ......... .. ............... ........ 46
Evasion and Defense Systems .... ...... ............... .48
Weaponry .. ... ....................... ........... ....................... 52
Navigational Systems ........ ................................. 53
Postflight Debriefing ........... ...................... .. .... ........... 55
Ending a Mission ................ ........... ...................... 55
Scoring ......... ....... .. ..... .. ... ....................................... 55
Reputation ....... .................... ................. ................. 56

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4. MISSION BRIEFINGS .............................. 95
Mission Types ..................... ... ................................. ..... 95
Rules of Engagement ....... ... .. .. ... .. ....... .. .............. 95
Air-to-Air Missions ....... ............. ........................... 96
Strike Missions ............... .............. ....... ................. 97
Areas Of Conflict .... ...................... .. ................... .......... 99
The Persian Gulf: 1984 ... ............. .................. ...... . 99
Europe's North Cape: 1985 ................................ 103
Libya: 1986 .... .......... ........ .......... .... ....................... 109
Central Europe: 1986 ....... .......... .... ............ ......... 111
The Middle East: 1989 ............. .. ........... .............. 117
Desert Storm: 1991 ......... .............................. ....... 121
Vietnam: 1994 ......... ............... ... ...................... ..... 125
Cuba: 1995 ........... ............ ......... ... ............. ............ 127
Korea: 1996 .............. ...... ....................................... 130
Surface-to-Air Missile Systems ... ...... .............. .... .... 156
Radar-Guided SAMs .............. ..... ...................... 157
IR and Visual SAMs .... ...................................... . 160
Warplanes ....................... .......... ....... ......................... . 163
Key to Aircraft Data .... ............. ...... .......... .... ..... . 163
US-Built Warplanes ............... ........................... . 164
Soviet-Built Warplanes .......... ........................... 168
Appendix .............................. ........................... .. ...... .. .. 173
Key Controls Summary ...... .............. .. ............... 173
Glossary of Abreviations ............. ....... ....... .. ...... .. .... 177
Designer's Notes ..... ....................... ...... .. .................... 178
Credits ................ ........ .......... ... ........... ....... .. ................ 180

5. ARMS AND EQUIPMENT ...................... 137

Ordnance and Weapons Data ...... ... .... ..... .. ..... ....... 137
Performance Characteristics ...................... ..... 137
F -117 A Weapon Effectiveness .... ............... ....... 139
Air-to-Air Missiles ..... .................. .. ..................... 140
Surface-to-Air Missiles ............... .. ..... .............. .. 141
Air-to-Air Weapons ... ............. ........... .................. ...... 143
F-117A Air-to-Air Weapons ....... ..................... ... 143
Enemy Cannons .. ............... ......... ....................... 144
Enemy IR AAMs .... ........ ....... .. ......... ...... .............. 144
Enemy Radar AAMs ............. ................ .............. 146
F-1l7A Air-to-Ground Weapons ......... .................... 148
Guided Missiles .... .................... ......................... 148
Laser-Guided Bombs ........ ........ ........................ . 150
Retarded Bombs ..... .......... .......................... ...... .. 151
Free-Fall Bombs ................. ........... ..................... 154
Other Equipment ... ............... ......... .... ................. 155

4
 Congratulations on purchasing F -117A Stealth Figh ter 2.0 from MicroProse. Weare
A NOTE TO proud to bring you this upgrade of our classic game F -19 Stealth Figh ter. That game has
PLAYERS OF been one of the most successful combat flight simulators ever developed. It has won
F·19 STEALTH just about every award that is given for entertainment software, and we think we know
FIGHTER why: F-19 had excellent game-play - it was FUN!
Because of this, F-l17A keeps that same great game-play and brings you the very
latest in flight simulation technology and graphics. We've upgraded the entire
package from head to toe, but we've kept the basic features of F-19 intact.
So if you're already familiar with F-19 Stealth Fighter, you should be able to jump
right into the cockpit and start flying stealthy sorties right away.
But be careful. the enemy is smarter, your plane is a little more responsive, you fly
almost all your sorties at night, and there are more new missions than you can hope to
complete in a lifetime of flying.
We hope you enjoy it!

5
 F·117A DATA
F-1l7A
Dimensions
Wingspan 43 ft 4 in 03.21 m)
Length overall 65 ft 11 in (20.09 m)
Body length 55 ft 1 in (16.78 m)
Height 12 ft 5 in (3.78 m)
Winglbodyarea 1070 sq ft ODD sq m)

Powerplant
Two General Electric F404-F1D2 nonafter-
burning engines
Thrust 10,600lb (47.1 kN)
Bypass ratio 0.34:1
Weight 1,8201b (825 kg)

Weights
Max take off 52,500lb (23,8lDkg)
Internal fuel 13,0001b (5,895 kg)
Weapon load 4,0001b 0 ,815 kg)
Operating empty 35,0001b 05,875 kg)

Estimated Performance
Max Mach number 0.95
Max speed at sea level
560kt (1,040 kmlh)
Max speed at 35,000 ft
545 kt (l,OlD km/h)
Cruising speed 460 kt (850 kmlh)
Combat radius· 500 nm (930 km)
· "Unlimited" with inflight refueling

6
 BAGHDAD, January 17, 1991-The still darkness of early morning suddenly gave
TARGET IRAQ way to the flash and roar of exploding bombs. Iraqi anti-aircraft artillery (AAA)
batteries began firing wildly into the sky, not knowing what or where their targets were.
Operation Desert Storm had begun.
Within a few short moments, key Iraqi early warning radar sites, control centers,
and communication links were destroyed by unseen attackers. The attackers - US
F-1l7A "stealth" fighters - had flown through hundreds of miles of heavily defended
Iraqi airspace undetected, and hit their targets with precise timing and pinpoint accuracy.
Almost instantly, the Iraqi air defense command found itself deaf. dumb, and blind.
The performance of "stealth" fighters during the first day of the war alone was
enough to vindicate the "black" (secret) programs that had led to their development and
construction. On the first day, the F-1l7As - which comprised only two and a half
percen t of the coali tion' s combat air forces - accoun ted for 31 percent of the Iraqi targets
hit. The impact of these raids assured the air supremacy of the allied air forces, and
allowed them to strike with impunity anywhere within Iraq and Kuwait.
That a single type of aircraft. unremarkable in its speed and maneuverability, and
built almost in direct conflict with the long-held conventions of aircraft design, could
have such a decisive effect on the outcome of a war is almost unbelievable. Other
technological breakthroughs have proven decisive in war: the machine gun, the tank,
and the airplane are all examples. But advantages gained by these advances were so
quickly cancelled by other breakthroughs that they had little time to make cmy significant
impact. The Norden bombsight. for example, was an impressive technological
achievement that was quickly made obsolete by other technology-like the atom bomb.
In the 1920s and early 1930s, the bomber was believed by many to be the ultimate
RADAR WARS weapon. Theorists like Italy's General Guilio Douhet believed that massed bomber
raids would be unstoppable - bombers would be overhead and dropping their bombs
before they were sighted, and well on their way home before fighters could be
scrambled to intercept them.

7
 But in the late 1930s, the work of Sir Robert Watson-Watt and other researchers
resulted in a practical method of detecting aircraft well in advance of their arrival-
radio detection and ranging, or "radar." Radar allowed defenders to not only
detect enemy aircraft. but to obtain information on the strength of a raid, its speed, and
its course.
Radar detects objects by transmitting a high-energy radio pulse. The signal
bounces off the object. and the reflected signal is detected by the radar's antenna. The
direction from which the reflected signal comes and the time difference between when
the pulse was transmitted and the return of the reflected signal are used to determine
the bearing and range of the object.
Early ground radar installations proved to be a decisive factor in World War II,
notably during the Battle of Britain (1940-1941). The Royal Air Force was able to
effectively scramble interceptor fighters to meet Nazi bombing raids and tum the tide
of the air war because of the information provided by early warning radar sites. Soon,
radar systems became accurate enough to be used to control ground-based anti-
aircraft artillery (AAA), and compact enough to be used aboard aircraft. Within a few
years, night fighters were able to engage and shoot down enemy aircraft that they
never saw.
Targeting radar systems used a constant wave rather than a pulse to track the
target, and used two antennas - a transmitter and a receiver. The targeting radar
tracked its quarry by centering the signal reflected by the target in its beam, and
"locked on" to it. constantly correcting its beam to follow the target's movement. Since
the wave was constant, shifts in the signal's frequency caused by the movement of the
target - the "Doppler effect" -could be detected by the receiver antenna. The wavelength
of the radio wave is compressed by an object moving toward the radar, and stretched
out by an object moving away -like the sound waves from the whistle of a passing train.
A "Doppler shift" of the returning radar, therefore, could be used for moving target
indication (MTI). Modern search radar systems also have this capability.
Surface-to-air missiles were quickly developed that could follow the targeting
radar beam to their intended target. These "beam riders" sensed the reflection of the
targeting radar off the enemy aircraft. and homed in like bloodhounds. The sky was
quickly becoming an increasingly dangerous place.
Since the Second World War, evading or negating radar has been a top priority of
STEALTHY aircraft designers and air forces. Most efforts relied on active countermeasures -
PLANES jamming of radar signals, use of" chaff" (strips of aluminum orfiberglass) to create false
radar returns, and the use of anti-radar weapons - to eliminate the threat of enemy air
defense radar. In addition to these active methods, many aircraft (like the FB-ll L B-L and the
British Tornado) were designed specifically to fly close to the ground, using terrain features
and the curvature of the earth to avoid detection by radar.

8
 Still, the increasing sophistication and sensitivity of radar systems, radar-guided
missiles and air defense systems continued to complicate the lives of pilots. The
development of digitally controlled radar systems, like the "phased-array" radar
systems used in the Navy's Aegis system, the Patriot missile system and many other
modern air defense systems, has made it difficult to jam or otherwise neutralize the
effectiveness of such systems. These radars can increase signal strength to "bum
through" jamming, change the frequency of their pulses randomly to counteract chaff
and other electronic countermeasures, and digitally enhance returned signals.
Evasion of radar by flying close to the terrain was made more difficult by the
development of airborne early warning systems {AEWS} like the US Air Force'sAWACS
system, and by the development of "look-down" radar for fighter-interceptors. These
airborne radar platforms can detect aircraft flying at very low altitudes, and have
a much longer detection range than ground-based systems simply because they are
in the air.
In addition to the improvements in radar technology, the introduction of computers
into air defense systems made the latter more efficient and effective. Computers and
information technology have increased the flow of information through command
structures and have decreased the reaction time of defensive systems to incoming attacks.
Today, "electronic warfare" has become as important as the delivery of weapons.
Electronic countermeasures are pitted against counter-countermeasures, as both
defender and attacker attempt to render each other's electronic systems impotent.
Attack aircraft must be escorted by specialized electronic warfare aircraft and must
carry their own countermeasures as well.
"Stealth" technology takes another approach to reducing the threat posed by
enemy radar. Rather than depending on electronics, the physical design of the
"stealth" aircraft is its main radar countermeasure. Two factors in the design of an
aircraft playa part in how well it can be detected by a radar - the amoun t of surface area
it presents to the radar, and the reflectivity of that surface. The range at which an
aircraft {or any object} can be detected is in part determined by the amount of reflective
surface it presents to the radar, or its "radar cross-section" {RCS}. As the radar cross-
section of an object is decreased, the range at which it can be detected is decreased. By
decreasing the RCS of an aircraft, it is made less vulnerable to detection by enemy
radar. The main design barrier to reducing the RCS o'f aircraft has been the difficulty
in modeling the design to predict it.
In addition to decreasing the cross-section of an aircraft design, designers can
decrease the aircraft's probability of detection by making it less reflective of radar. By
using special materials that absorb radio waves, an aircraft can reduce its radar
reflection. In this way, radar-absorbent materials {RAMs} effectively reduce the aircraft's
RCS, making it less detectable.

9
 RAMs were developed during the Second World War on both sides - the Germans
used one type of RAM on the snorkel tubes of their U-Boats to prevent them from
being detected by airborne radars. Still, RAMs alone are only partially effective in
reducing reflected radar signals, and may not appreciably change the RCS of an object
by themselves.
"Steal th" technology relies on a combination of these two methods - red ucing RCS
by design and reducing reflectivity by RAMs. The first marriage of the two came in the
form of an experimental aircraft produced by Lockheed's top-secret "Skunk Works" in
the early 1960s. That aircraft. the A-12, became the prototype for the premier reconnais-
sance aircraft of the 20th Century - the SR-71 Blackbird.
The A-12 came in response to a call from the CIA for a replacement for the U-2 spy
plane. To reduce its radar cross-section, the A-12 featured a slender profile, the
elimination of vertical flat surfaces, and flared sides. Saw-toothed indentations in the
leading edge of the A-12's wings were designed to deflect radar waves away from the
transmitter. In addition, the entire aircraft was painted with a radar-absorbent paint
called "iron ball."
The radar cross-section of the A-12 was only 0.015 square meters - about one-
thirtieth the RCS of a conventional fighter. Still, the A-12 was far from being invisible
to radar. While the A-12 had a fairly small radar cross-section head on, it presented a
huge radar and infrared target from behind. It had large, open titanium and steel jet
exhaust nozzles and afterburning engines. This did not pose much of a problem,
though, since the A-12 could outrun anything fired at it from behind - it flew at Mach 3.5
at an alti tude of 95,000 feet. By the time it could be detected by radar, there was Ii ttle time
left for any reaction, and by the time air defenses could be brought to bear, the A-12
would be long gone.
Lockheed built upon its experience wi th the A-12 and its offspring, the SR -71. in the
F·117A development of the F-1l7. In the mid-1970s, the "stealth" concept was revived in reac-
NIGHTHAWK tion to the world political climate and the need for a "special operations" aircraft. Key
to the success of the design was the concept of a "faceted" surface, with no curved
surfaces anywhere on the aircraft.
The reason for the faceted design of the F -1171ies in the equations of James Clerk
Maxwell, a Scottish physicist. Maxwell's equations can predict how a body of a given
shape will scatter or reflect electromagnetic radiation (such as radio waves). With
relatively simple shapes, the results are relatively easy to calculate.
In an aircraft with an "aerodynamic," curved surface, the complex shape and
gradual curves of the aircraft make applying Maxwell's equations a feat at which even
the most powerful supercomputer may balk. However, if all the curves are removed
from the design and replaced with geometric facets, the reflection pattern becomes

10
much easier to predict. Using computer modeling. aircraft designers were able to
create a design with practically no radar cross-section. The combination of its shape
and RAM give the F -117 an RCS of between 0.01 square meters and 0.001 square meters.
depending on the radar. (This is roughly the same RCS as a small bird or insect.)
With the flat surfaces of a faceted design. radar pulses are only reflected back to
the radar when they strike the surfaces dead-on (at 90 0 angles). All of the F-llTs
surfaces are tilted at least 300 away from verticaL so almost all radar signals will be
bounced upward or downward. While a look-down radar may detect the aircraft if it is
300 above it. the radar would have to be at extremely close range at that angle.
While the faceted surface of the F-1l7 makes it nearly invisible to radar. it also
makes the aircraft extremely difficult to fly . In fact. without the aircraft·s computerized
control system. it would be impossible to fly at all. Rather than being directly connected
to the control surfaces of the aircraft. the pilot's controls are connected to four comput-
ers. which in turn move the control surfaces. This type of control system is commonly
referred to as a "fly-by-wire" system.
The design of the F -117 not only minimizes the aircraft·s detectability by radar. but
by all other means as well- infrared. opticaL and electronic surveillance. The aircraft
is painted flat black - it is designed specifically for night operations - and its engine
exhausts are shielded to minimize their heat signature. And the aircraft has no radar
of its own. so it cannot be detected by electromagnetic sensors.
Since it has no radar. the F-117 relies heavily upon its inertial navigation system
and its infrared sensing equipment to get it over the target and deliver its weapons on
target. The F-1l7 uses a laser designator. its forward-looking and downward-looking
infrared (FUR and DLIR) to guide its" smart bombs" to their targets. With the assistance
of AWACS aircraft. the F-117 can use its FUR to target hostile aircraft as well. though
its anti-air capability is somewhat limited without radar-guided air-to-air missiles.
All of the F -1 ITs weapons are carried internally. in twin bays along its center line.
This is necessary to maintain the constant RCS of the aircraft. While this limits the
weapons load of the F-1l7. it makes up for it in accuracy and surprise.
The Air Force already is planning significant upgrades to the F-ll7. If the budget
allows. 40 new aircraft may be added to the existing 56 planes in service. One of the
possible additions to the new F-1l7 is a stealthy radar system. which may give the
F-ll7 similar radar capabilities to the F-l5. Another possible sensor for the upgraded
F-117 is an Infrared Search and Track (IRST) system - a wide-scanning infrared sensor
that can track targets much like radar. but without any emissions to detect.

II
 There are no clear answers to the "stealth" problem for air defense system
WHAT NEXT? designers. If there are any solutions already tested, they are highly classified. While
highly speculative, these are some of the possible "next steps" for air defense systems
in reaction to stealth technology: within the limits of present technology, the best way
to detect aircraft like the F -117 is from above. Look-down radar systems have a much
higher likelihood of detecting stealth aircraft than ground-based radar, simply be-
cause of their angle of attack.
Still, stealth aircraft are high-altitude flyers by nature, and a counter-stealth look-
down system would have to be at a fairly high altitude to have much of a chance at long-
range detection of them.
One possibility is an airborne early warning system based on aerostats, or
blimps. Aerostat radar systems are already used by the US as regional AEW platforms
for drug interdiction in the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean; while these systems
operate at comparatively low altitudes, the technology might be adapted to the high
altitude AEW role.
Another possibility is a sort of radar "trip wire" system. While ground-based radar
signals may be bounced away from their origin by the angled surfaces of the F -117, a
ring of secondary radar receivers at long range from the main radar might be able to
pick up such deflected signals. Such a receiver would not be able to give altitude or
course information about an aircraft. but it might give air defense commanders a fair
approximation of bearing and range from the main radar and some warning of an
impending "stealth" attack. Other sensors could then be brought to bear on the
suspected aircraft and, in the worst case, backup systems could be prepared to come
on line.
While stealth aircraft are designed to deflect or absorb radio waves, they are not
designed to do the same to laser beams. There has been much discussion of possible
LADAR (laser detection and ranging) systems that operate in a fashion similar to search
radars, scanning the sky with laser energy and looking for laser light bouncing off of
objects to determine their direction, range and speed. Such a system in an air early
warning role would require a huge amount of energy and would probably incinerate
anything that got too close to it (though that may be a positive effect, too).
Clearly, though, stealth technology will force air defense planners to seriously
rethink their strategies. It has already made nearly every air early warning system in
the world obsolete, and has permanently changed the complexion of air strike doctrine.
Already, designers are struggling with this new problem. Who knows what will come
next? Perhaps the people at Lockheed's "Skunk Works" do.

12
13
14
 YOUR FIRST MISSION
This tutorial guides you through your first stealth mission. You'll fly from an
FLYING TO THE aircraft carrier in the Mediterranean Sea into Libyan airspace. There you'll destroy a
TARGETS AND surface-to-air missile (SAM) radar installation. This mission is a practice run, and
BACK flying it is not required; it's purely a convenient way to help you learn to use your F -117A.
If you prefer to study the aircraft before you fly, go directly to Chapter 2, page 27.
Before you start, install the game onto either floppy disks or a hard disk (see
"Installation" in the Technical Supplement for details). You can run the game without
installation, but no information is saved. Now load the installed game into your
computer (see "Loading" in the Technical Supplement for details).
Terminology Each key control has a name in italics, and is followed by a parenthesized label.
indicating which key is referred to by the name. The italicized names used in this
manual also appear on the keyboard overlay.
Controller refers to the pointing device you use. This may be a joystick, mouse, or
cursor keys. We strongly recommend you use a joystick to fly the aircraft. and a mouse
to make selections on the starting screens. Only a joystick or the keyboard may be used
to fly the airplane; however, any of the above may be used to make selections from the
starting screens.
Selector refers to the Left Mouse Button, Joystick Trigger, Return key, or Enter key,
depending on your hardware setup. When the manual says to press the Selector, this
means to press the button (or Return key) of whatever hardware you're using.
Preflight Briefing Answer the Aircraft Identification Quiz: Check pages 164-172 of this
Options manual to see which aircraft is illustrated.
Pilot Roster: After answering the quiz, you are shown the Pilot Roster, where you
must en ter a name. Use the Con troller to move the arrow cursor over the name you wan t
to erase (note that the names highlight as the cursor moves over them). Press the Backspace
key to erase the highlighted name, type your own name, and press the Selector.

15
 A form now appears to the right of the screen, on which you can set some difficulty
level options. Since this is your first mission, accept the default options, by selecting
"Form Complete" at the bottom. Then select "Exit" from the lower right of the screen.
Ready Room: You now find yourself in the pilots' Ready Room, where pilots wait
to be given orders. Notice that there are several doors which you can enter. But for now,
simply move the arrow to the Briefing Room door and tap the Selector.
Intelligence Briefing: When you enter the Briefing Room, you are automati-
cally assigned a mission. The briefing map shows the general topography of the area,
your takeoff point (T), your primary (P) and secondary (S) targets, and your landing point
(L). To the right is a menu of options. Select "Mission Brief" to read a detailed description
of what you are expected to accomplish. Then press the Selector again to see the
remainder of the summary, which describes your flight plan and the rules of engage-
ment under which you are operating. Now press the Selector again to return to the
briefing map.
You may wish to investigate the other options on this map. If so, see "Briefing
Room" on page 33 for details. When you are finished studying your mission assignment.
choose "Select Weapons" from the menu.
Arming Room: Next you are shown the weapons your crew chief suggests you
use for this mission. You could override his decisions and take different weapons, but
for this training exercise, take his advice and choose "Go To Hangar" from the menu at
lower right.
Hangar: You're now in the Hangar, where your F-117A is being fueled and loaded
for the mission. Select "Yes" from the requestor that asks if you're ready.

The Cockpit Place the appropriate overlay on your computer keyboard. It shows all the
can troIs for your F -117A.
Console and HUD The Cockpit Console: The lower half of your screen represents the cockpit
console of the F-117A. The various elements are described on pages 40-54. We suggest
you toggle through the various displays on the Multi-Function Displays (MFDs) to get
familiar with them.
The left MFD has two map displays. Tap Maps (F3) to toggle between them. The
right MFD displays either a camera view of the outside world or a data screen. The
data displays include:
Weapons (F5): The weapons currently in your weapons bays.
Select Way Pt (F7): A list of the current INS waypoints, including the one you're
currently being steered toward.
Change Way Pt (F8): A list of the four INS waypoints, which you can change on the
satellitelradar map (on the Left MFD).
Reset Way Pt (Shift F8): resets waypoints to the initial defaults.
Mission (FlO): A brief summary of your mission orders.

16
 The Tracking Camera views also appear in the right MFD and show a zoom TV
image of a target. with its name, range, and bearing superimposed. The camera is
limited to a range of 80-100 kilometers (km). You have these viewing options:
Cam Ahead ({): Aims the camera at the nearest standard target ahead.
Cam Rear (»: Aims the camera at the nearest standard target behind.
Cam Left «): Aims the camera at the nearest standard target to your left.
Cam Right (M): Aims the camera at the nearest standard target to your right.
Select Target (B): Cycles through all standard targets in the current direction.
Designate New Targ (N): Aims forward camera at nearest target (any type) ahead.
For more information on the target tracking-camera system, see page 45.
The HUD: The upper half of your screen represents the transparent HUD (heads-
up display), through which you can see the world beyond. The various symbols and
numbers are described in Chapter 2, on pages 40-44.
The HUD has three operating modes: NAV for navigation, AIR for aerial combat,
and GND for ground attacks. Tap HUD Modes (F2) to cycle through the three settings.
Note that in AIR and GND modes the symbols that appear depend on the currently
selected weapon. Tap Select Weapon (Space Bar) to cycle through your weapons. If
you're unsure of what weapons you have on board, tap Weapons (F5) to see a display
of your four weapons bays, and what they contain.
Hints To get the most out of this tutorial. remember three things:
There is no danger: Since this is a training mission, enemy weapons are harmless.
You've chosen the "No Crash" option, so you can't crash into the ground. Further, you
have an automatic radar altimeter that keeps you above 200'. However, it only makes
mild corrections, and is helpless against truly wild maneuvers.
Use the "Pause" Key: To best use this tutorial. pause the game - tap Pause, (AI tIP}
- and read the next few paragraphs, then "un-pause" (tap any key) and resume the
action. Whenever you're confused, pause and consult the manual for help.
Resupply if you need it: In training missions, you can get an infinite supply of fuel
and ammunition. Each time you tap Resupply (AltIR), your fuel tank is filled and your
ammunition is increased to the maximum possible level.
Preflight Cheek the Inertial Ravigalion Syslem (IRS). Tap Maps (F3) until the sat-
Checklist eHi te/radar map is displayed on your left MFD. Next tap Select Way Pt (F7) to display the
INS waypoints list on the right MFD. Look up on the HUD and note on the horizontal
heading scale (along the top of the HUD) the location of the INS cursor (blue triangle).
You must fly in this direction to reach the first waypoint (see page 53 for details).
Cheek Armamenl: Tap Weapons (F5) to display the weapons in your bays on the
right MFD. As you use Select Weapons (Space Bar) to cycle through the weapons, note
the active weapon message in the lower left comer of the HUD.

17
 Extend the Flaps: Tap Flaps (9). Note the "FLAPS" indicator light in the upper
right section of the console. Flaps give you more lift during takeoff.
Check the Catapult: When launching from an aircraft carrier, as you are now,
the brakes must be set. This represents the aircraft's attachment to the carrier's catapul t
system. If the "BRAKE" light is not illuminated on the console, tap Brake (O) to set the
brakes and engage the catapult.
Starlthe Engines: Turn on your engines by tapping Max Pwr (Shift +). Notice the
digital throttle power readout increase to 100 in the lower right of the console (this
represents 100% power).
Activate Catapult: When the throttle readout shows 100% power, tap Brake (O)
to release the brakes and catapult your F -117 A off the deck.
Accelerate Past Stall Speed: As you zoom down the deck, watch the speed
scale (left side of the HUD) carefully. A bar on that scale will gradually drop down. This
is the Stall Speed Indicator. When the Stall Speed Indicator bar drops below the center
tick on the scale your plane is past stall speed and you're travelling fast enough to climb
into the sky.
Climb: Once you're flying more than 10 knots (kts) faster than stall speed, pull
back on the stick to point your nose skyward, then release the stick. Watch the altitude
scale on the right side of the HUD; you'll start climbing. Don't climb so steeply you lose
sight of the horizon because you may stall. You must start climbing by the time you
reach the end of the carrier deck, or you may get wet.
Retract Landing Gear: Once airborne, immediately tap Gear (6) to retract your
landing gear. Don't leave the gear down - high speeds can rip it off.
Retract Flaps: Tap Flaps (9) to retract your flaps. You no longer need extra lift.
Flight to the A Light Touch: Use a light touch on the Control Stick. The most common pilot
Primary Target error is a "ham fist" on the stick. throwing the plane wildly around the sky. Use small
motions on the stick; the F-1l7A is very responsive.
Chasing the Gauges: When you roll an aircraft left or right. pitch it up or down,
change the throttle, the flaps, or the brakes, it takes a moment for the plane's new
situation to be reflected by the gauges. Good pilots fly by making a change, then wait
a few seconds to see the results. If you don't. you'll just"chase gauges" that are still changing.
Level Flight: Once airborne, try to achieve level flight. Push the control stick
forward or back until the horizon is level across the middle of the HUD and the Flight
Path Indicator (see page 42) rests on the horizon. Then make fine adjustments until
you're neither gaining nor losing altitude.
Since this is a stealth mission, you want to fly between 500' and 1.000'. Look at the
altimeter (vertical scale on the right side of the HUD). If you're above the" lk" mark
(l,OOO') you're too high. Push the nose down into a gentle dive until you reach the desired
altitude. Then level out and again place the Flight Path Indicator on the horizon.

18
 Flying on Course: Look at the heading scale across the top of your HUD, find the
INS cursor (the small. bright triangle above the top), and turn toward it. As you turn the
triangle will move toward the center of the heading scale; when the triangle is in the
center of the scale you're "on course" to the first waypoint.
To turn, gently pull the stick left or right. The plane will bank. Release (center) the
stick when the bank angle is about 45°. To increase the rate of turn you can pull back
on the stick a little. As you do this, watch your speed (on the left of the HUD) and altitude
(on the right). A turn with back pressure can slow your plane and cause it to lose altitude,
so don't pull back too much. Minimum safe altitude is about 200'. However, in this
training mission stay at 500'.
Minimum safe speed varies with the current status of your aircraft. The Stall Speed
Indicator bar rises from the bottom of the speed scale when you travel too slowly. If this
bar reaches the center tick-mark of the scale, your plane is stalling (the "STALL" light
will flash and you'll hear an alarm). A stall causes the plane to fall out of control. so try
not to stall the plane. If you do, lower your nose to regain airspeed, then pull out into
level flight.
Autopilot: If you're confused about which direction to fly, and how to do it, tap
Autopilot (7). It takes over immediately, turning you onto the correct course. If you're
below 500' the autopilot will climb to that altitude. If you touch the control stick the
autopilot automatically turns off.
Enjoy Yoursell: Once on course, enjoy yourself by trying out all the views.
You can see out the front, rear, and sides of the cockpit canopy using View Ahead
(Shift!) View Rear (Shift », View Left (Shift <), and View Right (Shift M). These views
assume you are inside the cockpit looking out.
You can also "step outside" your aircraft and watch it using Slot View (shift FI),
Chase Plane (shift F2), and Side View (shift F3). Bank the plane left and right to observe
the difference between the chase plane and slot views. Missile View (Shift F 4), Tacti View
(Shift F5), and Invrs Tacti View (Shift F6) are used in combat situations. See page 36 for
more detailed description of these options.
You can return to the cockpit at any time; just tap Cockpit (Fl).
Passing the First Waypoint: When you reach the first waypoint a message
appears on the HUD: "Waypoint 1 Reached." Your INS system immediately switches to
the next waypoint (the INS cursor jumps to the new heading). which is your primary
target. If you have changed the waypoints, tap Reset Way Pt (Shift F8) to reset the
waypoints to the default settings.
Extra Fuel: You'll notice that one of the four items in your weapons bay is an extra
fuel tank. This is because the mission from CV America, to Tripoli. and then to Sigonella
in Sicily, is a very long trip.

19
 To see your fuel status, tap Select Way Pt (F7). The bar gauge across the bottom
shows the fuel on hand. The black area at right represents fuel already consumed. The
four color-coded bands in the middle represent the amount of fuel needed to reach each
of the four waypoints (fuel calculation is based on your current altitude and speed). The
final band to the left represents the amount of reserve fuel available.
Your engines cannot draw fuel directly from the extra tank in your bay, so you must
pump it from the extra tank into the main tank. To accomplish this, tap Select Weapons
(Space Bar) until extra fuel is the current "weapon" ("EXTRA FUEL" appears in the lower
left comer of the HUD). Now tap Fire Weapons (Return key) to "fire" the fuel from the
spare into the main tank. If you tap Select Way Pt (F7) again, you'll see the fuel
status has changed.
Accelerated Time: You can speed the passing of time by tapping Accel Time
(Shift Z). This doubles the rate at which time passes. To return to normal time, tap Norm
Time (Shift X). If you forget to return to normal time, don't worry; combat activity or
lowering your gear returns you to normal time automatically.
Attacking the Once you're well past the first waypoint and the coast of Libya is on the horizon, it's
Target time to start thinking about hitting your primary target.
Check the Tactical Situation: Switch your left MFD to the gridded tactical
map by tapping Maps (F3). Your target is a radar site, so look for a radar symbol on
this map.
Acquire the Target: Switch your HUD to GND (Air-Ground) mode by tapping
HUD Modes (F2) until the GND light below the HUD illuminates, then tap Cam Ahead
(f). If your target does not appear in the right MFD, tap Select Target (B) until it does. If
you cycle through all possible targets and still don't see the primary target. you're ei ther
too far away for your targeting system to see it, or you're somehow flying in the
wrong direction.
Select your Weapon: Tap Select Weapons (Space Bar) until the message "2
Maverick" appears in the lower left of the HUD.
Wait lor Missile Lock: When you've acquired the target. you'll see a box on the
HUD. This is the "Tracking Box;" the radar site that appears on the right MFD is in the
center of this box.
Missile Lock: When you get within missile launch range, this box changes to an
oval; in addition, the red "LOCK" light on your console begins flashing, and a box (the
"Lock Box") appears in the middle of the right MFD.
Optimal Missile Lock: If you wait longer, the Tracking Oval turns red and the
"LOCK" light ceases flashing and becomes solid; the Lock Box in the right MFD will
begin to collapse repeatedly. These indicators signal that "Optimal Launch Range"
has been reached and that the missile should be launched immediately.

20
 Launch Altitude: If you launch a weapon while flying too low, you may be
caught in the blast area, or a missile may hit the ground before its motor can power it
up and away. A simple rule to get you started is that missiles and retarded bombs
require at least 500' altitude,lree-fall and laser bombs 3,000'.
Launch: When you reach "Optimal Launch Range," open the weapons bay by tapping
Bay Doors (8), then launch the missile by tapping Fire Weap::>n (Return). After launching, turn
away slightly, since flying through an exploding target could damage your aircraft.
Shortly thereafter the missile should hit the target. A successful hit causes a fire
and sends a cloud of smoke up into the sky. You get a report on your HUD (sent from an
observing AWACS) about the success of the attack.
The Secondary Target: You can now fly to the secondary target (use the INS
cursor as a guide) and attack it as well, using the same procedure. Or, if you wish, call
it quits and head for home.
The Return Trip SeHing the INS to the Landing Point: Tap Reset Way Pt (Shift F8) to insure
the default waypoints are loaded in your INS (inertial navigation system), then tap
Select Way Pt (F7). Now examine the list of waypoints on the right MFD. There are four
waypoints listed. If the fourth one is not highlighted, tap Next Point (Keypad Shift 3) un til
it is highlighted. This switches the INS to that point. The last point on the default list is
always your return base.
Flying Home: You can either use the autopilot or manually fly home. As before,
guide yourself using the INS cursor. When the INS cursor is lined up on the center of the
heading scale, you're on course.
If you look at the map (Tap Maps (F3)) until the Satellite map appears on the left
MFD), you'll notice there's a small island (Malta) just south of Sicily. You should steer
just east (to the right) of Malta. As you near Malta, tap HUD Modes (F2) to change your
HUD to NAV mode, then tap Cam Ahead (I). If the Sigonella air base comes up on the right
MFD, fine; this is your destination! However, it's likely that Halfar airfield on Malta will
appear instead (it's closer). Tap Select Target (B) until Sigonella appears.
Landing at Level Flight: About 50 km from Sigonella, start lining up your landing approach
Sigonella by achieving level flight at 500' to l.OOO' altitude.
ILS: Turn on the Instrument Landing System (ILS) by tapping ILS (F9). A horizontal
Airbase and vertical bar appear on your HUD, representing your position relative to the "glide
slope." The glide slope is an imaginary line extending out and up from the runway. First
you'll line up beneath this glide slope then follow it down onto the a irbase. For more
details, see page 54.

21
 Line Up Your Approach: If the vertical bar is left orright of your Nose Indicator,
turn in that direction un til the bar starts moving toward the center. You want to get back
onto a heading of 000 0 just as the bar centers on the Nose Indicator. Don't worry if the
bar is a little off center; as long as Sigonella is dead ahead the vertical bar will
gradually creep toward the center. If the bar moves away from center, however, you're
travelling away from the glide slope - turn the other way to correct your course.
Reduce Speed: Now cut your throttle back to about 50% by tapping Decr Pwr
{-} a few times. To maintain level flight while your speed decreases, pitch your nose up
slightly (but watch the altimeter on the right side of the HUD, you don't want to gain altitude).
Extend Flaps: When your speed reaches about 300 kts, extend your flaps by
tapping Flaps {9}. This slows you further by giving you more lift. You'll have to readjust
the nose a little to maintain level flight.
Lower Gear BE Reduce Speed Again: Tap Gear {8} to lower your landing
gear, and cut the throttle to about 40% power. As your speed gradually decreases you'll
have to raise the nose to maintain level flight. By this time you should be close to the
glide slope, and travelling about 200 to 250 kts with your speed still decreasing.
If you're moving too fast. tap Brakes {O} to extend your airbrakes, then a few seconds
later, tap it again to close them. Do not leave the airbrakes open, as this may cause you
to stall and crash.
Intercept the Glide Slope: As you get near the airfield, the horizontal ILS bar
on the HUD begins to move downward. When the bar approaches the Nose Indicator,
pitch your nose down a little. Your objective is to go into a gradual descent that keeps
the bar aligned with the Nose Indicator. Watch the Angle of Attack Approach Indexer
to determine how much to raise or lower your nose: if the up-arrow is illuminated, pitch
up a little; if the down-arrow is lit pitch down {the goal is to have the green cicle in
the center lit}. To avoid gaining speed in the descent. tap Deer Pwr{-} again to reduce
your power.
If your speed is too slow, look at the Stall Speed Indicator {the colored bar rising
from the bottom of the airspeed scale}. If the stall bar is close to the middle of the scale,
you're getting into trouble. Tap Iner Pwr {+} key once or twice.
As the airstrip comes up, check your speed. You should be travelling between 150
and 200 kts, or decreasing from 250 kts toward 200 kts. If your speed is above 250 kts,
you're coming in too fast. Tap Max Pwr {Shift +}, raise your landing gear, and retract
flaps; you try again. Fly to Malta, turn around, and start over.
Touchdown: If your speed is correct 050-200 kts}, start watching the altimeter. It
should be at 100' to 300' and decreasing. Make small adjustments with the control stick
to keep the descent rate steady, but not too fast. The runway is at 0' altitude. When you
hear the squeal of your wheels on the pavement. tap Brakes {O} instantly, then shut off
the engines by tapping No Pwr {Shift -}. You've made a safe landing.

22
 YOUR SECOND MISSION
On your second practice mission you'll learn about enemy radar, aircraft, and
DEALING WITH missiles. When you get back to the Ready Room, go straight back into the Briefing Room.
THE ENEMY You'll be assigned the identical strike against a Tripoli radar station, but this time
you're going to worry about the enemy too.
Mission Planning: Before takeoff, check out the intelligence briefing in more
detail. Highlight the Radar Sites option on the menu and select it. Now use your
controller to move the arrow around the map. As it passes over radar site icons,
information about missile defenses at the site appears. If you select one of the icons, the
effective range of the search radar at that site appears as a circle. You can select any
or all of the sites at will and turn the range of each site on and off individually. Each solid
circle is a Doppler radar, each dotted circle a pulse radar.
This screen helps you plan a route to Tripoli and back. Remember, the waypoints
set in your F -117A' sINS outline the default route shown on the map. You may wish to
fly a better route, to evade enemy detection as much as possible.
Basically, you avoid detection by Doppler radars if you arc around them, keeping
a constant range to the radar. You avoid detection by pulse radars if you fly directly
toward or away from them. For more information about radar, see page 74.
When you're finished, you should have amental"map" of where enemy radars are,
how you'll fly through them to avoid detection, and what weapons you'll use to
achieve your objectives.
Adjusting Waypoints: When you are on the carrier deck awaiting takeoff, you
may wish to adjust the waypoints to fit your own mission plan. The first waypoint. by
default, is half-way between your takeoff point and the primary target. Most
pilots adjust this point.
Tomakeadjustments, tap Maps (F2) until the satellite map appears on the left MFD.
Then tap Change Way Pt (F8) to display the waypoints list on the right MFD and the
plotted flight plan on the left MFD. Use the Adjust Waypoints keys (Keypad/Shift 2, 4, 6,
and 8) to move Waypoint I around the satellite map. Notice the course line automati-
cally "snaps" to the new waypoint as you move it. If you don't like your adjustments, tap
Reset Way Pt (Shift F8) to reset all the waypoints to the initial default.
Flying to the Target: After takeoff, as you fly to the target. watch the radar
patterns on the left MFD satellite map.
Enemy radar signals are displayed as arcs on this map. Dotted arcs represent
pulse radar; solid arcs, Doppler. Ground search and AWACS radars are expanding
circles, while all aircraft radars and ground tracking radars are short arcs.
Missiles and aircraft appear on the Left MFD satellite map as color-coded dots: red
dots represent aircraft, black dots are ground radar sites, yellow dots are enemy missiles.

23
 You'll notice that enemy aircraft wi th their forward-facing radars may complicate
your original plan for penetrating enemy air defenses. You'll have to sneak behind or
beneath them.
Flying Stealthy: Now that you understand the situation, watch the Electromag-
netic Visibility (EMV) scale (below the Left MFD). The "visibility" of your plane to enemy
radar appears as a thick, red bar extending from the right of the scale. Your visibility
increases with altitude, higher speed, open bay doors, lower gear, or use of jammers.
To keep your EMV small, you should fly low (about 200'), keep your gear up, bays closed,
and jammers off; you should also fly toward or away from pulse radars, and at a
constant distance (arcing around) from Doppler radars.
The thinner bars extending from the left of the scale represent incoming enemy
radar signals. Enemy ground-based radar (EGR) signals appear on the top, enemy
aircraft radars (EAR) on the bottom. The color of a particular bar signifies whether that
radar signal has detected you or not. Basically, yellow, pink. or white bars indicate
you've been detected (see page 48, for a complete explanation). Bar colors match radar
arc colors on the satellite map. In addition, whenever you're detected by a signal. the
EMV light illuminates briefly, and you hear a warning beep.
Warnings Eventually, you'll make a mistake, or a previously silent enemy radar may
suddenly turn on, and you'll be detected. Even if you are never detected by radar on your
approach to a target. when you destroy the target. the enemy will certainly be alerted.
Search Warning: Enemy search radar detects your plane when the enemy
radar strength bar overlaps your EMV bar. Search detection means that enemy fighters
may be vectored toward your location, and that surface-to-air missile (SAM) batteries
in the area may start tracking you.
Tracking Warning: Long- and medium-range SAMs must track a target with radar
before firing. Tracking radar appears as a short, narrow arc on the Left MFD Satellite map.
When the enemy tracks you, the "TRAK" warning light on your console begins flashing.
Missile Warning Lights: If a radar-homing missile is launched toward you, the
"RAD" missile warning light flashes; If an IR (infrared) homing missile is launched, the
"IR" missile warning light flashes.
The warning light continues flashing as long as any missile of the appropriate
type homes on your plane. Missile warning lights are very important. because they're
the only indication of what kind of missile is attacking, and therefore, of what defensive
measures should be taken.
Missile Proximity Klaxon: When a missile approaches within a few seconds
of your plane, the Missile Proximity Klaxon sounds. This very loud, repeating tone
means you must do something immediately, or be hit. Typically you'll drop a chaff or
flare cartridge, depending on the type of threat (chaff for radar missiles, flares for IR
missiles). However, you can also attempt some last-second maneuvering.

24
Missile Defenses When the "TRAK" or a missile warning light begins flashing, get ready to use your
defenses - an attack is coming.
Understand the AHack: The first step is to check out the attack. Tap Maps (F3)
to switch the left MFD to the tactical display. Use Zoom (Z) and UnZoom (X) to find a
useful scale. Missiles are small color-coded lines - IR missiles are red and radar
missiles are yellow.
Disappearing: If you're attacked by a radar missile (the "TRAK" or "RAD" light
- or both - is flashing), you can evade the attack by reducing your EMV. If the enemy
radar loses sight of you, the missile loses guidance and flies on blindly.
Jammers: You can use the ECM jammer against radar missiles (missiles that
light the "RAD" warning). Tap ECM (4) to toggle the ECM jammer on and off. Use the IR
jammer against IR -guided missiles (those which light the "IR " warning). Tap IR Jammer
(3) to toggle it on and off.
After you turn on the jammer, change course and get away from the missile. If you
don't, when you turn off the jammer (or when an advanced missile gets close enough),
the missile starts homing on you again! Advanced missiles that "burn through"
jamming include semi-active radar missiles, command guidance radar missiles, and
second generation IR missiles.
Don't leave your jammers running. The ECM jammer increases your EMV; the IR
jammer reduces your speed and can overheat (see page 80 for details).
Chaff and Flares: A chaff or flare cartridge lures a missile for two or more
seconds, causing it to fly toward the chaff (radar missile) or the flare (IR missile).
Fire a chaff cartridge, tap Chaff (2), when a radar missile ("RAD" light) causes the
klaxon to sound. Fire a flare cartridge, tap Flare (1), when an infrared missile ("IR" light)
sets off the klaxon.
Decoys: Your F-1l7A carries three decoys that will lure everything for several
seconds. To launch a decoy, tap Decoy (5). The Decoy light in the cockpit turns on, and
remains lit while the decoy is running (see page 80 for more).
Maneuvering: Missiles have only a 45° forward "view." If you're outside of this
are, the missile cannot track you. Therefore, if you "blind" the missile with a decoy,
jammer, chaff, or flare, then fly outside its are, the missile may lose you and flyaway.
Missiles also have very wide turning circles. You can out-turn a missile (see page 83 for
more details).
Ending the Use the instructions in the first mission to aid you in destroying your targets and
Second Mission returning to base. But this time practice evading radar and missiles. You may want to
fly this same mission a few more times for more practice before trying a "real" mission.
Good luck!

2S
 PREFLIGHT BRIEFING
F-l17A Stealth Fighter 2.0has many options. To make a choice, move the Controller
{joystick, mouse, or keyboard} to posi tion the arrow cursor over the option you want. then
press the Selector (Button 1. Left Mouse Button, or ReturnlEnter). Note that pressing
Button 2, the Right Mouse Button, or the Escape key, always returns you to the Ready
Room (see page 3D).
You may be asked questions about your equipment. See the Technical Supple-
HARDWARE ment for details, including advantageous trade-offs.
OPTIONS
To be allowed to choose your own mission assignment, you must correctly
AIRCRAFT identify an aircraft. Flip to the Warplanes section of this manual (pages 164-172) and
IDENTIFICATION find the drawing which matches the screen illustration. Observe carefully the shape of
the wings, fuselage , nose and cockpit for accurate identification. Then select the
correct name.
If your identification is wrong, you are automatically assigned to training. If the
identification is correct. you have your choice of assignments.
Here you can start a new career or continue an existing one. Note that if you
PILOT ROSTER erase a pilot's name here the results are permanent. Do not erase pilot names unless
you're sure ! You will not be able to save pilot records unless you are playing from a copy
of the game.

Selecting an You can highlight anyone of the various names on the roster by moving the
Existing Pilot arrow cursor (with your Controller) over the name you want. Select the name by
tapping Selector.

27
 Creating a To create a new pilot. you must highlight an existing one and tap the Backspace
New Pilot or Delete key. You may then type in a new name for the pilot. When you've completed
the new name tap the return key to enter the new name into the roster. You may then
select that pilot as usual by highlighting his name then pressing the Selector.
When you've selected a pilot from the Roster a form appears that allows you to
indicate some levels of skill for that pilot.
Opponent Quality The quality of your opponents controls the difficulty of the simulation. The better
your opponents, the more difficult your job, but the greater your rewards. Your
score is significantly affected by this option. Selecting regular or green opponents
reduces your score, making promotions slower and putting the highest medals out of
your reach. Selecting veteran or elite opponents increases your score, speeding up
promotions and making medals easier to obtain.
Green Opponents: Here the enemy has older aircraft and SAMs. His radar sets
are poorly maintained and frequen tly ou t of order. Radar operators only understand the
rudiments, and therefore are very bad at reading the sometimes-strange signals given
off by your plane. Enemy pilots have virtually no skill in aerobatics and dogfighting.
Regular Opponents: Here the enemy has aircraft and SAMs appropriate to the
region: older equipment for Third World and client states, more modern equipment
when you face a superpower directly. Radar operators are trained and drilled, but lack
experience. Enemy pilots have practiced mock dogfights
and aerobatics, but lack the quick perception and ag-
Roster gressive maneuvering of a combat veteran.
Veteran Opponents: Here the enemy has aircraft
SQuad"on Bulletin Boa,-d and SAMs appropriate to the region, like regulars, but
,)
Pil.t> ~fI AI,rt : tend to use only the better equipment in combat. Radar
f'il~1 operators are experienced and have a good sense of
Iillil l mJU·WilOJi1iIM judgement. Enemy pilots have dogfighting experience
Lt Col Sid "Slime" ~et­ t; ,f'! ' 2r•.j Lt Flo!:t ctl ,,:r
Copt .Jim "Raft" S~noski and perhaps a few kills to their credit.
1st Lt Dovid "1/8" McKibbin Elite Opponents: Here you face the enemy's best.
Copt "\v'oof \v'oof" Hendrick u
Copt Bruce "W'hommer" Shellelj I ~' Elite troops always get the best available equipment.
Mojor Moximum Reminqton t, Radar operators know their equipment inside out and
Lt Col ;,.1 "Chonce" Roit-eou
can interpret your faint. confusing returns only too well.
_ __
Mojor "Gon' Fishin'" Toormino
tvlojor Ed "Coolqulj" Fletcher I' , j., . • ,r, 'iT
Pr~'Delcf,e: ' kt4 tQ croJ~ r : R ~'''f '/1
Enemy pilots are often aces who know every trick in the
book and aren't above inventing new ones.
, " ' I'~ -;z[
<> 2nd Lt Fletche.'- Requl~,' l 1',-,,' fl'-R CJ
Be~t t1i~~ion: U F.:eoJli~ti ll-_ _ _ =-_-"
LoJ~t Mi~~ion: 0 Mi(rof r ~ I'! 1: ,," rJ

28
 Landing Skills This option determines how difficult and dangerous it is to fly your F -117A. Your
choice here also affects scoring; the more difficult the flight the higher your scores will
be and the easier to obtain medals and promotions.
No Crashes: This is the ideal choice when learning to fly. In a crash situation your
F-1l7A rights itself and keeps going. When landing you can safely hit the ground as
hard as you like. Unless you have your landing gear down, an automatic barometric
altimeter keeps your plane above 200', simplifying low-level flying. However, enemy
weapons are not affected and are still deadly. Your score is significantly reduced if you
select this option, making promotions and medals hard to get.
Easy Landings: This choice is preferred by casuaL weekend flyers. Safe landing
parameters are relaxed considerably, which makes one of the toughest jobs much
easier. To avoid a crash you must touch down on a runway, aircraft carrier, or prepared
landing strip. Hitting the ground or water anywhere else destroys the plane. As in "No
Crashes," an automatic barometric altimeter keeps your plane above 200' unless your
landing gear is down. Your score is only slightly reduced if you select this option.
Promotions are not materially affected, and you qualify for all but the highest medals.
Realistic Landings: You must be skilled to be successful with realistic land-
ings. Coming down too fast can mean instant death. Your score is full value if you select
this option. If all other selections are of similar difficulty, you can be promoted quickly
and have a fair shot at every medal.

F·117A Realism This determines whether you'll be flying a "real" Lockheed F-1l7A or the Micro-
Prose enhanced version. The Lockheed F -117 A is more restricted in what it can do than
the MicroProse F -117A.
Lockheed F·117 A: If you choose the Lockheed F -117 A you'll have 2 weapons
bays instead of 4, not be able to carry air-to-air weapons (including the cannon) nor
fly air-to-air missions, you will fly only at night, never launch from carriers, and
you'll be much less visible to enemy radar.
MicroProse F·117A: The MicroProse F-117A sacrifices a little of the stealthi-
ness of the Lockheed model for more weapons, more mission types, and day and night-
time flying (though day missions are still very rare). It's your choice!
Form Complete: When you're finished making selections on the form, select
form complete. If you're finished with the Roster, select Exit from the lower right comer.

29
 This is the pilofs Ready Room, where pilots await orders. From this room you can
READY ROOM go to any other room to choose various game options. You can also see a summary of
all options currently selected, or return to the Pilot Roster.
To enter another room, move the arrow cursor to the door of the room you want to
enter and press the Selector.
To return to the Pilot Roster, select the bulletin board on the far wall of the Ready Room.
You go into the CO's office to request transfer to a different theater or a different
COMMANDING duty assignment. Here you select the region of the world for your new assignment. the
OFFICER'S level of political and military tension in that region, and the types of missions you'll be
OFFICE flying there.
Regions of the There are nine different areas of the world in which to operate. Each one takes you
World to a different time period of contemporary history, and each has its own set of unique
challenges and missions. Some areas are much more dangerous than others and you
are rewarded more lavishly for operating in these areas.
Persian Gull. 1984: This a complex and moder-
ately dangerous situation. Iran is a radical. revolution-
Ready Room ary state involved in a long war with Iraq, as well as
numerous shooting incidents with the US Navy.
North Cape. 1985: You face the full strength and
power of the Soviet Union during the height of the Cold
War. This region contains many large USSR military
ROSTER complexes and naval bases. This is a dangerous area.

.D: Libya. 1986: A client state of the Soviet Union,

Libya is one of the prime supporters of international
terrorism, and on the receiving end of American air and
naval air attacks. This a relatively easy situation.
Training missions in Libya are fixed. Strike training
is always a mission from the USSAmerica to Tripoli; air-
to-air training is always an interception of fighters pa-
trolling the skies over Benghazi.

30
 Central Europe. 1986: As in the North Cape, you face first-line forces of the
Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact. Numerically inferior but qualitatively superior
NATO forces (including your F-1l7A) meet this huge military power. Should super-
power skirmishing or a full-blown World War III occur, victory and defeat would hinge
on events in this region. This is one of the most dangerous areas.
Middle East. 1989: The Middle East is a complex web of confusing alliances
and rivalries. You'll face both Soviet and Western equipment as you fly missions
against Syria, Iraq, and other terrorist-support states. This a dangerous area.
Desert Storm -Iraq. 1991: The vast military might of the US, Great Britain,
France, and their Arab allies oppose the Baathist dictatorship of Saddam Hussein and
the Iraqi military, in the Kuwait and Iraqi Theaters of Operations. This is a moderately
challenging situation.
Vietnam. 1994: The US military has sent air units back into southeast Asia
to oppose Vietnamese expansionism and to settle an old score. This is a very dan-
gerous arena.
Cuba. 1995: Cuba is determined to expand the
communist revolution into Central America and the east-
Commanding Officer's Office ern Caribbean. Washington has decided to stop it before
it spreads. This is a dangerous situation.
Korea. 1997: The Chinese and North Koreans have
finally had enough of US-dominated democracy in Asia.
They are planning to carry out attacks against US and
South Korean installations. Washington, of course, will
defend its foothold in the Far East. This is one of the most
dangerous situations.

Do.ort St orm ' n~l.

From on Qircroft corrier
and land bo.o. ;n tho
Por.;an ~ ulf , ~ou ",;II fl~
mi==ion:::: aqain::::t IroQ
",h;ch ho. the 4th
lorqe::::t Qrm~ if'! the
",orld.

31
 Level of Conflict The level of conflict in the region has a dramatic effect on how you must fly your
missions. Each type of conflict has its own challenges. No choice is easier than another.
In general. the hotter the war situation, the more violent and dangerous the mission,
while Cold War demands careful planning and good judgement - different skills, but
no less important ones!
Cold War means clandestine missions. Flying without being detected is key.
(Fortunately, enemy radars and SAMs aren't expecting trouble. They often confirm a
contact many times before attacking.) If you are detected, you must destroy the plane
or radar which saw you. However, the more you use weapons, especially against any
other targets, the greater the scandal. and the less successful your mission. In fact.
many missions in the Cold War involve photo reconnaissance, flying secret materials
in or out of enemy territory, or surgically "removing" a single, specific target.
Limited War missions are also clandestine. It is still important to fly without
being seen, but since warfare is ongoing, military targets are fair game now. However,
be careful to avoid hitting civilians. Attack and strike missions are common, but so are
photo reconnaissance and clandestine spy missions. In limited war enemy radar
operators expect some trouble. Their reactions are slightly faster.
Conventional War is all-out conflict. Inflicting the maximum destruction upon
the enemy is the main objective here. Avoiding detection has no political importance,
but is useful if you want to survive the mission! Any target in enemy territory is fair
game, military or civilian. However, enemy air defense operators rarely confirm their
targets - in wartime everybody shoots first and asks questions afterward!
Mission Type You may select from two types of "real" missions and two types of "training"
missions. Training missions represent flying a flight simulator instead of flying a
real aircraft.
Air-to-Air Missions have an enemy aircraft as your primary objective. If you're
a hotshot with air-to-air missiles (AAMs) and dogfighting, this is your cup of tea.
However, the secondary objective is often a ground target.
Strike Missions assign ground targets as both objectives.
Training Missions generate normal air-to-air or strike missions, as appropri-
ate, with three exceptions: you cannot be hurt by enemy fire; you are not scored for the
mission - you receive no rating points, no decorations, no promotions {after all. the
mission wasn't rea!!}; you receive fixed mission orders. For example, if you selected
Libya (as in the tutorial), strike missions are always against a ground target in Tripoli,
air-to-air missions are always against fighters over Benghazi. If you're just learning to
fly and fight the F-1l7A, this feature allows you to try the same mission over and over,
until you understand fully what's happening.

32
 This screen shows a detailed map of the region of the world you chose in the CO's
BRIEFING ROOM Office. On this map is the flight plan for your proposed mission. Your takeoff point (T),
primary target (P), secondary target (S), and landing point (L) are always visible on the
briefing map, as reference points.
Also shown on this map are important sites such as airfields and radar and SAM
sites. You can learn important information about these sites by moving the cursor over
them and reading the text that appears. In addition, you can see the range of various
enemy radars and missiles. This screen, with its great variety of information, is the
perfect place to plan your mission. You may wish to take notes about particularly
dangerous enemies, or the route you have in mind.
Mission Brief This presents a detailed description of your operational orders, with specific
information about the primary and secondary objectives. After you've read this, and
you tap the Return key, you'll read about your flight plan, describing your takeoff
and landing sites, estimated fuel required, and a summary of the Rules of Engage-
ment (ROE).
Radar and Missile If you move the arrow around the briefing map, information boxes appear that tell
Ranges you important facts about the various sites on the map. If you select one of the site icons,
a circle appears that indicates either the radar range of that site or the missile range,
depending upon which of the menu items is selected. You
can select any or all of the sites at will and turn the range
Briefing Room of each site on and off individually. If you choose "Select
All" from the menu, all ranges are shown, if you select
"Clear All" all ranges currently shown are erased.
Radar Ranges: If you select Radar Ranges from
the menu at right you are shown radar ranges when you
select a si teoThe initial range shown is the site's effective
radar range; if you then tap the Space Bar, the display
switches to maximum radar ranges.
Missile Ranges: If you select Missile Ranges from
the menu at right you are shown missile ranges when
you s elect a site. The range shown is always the SAM's
maximum range.

33
 Enemy Troops Selecting this option shows you the location of known enemy ground force
concentrations. These locations are boxed on the map and indicate areas where there
are likely to be large numbers of shoulder-launched SAMs.
Decline Mission If you select this option, the current mission is cancelled and you are given a new one
immediately. This may be handy if you want to be selective in the missions you fly.

Select Weapons This option places you in the Maintenance Room where you can examine the
weapons your crew chief has deemed appropriate for your assigned mission and
change them if you desire.

Maintenance Room MAINTENANCE ROOM

Here you select the weaponry and equipment you
desire for your mission.

~
~ >( Alt'I-9t'l SIOE(,.lltIDER ~
3X Alt·1-120A At·IRAAt·1
~
To place a weapon into a bay, use the Controller to
1>( AGt-1- SSA HARt·l
2X PEtIGUItI-3 ASt·l
1)( AGt-1- S ~A HARPOOtl t'IA \I EF,'C~:
move the the arrow to the bay you want to affect. then
2>( AGt-1-.5 0 t-1AVERI CI'
2 >( GBU-1 2 P~VE("IA Y , F ••' E.t ,
select the bay using the Selector. Now use the Controller
2>( t·l I( 20 R( ' KE YE •• 8~ I~ • .
2>( OUAAtlOA_ ~ Ot'IB
3X t·lI( 82- 0 SLI CI:
to highlight the weapon you wish to place into the se-
F ••, L ••4.4,
3X t11( 82-1 StiAKEYE
2)( t·1K 20 ROCKEYE II 10000 lb •• lected bay, and the Selector to place it there.
a)( t·lI( laa FIRE YE
a>( OBu-n FAE Note that your estimated fuel required, and current
ax t-1K 35 Itl OLUSTER
l X ISOB-l t-1ltlELETS
l X 135t·1tVIR CAHEAA
1)( 1900 LBS. FUEL
II' '- 11
-.~- . ~
~.-::.
I I SICIEI.•.llti[IEP. 11=:11 fuel carried, appear; make sure you have enough fuel to
complete the mission!
GBU-t2 Default Armaments: The ini tial weapons loaded
PAYEHAY ~
.!J.!) -J:.!)
lbJJ,oJ.;l.r
in Bays 1 and 2 represent your crew chief's choice of
weapons for your mission. The weapon in Bay I (upper
LASER-GUIDED GLIDE BOMB .IJ.!l 'J:.!l
Effectiv e on bUlldinq!t, bunl<e .... 5, bridqe~
j.:l.;l.!.i:l) j.!l.!l.ioJ
left) is for the primary target. the weapon in Bay 2 (upper
1055 bomb or drop above 1,000' right) is for the secondary. If extra fuel appears in one of
your bays it's because the crew chief has determined
you'll need it.

34
 Choosing Armaments: See pages 139-141. for details about each weapon. The
"Weapon Effectiveness" chart. page 139. rates all weapons against common targets. It's
wise to carry at least one "7" or "6" rated weapon for the primary and secondary objectives.
Here you see your F -117 A being topped off with fuel for the mission. You are given
THE HANGAR the choice to go ahead and fly the mission or return to the Ready Room. Of course if you
go ahead and fly. there's no turning back; but if you return to the Ready Room. you can
go to any of the above rooms and change your assignments at will.

Hangar

35
 SIMULATION CONTROLS
The following views are from inside the cockpit of the F -117A. They allow you to
VIEWING look in four different directions and change the cone of view out the front of the cockpit.
CONTROLS
From-the-Cockpit Views
Cockpil: Tap Cockpit (Fl) for the standard view, looking out of your cockpit
y
Wide Angle
through the HUD.
Wide Angle View: The Wide Angle key (C) toggles between a standard viewing
arc (about 60°) and a wide-angle viewing arc (about 120°). This view places your point
Cockpit View of view farther back in the cockpit. showing more of the cockpit structure and a wider
angle view of the world outside. This is excellent for spotting and tracking enemies in
a fast-moving dogfight.

¥
View
Forward View Rear
View Forward: Tap View Ahead (Shift f) to turn off the HUD and look over the
cockpit control paneL giving you maximum visibility forward.
View Rear: Tap View Rear (Shift » to look through the back of your cockpit.
View Righi: Tap View Right (Shift <) to look out the right side of your aircraft.
View Left: Tap View Left (Shift M) to look out the left side of your aircraft.

,.< >~
Out-of-Plane Views
As an aid to learning flight maneuvers and providing some very dramatic cinema-
tography, a variety of out-of-plane views are available. In these views you're outside
View Right View Left
of your aircraft, looking at it and/or the enemy.
In all but the Chase Plane view, Zoom and UnZoom (Z and X) are operable, moving

I[il your viewpoint closer to or farther away from the F -117A.

Siol View: Press Slot View (Shift Fl). This view is named after the famous "in the
slot" position used by aerial acrobatic teams. You're positioned directly behind the

~ Unzoom
F-117 A. The viewpoint remains level with the ground, to clearly show the degree of pitch
and roll of the F-117A as you maneuver it. This view is excellent for learning
efficient flight.
Chase Plane View: Press Chase Plane (Shift F2). You're in a "chase aircraft."
following a short distance behind the F -117A. As the F -117A accelerates, it will tend to
"run away" from you, while when it slows down it tends to "fall back" toward you. Zoom
Chase and Un Zoom dsoes not work with this view.
Slot View Plane

36
 Side View: Press Side View (Shift F3). You're to the right side of the F-117A. This
view can provide a useful reference point. It's also an excellent way to check the state
of your landing gear. Missile launches are most dramatic when seen from this viewpoint.
Missile Missile View: Press Missile View (Shift F4). Here you're positioned directly be-
Side View View hind the F-1l7A's active weapon. If ordnance is in flight. you're positioned behind the
weapon launched most recen tly. If no ordnance is in flight. you're positioned behind the
plane, and will follow the first item launched. This view lets you follow the weapon
directly to the target. If you're having trouble understanding why your weapons miss,
switching to this view after launch may be educational.
Inverse Tactical View: Press Tacti View (Shift F5). You're directly behind the F-1l7A,
Tacti View View looking past it at whatever target you're currently tracking. This view automatically
rotates and pans to keep both the F-117A and its target in view. This view is in valuable
in combat situations; it helps you outmaneuver and line up on an opponent orreturn for
a second or third attack run on a ground target.
Inverse Tactical View: Press Invrs Tacti (Shift F6). You're directly behind the
F-1l7A's current target. looking past it toward the F-1l7A. You see the target in the
foreground, and the F-117A (which often is no more than a dot in the sky) faraway. The
view automatically rotates and pans to keep both the target and the F -117A in view. This
a very dramatic view when making attack runs on ground targets.
The Movie Director: An experienced pilot. flying in training mode, can use
these views to good effect. By switching between the cockpit and various views, you can
illustrate what's happening and impress casual bystanders.
For example, you can use the Chase Plane view and autopilot to watch your plane
launching from the carrier and turning on to course. Then switch to Slot View and show
off loops, rolls, split-S turns and Immelmans (see pages 89-92). Find an enemy aircraft
and use the Tacti View to show your plane maneuvering against his. Then switch to
Invrs Tacti to watch his responses. Before launching a missile go to the Side View, to
watch the weapon dropping away. Then jump to the Missile View to follow it into the
target. The possibilities are as endless as your imagination.
Pause (AltJP) immediately freezes the action. To resume, press any key.
OTHER Some computers have a special key labeled "pause" or "hold." Depending on the
CONTROLS internal design of your machine, this key may also work. Pause may be very useful
Pause when you are first learning to fly.

37
 Accelerate Time Accel Time (Shift Z) doubles the rate at which time passes, and is useful when flying
long distances without encountering significant threats. When in accelerated time
mode, "ACCEL" appears on the HUD.
. »»»»> Norm Time (Shift X) returns the simulation to normal time. Since it's almost
impossible to control and fight your craft in accelerated time, in combat and landing
Accelerated Normal situations you're automatically returned to normal time. Accelerated time automati-
Time Time
cally stops if you're detected by enemy radar, you open the weapons bay, or lower the
landing gear.

Detail Adjust Detail Adjust (AI tID) allows you to change the amount and depth of ground detail
visible through the cockpit. speeding computer execution; the slower your computer,
the lower the level of detail you should use.

Volume Adjust Volume Adjust (AltN) allows you to change the type and variety of sounds used in
the simulation. When you press the key, the new sound setting appears briefly on the HUD.

Training Training (Altrr) allows you switch into training mode at any time during play. This
may be useful if things get particularly confusing, or if you decide to just go sightseeing.
Remember though, you don't get rewards for training missions.

Resupply Resupply (AltlR) is available only in training missions. It fills the plane's fuel tanks
and gives it extra weapons. Resupply is designed for sightseeing and target practice.
Needless to say, those who preferrealism in simulations should never touch this option.
··Boss·· Hide "Boss" Hide Game (AltIB) immediately pauses the simulation and clears the
Game screen, effectively making the computer appear to be idle. To resume the simulation,
you press "Boss" Hide Game again. This key is not only useful at the office, but also to
forestall irate parents, children, spouses, and relatives who complain about the time
you spend at the computer!

Quit Quit (AltIQ) immediately ends the simulation and returns the computer to DOS. It
does not save information to disk. so any accomplishments since the last pilot roster
will be lost.

Save There is no "save" key in F-117A Stealth Fighter 2.0. Instead the simulation auto-
matically saves your pilot record whenever your leave the pilot roster during the
preflight briefing.
This "automatic save" feature requires you to be using a copy of the program (a
copy on either a floppy or hard disk), rather than the original MicroProse disk from the
box. If you're using the original disk. you cannot save data, although you can
otherwise run the simulation normally.

38
Main Cockpit

HUD Mode Indicator Lights Heads-Up Display (HUD)

Angle of
Attack
Approach
Indexer

Equipment
Indicators
Damage { }
Indicators

Artificial

-lI
Horizon

Defenses
Indioat""

Fuel and
Thrust
Display

Electro-Magnetic Visibility (EMV) Left Multi-Function Tracking Camera-FUR Right Multi-Function

Scale and Warning Lights Display Indicators Display

39
 DISPLAYS AND AIRCRAFT CONTROLS
Each control has a name in italics , which is used on the keyboard overlay; in
TERMINOLOGY addition, the actual key used in the IBM version of the game appear in parentheses. A
master list of all names and keys also appears in the Appendix.
Controller refers to the pointing device used by your computer. This may be a
mouse, joystick, or cursor keys, depending on your hardware. See the Technical
Supplement for details.
The HUD is designed to provide all the crucial flying and weapon information in
HEADS-UP a graphic format. HUD data is projected onto a wide-angle clear pane in the front of the
DISPLAY (HUD) cockpit. You look "through" the HUD to the situation outside. As a result, valuable in-
formation is right in front of your eyes, where it is most useful.
Because the F-1l7A is a night fighter, the text displayed on your HUD can be
switched from white to green for ease of reading. At night it is green automatically; if
you are assigned a rare daytime mission, the text appears white on your HUD. If for
some reason you are forced to stay in the air past daylight, you may wish to switch the
text color back to daytime colors. To do so tap day/Night HUD (F4).
In addition, you can customize your HUD to some extent using the De-clu tter key
(V). These modes condense some of the information to single digital readouts; experi-
ment to find the setting you like best.
HUDModes Your HUD has three modes: Navigation (NAV), Air-to-Air (AIR), and Air-to-Ground
(GND). You switch between modes using HUD Modes (F2). The HUD Mode Indicator
Lights, directly below the HUD, indicate the HUD's current mode. Each mode has
specific uses and affects not only the types of information displayed on the HUD,
but also what types of information are available on your right-side Multi-Function
Display (MFD).
NAV mode helps you navigate between airbases by restricting your tracking
system to friendly and neutral airbases and aircraft carriers. AIR mode is for attacking
aircraft, so your tracking system is restricted to flying targets. GND mode is for
attacking ground targets. Your tracking system is restricted to these targets.

40
 Universal HUD Some HUD information is universal across all modes. This information is dis-
Information and played, or available, regardless of your HUD's current mode.
Airspeed: Your airspeed (in knots) is indicated on the left side of your HUD on
Symbology a vertical scale; a digital readout of your current speed appears beside the center
tick-mark.
Stall Speed Indicator: The Stall Speed Indicator is a colored bar which rises
from the bottom of the airspeed scale. If it extends beyond the center tick-mark, your
plane has stalled, and falls out of control briefly until the automated recovery system
takes over. A low-altitude stall can be fatal.

Standard HUD Symbology

Heading
Missile
Tracking Box
270 31 5 000
I I I I I I I I I 'V I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

G Indicator ----F--. 1.0 G

450 -:
-70 - - -lrNS(W~YPOint)--- -0
Direchon Indicator
'-70 ~800
_
Nose I VVI Indicator ----. I~_-
Airspeed -
400 -: -
-80' ·-
4'00 . .1n<:lifa_tor ~ 700 - ::- 700
Altitude
' -80 ::

....-- Stall Speed -6- .- Flight Path

Indicator -
350 Indicator :- 600
-1 -90 ' -

Current
3 AGM-650
t
Pitch Lines GUN 1000
' -90
Armament - -

41
 Altitude: Your altitude (in feet) is indicated on the right-side vertical scale; a
digital readout of your current altitude appears next to the scale's center tick-mark. At
1.000' the scale changes to thousand-foot increments (2K is 2,000', etc).
Vertical Velocity Indicator (VVI): The smalL colored bar extending upward
or downward from the altitude scale's center tick-mark is the VVI. If the bar extends
upward, you're gaining altitude; If it extends down, you're losing altitude. Each tick-
mark represents 100 feet per minute, so the longer the bar, the faster you're gaining or
losing altitude.
Landing Speed Indicator: This colored arrow appears only when your land-
ing gear is down and marks the safe maximum VVI for landing. If the VVI extends below
this mark, landing is unsafe.
Angle 01 Attack (AOA) Approach Indexer: The AOA Approach Indexer
becomes operational when your landing gear is down. It assists you in obtaining
optimal pitch of the plane's nose as you approach a landing. If the green circle in the
center of the display is lit. your angle of attack is OK; if the yellow up arrow is lit. you
need to pitch your nose up; if the red down arrow is lit. pitch your nose down slightly.
Heading: The horizontal scale across the top is your heading in degrees. North
is 000°, East is 090°, South is 180°, and West is 270°.
INS (Waypoint) Cursor: The colored triangle above the heading scale shows
the direction to the currently selected INS "waypoint." To get "on course," turn until the
marker is above the middle tick-mark on the heading scale.
Nose Indicator: Fixed in the middle of the HUD, this cross-hair indicates the
direction your plane's nose is currently pointing.
Flight Path Indicator: This indicator shows the direction you are flying (which
may be different from the Nose Indicator). It is available only in NAV and GND modes.
The plane is geometrically level when the nose and Flight Path Indicators overlap
(rare in an aircraft). Further, level flight (constant altitude) often requires the nose to be
pitched slightly above the flight path (see Techniques and Tactics, 59).
G-Indicator: This readout in the upper left corner of the HUD indicates the
current G-forces on your plane's airframe. The plane can withstand more G stress than
the pilot. whose limits are between -3 and +9, depending on training and experience.
Pitch Lines: These lines appear on the HUD if you're in NAV mode or pitched so
far up or down that the horizon is invisible. Each line represents 10° of pitch up or down.
If you're perfectly leveL pitch is 0°; when climbing straight up or diving straight down,
pitch is 90°.
Current Armament: In the lower left the HUD indicates what weapon is currently
selected, and the number currently available, such as "3 Sidewinders," or "2 Slicks," etc.
On the lower right is the word "Gun" followed by the number of rounds currently
available. This refers to your 20mm cannon and its remaining ammunition.

42
 Radio Messages: You are sent coded burst transmissions periodically, which
are decoded by your onbcxrrd computers and displayed as text across the top of the HUD.
Tracking Box: The Tracking Box appears on your HUD whenever your F -117A's
tracking system is locked onto a target and the target is visible through the HUD; the
Tracking Box frames the target. In addition, the target appears in your right-side MFD.
The current HUD mode determines what targets can be tracked.
The Cam Ahead (I), Cam Rear (», Cam Left «)and Cam Right (M) keys set the
tracking camera to "look" in the direction indicated. Once locked onto a target, it follows
that target, even if the target moves from one quadrant to another.
Missile Tracking Boxes: A Missile Tracking Box appears on your HUD when-
ever a missile is visible through your HUD. If the box is green, the missile it frames is
one that you launched. If it is yellow, the missile is an enemy missile. There may be
several Missile Tracking Boxes visible in your HUD simultaneously.
Air-to-Air Mode To set the HUD to AIR mode, tap HUD Modes (F2).
Indicators Gunsight: The Gunsight circle replaces the Flight Path Indicator and shows
where your shells would hit if you'd fired six seconds earlier (the time it takes them to
travel the 6 kilometer maximum range). If you're tracking a target, it shows where the
shells would land if you'd fired the proper time in the past for them to travel that range.
See page 68, for details.
Missile Targeting Envelope: This large, faint circle represents the area in
which an air-to-air missile can be aimed and "locked onto" a target.
Tracking Box and Oval: The Tracking Box appears on your HUD whenever
your F-117A's optical tracking/targeting system is locked onto a target which is in front
of the plane and visible through the HUD; the Tracking Box frames the target. In
addition, the target appears in your right-side MFD if the
tracking camera is activated. In AIR mode, the tracking
HUD in AIR-to-AIR mode
system locks onto airborne targets.
Missile Targeting The Tracking Box is color-coded to inform you if your
Envelope currently armed weapon is appropriate for use against
the currenttarget. If the Tracking Box is white, the weapon
1.0G
is appropriate for the current target. The size of the
Tracking Box indicates how effective the current weapon
~1 is against the current target - the larger the box the more
Gunsight 1
300 - 300
,.. -r " Tracking
El +-~--1f- Box
effective the weapon. Tap Select Weapon (space bar), to
r oo> arm a different weapon.
4 S IDEW INDER GUN 650
When using self-guided weapons, the box turns into
an Oval when the target is within firing range and the
missile is "locked on." When the Tracking Oval turns red,
the shot is a "sure thing," with nearly no chance of missing.

43
 Air-to-Ground To set the HUD to GND mode, tap HUD Modes (F2).
Mode Indicators Tracking Box and Oval: The Tracking Box appears on your HUD whenever
your F-1l7A's optical tracking system is locked onto a target which is in front of the
plane; the Tracking Box frames the target. In addition, the target appears in your right-
side MFD. In GND mode, the tracking system locks onto ground targets only.
The Tracking Box is color-coded to indicate if your currently armed weapon is
appropriate for use against the current target. If the Tracking Box is white, the weapon
is appropriate for the current target. The size of the Tracking Box indicates how effective
the current weapon is against the current target - the larger the box the more effective
the weapon. Tap Select Weapon (space bar), to arm a different weapon.
When using self-guided weapons, the box turns into an Oval when the target is
within firing range and the missile is "locked on." When the Tracking Oval turns red,
the shot is a "sure thing," with nearly no chance of missing.
Bombsights: When free-fall and/or retarded bombs are armed, a special set of
bombsight aids appears on the HUD. If your current course, speed and altitude will
place you within a bomb blast, the HUD bombsight symbology (described below)
flashes. You can still drop a bomb in this situation, but you should take appropriate
action to escape the resulting blast.
Bombsight Flightpath Guide: This indicates the "path in the sky" you should fly for
a perfect bombing run. Keeping your Flight Path Indicator centered within this symbol
means you're" on course."
Bombsight Ranging Bar: This indicates when to release a bomb based upon range
to the target. As you get closer to the drop point, the bar compresses. When it becomes
a single vertical line (or dot) drop the bomb.
Bombsight Fall-line and Bullseye:
This appears only if free-fall bombs are
HUD in AIR-to-GROUND mode armed. A line extends from your flight
Bombsight Ranging Bar path toward the ground. At the end of this
270 315 .l ,000 line is a circle ('bullseye'). Your bomb will
1.0G I . I , 1.1 I lVI , I ', I ' I , I '. land in the middle of this circle.
' I, I, I ,

Camera Lens Sight: If your cur-

1
350 ~
I I
Bombsight rent armament is the 13SmrnlIR camera,
-_~. 0 '--'-.OOO---;~;-'-K-t-- Flightpath
i
"" - JOO

Bombsight - t - - - - - ' ; - - - - - B Guide

the camera lens sight (a small " + ") ap-
pears on the HUD. It indicates the direc-
Fall-line "" 1 /f t "'"
tion your camera lens aims.
3 SUCK / GUN1 ()()()

Bombsight Tracking Box

Bullseye

44
 This MFD appears on the left side of the cockpit and displays two different types
MOLT1-FUHCTlON of map: the SatellitelRadar Map and the Tactical Display Map. The Maps key (F3)
DISPLAYS toggles between them. Ei ther map may be expanded or con tract ed, using the Zoom and
(MFDS) Un Zoom keys (2 and X).
Left-Side The SalellilelRadar Map: This map displays the geographical features of the
region, and is oriented so north is toward the top. When the Satellite map is on the
Multi-Function display, the "MAP" light is illuminated.
Display (MFD) Enemy radar signals are displayed on this map: dotted lines represent pulse radar;
solid line are Doppler radar. Ground search and airborne early warning and control
(AEW&C) radars are displayed as expanding circles, while ground fire-control and
aircraft radars appear as short arcs.
Missiles, aircraft, and important ground targets also appear on this map as color-
coded dots. Your aircraft is white, other aircraft are red, and missiles are yellow. Your
Zoom Unzoom mission targets, flash and glow; ground radar installations are black.
The Taclical Display Map: This map portrays the local tactical situation. It is
oriented so the top corresponds to your current heading. When the Tactical Map is on
the display, the "TAC"light is illuminated.
The map graphically depicts aircraft, missiles, ground radar sources, airfields, and
incidental ground targets. A 16 km square grid is superimposed for range referencing.
Maps Color-coding: Aircraft and missiles are color-coded; dark red planes are at a lower
altitude than you are, light red ones are at about the same, and yellow planes are above
you; red missiles are IR seekers, and yellow ones are radar-homers or visually-guided.

Right-Side Multi-Function Display (MFD)

F-1l7A TVIFLIR Camera Coverage
This MFD appears on the right side of the cockpit and has four basic

- Cam

_~~e~~x
,
functions: to display images from your tracking system, provide an
interface with your inertial navigation system INS, or to display sum-

,* '
L '~ mary information during flight (there are two types of summary informa-

Cam
\\:
,
,"'" r,
,
" Cam
tion: weapons and orders). Tap the appropriate key to activate the
desired function.
Tracking Camera: Your F-1l7A is equipped with a TV and

~~~Ri9ht
forward-looking infrared (FLIR) camera, capable of scanning 3600 to q
range of about 80 to 100 kilometers in daytime and slightly less at night.
wit / To swi tch between your TV camera and FLIR tap FLIR (F6). When you are
flying in deep night. you'll probably have to use the FLIR to identify what
you are seeing in the right MFD.
Rear

45
 On-board computers are programmed with target data that allows the camera
to lock onto targets within its current field of view, providing a zoomed TVIFLIR view of
the target along with its name, range, and bearing. Primary and secondary targets
are indicated when the system locks onto one of these. For a more detailed explanation
of the uses of the Tracking Camera and how it relates to the targeting system, see
pages 68-73.
Activating and Moving the Camera: You can activate the camera (FLIR or optical)
or change its current field of view by tapping Cam Ahead (I). Cam Rear (», Cam Left «)or
Cam Right (M). Switch your tracking camera from optical toFLIR using the FUR Key (F6).
When your Tracking Camera is active, the "TC"light is illuminated; if you're using
the FLIR. the "FLIR" light is lit; the direction indicator tells what direction the camera
is currently pointing.
Selecting and Designating Targets: The onboard computer contains a list of im-
portant targets in the area. Tap Select Target (B) to move the tracking camera to the next
nearest target within 80-100 kilometers. In addition, you can reprogram the tracking
Select Designated camera to aim at any target on the ground. Simply aim your nose at the target and tap
Target New Target Designate New Target (N): the camera will find the nearest new target.
Waypoints: Displays waypoint data for each of the four INS waypoints (F7, F8,
and shift F8) (See page 53, for details). When waypoints are displayed, the "WAY" light
is illuminated.
Weapons: Displays weapons currentl yon board your F -117 A (F5). When weapons
are displayed, the "WPN" light is illuminated.
Mission Orders: Displays a summary of your current mission orders. When you
have accomplished your primary or secondary mission, the summary is updated
appropriately. When your orders are displayed, the "ORD"light is illuminated.
The F -117A has a standard aircraft control stick. Pushing the stick forward pi tches
AIRCRAFT the nose down, pulling it back pitches it up. Pushing the stick left rolls the plane to the
CONTROLS left. while pushing it right rolls the it right.
Control Stick The more you push the stick. the more the aircraft pitches or rolls in that direction.
When you release the stick (center it) the aircraft maintains its attitude.
The control stick may be represented by a physical joystick, numeric/cursor
keypad, or some other device. See "Controls Summary" in the Appendix for details.

46
Throttle and Fuel The throttle controls the power output of your engines. Maximum throttle gives maxi-
mum speed but uses up fuel faster and increases your electromagnetic visibility (EMV).
Thrusl Conlrols: The Max Pwr key (Shift +) immediately opens the throttle,
giving you maximum thrust. The No Pwr key (Shift -) immediately closes the throttle,
shutting down the engines. The Increase key (=) opens the throttle a small amount. The
Decrease key (-)closes the throttle a small amount.
Max Power
Thrusllndicalor: In the lower right side of the cockpit is the Thrust Indicator, a
digital readout of throttle, expressed as a percent of total potential. "100" is maximum
power; "50" is half power, and so on.

Ttt
Increase Decrease
Fuel Remaining: When your onboard fuel tank is full the digital readout reads
"999." as you fly, the number decreases, showing the amount offuel you have remaining
in your tank.
Power Power
Fuel Warning: The warning light to the right of the fuel gauge flashes whenever
your fuel tanks are dangerously low.
Exira Fuel: If you are carrying extra fuel in your weapons bay, you can pump that
fuel from the bay into the main tank by tapping Select Weapon until "EXTRA FUEL"
appears on the lower left of the HUD. Then tap Fire Weapon (Return) to move the fuel
from the bay into your main tanks.

Equipment Controls
Equipment Indicators
Bay Door Open
Artificial Horizon: This instru-
ment indicates your current pitch and
roll. It is particularly useful when flying
Flaps Extended in deepest night when the horizon is dif-
ficult to see.
Autopilot
Activated
Brakes Extended

Gear
Down
Artificial Horizon

Fuel
Fuel Dangerously
Remaining Low

Thrust Indicator

47
 Landing Gear: The Gear key (6) toggles your landing gear up and down. The
-<:> "GEAR" light illuminates when the gear is down; If the light flashes, you are going too
I.) fast for the gear to be down, and there is danger that the gear will be ripped off.
<:> Autopilot: The Autopilot key (7) toggles the automatic pilot on and off. Autopilot
Gear Autopilot
sets at a minimum altitude of 500' and flies you toward the next INS waypoint (it does
not, however, avoid hills and mountains!). When the autopilot is on, the "AUTO" light
is illuminated. Tum off autopilot simply by touching the control stick. Note that if your

Bay Doors
EJ <:
Flaps
avionics are damaged (the "AV" damage light is on), the autopilot doesn't function.
Weapons Bay Doors: Before using any weapon in your bays you must open the
weapons bay doors, using the Bay Doors key (8). The "BAY" light flashes when the bay
doors are open. After launching the weapon you should toggle the doors closed again.
Note that damage to you bay doors (the "BD" light is lit) jams the doors open.
Flaps: The Flaps key (9) toggles the wing flaps between extended and retracted.
When the flaps are extended the "FLAPS" light illuminates and the aircraft slows and
gains lift. High speeds (in excess of 300 kts) can rip off the flaps, causing serious damage.
Brakes: The Brake key (0) toggles the airbrake in and out. When the brake is
Brakes extended the "BRAKE" light illuminates and the aircraft slows down. When on the
ground, the Brake key toggles the landing gear brakes on and off.
Ejection Seat: Tap Eject (Shift FlO) to "punch out" of your plane. Your F -117A has
an ACES II ejection seat, one of the safest, most flexible designs available. Your best
chance of surviving a bailout exists if your altitude is between 2,000' and 14,000' while
flying level or climbing slightly.

Electromagnetic Visibility (EMV) Scale EVASION AND DEFENSE

SYSTEMS
Electromagnetic Visibility
EGR=Enemy (EMV) Scale
Infrared Missile Light ~round Radar EMVGauge
This gauge shows the current
"stealthiness" of your aircraft.
Radar Your EMV: The "visibility" of your
Missile
Warning plane to enemy radars appears as a bar
Light extending from the left of this gauge. Your
Radar EAR=Enemy Detection
EMV increases as you climb to a higher
Tracking Airborne Radar Warning altitude, increase speed,open your baydoors,
Warning Light lower your gear, or use your jammers.

48
 Enemy Radars: The bars that extend intermittently from the right of the scale
represent incoming enemy radar signals. Enemy ground-based radars (EGRs) appear
on the top, enemy aircraft radars (EARs) on the bottom. The bars are color-coded to give
additional detection information.
Detection: If an incoming signal overlaps your EMV bar, it has detected you (the
Detection Warning Light flashes and you hear a warning beep). A pink incoming signal
means that a ground radar has faintly detected you; a yellow bar means you have been
fully detected. If an incoming air radar signal appears white on the gauge an enemy
aircraft has detected you.
The colors of search radar signals that appear on your Satellite map and HUD are
colored identically to those on the EMV gauge, so that you can easily locate the radar
that has detected you (see "Display Colors Summary," in the Appendix).

Warning Devices Search Warning: Frequently a sing Ie search detection does not give the enemy
sufficient data to recognize your plane, but when you have definitely been seen, a
message appears on your HUD to indicate the enemy has "seen" your plane.
Radar Tracking Warning: Long-range and medium-range Surface-to-Air
Missiles (SAMs) must track you for a time before firing. Tracking radar appears as a
short, narrow arc on the SatellitelRadar map.
When enemy tracking radar tracks you, the "TRAK" warning light flashes. Note,
however, that some short-range enemy missiles (some IR-homers, see page 82) do
not use a radar tracking system. Therefore, "TRAK" is not a foolproof warning of
impending attack.
Missile Warning Lights: If a radar-guided missile is homing on your aircraft.
the "RAD" light flashes. If an IR (infrared-homing) missile is homing on you, the "IR"
light flashes .
The appropriate light continues to flash as long as any missile of that type is
pursuing you. If jammers or some other device confuse the missile, the light goes off. If
the missile later finds you, the light flashes again.
Missile Proximity Klaxon: When a missile is within a few seconds of hitting
your plane, the Missile Proximity Klaxon sounds, signaling you to react quickly or be
hit! Typically you'll drop chaff or a flare, depending on the type of threat (chaff for radar
missiles, flares for IR missiles).

49
 Defenses Flare: This is a small, finely tuned heat decoy, Tap Flare (1 ) to release a flare
cartridge behind your plane. The flare light illuminates while the flare is active and the
digital readout indicates the number you have remaining. For the next 2-5 seconds the
intense heat of the flare will cause all enemy infrared-guided missiles to home on the
flare instead of your aircraft.
Flare Chaff Chaff: Tap Chaff (2) to release a chaff cartridge behind your plane. The chaff ligh t
illuminates while the chaff is active and the digital readout indicates the number you
have remaining. For the next two or more seconds the aluminum sheets of the chaff
cartridge will confuse all enemy radar-guided missiles, causing them to home on the
()!:~0:~»)
chaff instead of your aircraft.
Important Exception: Enemy Doppler radar-guided missiles will not home on chaff
unless your course is perpendicular to that of the missile. As long as the missile chases

'8: ::·';::,
IRJammer
you from the rear, or attacks from straight ahead, chaff has no effect.
Decoys: Your F-117A carries three decoys. To launch a decoy, tap Decoy (5). The
"decoy" light illuminates while the decoy is running, and the digital readout indicates
the number you have remaining.
~,~.~:':<':':'. ,::',:,::',::'.: Each decoy is a computer-controlled radar emitterlreflector and an IR source. To
ECM
enemy radar and infrared it looks like your plane, but stronger. The decoy gradually
floats down via parachute and self-destructs before landing. Enemy missiles, aircraft,
and ground radars are fooled by decoys, although the amount of time depends on the
experience and skill of the opposition (typically from 20 to 60 seconds). During this time
the enemy chases the decoy instead of you.
Infrarecl (IR) Jammer: The IR Jammer key (3) toggles this device on and off.
When the jammer is running the "IRJ" light illuminates. This device emits heat pulses
to confuse a missile's guidance system. The missile stops homing on your plane and
flies straight ahead. The jammer is highly effective
against "first-generation" IR missiles, but good only at
Defenses Indicators long range against "second-generation" missiles (see
page 83). Using the IR jammer reduces your speed, and it
Number Remaining
shuts down automatically to avoid overheating.
Chaff ECM Raclar Jammer: TheECM key (4} toggles this
Functionin g
device on and off. When the jammer is running the "ECM"
Flare light illuminates. This jammer "blinds" radar-guided
Functioning
missiles. The jammer is particularly effective against
Decoy older "beam-rider" missiles, but good only at long range
Functioning against "semi-active" radar-homers (see page 79). The
only drawback to using ECM is that your EMV is increased.
ECM Radar Jammer Infrared Jammer

50
 Damage The upper left of the cockpit has a bank of "telltale" lights that indicate which
systems (if any) are damaged.
Missile Warnings (MW): When the "MW" damage light is illuminated, the
Missile Warning system is inoperative. The "RAD" and "IR" missile warning lights no
longer work.
Engine (ENG): When the "ENG" light is illuminated, engine damage has
reduced the maximum thrust possible. Any additional damage further reduces thrust.
Flight Control (FC): When the "FC" damage light is illuminated, flight control
computer damage makes the F-ll7A more difficult to control.
Avionics (AY): When the "AV" light is illuminated, avionics damage has
disabled your Inertial Navigation System (INS) and autopilot.
Bay Doors (BD): When the "BD" light is lit, the weapons bay doors are damaged
and jammed open, permanently increasing your EMV.
Jammers (JAM): When the "JAM" light is illuminated, your ECM and IR jammers
no longer function .
Fuel Tank (FUEL): When the "FUEL" light illu-
minates, damage and stress breakage is causing fuel to
Damage Indicators
leak. Once a leak starts, any further damage increases
Engine Damage the rate of fuel loss.
Fire Control (FIRE): When the "FIRE" light illu-
Stall Warning
Light minates, your fire control systems are damaged.
Missile
Random Mallunctions: Your F-1l7A is an e x-
Warnings tremely complicated piece of equipment. Random mal-
Damaged Flight Control
Damage functions are possible in any of the systems at any time.
The malfunction may include the reporting systems on
Jammers
Damaged Fuel Tank board the craft. If so, you won't know that something has
Damage malfunctioned until you discover it doesn't work!
Bay Doors Malfunctions are more likely in intense combat situ-
Damage Fire Control
Damage ations, due to the heavy burden that places on your
Avionics Damage sophisticated electronic systems.

51
 These instructions give the bare rudimen ts of weapons operation. Many important
WEAPONRY considerations and tactical tricks are described in "Chapter 3, Techniques and Tac-
tics." See "Weapons Effectiveness," page 139, for a chart showing weapon effective-
ness against various targets.
Selecting The name of the weapon currently armed and ready for use always appears in the
Weapons lower left corner of the HUD.
Weapon: Tap Weapon (F5) to display the contents of your weapons bays on the
·· · · ··
--
right MFD. The bay currently selected is highlighted, and the current armament

IE
--
Weapon
~=;iH:~~
Bay Doors
appears in the lower left corner of the HUD.
Tap Select Weapon (Space Bar) to change the currently-selected weapon in your
fire control system. Each key press switches to the next weapons bay, and the change
is indicated both on the HUD and in the Right MFD Weapon display.
Cannon: Your 20mm cannon is always available for use (unless it is out of ammo
or damaged).
Firing Weapons Launching Weapons: Tap Fire Weapon (Return) to launch a weapon. This fires
one missile or drops one bomb. The currently-selected weapon is the one used. See
pages 68-73, for more specific instructions on launching weapons.
The Reconnaissance Camera (135mmIFLIR Camera) is "fired" like a weapon from
an open weapons bay. Each "shot" takes one picture.
Fire Fire Special Equipment can be air-dropped by opening the bay doors and "firing" it out.
Weapon Cannon It floats to the ground on a parachute. It is also loaded or unloaded on the ground at
appropriate airstrips automatically (a message appears on your HUD when loading or
unloading is complete).
Cannon: Fire Cannon (Backspace or Button 2) fires one burst.

52
 Concept: The INS has up to four programmable "waypoints," to map a flight plan.
NAVIGATIONAL The default waypoin t setup puts the first poin t halfway between your starting base and
SYSTEMS primary target. The second is the primary target the third is the secondary target and
Inertial the last is your landing point.
Navigation Waypoints Display: The Select Way Pt (F7) and Change Way Pt (F8) keys display
System (INS) a list of INS waypoints on the right-side MFD, and your projected flight path from
waypoint to waypoint on the Satellite Map on the left.
The waypoin ts list display shows the curren t time attop, the ETA to each waypoint
and a fuel gauge across the bottom. The fuel gauge is a bar graph, predicting fuel
consumption based upon your current speed and altitude. The far right side of the bar
Changing (black region) indicates fuel already consumed, the center parts (white for current
Waypoints Waypoints waypoint and blue for others) indicates fuel needed to reach each waypoint and the far
left side (green region) indicates fuel reserves.
Selecting Waypoints: The waypoints list has one point highlighted (in white).
This is the waypoint currently indicated by the INS cursor above the Heading Scale on
your HUD.
Reset To select a new waypoint, tap Select Way Pt (F7). Then use the Last Point (keypad
Waypoints 9) and Next Point (keypad 3) keys to move the highlight up and down the list. As you
move the highlight the HUD's INS cursor moves accordingly.
Changing Waypoints: To change awaypoint toa new location, tap Change Way
Pt (F8). Then use the Last Point (keypad 9) and Next Point (keypad 3) keys to select the
waypoint you wish to change. Finally, use the keypad waypoint keys to actually move
the waypoint. You can watch the results in the left MFD on Satellite Map.
Tap Reset Way Pt (Shift F8) to reset all waypoints to the original waypoints.

Waypoints CRT Change Waypoints

I __ ~ 0 Shift
TIME 00-15-00
7 8 9
WAYPOINT 1 01ST-78 KM
9 MIN. ETA 00-23-45
WAYPOINT 2 01ST-156 KM Home
t LAST
POINT
Pg Up
19 MIN . ETA 00-42-15
WAYPOINT 3 01ST-84 KM
10 MIN . ETA 00-51-45
WAYPOINT 4 01ST-230 KM
28 MIN. ETA 01-18-30
[1:lli;';I __
+-
4

1
5

2
-6

3
NEXT
End t POINT
Pg On

53
 Instrument The 1LS key (F9) toggles the ILS display on and off. When the ILS is on, a vertical and
Landing horizontal bar appear on the HUD to guide you to the nearest friendly airbase.
Principles 01 Operation: The ILS is designed to aid you on final approach,
System (ILS) steering you down a descending "glide slope" to the runway. If you are flying a pattern
toland, use the ILS to guide you totheairport, then turn it off until you are "on final. " The
ILS guides you to the runway or carrier deck. but ends there. Rather than produce
inaccurate readings over the runway, the ILS au tomatically turns off before it degrades
to useless.
Vertical "Course" Bar: To use the ILS, fly the plane so that the vertical bar lines
up with with vertical ticks of your Nose Indicator. This means you're on course toward
the airbase.
Horizontal "Glide Slope" Bar: The horizontal bar of the ILS represents the
"glide slope," an imaginary sloping line extending from the airbase into the sky. If the
bar is above the horizontal ticks of your Nose Indicator, you are beneath the glide slope.
You can eitherfly straight ahead until you "intercept" it. or climb to get to the glide slope
faster. If the bar is beneath your Nose Indicator, you are above the glide slope and
should descend until the bar aligns directly with the Nose Indicator.

54
 POSTFLIGHT DEBRIEFING
After the mission you are debriefed. Your commander goes over the mission step
by step, evaluating each event as it occurs and assigning a numerical score. Basically,
if you accomplish the mission and follow the Rules of Engagement (see below), you'll
do very well. The more difficult the opposition, the more credit you'll get.
When you land, stop, and tum off your engines, the mission is over. You cannot
ENDING A refuel or rearm to continue the mission. Stealth missions are costly, carefully planned
MISSION "one shot" operations. If a mission fails, higher-ups will decide later whether to try
Sale Landings again, and if so, when, where and how.
Crashes If you're using Easy or Realistic Landings, crashing the aircraft ends the mission
and your career. To remain alive, you must eject before the plane hits the ground. Of
course, selecting "No Crash" eliminates this problem - but greatly reduces your
potential score.
Bailing Out If you survive a bailout, you now have to worry about where you did it. Ejecting over
the sea, far from an enemy coastline, is ideal because the aircraft sinks out of sight and
you can be rescued. The next best location is over friendly territory. Again, you can be
rescued, but fragments of the wreckage may be found by the public or by enemy spies.
Bailing out over enemy territory is bad; even though your F-1l7A has a self-destruct
mechanism, fragments of the plane will certainly be found by the enemy, teaching
them valuable secrets of US stealth technology. In addition, you'll probably be captured
and suffer a public trial and humiliation before the USAF manages to get you back.
Above all follow the Rules of Engagement and accomplish the primary objective
SCORING - it's hard to do badly if you achieve this. Failing that, at least accomplish the secondary
Objectives objective. If you fail both of these, it is difficult to gain any credit.
Cold War: It's important that nobody detect you. Visual sightings by enemy aircraftdo
the most damage. Enemy radars that positively track your plane are also bad.
Needless to say, random destruction is also unacceptable in Cold War, and
destroying friendly planes and ground installations is the worst possible event.
However, destruction of neutral or civilian targets is almost as bad. The least embar-
rassing events are destruction of enemy military targets, although even that should be
a voided. In fact, the only time it is "permissible" to destroy targets is if your mission
orders require it, the enemy has sighted or tracked you, or if the enemy fired first.

55
 Limited War: It's also important to avoid detection during a Limited War,
although the penalties aren't as great. Your commander wholeheartedly approves of
attacks on enemy forces , including military aircraft and obvious military installations,
but civilian targets (passenger airliners, oil wells, refineries, bridges, etc.) cause
political problems and lower your score.
Conventional War: In this situation your commander doesn't care if you
are detected, unless of course your plane is damaged by enemy fire (F-1l7As are
very expensive).
You gain credit for destroying anything in enemy territory, even civilian targets
(although military ones are worth more). In fact. your commander rather expects that
you'll do a bit more than just hit the objectives. The only possible negatives come from
the destruction of neutrals and friendlies.
If your rating on a mission is high, your commander will recommend you for a
REPUTATION decoration. The five possible decorations, from easiest to most difficult to achieve, are:
Combat AM: Airman's MedaL recognizing good performance.
Decorations DFC: Distinguished Flying Cross, for superior performance in combat.
55: Silver Star for Valor, for heroism in combat.
AFC: Air Force Cross, for extreme heroism.
CMOH: Congressional Medal of Honor, America's highest military decoration.
You must be outstandingly successful against the toughest opposition to be
nominated for the Congressional Medal of Honor.
Other The Purple Heart is awarded to pilots who come home wounded. Surviving a
Decorations mission with a badly damaged aircraft frequently yields this award.
The Combat Readiness Medal is awarded to almost everyone in a combat unit.
Beyond this, the number of missions you survive determines what other ribbons you
may receive: 5 missions for the Overseas Ribbon - Short Tour, 15 missions for the
Overseas Ribbon - Long Tour, 30 missions for the Longevity Service Ribbon, and 60
missions for the Longevity Service Ribbon with Gold Cluster.

56
Promotions Your starting rank is 2nd Lieutenant. Promotions are based both on your total score
and on your average score per mission. Therefore, if you "goof up" and do badly in a
mission, you may need extra high-scoring missions before you qualify for promotion.
In addition, you can't get promoted without sufficient experience.
Ranks available, from lowest to highest. include:
2nd Lt: Second Lieutenant
lst Lt: First Lieutenant
Capt: Captain
Maj: Major
Lt. Col: Lieutenant Colonel
Col: Colonel
B.Gen: Brigadier General
Brigadier General is not a flying rank. You don't have a chance of earning that rank
until you're retired from active duty. No pilot is expected to fly more than 99 missions.
After that the Air Force decides: are you promoted to Brigadier GeneraL are you simply
given a Washington desk job, or do they suggest you leave the service and seek your
fortune in civilian life? Very few pilots survive 99 missions with a record good enough
to earn their "star."
Incidentally, don't feel bad about a middling rank. In active fighter squadrons
most pilots are First Lieutenants and Captains. Majors serve as flight leaders, Lieutenant
Colonels as higher squadron officers or commanders, and full Colonels as squadron
or wing commanders. Promotion to Major or above is increasingly difficult. A Lieutenan t
Colonel or Colonel still flying active combat missions is rare in the USAF.

57
58
 HOW TO FLY
This discussion of lift and flight is not rigorous or precise in a scientific sense. It
AERODYNAMICS only provides a rudimentary portrayal of the physics of flight and its practical effect on
AND FLYING aircraft handling.
Lilt: Aircraft fly because of a pressure difference created by the difference in the
speed of the air flowing over the top of the wing as opposed to the bottom. Air moves
faster over the top of the wing than it does over the bottom, creating high pressure
beneath the wing and low pressure above it. The wing is pushed upward to compen-
sate, providing lift. When the pressure difference becomes great enough, the upward
lift is greater than the plane's weight and the aircraft flies .
Speed and Lilt: The amount of lift generated by the wing varies with airspeed.
The faster the plane flies, the faster the air flows over the wings, and the greater the
pressure difference. If your plane is in level flight at a certain speed, reducing the speed
reduces lift. causing a descent (without nosing down).
Angle 01 Allack and Lilt: The amount of lift generated also varies with the
angle between the wings and the airflow. If you pitch up a few degrees, you increase
the pressure difference and, therefore, the lift. If you pitch the nose down, the reverse
occurs. The difference between the airflow direction and a horizontal line through the
wing is the "angle of attack" (AOA). Angle of attack is visible on your HUD in NAV and
GND modes. Whenever your Nose Indicator is above your Flight Path Indicator, the
difference between the two is the Angle of Attack.
Level Flight: To achieve "level" flight at a given power setting, apilot raises or
lowers the nose until his vertical velocity is zero (no ascent or descent appears on the
"VVI"). Note that a pitch of 0° may show ascent or descent. Nosing up or down to a new
"angle of attack" adds or subtracts lift as needed to achieve level flight.
To achieve "level" flight at a given speed, the p ilot gets into level flight. adjusts
his throttle to achieve the desired speed, then adjusts his pitch to find level flight for
that airspeed.

59
 The Effect of Roll The force of lift is always perpendicular to the wing, so if the wings are banked, the
lift force is no longer straight up relative to the ground. Instead it has two components,
one moving the aircraft sideways, the other straight up. This causes the plane to turn,
and, since upward lift (the force opposing gravity) is diminished, to lose altitude.
During a turn the pilot can adjust the angle of attack by control stick "back
pressure," that is, by pulling back slightly on the stick. The amount of adjustment is very
small. Overcorrecting is a common error among beginner pilots.

Special Situations Stalls: An aerodynamic stall occurs when the wing's angle of attack becomes too
large. The air stops flowing smoothly over the wing, and instead part breaks away on to
an independent path. This erases the pressure difference, vastly reduces lift. and
generally causes the nose to drop. Stall speed varies considerably depending on many
factors . Tight turns increase the stall speed. Note that simul taneously the act of turning
tends to decrease your airspeed. As a result, stalls are quite common in tight turns. The
F -117 A has an audible stall warning horn, a Stall Warning Light in the upper left of the
console, and a colored bar showing stall speed on the HUD's Airspeed Indicator.
The F-1l7A includes a computerized stall recovery governor that instantly
reconfigures the wing edges for automatic recovery, making your job much easier. To
recover from a stall, first level the wings, then bring the pitch back to normal. A stall
invariably costs you altitude, so a stall at low altitude can be fatal!
Flaps: Lowering flaps extends the wing surface and increases the pressure
difference, adding more lift. They also increase drag, which lowers your speed.
However, flaps are only useful at low speeds (under 350 knots).
The F -117A is unflyable. The design is one of the most surprising ever seen - many
FLYING THE experts said it wouldn't fly when they first saw it. In fact. a pilot would find it very
F·117A difficult - maybe impossible - to fly without the aid of sophisticated onboard flight
control computers. This aircraft. like some others, is said to "fly by wire."
The pilot uses a normal control stick (much like your joystick) and uses it just like
a pilot of a normal civilian aircraft. But the pilot is not communicating with the
control surfaces of the aircraft; instead he is talking to the computer, and it is talking
to the control surfaces. When the pilots says "bank," the computer interprets his
command and makes the wings bank. all the while correcting this and that to keep the
plane airborne.
Remember, when you are flying this aircraft. you are interfacing with a computer
that is flying the aircraft!

60
 Taking Off While sitting on the runway, perform the following pre-flight check-out:
1. Check Your INS. Tap Maps (F3) un til the satellite map is displayed on your left
MFD. Now tap Select Way Pt (F7) to show the INS waypoints list on the right MFD.
The INS cursor above the heading scale on the HUD indicates the direction in
which you must fly to reach the first waypoint listed on the right MFD; by using the
Next and Previous Waypoint keys (Shift/keypad 3 and 9) you can cycle through all
the waypoints currently assigned. Advanced pilots may want to change the
location of one or more waypoints at this time.
2. Check Armament: Tap Weapons (F5) to check your weapons on the right MFD.
Use Select Weapons (Space Bar) to cycle through the weapons. Note the active
weapon appears in the lower left corner of the HUD.
3. Extend the Flaps: Tap Flaps (9). Note the "FLAPS" light in the upperright corner
of the console. Flaps increase lift during takeoff.
4. Check the Catapult System (Carriers only): When launching from an
aircraft carrier, the brakes will be set. The "BRAKE" light will be illuminated.
5. Start the Engines: Start your engines by tapping Max Pwr (Shift +).
6. Activate Catapult (Carriers only): Tap Brakes (0) to release the brakes and
catapult, hurling you off the deck.
7. Accelerate Past Stall Speed: As you move down the runway or carrier deck,
watch the speed scale (left side of the HUD) carefully. A colored bar (Stall Speed
Indicator) will gradually go down. When it drops below the center tick-mark, your
plane is past stall speed.
8. Climb into the Sky: Pull back gently on the stick. As you start climbing, watch
the altitude scale on the right side of the HUD.
9. Retract Landing Gear: Tap Gear (6) to raise your landing gear. Don't leave the
gear down - both it and your plane can be damaged if left down at high speeds.
10. Retract Flaps: Tap Flaps (9) to retract flaps . You no longer need extra lift.
11. Turn onto Course: Pull the stick left or right until the INS cursor is aligned with
the center tick on the heading scale. Alternatively, you can simply tap Autopilot
and let your autopilot turn you onto the correct course to the first waypoint. Since
this is a stealth mission, you'll want to stay low. About 200' to SOD' is ideal.

Smooth Flying A Light Touch: Use a light touch on the Control Stick. The most common error
Techniques is a "ham fist" on the stick, throwing the plane around the sky in wild abandon. Unless
it's an emergency never push the stick to the limit.
Chasing the Gauges: When you change an aircraft's operating regime (move
the stick. change the throttle, and so on), the effects of the change takes a second or two
to" settle out" and show on the gauges. For smooth fl ying, make ex change then observe
the effects before making another. Constant adjustment and correction should be
avoided, because all you'll do is "chase the gauges," overcorrecting every move.

61
 Straight and Level Flight: To be a good combat pilot, you must master level
flight. Do this in a training scenario, rather than real life.
Climb to an altitude of about 2,000' and level the aircraft so the nose of the plane
points at the horizon. Now reduce the throttle to about 75% to achieve an economical
cruising speed. Although the Nose Indicator appears level with the horizon, the HUD's
altimeter and VVI probably show the plane is climbing or descending. If you're
climbing, push forward on the Control Stick, then let go and observe the effects. If you're
descending pull back a bit instead. Your objective is to keep the altimeter rock steady.
You'll notice that your Flight Path Indicator aims at the horizon, but your Nose
Indicator may be pointed above or below it, depending on your speed. Generally, the
slower you're travelling, the higher you must pitch the nose to achieve level flight.
Now experiment a little. Tap Brakes (0). This slows down your plane. Watch the
HUD and notice how the Flight Path Indicator drops . Meanwhile, on the sides of the
HUD, your speed is dropping and so is your altitude. To achieve level flight at this new,
lower speed pitch up until the Flight Path Indicator is level with the horizon.
Turns: As you pull the stick right or left and your roll angle increases beyond 45°,
the stall speed rises from the normal 120 knots (kts) range to over 200 kts (in a 90° roll).
Tight turns "bleed off" airspeed, so a long, tight tum may cause a stall. Keeping an eye
on the a irspeed and stall speed is particularly important when making tight turns at
low altitude, because stalls cause you to lose altitude rather quickly.
In extremely tight turns (where you roll 80°, 85°, or even 90°), you can tighten your
turn rate by pulling back on the stick. However, this bleeds airspeed even faster, so keep
a close eye on the Stall Speed Indicator bar.
Loops are easy in the F -117A, but ballistic (" straigh t up") climbs can be main tained
only for short periods.
Remember that any prolonged vertical maneuver greatly reduces airspeed, which
risks a stall if you didn't start the maneuver wi th a lot of speed. However, going vertical
is very handy for changing direction, since you can roll while verticaL quickly pointing
your nose in the desired direction, then push down into level flight again.
Low Altitude Flying: At altitudes under 500', expect increased buffets,
downdrafts, and other irregularities that make flying difficult. Also beware of low
ridges and mountains. It's easy to fly into a mountain if you're not looking. Good pilots
develop a "cross check" routine of scanning the entire HUD periodically, to make sure
everything is okay.
In "No Crash" and "Easy" fligh t modes you have a barometric/laser altimeter. If you
drop below 200' this device automatically but gently pushes your plane back up. Be
warned, the device automatically turns off when the landing gear is down, or when the
gun is firing . The device is not proof against power dives, stalls, or other radical ma-
neuvers, but works fine in normal flight regimes. In fully realistic flight the automatic
altimeter is turned off, allowing skillful pilots to cruise at even lower altitudes.

62
 Airbases: All airstrips have a north-south orientation and a center stripe down
LANDING THE their middle. On approach, a course of 0000 (if coming from the south) or 1800 (if coming
F·117A from the north) will align you with the runway.
Airbases are more than twice as long as your safe landing distance at 200 kts -
a large safety margin. Aircraft carriers have arrestor cables near the stern. You must
touch down before or on these cables in order to stop before rolling off the deck. Do not
attempt to land on the bow of an aircraft carrier because there are no arrestor cables
there. Furthermore, regular aircraft spotted for launching may be positioned there, and
you certainly don't want to crash into them!
Aborted Landings: If you get in trouble landing, open the throttle to full power
and retract the flaps and landing gear. Climb away and come around for another try.
Do not make sudden movements with the control stick while landing or aborting. Wait
for your airspeed to exceed 300 kts before making any big turns or similar maneuvers.
Until then, gross maneuvers with the control stick may stall the plane, causing a fatal crash.

Typical Airstrips

Runway --+ Hangars

Launching
Catapults

Arrestor
Cables

Landing
\" Path

63
 Using the ILS (Instrument Landing System)

ILSon
HUD
~ T -t- +
On course,
approaching
Descending on
glide slope
glide slope

Top view

------j----__ Glide 'I0J\"

Side view , ----- 1
""'--------- - ~ ~----
F-1l7A Flight path ~

•
Ground level Airbase

64
 Using the To use the ILS, tap HUD Modes (F2) as necessary to switch the HUD to NAV mode,
Instrument tap Cam Ahead (I) to activate the Tracking Camera, and tap ILS (F9) to activate the ILS.
The ILS ond camera will automatically track the nearest friendly or neutral landing
Landing System site. It will not track rough airstrips behind enemy lines.
(ILS) Line Up Your Approach: The first step is to line up on the correct course to the
airbase (or aircraft carrier). To do this, fly at SOD' to LOOO' to a point about 40 to SO
kilometers (km) north or south of the base and turn until the ILS vertical bar is centered
on your Nose Indicator.
Inlerceplthe Glide Slope: Once you're on course, you want to intercept the
glide slope represented by the horizontal bar. Descend until the horizontal bar is
slightly above the horizontal ticks of your Nose Indicator. The horizontal bar gradually
drops until it aligns with the horizontal ticks ofthe Nose Indicator. When this occurs, you
are intercepting (flying through) the glide slope.
Descent: Once you've intercepted the glide slope, begin your descent. Keep the
horizontal bar centered, which means making a gradual descent. You must manage the
descent like a normal landing (see "Descend on FinaL" below).
Touch down: The ILS will not guide you to touchdown. It is not accurate in the
immediate vicinity of the base. It turns off automatically before you reach the runway.
ILS and Landing Pallerns: The ILS is designed to guide you to the airbase. It
does not control your plane through a landing pattern.

65
 Straight-in I. Line Up Your Approach: Use the ILS to line up a correct approach. Beginners
Landings intercept the glide slope about 40-50 km from the runway. Attempting to find
the approach and make a landing less than 20 km from base is not advised for
the beginner.
2. Throttle at 70%: Fly your approach at 500' to 1.000'. Reduce the throttle to about
70%, which should reduced your speed to about 300 kts. Eventually you'll need to
pitch up (raise the nose) a little to maintain level flight.
3. Flaps Out. Throttle 50%. Gear Down: Now extend the flaps and reduce the
throttle to about 50%. This slows the plane to about 230 kts. As you reach this speed,
lower your landing gear. If you're moving too fast. extend the brakes - tap Brake
(O) - for a brief period.
5. Descend On Final: When the ILS' horizontal bar reaches the middle of the HUD
Nose Indicator, you should start descending down the glide slope.
Reduce the throttle slightly. If you were in level flight. you will gradually descend
with your Nose Indicator above the Flight Path Indicator.
Use the ILS horizontal bar to control your rate of descent. Adjust the throttle to keep
the bar in the middle of the Nose Indicator.
Finally, keep an eye on your airspeed and Stall Speed Indicator. If the stall bar
indicator gets within 25 kts of your current a irspeed, your throttle is too low.
Conversely, if your airspeed is over 250 kts, extend the brakes for a brief period.
6. Touch Down: Your al timeterreads 0' on a runway, and 125' on an aircraft carrier.
These are your "touchdown" altitudes. The safe touchdown vertical velocity is
shown by an arrow on the VVI of your altimeter. A vertical velocity of 400'/minute
or less (4 ticks on the scale) is always safe. In certain conditions a higher vertical
velocity is allowable. Once you're on the runway, cut the power by tapping No Pwr
(Shift -), and engage the brakes by tapping Brakes (0 ).
Aircraft Carriers: Landing on a carrier is slightly more difficult, since you must
touch down in the arrestor cables area. To avoid overshooting the cables, increase
your descent by lowering the nose a little, then at the last second extend the air
brake by tapping Brak es (0)
as you pull the nose up.
Straight-in Landing If you miss the carrier's
arrestor cables , don 't
Approach ___ On final bother trying to touch down.
Level-n-jg-h-t-- ----G-ear down ~ Instead close the brakes tap
1,000'-1.5000' Flaps down Slow descent the Max Pwr (Shift +).
300 kts 230-250 kts __. • •_ _ _~
Sea level Carrier deck at 125'

66
 OFFENSIVE ACTIONS
This section provides a short primer on how to use your weapons. Also, see page
139, for a chart indicating your various weapon's effectiveness against various targets.
1. Find the Target: Your primary and secondary targets are stored in your INS,
FINDING AND initially as waypoint 2 and 3. If you've moved the waypoints, you can reset them
HITTING A by pressing Reset Way Pt (Shift F8).
TARGET To reach the target, call up the waypoints by pressing Select Way Pt (F7), select the
appropriate waypoint by tapping Next Point (Shift/keypad 3), then steer toward it
following the INS cursor above the HUD Heading Scale.
2. Check HUD Mode: Change the HUD to the correct mode. Use HUD Modes (F2)
to select the right mode: AIR (for firing at aircraft), or GND (for firing at ground targets).
3. Use Tracking Camera: Lock your tracking/targeting system onto the nearest
target ahead, by tapping Cam Ahead (I). The display remains blank if there are no
targets ahead within 80 to 100 km.
To track other targets, tap Select Target (B). The tracking/targeting system is lim-
ited to targets stored in your onboard computer database. This group, of course,
always includes your primary and secondary targets. To find the right target. you
may have to tap Select Target (B) several times. When the primary or secondary
target is located, your right MFD informs you.
To track a target not stored in your onboard computer tap Designate New Target
(N). The nearest potential target ahead is temporarily added to the computer's
database. Once you've added a target to the database, it remains in the computer,
and becomes part of the group that Select Target (B) cycles through. You can store
only one new target in the database at a time.
4. Select Weapon: Tap Select Weapon (Space Bar) to cycle through the weapons
in your bays. (Your cannon is always available.)
Make sure you have the correct weapon selected. The size and color of the Tracking
Box on the HUD indicates how effective the current weapon is against that target
(see Display Colors Summary in the Appendix).
5. Aim and Fire: Different weapons are aimed in different ways, described below.
Depending on the weapon selected, make sure it is correctly aimed at the target
before you fire .
6. Observe Results: Friendly AWACS aircraft observing your mission report the
results. Sometimes a hit damages a target without destroying it. sometimes you
miss entirely, and other times a hit may be ineffective. Ineffective hits are caused
by using the wrong weapon, or because the weapon malfunctioned.

67
 All your missiles are self-guided (fire-and-forget) weapons, and there are several
FIRING YOUR available to you. Some are used against enemy aircraft and others are used against
MISSILES ground targets. All fire-and-forget missiles are aimed and fired in a similar fashion
(described below).
Self Guided Missiles Missile Targeting Envelope: If the HUD is in AIR mode and an air-to-air
missile is your current weapon, the Missile Targeting Envelope appears on the HUD,
.-c outlining the limits of your missile's seeker head; though your Tracking Camera can
lock-on to a target any where, the air-to-air missile itself can lock-on to in-range enemy
aircraft only within this circle. In GND mode, no targeting envelope appears, but a
missile cannot lock onto a target that is not currently visible through your HUD.
Oval Lock-on: When the Tracking Box turns oval (and the "LOCK" light on the
console begins flashing), the missile is locked-on to the target and has a good chance
of hitting. When the oval turns red (and the "LOCK" light stops flashing), the missile has
superior accuracy. Additionally, when the missile locks-on, a box (the "Lock Box")
appears in the Tracking Camera display, and when you have attained superior
accuracy, the Lock Box begins repeatedly contracting.
To lire. open the weapons bay by tapping Bay Doors (8) and then tap Fire Weapon
(ReturniEnter).
AIM-9M Sidewinder Restrictions ancl Suggestions: Missiles drop about 300-400' - with whatever
AIM-120 AMRAAM airspeed, climb rate, or dive rate your plane has - before their own power carries them
AGM-65D Maverick away. As a general rule, launching below 500' or in a power dive is not a good idea, and
Penguin-3 ASM may even be dangerous. It is also unwise to launch while in a tight turn or inverted, as
AGM-84A Harpoon the missile may tumble when leaving the bay, losing guidance or even smashing into
AGM-88A HARM your plane. Once the missile is launched you can change to new targets, new weapons,
and maneuver as you wish.
Your cannon has a maximum range of 6 km and an effective range of about 3 km.
FIRING YOUR Air-to-Air Anticipation Firing: Your cannon's fire control system uses a
CANNON "historical gunsight" that shows where your shells would be landing, if you'd fired a
few seconds ago. Unless you're tracking a target, the fire control system assumes the
range to be 6 km, and places the gun sight to show where the shells would be had
20mmCannon
they been fired 6 seconds earlier (the approximate time it would take the shells to
travel 6 km).
If you are tracking a target, the system uses the current range to the target to
calculate where to place the sight on your HUD. The Tracking Box shows the targeted
enemy airplane and the range to the target appears in the right MFD.
To fire, you must "anticipate" when the enemy and your gun sight will meet. For
example, if the enemy and your gunsight are converging and the range to the target is
6 km, you should open fire about 6 seconds before they converge. If you estimated
correctly, they will converge just as your gunsight moves onto them.

68
 Air-to-Ground Walking Fire: Attacking ground targets is much easier, since
they don't move. The easiest way is by "walking" your fire over the target. Do this by
flying low (about 500'), opening fire about 6 km from the target and observing where the
shells hit the ground. Guide your plane to "push" the advancing explosions onto the
target. Unfortunately, this technique consumes ammo rapidly unless you fire short,
well-spaced bursts.
Laser-guided bombs are essentially motorless missiles that glide from your plane
BOMBING to a target "painted" by the PAVE TACK laser mounted on your plane. Operating these
PAVE TACK weapons is a lot like launching self-guided missiles. You use the tracking/targeting
Laser-Guided system in exactly the same way with only a few exceptions.
Oval and MFD lock-on: The Tracking Box on the HUD frames your target and
Bombs the Tracking Camera is locked onto it. When the Tracking Box turns ovaL the bomb is
locked onto the reflected laser energy and has a good chance of hitting. When the oval
Laser-Guided Bombs turns red, the bomb has superior accuracy.
However, because you must release the bomb so close to the target, you often can't
see the Tracking Oval when it turns red; for this reason, you must rely upon the console
"LOCK" light and Lock Box in the Tracking Camera to tell you when the optimal release
time is.
The Lock Box appears on the right MFD and the "LOCK" light begins flashing when
the Tracking Box turns oval. When the optimal release time is reached, the "LOCK" ligh t
ceases flashing, and the Lock Box on the right MFD begins repeatedly contracting.
Toss Bombing: Glide bombs travel as fast as your plane, so if you release at low
GBU-l2 Paveway altitude, they hit the target when your plane is about directly overhead; if you're not
CBU-72 FAE careful the explosion can destroy you.
MK 20 "Rockeye" II The standard attack technique is called "toss bombing." Approach fast and level
at about 500'. When 3-6 km from the target pitch up into a 30-40° climb, tap8ay Doors (8)
to open the bay, and watch
the right MFD. When opti-
PAVE TACK Laser-Guided Toss Bombing mal release time is reached
( Turn away (the Lock Box begins con-
Pitch up and ~ ' (pitch and roll tracting and the "LOCK"
drop bomb '. limited to 60°

--------------
Approach at Tracking Laser
___

~- "" ~\
'. until bomb hits)

"
light stops flashing), tap
Fire Weapon (Return/En-
ter) to release the bomb and
~~_~_~i_f_n_________-_,,_:_:'-_>_....
SOOI_-l_,O_O_O'_ _ _ _(_b_O_X)_ _ _ _ _
turn away.

Ground level Target

69
 Level Bombing: You can also level bomb with glide bombs. As a general rule,
though, you'll need to attack from at least 2,000' altitude. Here you can lock onto the
target at 4 kmrange. Attack immediately and tum away. Needless to say, however, high
altitude attacks make you a sitting duck for enemy radar and SAMs.
Restrictions and Suggestions: You must keep the underside of your aircraft
facing the target until the bomb hits. If not, the laser guidance breaks and the bomb will
almost surely miss. You can fly over the target instead of flying past at an angle, but you
must rise above 3,000' to do this safely. However, the blast has a danger zone of roughly
3,000', so you must gain enough distance or altitude to avoid the blast.
Retarded Bombs Retarded bombs are unguided but have parachutes or special fins to slow them
down very quickly as they fall. As a result. you can be far away by the time they impact,
allowing safe low-altitude bombing runs.
Retarded Bombs Level Bombing: Dive bombing and toss bombing don't produce useful results
with retarded bombs, so you must use level bombing. In this standard technique for
low-altitude runs with retarded bombs, fly straight and fast over the target at 600-800',
releasing the bomb(s) according to cues from the Flightpath Guide and Ranging Bar on
theHUD.
Flightpalh Guide: When using retarded bombs, the diamond-shaped Flightpath
Guide appears on your HUD. Tum to align the Flightpath Indicator to the Flightpath
Guide. You can be above or below the Flightpath Guide without losing accuracy, but
being left or right of it may cause a miss.
Ranging Bar: As you approach the target. the Ranging Bar appears on the HUD.
As you near the target. the bar begins to collapse; the cue to release is when the line
becomes a single dot. You may wish to extend your brakes to make the bombing run
more manageable.
Mk 20 Rockeye To Release the Bomb. tap Bay Doors (8) to open the bay, then Fire Weapon
Durandal (Return) to release the weapon. If your brakes are extended, retract them immediately
Mk 82-1 Snakeye after launch to escape the blast area.
Mk 35 Incend iary Cluster Restrictions and Suggestions: Retarded bombs are the easiest and safest
ISC BB- I Minelets weapons to use, and one of the most popular among USAF pilots. If you keep up speed
in your bombing run, you can safely release from 600', even though the blast area is
3,000'. The Ranging Bar and Flightpath Guide flash if you're too low for safe release.
However, the targeting system predictions assume you'll continue to fly "as is." If you
drop the bomb, then immediately tum up and away, you could drop a bomb within the
"danger area" and escape.

70
 Free-fall Bombs These are traditional bombs that arc down at high speed toward the target. In level
bombing, the techniques for using them are identical to those for retarded bombs
except that you need to be considerably higher to release them safely. A safe minimum
Free-fall Bombs altitude for releasing a free-fall bomb in level bombing is 3,000' as opposed to 600' for
retarded bombs.
Level Bombing: You use the Flightpath Guide and Ranging Bar just as you do
for retarded bombs, but you have one additional HUD cue: the Bombsight Fall-line and
Bullseye. In level bombing this indicator may be ignored.
Bombsight Fall-line and Bullseye: This indicator appears on your HUD as
a line extending from your Flightpath Indicator to the place on the ground a bomb
Mk 82-0 Slick would hit were it released now. At that point is a red oval bullseye. In level bombing the
Mk 122 Fireye fall-line indicator usually extends off the bottom of the HUD, with the bullseye out of
sight below. But in dive bombing it is indispensable.
Dive Bombing: To
make a dive-bombing at-
Dive Bombing tack, start by flying low to-
Extend
8,000' (or higher): Begin dive ward the target . Switch
(open)
brakj your HUD to GND mode,
make sure the correct
weapon is selected (Mk82-O
Slick or Mk 122 Fireye), and
Line up bullseye on put your Tracking Camera
target box
onto the target. Now follow
these steps:
1. Guide on the Bomb-
sight Flight Path: Approach
the target by flying straight
at the diamond-shaped

'Gbomb
\

\ \
3,000': Must

Turn away and

bombing flight path indi-
cator. It's okay ifthe indica-
tor is above or below your
flight path, but make sure

...
\ retract brake
it's not to the left or right.
1

-~-------~--
Begin climb 6km Ground level Begin dive lkm Target
from target from target

71
 2. Climb to Attack Pain t: When the target is about 6 km away (you can tell by looking
at the right MFD), zoom up into a 55° climb to an altitude of 8,000' opening your bay doors
as you climb (tap Bay Doors (8)). Your objective is to reach 8.000' about 1.5-2 km from
the target.
3. Dive onto the Target: Level out, flick open the brakes (tap Brakes (0)). At just under
1km away, push down into a steep (80°)dive and align the Bomb Bullseye wi th the target
box. Keep an eye on your al ti tude because you must release the bomb before reaching
3,000'. If you can't line up the Bullseye and Tracking Box before reaching 3,000', pull out
and try again.
4. Release Bomb and Turn Away: If you manage to keep the bullseye steady within
the target box before reaching 3,000', release a bomb immediately (tap Fire Weapon
(Return)), then another if possible. After the release pull up sharply and roll away in a
90° tum. Close the brake (0) as you do this, to maintain maximum speed into the tum.
Then close the bay doors (8).
Suggestions: The zoom climb to 8,000' is the most critical phase of the attack. If
performed flawlessly, a 55° climb will cover 4 km of ground, assuming you start at
maximum level speed at 200' and wish to arrive at 8,000'. Some pilots prefer to use a
slightly shallower zoom climb up to 10,000', but this exposes you longer to enemy detection.
Climbing to a dive bombing position usually broadcasts your presence to the
opposition. Therefore, once you're turning away from the target after the bombing run,
look over and check the missile warning lights for an attack.
The most common mistake when dive bombing is forgetting to open the brakes at
the top of the climb. With the brakes closed you plummet so fast it's almost impossible
to line up the target and release the bomb before reaching 3,000'.
Restrictions: The HUD bombing symbols flash if you're within the blast area of
the bomb (within 3,000' of the predicted drop point). Do not drop the bomb unless you're
confident you can escape the blast.

72
 The I 35mmlIR Camera is a reconnaissance camera mounted in a weapons bay. It
PHOTOS AND is fixed forward (unlike your target Tracking Camera, which moves) and looks down.
SPECIAL Camera Operation: To configure your HUD and cockpit for camera operations:
EQUIPMENT 1. Switch the HUD to GND mode by tapping HUD mode (F2).
I 35mmJ1R 2. Select the bay containing the camera by tapping Select Weapons (Space Bar).
3. Aim the Tracking Camera at the target by tapping Cam Ahead (/); tap Select Target
Recon Camera (B) if necessary.
4. Tap Bay Doors (8) to open the bay doors.
Taking Pictures: When you open the bay, you see the ground below and just
ahead of your plane in the right MFD, which is now viewing through the lens of the
camera. Fly so that the cross symbol (" +") in the lower center of the HUD passes through
the center of the Tracking Box. When this happens, you'll see the target pass through
the lens on the right MFD. As it does, hit Fire Weapon (Return) one or more times to take
the pictures. You'll see a message on the HUD indicating a good picture (when and if
you get one).
Special Delivering or Picking up Equipment: As a stealth pilot. you'll be required
Equipment to make deliveries of highly classified materials; you may also be asked to pick up top
secret items. Finding a secret airbase and landing there is a major challenge. They
have no ILS system - just a few flares at either end of the runway! Furthermore, the
runway is very short; it's only half the length of a runway at a major airbase.
To pick up or deliver equipment at a secret airbase, you must safely land at the
airbase. Equipment is unloaded or materials delivered to you automatically. A mes-
sage in the HUD indicates when this has occurred and you can take off again.
Dropping Equipment: To drop equipment, tap Select Weapons {Space Bar) until
"EQUIP" appears in the lower left comer of the HUD. Tap Bay Doors (8) to open the bay,
then, as you pass over the radio beacon, launch the equipment by tapping Fire
Weapons (Return/Enter).
The minimum safe altitude to drop equipment is 500'. Try to avoid dropping it from
altitudes above 1.000', since the higher you are the less accurate the drop.

73
 DEFENSIVE ACTIONS
Radar sends high frequency electromagnetic waves through the atmosphere at
RADAR AND virtually light speed. These waves are reflected from solid objects -some return to the
STEALTH radar set. which includes a receiver. By measuring the strength and angles of returning
TACTICS waves, and time it took to return, radars estimate the range, position, heading, and size
of an object.
Radar Radar waves bounce best from solid, dense, flat. perpendicular surfaces. Tradi-
tional aircraft shapes, especially aircraft engine intakes and vertical tail fins make
excellent radar reflectors.
Radar Ellectiveness: The effectiveness of radar varies with terrain, range , and
type (pulse or Doppler). Radar is most effective over open water or flat countryside. In
wooded and rolling hills radar effectiveness is less, while in mountainous country it is
greatly reduced. The lower the radar effectiveness, the weaker the signal on your EMV
scale: the bars representing enemy radar signals become shorter.
Radar Range: Radar effectiveness is dramatically affected by range; the closer
you are to a radar, the stronger its signal. Maximum range for a radar varies dramati-
cally with the set. As enemy radars emit signals you can graphically see their ranges
on the SatellitelRadar map on the left MFD (Maps, F3).
Pulse Radar: Pulse radar is represented by dotted arcs on your satellite map. It
is least effective when your nose or tail is pointing toward it, and most effective when
you fly at right angles to it. Therefore a common tactic is to fly directly at a pulse radar,
then just after it emits a signal make a tight tum and flyaway from it again.
Doppler Radar: Doppler radar is represented by solid arcs on your satellite
map; it is generally more powerful than pulse. Dopplerradaris most effective when you're
flying toward or away from it. and least effective when you fly at right angles to it. Therefore a
common tactic is to fly toward a Doppler until just before it detects you, then turn and
fly in an arc around it. keeping a constant distance.

74
 Stealth Technology
Pulse and Doppler Radars
The radar reflections of an object are
strong return greatly reduced if its shape minimizes the

~l
( ( returning waves. This does not make the
Pulse radar
vs
side of F-117A
~) ))))));; ) ) ) objectinvisible, but does make it very hard
to "see." For example, ifa normal airplane
is visible to radar at 200 km, a carefully
shaped airplane might be invisible be-
weak return yond 50 km! Creating this shape in a form
that is also aerodynamic requires ex-
Pulse radar
vs tremely complex computer modeling. As
front of F-117A the world's leader in computer applica-
tions, it's inevitable that the US would be
first in this field. The SR-71 spy plane is an
doppler-shifted return early example of such shapes in aerody-
Doppler radar .•
JI.~, IIIIII"""""III I IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII ~
namics; the redesign of the B-1 bomber
fuselage is another example. Both these

1I 111111111111 ~'-3
vs F-1l7A
changing aircraft. though, have curved fuselages
distance that tend to scatter radar energy equally
in all directions, and therefore aren't en-
return with no doppler shift tirely successful.
In addition to shape, certain rubber
Doppler radar
vs F-1l7A
~I~
I '
I III II IIIIII A and ceramic compounds "absorb" radar
4
maintaining
constant distance
I
i' I IIIIIIIIII I~ waves, making the return signal weaker.
Known generically as Radar Absorbent
Material (RAM), it can be incorporated
i
Figures 1 and 2 illustrate an F-117A reflecting pulse radar. When the F-117A
into paints, or planted in "wedges" along
the surface of a wing or fuselage.
has a low signature, the return can be so weak that he plane is "visible" to the Finally, an airplane's heat signature
radar. Note that the radar power varies, so the F -117 A might be "visible" to a more is an important consideration. Many air-
powerful radar at that range. Power also varies with range, so the F -117 A could plane-killing missiles eIR-guided ones)
become visible to either at a short range.
Figures 3 and 4 illustrate an F -117 A returning the pulses of a Doppler radar.
home on heat sources like friction-heated
Here the change in frequency is more important than the strength of the signal parts of the craft. such as leading edges of
(although the F-117A's low signature still has a minor effect). If the F-117A is the wings, tail. and air intakes. The main
changing distance to radar as it flies (Figure 3), it generates a Doppler shift. The defense against heat-seekers is heat-re-
radar recognizes this and detects the plane. However, if the F-117A remains at a sistant materials, and masking and dis-
constant distance (Figure 4), there is no Doppler shift and the plane is not
detected. persal of hot engine exhaust.

75
 The F -117A is a combination of all these design considerations. It sacrifices speed,
maneuverability, and payload for maximum stealth. The fuselage is made up entirely
of flat "facets" that scatter radar energy in a controlled, predictable pattern, which,
under most circumstances, will not reflect radar transmissions back to the transmitter.
Even if the energy does strike one of the plane's flat surfaces, the effect is transitory
because the angle of incidence is constantly changing due to the plane's motion
relative to the transmitter. The tail is twinned, does not extend vertically, and is swept
back like the wings themselves so that radar energy is reflected 45° left and right into
the sky behind the aircraft (there is no otherreason for the subsonic F -117A to have near-
del ta wings). All vertical surfaces on the F-117A are angled at least 30° so that. in level
flight. no truly vertical surfaces are present.
The air intakes of the engines are masked. Upper and lower hull and wing surfaces
are covered with RAM. All weapons are carried internally, since external pylons and
armaments are excellent radar reflectors. All leading edges incorporate heat-
resistant surfaces and are as sharp as possible both to reduce air friction and to
reflect radar energy away from the transmitter.
Stealth also demands a new approach to combat operations. For decades jet
aircraft have carried radars of increasing power, using them to aim weapons, check
altitude, and fly low at high speeds. All this radar broadcasting reveals a plane long
before enemy radars discover it. A stealth aircraft must fly without active radar
emissions. The F-117A uses visuaL thermaL and laser systems instead of radars. In
addition, it has a radio burst decoder that is compatible with other USAF transmission
equipment. On an active mission the F-1l7A constantly receives data bursts from
friendly AWACS planes and ground radars.
OveralL the F-1l7A is most difficult to detect at very low altitudes. Even at higher
altitudes (over 10,000') it is far less visible on radar than a normal aircraft. This not only
allows the F-117A to "sneak up" on the enemy, it also reduces the range and accuracy
of enemy weapons.

76

Threading the Needle
Plane
(Pulse)
Plane
(Doppler)
, Pulse' ,
" ' -A " "
•
Doppler B
The F-1l7A selects a route past the edge of Doppler A's
effective range, slipping in behind the two patrol planes while
their forward -only radars are facing the wrong direction. It
charges Pulse A, turning away when Pulse A is off. It then skims
around Doppler B. charges Pulse B (as it did A) and turns away
when B is off. There is no "safe" route available between
Doppler Band C. The pilot could fly between them, but instead
selects to skim around B and fly into C somewhat. Since C has
the smaller effective range, it is weaker, and therefore (the pilot
reasons) less likely to see the plane. Of course, the pilot could
get lucky and find that Doppler B or C shut down for a period ,
allowing him to pass through the temporary gap.
Stealth Tactics
EMV: The F-1l7A's stealth configuration is most
effective when flying level at low altitudes (at 500' or less,
and preferably about 200'). The EMV is further reduced if
the engines are throttled back to cruise speed (70% power).
Level flight. which presents a horizontal profile, is best.
The steeper the turn, the more topside or underside
surface is presented as a radar reflector, and thus your
EMVrises.
With respect to Doppler radar, your flight path is of
crucial importance. Changing distance relative to a Dop-
pler radar increases the risk of detection manyfold. If you
remain at a constant distance, arcing around the radar,
Doppler detection ability drops dramatically.
Opening the bay doors, firing a weapon, or using the
ECM jammer all raise your EMV, making the plane more
visible. On the plus side, if you want to deliberately lure
the enemy to a certain location without wasting a decoy,
then turning on your jammer, opening the bay, and spi-
ralling upward in a tighttum often raises the EMV enough
to make you visible. You can then close up, dive down to
200' again, and zoom away while they chase phantoms.
Threading the Needle: As a stealth pilot. you
must plan carefully, seeking the best route through en-
emy radar defenses. You must find a route in and out that
either makes you invisible, or visible for the shortest
time possible.
Penetrating enemy radar umbrellas is tricky. Re-
member to arc around Doppler radars, but fly directly
toward (or away from) pulse radars. The plotting of paths
through radar areas is sometimes termed "threading
the needle."
Pulse radars are shorter-ranged and less efficient.
so Dopplers are your biggest problem. If you must fly into
a pulse radar's effective range to avoid a Doppler, you
can arc around just inside and hope your EMV is low
enough, and their crews sleepy enough that they don't
see you.
77
 Even the best of plans must be modified once the mission starts. Enemy fighter
patrols and IL-76 Mainstays can force you to change your plan, while the periodic shut-
downs of enemy radars can suddenly open new opportunities. You must be flexible.
Low Altilude Taclics: On long missions with flight legs outside effective
enemy radar range it's perfectly safe to use the autopilot and cruise at 500'. When wi thin
enemy radar range, get as low as you can. Fly through valleys - between hills and
mountains - if possible. Although coming up overridge lines is fun, every time you crest
a ridge you take a chance of detection.
One especially sneaky tactic is to fly extremely low (200' or less) and throttle back
your engine to about 30%. You'll need to extend flaps and pitch up to stay airborne, but
your EMV gets extremely low.
Decoys: In Cold or Limi ted War, you must avoid leaving a positive radar ID. If your
flight path takes you too close to enemy radar, you can try leaving one or two decoys
behind. This can prevent them from getting a positive radar ID on you.
Dash: Many radars turn off periodically. If you see a critical Doppler radar station
stop broadcasting, that may give you just the time you need to get past without being
seen. Dashing through a radar's area while he's off the air is always risky; you never
know if he'll "wake up" and find you, but sometimes there's no other way.
Biasi: If you can't think of any better way to get through the enemy radar screen,
a final device is to open a gap in the radar defenses, using a Maverick or HARM missile
to destroy a radar at some critical sites. Of course, you've got to dash through the gap
and get away quickly, since enemy aircraft are drawn like flies to the site of an attack.
Other radar stations will "wake up" and stay on the air after an attack. One way to "set
up" a blast attack is show yourself briefly in one location, drawing enemy fighters away
from the area you plan to fly through and/or attack.
Disappearing: If you are detected and attacked by radar-guided missiles (ei-
ther the "TRAK"light is on, or the "RAD" missile warning is lighted), you can evade the
attack by reducing your EMV. If the enemy radar loses sight of you the missile loses
guidance and flies blindly ahead. It continues until either the enemy finds you again
and steers the missile back on course, or the missile runs out of fuel.

78
Radar-Guided SAMs (Surface-to-Air Missiles)
DEALING WITH SURFACE·
TO·AIR MISSILES (SAMS)
Missile
follows
- To cope wi th enemy SAMs, you should
understand the principles of their opera-
radar beam tion. Then you can intelligently apply ap-
"Beam Rider" propriate defenses.
d- Radar-Guided
~ Pulse radar Surface-to-Air Missile
(SA-2 and SA-5) Radar·Controlled SAMs
e 1 Concept: Medium- and long-ranged
SAMs are controlled by radaL Radar-
Missile radar
L SAMsite~ guided missiles appear as yellow lines on
your Tactical Display (left MFD). There are
three types of radar-guided SAMs: beam

Missile homes
on radar
reflections
- Semi-Active
riders, semi-active, and command guid-
ance. All use the same three-step process
to engage targets:
1. Radar search: Search radar scans

~~ulseor
Radar-Guided
Surface-to-Air the sky for alien planes. Search radars scan
Missile an entire 3600 area periodically (watch your
(SA-4, -6, -8 and -11)
/ / Doppler radar (SA-N-4 and SA·N·7) EMV and satellite map for this).
~r 2. Radar tracking: When a search ra-
Missile radar
dar finds your plane, it "hands off" the
prospective target to a narrow-beam fire
L SAMsite~
control radar, usually running on a differ-
ent frequency, which locks onto your craft

Command link
Mis~ile homes
on radar
reflections
.,/'
- (the "TRAK" light illuminates).
3. Radar control: When the operators
are sure the beam is tracking correctly
they launch a missile (The "RAD" light
Semi-Active with
tomi"il~ Doppler radar Command Guidance illuminates).
Surface-to-Air Missile The narrow-beam radar continues
(SA-lO and SA·I2) tracking your plane so the missile'scourse
(SA-N·6)
e i
Missile radar
can be updated and corrected. There are
two common methods of doing this, the
older "beam rider" (or "command guid-
L SAMsite~ ance") technique, and the newer "semi-
active homing" technique.

79
 Beam Rider SANs: While the narrow-beam radar continues tracking you, the
SAM guides along the beam. As long as the tracking beam remains on your plane, the
SAM will hit.
Semi-Active SANs: Semi-active SAMs have radar receivers and computers on
board. The tracking radar on the ground "paints" the target with a radar beam and the
missile's nose receiver" catches" the reflections. The missile homes on these reflections
until it hits you.
Command Guidance SANs: These modern missiles use semi-active guid-
ance, but the firer has a command link to the missile, as welL which he can use to
override the semi-active guidance. This means that if the missile loses guidance or is
otherwise confused, the ground controller can turn the missile around and try again.

Evading Radar-Guided SANs

Decoys & Missiles
Reduce ENV: The basic way to evade radar-guided SAMs is to
Decoy disappear from their radar. If their signals are just barely overlapping
\(-) ~ ~~2
~----~~
your EMV, you should find a way to simply "disappear." Obviously, the
further you are from the enemy radar, the weaker the signal. Therefore
F-117A launches F-1l7A beyond you may wish to simply turn and run, until the signal is too weak to" see"
decoy missile's field you. If the enemy is a Doppler radar, at various points you should turn
of view
\/ parallel to the radar. When you do, his signal weakens. Also, reducing
your altitude, lowering your engine power, and levelling out your flight will
2 1 help. Make sure your bay is closed, your gear up, and the ECM jammer is off.
Decoys: A decoy will fool enemy radar for 20 to 60 seconds,
depending on the skill of the enemy. During this time missiles (and
aircraft) will pursue the decoy instead of you. This gives you a perfect
opportunity to outmaneuver the missile by escaping its 45° field of view.
ECN: Your ECM (electronic counter-measures) radar jammer is an
excellent defense against beam-riders. As long as it's running they are
45° flying blind, and therefore unable to hit you. ECM jammers are useful
";' Missile field only at long range against semi-active SAMs. Remember that if you
\ of view continue flying toward a jammed semi-active missile, eventually it will
1 1 Missile "burn through" and start homing on you.
I Caution: ECM jamming makes a lot of noise. Therefore, don't use a
At point #1 the F-1l7A drops a decoy. The jammer against semi-active SAMs unless you're going to tum away.
missile homes on the decoy while the F -117 A Chaff: Each chaff cartridge deploys a cloud of tiny tin-foil strips
continues forward. At point #2 the F-1l7A is that reflect enemy radar. For two or more seconds the strips form a huge
now beyond the missile's "field of view". Once
the missile passes the decoy, it will see no
radar reflector, effectively blinding the missile, like a smoke screen.
target and fly off blindly. Therefore, the classic chaff technique is to wait until the missile is just
a couple seconds away (i.e., when the Missile Proximity Klaxon sounds).

80
 At that instant, tap Chaff (l) to fire a chaff cartridge and turn away. The blinded missile
will fly straight into the chaff. Warning: Chaff may not fool a Doppler-guided missile
(such as SA-lO, SA-12, SA-N-6, or AA-IO). In this case, you mustturn perpendicular to the
missile (see "Outmaneuvering Missiles" below).
Warnings and Responses: Your F-117 A gives you four separate warnings that
you are under missile attack:
1. Your first warning of a radar SAM attack appears on your EMV scale and your
HUD when enemy search radar finds you; you'll notice the search radar signal overlap
your EMV, the EMV light illuminates briefly, a warning beep sounds, and a message
appears on the HUD.
2. Your second warning is when the narrow-beam tracking radar locks onto your
plane, setting off the "TRAK" light on your console, and ini tiating another warning tone.
During these stages reducing the EMV is your best response.
3. Your third and most important warning comes when a missile has been
launched and is tracking you: the "RAD" missile warning light begins flashing and
another message stating the type of missile launched appears on your HUD. Reducing
your EMV at this point may derail the enemy attack. but if you're too close to the radar
you must use other defenses. Against a beam-rider turn on the ECM jammer (tap ECM
(4)) and change course. Against a semi-active missile either jam with ECM or drop a
decoy, then change course (some pilots use both - decoy first. then the jammer for
insurance). However, this technique only makes sense if you can escape the missile's
45° field of view before the decoy and/or ECM effects end.
4. Your final warning is the Missile Proximity Klaxon, which sounds when the
missile is just a few of seconds away. Check the console - if the "RAD" light is flashing
then a radar missile is inbound. Immediately drop a chaff cartridge and turn away.
Infrared (18) Concept: Short-range SAMs are usually IR-homing. IR missiles appear as red
HomingSAMs lines onyour Tactical Display (left MFD). Like radar-guided SAMs, the largest and most
powerful use a three-step process to find and engage you:
1. Radar search: A search radar finds your aircraft (watch the EMV scale).
2. Radar tracking: A tracking radar follows your aircraft (the "TRAK" light).
3. Missile launch: The IR homing missile is launched (the "IR" light).
For the remainder of the flight to the target. tracking radar is unnecessary, because
the missile guides itself.
Some shorter-ranged IR SAMs use a much simpler method:
1. Search: The enemy detects you either with search radar or simple eyesight.
2. Missile lock-on: The missile "locks-on" to hot surfaces of your plane.
3. Missile launch: The missile is launched and guides itself to the target.

81
 Shoulder-Launched IR SANs: The existence of man-portable IR SAMs makes
your life difficult. The enemy frequently waits until point-blank range to launch these
missiles, the preferred technique being to launch them during your attack run.
Carried by infan trymen, in trucks and jeeps, or stacked inside a building door, they
are virtually undetectable until fired. Wherever significant enemy military ground
forces are deployed you can expect to encounter these weapons. This includes rear
area headquarters and depots as well as front-line troops (you'll know where these
concentrations are expectted to be from your intelligence briefing).
First-generation IR Homers: Early IR-homing systems required a large heat
signature to "lock-on" to. The only area of a jet hot enough was the engine exhaust, so
the missile wouldn't "lock-on" until aimed at the rear of the plane. Further, the homing
head wasn't sophisticated or sensitive enough to distinguish between the jet exhaust
and the sun - or even hot rocks on the ground.
Your IR jammer is almost guaranteed to confuse first-generation IR-homers. As
long as you leave the jammer on, the missile will be unable to follow your plane.
Remember, though, that the jammer slows you down, and eventually overheats, which
shuts it off automatically.
You can even outmaneuver first-generation IR missiles by turning tightly toward
them. This "rotates" your hot exhaust away from the missile's view. The missile may try
to turn and follow, but a tight enough turn always outmaneuvers it (see "Outmaneu-
vering Missiles").
Second-generation IR Homers: Modern IR-homing systems are far more
effective. They are fine-tuned to "recognize" temperature variations typical of aircraft,
including not only the exhaust, but all surfaces heated by air friction. This heating
typically occurs at the nose, wing roots, and across the upper surfaces of the plane.
Your IR jammer is effective only at long ranges against second-generation IR-homers.
Evading 1ft SANs Reduce ENV: Unfortunately, reducing your EMV has no effect upon IR SAMs
already launched, bu t if you become invisible to search radar, it can prevent the enem y
from launching others. EMV reduction methods are the same as described above.
Decoys: A decoy will fool enemy IR missiles for 15 to 60 seconds. Tactics are
therefore like those for decoys against radar-guided missiles - get outside the missile's
view before the decoy expires.
IR Jammers: This device is a heat strobe that sends out heat pulses that confuse
a missile's guidance system. Unfortunately this equipment employs a generator to
provide power, reducing your airspeed by roughly 15%. In addition, it shuts down
before it overheats and melts and will not function again until sufficiently cooled.

82
 First-generation IR missiles are easily confused at almost any range by the IR
jammer, but second-generation IR missiles are more "intelligent." They are "fooled" by
IR jammers only at long ranges (in fact. at closer ranges, some second-generation IR
seekers actually lock onto the jammer). It is, therefore, unwise - and sometimes
dangerous - to leave a jammer running when second-generation IR missiles are close.
Flares: Although called "flares," these are small, finely tuned heat decoys. A flare
lures IR missiles toward it. but only during the 2-5 seconds it burns. After that the flare
dies and the missile resumes seeking. Therefore, wait for the Missile Proximity Klaxon,
drop a flare, then turn away.
Warnings and Responses: Your first warning of an IR missile attack may be
identical to that of a radar-guided one: your EMV light illuminates briefly, you hear a
warning beep, and a message appears on the HUD. At that point it's impossible to tell
whether the detecting radar site will launch an IR or radar-guided SAM. However,
when the missile is launched, the "IR" missile warning light begins flashing and you
receive a message on the HUD announcing the type of missile launched.
In many cases, however, your first warning of an IR attack is the "IR" missile
warning light. because many IR SAMs don't use search radar- just eyesight searching.
If you know the missile is a first-generation, (which you will if you've studied up on
enemy SAMs), you can turn on the IR jammer and change course. Otherwise, you'll have
to wai t for the Missile Proximity Klaxon - which may be a very short time because many
IR missiles are fired from very short ranges. Often, the flashing "IR" light is followed
almost immediately by the klaxon. When you hear the klaxon and see the "IR" light
flashing, your first act must be to drop a flare and dodge!
Alternatively, of course, you can outmaneuver the missile - if you're really good.

Outmaneuvering It's important to remember that defense devices aren't perfect. Some missiles can
Missiles "burn through" ECM, all continue seeking after your decoy or chaff expires, and
Doppler missiles will ignore chaff if you're on the wrong course. Therefore, it's
important to maneuver out of the missile's field of view when the defense expires. If you
don't, the missile may re-acquire you and resume tracking! (A truly skillful pilot may
outmaneuver an enemy missile without any mechanical aid. Smart pilots normally use
both their equipment and their skills.)
Techniques for outmaneuvering IR missiles and radar missiles are essentially the
same. But since IR missiles tend to be smaller and more maneuverable - second-
generation IRs are often the most maneuverable - you're best off relying on decoys,
jammers, and/or flares against them.

83
 Evading the Missile's View: SAMs can only "home" on targets within the
acquisition arc of their seeker. This arc is a bare 45° directly in front of the missile. If
decoys, jammers, or whatever temporarily confuse a missile, you can evade attack by
moving outside this 45° a rc. Usually the q uickes t escape course is one perpendicular
to the missile's heading.
Turning inside a Missile: When a missile is close, you still have a chance to
outmaneuver it, because you can turn faster than it can. If a missile is trying to fly up
your tail. roll over onto a wingtip for a tight turn, then pull straight back on the control
stick. Keep an eye on your airspeed because the plane will soon the plane will stall in
this attitude, but the missile makes a wider turn, causing it to zoom past harmlessly.
Turning toward a
Missile: If a SAM ap-
Turning Inside a Missile Turning Toward a Missile proaches you from the side,
gradually turn toward it.
increasing the tightness of
your turn as it comes closer.
The objective is to keep the
missile's course at right
angles (perpendicular) to
+-- your own. This tactic works
3
because the missile can-
not turn with you. Instead it
gradually falls behind,
zooming past your tail.
2
Evading Frontal
Attacks: If a SAM ap-
proaches you from the front,
wai t un til its between 8 and
12 km away (about two
thirds of a grid square on
the tactical display). Then
2' make a quick 90° turn. This
puts the missile facing your
Here an F -117 A is evading a missile using side. Now roll over 180° and
maneuvering power alone- its tighter turn- turn toward the m issile.
Here your F -117 A turns so tightly the mis- ing circle. As the F-1117A turns, the missile
sile can't "stay with you" and passes harm- tries to turn toward it. but cannot turn fast
lessly off tothe right. This is a common tactic enough. The missile falls be hind the F -117 A
for evading IR homing missiles. and passes harmlessly.

84

The " Doppler Cross" Missile Evasion
Doppler Missiles: Enemy missiles with Doppler guidance sys-
tems are a special danger. These missiles will not home on chaff unless
your course is perpendicular (at right angles to) the missile. If the missile
chases you from the rear or attacks from straight ahead. chaff has no
effect. Only three SAMs currently have Doppler guidance: the SA-lO.
SA-12. and SA-N-S. Only one air-to-air missile has Doppler guidance:
theAA-lO.

The Fl17 A observes an enemy Doppler-

guided SAM approaching (SA-lD, SA-12 or
SA-N-6), and until his course is perpendicu-
lar (at right angles to) the missile, as shown
in position #1. Then the F1l7A drops chaff (as
shown) or a decoy, and continues on a per-
pendicular course, keeping at he missile at a
constant range. Flying on a different course
can be disastrous, as the missile will .. see the
Doppler shift as you change range.

85
 AIR.TO·AIR DUELS
The MicroProse F -117A (wi th "enhanced capabili ty") carries two types of AAMs; the
USIKG AIM-120 AMRAAM and the AIM-9M "Sidewinder." (The Lockheed F -117A carries no air-
AIR·TO·AIR to-air weapons at all; it's never expected to be seen by enemy fighters, much less go out
MISSILES looking for a fight with them.) Like all your missiles, these AAMs are self-guided, "fire-
(AAMS) and-forget" weapons that are easy to use and possibly the world's best. The techniques
for targeting and firing these weapons are identical to those for other self-guided
missiles (see page 68).
AIM·120 AMRAAMS: Your AIM-120 AMRAAM missile is one of the best me-
dium-range weapons in the world. It is the only "fire and forget" radar-guided missile
in US inventory. It has sufficient circuitry to penetrate most defenses, and maneuver-
ability enough to chase down most enemy fighters, not to mention bombers and
transports. Because the AIM-l 20 has roughly twice the range of the Sidewinder, pilots
typically open with the AIM-120, then switch to Sidewinders if any enemy aircraft
survive to that range.
AIM·9M Sidewinders: The short-range AIM-9M Sidewinder is probably the
best dogfighting missile in the world. It is more maneuverable than the AMRAAM,
giving it a better chance of "hanging on" to a twisting, turning target. Since it is IR-
guided, the best place to fire the Sidewinder is up the enemy's tailpipes. Next is from
above, diving down onto the top (hot side) of the enemy plane. The third best position
is directly into the enemy's nose. Shots against an enemy plane as it crosses in front or
you, or at its underside (the cold side) have very little chance of hitting. The main
weakness of the Sidewinder is its limited range.
Missile Ranges: The maximum range of a missile depends not only on its motor,
but your plane's speed at launch and the direction of enemy movement. The initial
"lock-on" range corresponds to missile maximum range if you're at maximum speed.
However, if you're moving more slowly, the missile may not get the extra boost needed
to reach the target.
A much more important consideration is the enemy's heading relative to you. If he's
flying toward you, even a maximum range launch is likely to reach him. However, if the
target is flying away the missile may have a long "stern chase" ahead of it. You should
probably wait for optimal lock-on before launching.

86
 Technique: When firing a missile, always remember to open the bay doors, and
wait for the lock-on. If you don't wait for the target box to become oval-shaped, you're
firing without lock-on, and will almost certainly miss. Then look at your airspeed. If
you're moving fast (around 500 kts) or the target is closing, a maximum range lock-on
shot will probably hit. However, if your speed is low or the target is flying away you
should wait until the range closes, ideally until the oval turns red.
Missile accuracy doesn't take into account enemy defensive equipment or evasive
maneuvering. First-line and elite fighter aircraft may prove more difficult to hit.
Although the "Mainstay" AEW&C craft maneuvers poorly, it has superior defensive
equipment. You may find that guns are necessary against Mainstays flown by a
capable crew.
Firing Attitude: Also remember that AAMs, like other missiles, will fall 300-400'
before their motor can guide them away. Until then the missile has your speed and VVI.
If you're diving at the ground, the missile may slam into the ground before it can fly
away. Firing in a tight turn, or while inverted, can cause the missile to tumble as it
leaves the weapons bay. The wisest method is to fire only when you're level and above
500 feet.
Target Discrimination: Sidewinders and AMRAAMs always home on the
most prominent target. which is usually the nearest. They will do so even if you were
tracking someone else. In Cold and Limited War, beware of this limited "brainpower"
in your missiles. You may be tracking a primary or secondary target. fire a missile, and
discover it goes for one of the closer fighter escorts!
N otes: Your F -117A uses a Tracking Camera instead of weapon guidance radars.
This system "downloads" appropriate launch parameters to the AIM-120 AMRAAM.
Although the AIM-120 itself uses radar, it is not activated until the missile is launched.
As a result. missile targeting does not increase your EMV. Of course, opening the bay
doors to fire does. A skillful stealth pilot opens the bay doors just before a launch, or
during a dogfight.
The Lockheed F -117 A does not have a cannon of any sort. because it's not expected
USING THE to need one; so if you prefer flying the Lockheed version, you can ignore the following.
20MMVULCAN The MicroProse F-l17A will definitely need a cannon, and does, of course, carry a good one.
Jet aircraft travel so fast that conventional machine guns and cannon cannot
guarantee a hit: a plane could literally fly between the shells. Therefore, modern
aircraft cannon are either a group of guns (such as the twin 23mm cannons in many
Russian MiGs) or a multi-barrel Gatling gun (such as the six-barrel 20mm M61Al
on most American jets). Aircraft cannon have an effective range of about 0.5-3 km
and a maximum range of 6 km. Inside 0.5 km there is a significant danger of
"collateral damage."

87
 More Aboullhe Hislorical Gunsighl: Your F -117A has the most modern and
advanced gunsight available: a "historical" gunsight with automatic laser range-
finding. If you're not tracking a target, this gun sight "assumes" you are firing at
maximum range (6 km). If you're tracking a closer target, the shorter range is used for
gun sight calculations.
The gunsight computer constantly calculates range, flight path, and ballistics and
displays where your shells would be if they were hitting the target now. The gun sight
continually calculates firing, delays the appropriate time and displays potential hits
as they would occur. Therefore, the sight is "assuming" you fired at the correct time in
the past.
The gun sight on your F -117A uses a laser range-finder slaved to the Tracking
Camera, rather than the traditional ranging radar. This means you can use your gun
without increasing your EMV; however, when you begin firing, of course, you create
heat and this makes you more detectable.
Anlicipalion Firing in Air-Io-Air Engagemenls: It takes about six seconds
for M61Al 20mm shells to travel the maximum 6 kilometer range. Therefore, to hit a
target you must judge the speed at which the target and your sight converge. You
should fire about six seconds before they meet. If the range is less than 6 km, wait a Ii ttle
less. For example, at 3 km wait until target and sight are three seconds apart; at 1.5 km
wait until target and sight are one second apart. and so on.
You can use this sight like an old fashioned predicting sight. That is, wait until the
sight is on the target, then shoot. But at 6 km range you'll have to hope the target stays
on the same course for six seconds to insure a hit.
In short. the key to using a historical gun sight is anticipation. Don't wait for the
sight to reach the target. Instead, learn to anticipate the meeting of sight and target,
then shoot.
The best way to meet the enemy is to surprise him by sliding up behind him. Enemy
DEALING WITH aircraft have only forward-facing radars (except the IL-76 "Mainstay" AEW&C craft)
THE ENEMY and will probably be unaware of your approach if you come up from behind.
Ambush Traditionally fighter pilots prefer to attack from above. This gives them an energy
advantage in any dogfight. but missile tactics and the importance of secrecy make
height less valuable for a stealth pilot. Gaining altitude makes you visible to enemy
radar, which in turn may warn your targets. Therefore, approaching low and from
behind is often wiser. Only if your missile attacks fail and the enemy discovers you
should you begin to seek an altitude advantage.

88
 If you're surprised or "bounced" (attacked from above) by enemy fighters, immedi-
ately look for incoming missiles and take appropriate defensive action. Missiles arrive
faster than aircraft. and therefore must be avoided first. Only then can you begin
dogfighting or attempt to escape.

Missile Exchange
The Early Turn
on a head-to-head pass Often an air-to-air battle begins soon after you've de-

Fl17A t stroyedatarget, and enemy fighters are vectored to intercept.

The result, quite frequently, is a head-to-head face-off.
In this Old West-style showdown each side starts
1#1 with an exchange of long- to medium-ranged radar-
guided missiles. Be prepared to decoy, jam, and possibly
#4 ~ chaff the "incoming." Once your radar missile is away,

(I
switch to a Sidewinder. You may get a second close-
range missile shot if the AMRAAM fails .
The Early Turn: One of the most difficult, but

#4 ~
~~ *
if3 ..;/ MiG t
react: / Fl17 A begins
useful maneuvers in a head-to-head match is the early
tum. Against inexperienced pilots it's easy, since green-
horns usually keep boring in, hoping for a cannon shot.
Against experienced opponents an early tum requires

~
early turn
fine timing; if you tum more than a second or two ahead
Fl17 A is turning ~
toward MiG's tail r-- ~
of the enemy you're telegraphing your intentions. If you
wait too long, you get no advantage.
#3

Dealing with Enemy IlAMs

Radar-Homing AAMs: The RussianAA-lOAlamo
is a "fire and forget" missile just like your AIM-120
#2~ AMRAAM. All other Russian radar-guided weapons are
semi-active homers, which means that the firer must
continue to "paint" you with radar, because the missile
I homes on the reflected radar energy.
#l~ You avoid radar-homing AAMs just like SAMs (see
"Evading Radar-Guided SAMs," page 80). That is, use
reduced EMV, ECM jamming, and ultimately chaff.
An F1l7A executes an "early turn " against a MiG fighter.
Decoys can be very effective. Note that the MiG-2S and
Note that by position #4 the Fl17A is already closing on the MiG-31 carry extremely long-ranged radar AAMs.
MiG's tail. Low EMV, ECM and decoy tactics are especially effective
against these weapons.

89
 IR.Homing AAMs: All IR-homing AAMs are self-guided, "fire and forget" weap-
ons. Ofthese the AA-8 is the most dangerous because of its second-generation IR seeker
and great maneuverability. If enemy MiGs and Sukhois close to AA-8 range (8 km)
you're often in big trouble.
Techniques to evade IR AAMs are the same as those used against IR SAMs (see
"Evading IR-Guided SAMs," page 82). That is, use the IR jammer at long range, flares
at short range; decoys also work.
In practice, many IR-homers are fired at short ranges during a dogfight. This
means you've got to leap onto the IR jammer when you get a launch warning, then
dodge out of the missile's 45° field of view immediately. At dogfighting ranges missile
flight times are very short - you don't have time to fool around! If this fails, or you delay
too long, the Missile Proximity Klaxon will go off. Now you've got bare seconds to react:
dump a flare immediately and dodge.
The older AA-2, AA-6, and AA-7 use first-generation seekers. The enemy must get
on your tail before these missiles lock on. Keep him off your tail and you avoid this en tire
class of weaponry.
Dogfighting The essential rule in dogfighting is to get on the enemy's tail. On all fighter aircraft,
Maneuvers guns and missile guidance systems only face forward . If you're on the enemy's tail. you
can shoot andhe cannot. If you can't get on his tail. at least try to place his aircraft ahead
of you as much as possible, so you have the maximum number of firing opportunities.
Maintaining higher speed or altitude is valuable in a dogfight. A plane slower and
lower can only dodge attacks. A plane faster or higher can attack or retreat as desired.
Having a higher speed or altitude is termed the "energy advantage."
If the enemy is behind you, there are various classic escape maneuvers: Turning
Inside, the Scissors, the Immelmann, the Split-S, and the Yo-Yo. Not only should you
master them, but also learn to recognize them.
Turning Inside: The simplest solution to an enemy plane coming up behind you
is - tum toward him. If you're turning faster than he, you'll gradually circle around and
get on his tail. This kind of a "tum match" is frequently seen when greenhorns dogfight.
Of course, if the enemy is turning faster than you, he will eventually come around
behind you. If this happens try something else immediately. The longer you wait the
worse it gets, until he lines up a shot and toasts you.

90
 Scissors: A more complex way to
Scissors Tum out-tum an enemy aircraft is the scissors
maneuver. Begin a tum toward him, but
Fl17 A in firing posi lion ,
once he begins to tum with you, quickly
~ ------- \I~- roll over to tum in the other direction. This
~ ------- ~~.--..-
opens the scissors. As the enemy realizes

11// you've turned away and turns toward you

again, you reverse the procedure and roll
back toward him again. If your turns were

~
~ ttl)
MiG sees enemy behind,
turns toward him
quicker and tighter than his, and/or you're
a slower plane, he will eventually pass
#5 in front of you. This allows you to get onto
his tail.
~ ~5 Fl17 A ignores difficult
Novice pilots trying to tum with you

( )Fll~~~~":~:~:~:
reverses agam to
close scissors
can be lured into a scissors with ease.
Even if their planes tum better, their slow
reactions to each scissor opening and
closing will quickly give you the edge.

"~ ;1(" More experienced enemies may avoid this

tactic by anticipating your next tum and
blasting you (if they're less maneuver-

\
able), or by pulling up and over in a Y0- Yo

~";:~;;~:::,"
(if they're faster).

#3 ~ ~ F1l7A turns toward

"'" \ ~nemy, luring him
'\ mtoa turn

#2 ~ ~#l

#1
I
A
~
MiGbehindFl17A
but moving faster

91
 Immelmann Turn: This maneuver

---'--------.
Immelmann Tum is an excellent way to reverse direction
quickly. First you perform a half loop up-
'-- ;~ wards to reverse direction, then a half roll
Half roll to right your aircraft. If an enemy aircraft
is behind you, an Immelmann can bring
Half loop
you nose-to-nose with him. Note that an
Immelmann gives you to an altitude gain
but costs speed, since a half-loop upward
slows you down significantly.
-----~-----
Splil-S Turn: This maneuver
complements the Immelmann. Begin by
Split-STurn rolling inverted, then pull the stick back to
-
..---"
----+--.-,., half-loop downward. Many pilots begin
the loop before the roll is completed, roll-
Half roll
ing the plane while looping. The Split-S
causes you to lose considerable altitude,
Half loop so it's often wise to reduce throttle and/or
(reduce throttle on lower half to use speed brakes to minimize altitude loss.

Yo-Yo Tum
----- -------..
minimize altitude loss) The Split-S complements the Immel-
mann because you gain speed and lose
altitude. Unwary fighter pilots have
sometimes tried to SpIit-S into or away
from the enemy without remembering their
(by a MiG}

~~
altitude. The result can be a Split-S right
into the ground!
Yo-Yo Turn: This maneuver is used
MiG finishes yo-yo ~ . . mainly by higher-speed jets against
with diving attack lfr' MIG begms yo-yo
slower opponents. Therefore the relatively
~~ slow F-117A has Ii ttle occasion to use it.
However, you may see enemy MiGs at-
Escape,_ k--
~ - -
#1 # 1 - - tempting it against you! This tum also re-
#2 F-lJ7A must realize quiresexcellentcockpitvisibility,something
~ what's happening here the F-1l7A definitely lacks.
#3" :, MiGbiastsFlJ7A
"
To evade attack, at #2 the FlJ 7A
should have half -rolled and
turned inapposite direction

92
 In a Y0- Yo turn you climb and roll toward the enemy - until he's visible out the top
of your canopy. Then pull over into a dive while still turning. During the dive you roll
the plane to help line up your shot. Very often you'll take that shot while inverted.
Because a Yo-Yo requires good spatial perception, first practice it using the Slot
View (if alone) or Tacti View. In combat conditions switching to a wide angle view is
extremely helpful in pulling the HUD around onto the enemy after you come over the
top. Then you can switch back to normal view ag9in.
In effect a Yo-Yo is a very big turn in three dimensions. Most of the turn radius is
"consumed" with the climbing and diving, allowing a faster plane to travel farther and
turn wider, yet still come out on the tail of the more maneuverable plane. American F-
4 Phantom pilots used this maneuver with great success against slower but more
maneuverable MiG-21s over North Vietnam during the Vietnam war.
Note that the best defense against a Yo-Yo is to reverse your tum, or to use the third
dimension yourself (usually by going into a split-S).

Enemy Guns The enemy has cannon equivalent to yours in range and power. However, the
enemy still uses old "predicting" gunsigh ts. This means they are required to get behind
you before they can make a decent shot. In addition, all but the most elite pilots will
be slow to fire, since they must place the gunsight on the target and keep it there to
score a hit.
If you sense the enemy is behind you and ready to fire cannons, "jinking" (small,
violent moves in random directions) can throw off his aim.

93
 MISSION TYPES
Rules of Engagement (ROE) set forth guidelines restricting what targets a pilot can
RULES OF and cannot attack and to what extent you may expose your fighter. In Cold and Limited
ENGAGEMENT War situations it is imperative that the enemy not know exactly who or what performed
the attack. This allows the politicians to say whatever they want.

Cold War In Cold War situations the State Department must have "deniability" for every
mission. If the mission is successful and the political climate good, the US may claim
credit for the deed. In other cases, however, America may not wish to attach its name
to the action.
You may attack and destroy specified targets only. Engagement of other targets is
prohibited unless if they fire first, or have spotted your plane. You must avoid visual
detection by the enemy. Enemy air or ground forces that do detect you should be
destroyed, to prevent embarrassing disclosures. Neutrals are considered friendly at all
times, and you should avoid detection by them at all costs.
You are warned when enemy radar returns are good enough to spot your craft, or
when enemy aircraft come close enough to visually identify you. These enemies should
be destroyed, although the effort can be counterproductive if the attack generates lots
of additional sightings!

Limited War The State Department may require deniability, since American aid to the com-
batants may need to be secret. However, since there is a war, and military targets are
being destroyed, you will be rewarded for destroying enemy military targets.

95
 Conventional You may attack and destroy specified targets only. Other targets with active
War weaponry (i.e., which could attack your craft) may be attacked. You may attack these
military targets even if they haven't seen you yet. You must never attack non-military
targets unless required by orders. Neutrals are considered friendly at all times, and you
should avoid detection by them.
In a Conventional War you are allowed unrestricted conventional attacks on
enemy territory. This includes civilian targets formerly forbidden . However, targets
that represent an immediate military threat are most important. Therefore, destroying
enemy aircraft, airbases, SAMs, radars, depots, HQs, etc., gives more reward than
bridges, oil refineries, oil wells and platforms, etc. Even conventional wars are fought
for short-term goals (such as the Grenada invasion in 1983, the Falklands Islands
campaign of 1984, and Desert Storm of 1991).
You must attack and destroy all targets specifically required by your orders. In
addition, any other targets in enemy territory may be destroyed, including civilian
targets. If able to select additional targets, select those with immediate military
capability first. Neutrals are considered friendly at all times, and you should avoid
detection by them.
Here an important personage is travelling by plane; your job is to make sure he
AIR· TO· AIR doesn't arrive! The plane takes off about the same time as your own. Remember that his
MISSIONS plane, your objective, is the flashing dot on the satellite map (left MFD).
Ambushing a Although it's possible to just fly to his destination and wait, roving fighter patrols
Leader or local air defenses will eventually spot you. In general, the wiser approach is to find
the best way to" sneak through" enemy patrols and SAM radars to intercept him en route .
In Limited or Conventional War you can take down his plane and escort with
AMRAAMs. In a Cold War situation you'll need to close for a clean Sidewinder or gun
shot. Remember, though, that if the fighter escorts get avisual ID on your plane you must
"zap" them too. If your attack location is well away from any ground radars or Mainstay
AEW&C planes, you can attack from above, hi t your man, drop a decoy to confuse them,
and zoom away with maximum speed at low altitude (say 200').
Intercepting In this mission you know a transport plane, accompanied by fighters, will head for
Terrorists or friendly territory. Your objective is to eliminate them before they arrive. The problem is,
Commandos you don't know their destination.
As you take off, watch the enemy aircraft carefully. Circle around a bit, observing
their course un til you can guess their objective. Once you know their goal, it's easy pick
a nice quiet spot to ambush them. Often you can stay in friendly territory all the way!

96
 Eliminating a Enemy fighter groups usually patrol near their own air defense systems, and are
Fighter Patrol supported by Mainstay AEW&C planes, so going in after them can cause quite a battle.
One trick to avoid this mess is to publicize your presence in a nearby area with little or
no SAM coverage, and with no nearby airbases. If you can lure the fighter patrol to this
spot, the battle may be much easier.
Once you've "dangled the lure," take a low profile, so you can ambush the enemy
figh ters as they arrive. As in many other aspects of modem warfare, getting the first shot
is a big advantage.
Destroying a In most cases you must chase an enemy plane on its way home. Catch and attack
Recon Bomber him as quickly as possible. The longer you delay, the closer he gets to SAM cover and
fighter aid. This is one mission where climbing to a higher altitude can be rewarding
- you travel faster and farther at high altitude.
Attacking a These aircraft cruise deep behind their own lines, guarded by SAMs and closely
Cruise Missile escorted by fighters . Given the defenses, attacking these planes is like hitting a ground
target. You need to sneak or punch your way through defenses, elude counterattacks,
Bomber and blast the primary, just like a strike mission.
Taking Down the The IL-76 "Mainstay" AEW&C plane is the most difficult aircraft target. Sooner or
Mainstay later its radar will see you, forcing you to fight through fighters and SAMs to reach it.
Make your approach as stealthy as possible. Destroying one or two crucial SAM radar
sites on your way in can be useful- it opens a radar-free corridor to the target, and at
the same time may draw off enemy interceptors, perhaps even some of the Mainstay's
fighter escort.
Dropping off or picking up items deep behind enemy territory seems rather
STRIKE straightforward. After all, you don't have to fly into SAM batteries or go head-to-head
MISSIONS with fighter patrols.
Secret Airstrips Instead, a secret airstrip challenges your flying skill. You must manage a landing
wi thout an ILS to guide you. Worse, the strip is only half the length of a normal runway.
You must land gently, at low speed (under 160 kts, preferably), and touch down near the
start. Otherwise you'll roll off the other end and crash! To make matters worse, the
strip's lights are only for a limited time. Make a note of the time the lights go off, then
periodically check the Waypoints screen on the right MFD to see how much time you've
got. Once the lights are out landing is virtually impossible.
Airdrops In these missions your job is to avoid action and just fly over a radio beacon that's
quite clear on your HUD. The only real worry is reaching the beacon before it is turned
off. Make note of the "turn off" time and periodically check the Waypoints screen. Once
the beacon turns off there's no way to find the drop site.

97
 Photo Recon Photo runs over enemy troop concentrations and/or near SAMs are especially
Runs nerve-wracking. You may need to take out a SAM before making the run. If shoulder-
fired SAMs infest the area, your only hope is to dump a decoy before your start. run your
IR jammer as long as you can, and/or periodically dump flares.

Striking SANs Destroying a SAM battery requires that you "sneak up" on it as best you can, then
nail the radar first with a Maverick or HARM. With the radar out of action, the missiles
are helpless. Unless there are other SAMs nearby you can have a strafing "picnic" until
a fighter patrol shows up.
Remember that the safest place around a SAM battery is directly above it. The
radar cannot look straight up, and the longer-ranged missiles (such as the SA-2, -5, -10
and -12) have a minimum range of 4 to 5 km.
Hitting the The Severomorsk submarine pens in the North Cape are a unique and special
Sub Pens at target. These must be attacked by toss bombing from the north: you must place an F AE
through the sea doors. This means flying straight at the mountain and pulling up at the
Severomorsk last second.
Beware of the Krivak-class frigates patrolling to seaward of this base.
Sinking Ships Don't underestimate enemy warships, especially those of the Soviet Northern
Fleet. The larger ships have exceptionally good radar and very powerful SAMs. Patrol
ships can be knocked out with a single missile, but a task force has so many ships that
any close approach means you'll be dodging missiles left and right.
When fighting a Conventional War with Libya, or in the Persian Gulf, be careful
about attacking merchant ships. Avoid those on the high seas or near friendly coast-
lines; only attack ships close to enemy ports or shore. Otherwise, you could end up
hitting a neutral ship by accident.

98
 AREAS OF CONFLICT
Since the overthrow of the pro-US Shah in 1979, Iran has been ruled by Shi'ite
THE PERSIAN radicals. In September, 1980, Iraq attacked Iran, beginning a costly war. Both combat-
GULF: 198 4 ants are viewed with distrust by the Arab states along the Persian Gulf. Iran's use of
Introduction international terrorism as a tool of foreign policy has not improved the nation's image.
Level of Conflict Cold War: Iran's use of terrorism has been very effective to date. America's
confused response to the hostage crisis in the early 1980s created a dangerous rift
between the two nations.
Limited War: Iran and Iraq have been fighting a limi ted war since 1980. US forces
may eventually become involved in assuring the continued flow of oil through the
Straits of Hormuz.
Conventional War: The Soviets could invade Iran as part of a wider NATO-
Warsaw Pact conflict, or as a counter to the Shi'ite radicals, who would like to spread
their revolution to the USSR's Moslem population.
Iranian Military Under the Shah, Iran's oil-rich finances were invested in US military equipment.
Forces Since the revolution many of these complex weapons have failed for lack of spare
parts and maintenance, while many of the rest have been damaged or destroyed in the
Iraq war.
Air Defenses: MIM-23B "Hawk" batteries are Iran's longest-ranged SAMs. Ra-
pier batteries, sold by Britain to Iran, are fast, but shorter-ranged, and hindered by a fire
control system that is primarily visual. The Tigercat, an antiquated British design,
appears in less-important areas. Many Tigercat sites have little or no radar, since the
missile is designed for visual control. The Seacat is a naval version of the Tigercat,
found on Iranian Vosper Mark 5 type frigates.
Air Force: This service arm is composed primarily of US-built aircraft acquired
during the Shah's rule. Before the outbreak of the Iran-Iraq war the Air Force had a
nominal strength of 75 F-14 Tomcats, about 200 F-4D and F-4E Phantom lIs, and 140 F-
5E Tiger lIs. Iranian fighters are equipped with AIM-9H Sidewinders, one of the best
first-generation IR AAMs. The F -4 Phan toms are designed to carry the AIM -7F Sparrow,
a long-range radar-homing missile.
Iran has few naval reconnaissance bombers, and most of those are P-3C Orions
with inoperative electronic gear. However, it's possible that long-range Soviet Tu-95
"Bear" bombers may make an appearance, flying from Afghanistan or Yemen.

99
 IRAQ

· ......... :'KUWAIT
.~:' Neutral ••;,: ••.••••••
'. ................
Zone •• -

SAUDI
ARABIA

As Salamiyah
• UNITED
ARAB EMIRATES "
100
 Iran has a variety of small, medium and large air transports, including the
American C-130 Hercules and Boeing 707 and 747 transports. The exact types available
vary greatly, depending on the supply of spare parts and the presence of knowledge-
able mechanics. Given Iran's dislike of the West, some consider it likely that she
will shop in Russia for the next transports bought, perhaps the new and very flexible
An-72 "Coaler."
Naval Forces: The Iranian Navy has suffered greatly in the Iran-Iraq war, since
most resources go into the army and air force. Many ships were damaged in the fighting
and remain in disrepair; others have deteriorated badly for lack of maintenance.
It is believed that one or more of the four Vosper Mark 5 frigates are still functional.
These LIOO-ton ships include a surface-to-surface missile (SSM), Seacat SAMs, and a
4.5" gun turret. Occasional patrols by these or smaller ships can be expected in the
region of Kharg Island or in the Straits of Hormuz.
Iran's Shi'ite "Guards" also man a large number of fast motorboats called "Mosqui-
toes." The crews carry rocket-propelled grenades to attack shipping, and shoulder-
launched IR SAMs to protect themselves from air and helicopter attack. These boats are
based all along the Iranian coast, especially at Bandar 'Abbas, and at a variety of
offshore oil platforms.
Iranian Cities Upper Khuzestan Triangle - Dezlul. Masjed Soleyman. Ahvaz: These
and Targets cities are the main "rear areas" behind the Iraq-Iran battlefront. They have a variety of
SAMs. Although all originally had airbase facilities, it is believed that only Masjed
Soleyman's is still intact.
Abadan: This city is located at the final junction of the Tigris and Euphrates
Rivers. Numerous battles in and around this area have destroyed a large part of the city.
The surrounding countryside is now reverting to a poisonous marshland in the
aftermath of heavy fighting, which included the use of chemical weapons.
Bandar Khomenyi: This is the main Iranian military base behind the southern
part of the Iran-Iraq front, a major staging base for military supplies and munitions of
all sorts. It has a large airbase, powerful SAM batteries, and a major military HQ.
Kharg Island: This oil-rich island is covered with refineries, storage tanks, and
port facilities. Until the Iran-Iraq war it was the greatest oil terminal in the world.
Repeated attacks have ruined many of the facilities. Now protected by SAM batteries
and missile boats, it is still Iran's main outlet for oil. Beware that some offshore plat-
forms in this vicinity are now used by Shi'ite "Guards" as military bases.
Bushehr: This important coastal city was once a major oil port, but is now
completely overshadowed by neighboring Kharg Island. The military forces on its
airbase and SAM batteries are not always first rate, but it is home port for frigates and
missile boats.

101
 Shiraz: This inland city is one of the largest Iranian cities; it contains the nerve
center for Iran's southern military command. There is an exceptionally large airbase
here, and it is protected by a powerful SAM battery.
Eslahan: Nestled in a a large pass of the Zagros Mountains, Esfahan is the
"gateway" to northwestern Iran. As a transportation and population center it naturally
boasts an airfield, and SAM sites protecting it.
Bandar-e Lengeh: This western city on the Straits of Hormuz has a minor
military base, including an airfield and SAM battery. However, its primary function is
civilian, serving the large oil fields in this area.
Bandar •Abbas: This city is Iran's major military base on the Straits of Hormuz.
Major Iranian Navy elements are based here, as well as the latest SAMs and a large,
well-equipped airbase.
Friendly Bases CVN NimiIz at Sea: This huge aO,OOO-ton nuclear carrier is the class ship of the
latest and most powerful program of aircraft carriers. Normally assigned to the Pacific
Fleet, it is prepared to visit the Indian Ocean at any time.
Ras as SaUaniyah: This is Saudi Arabia's northernmost oil terminal and port
along the Gulf. Its airfield is in a useful strategic location. Basing privileges for a secret
stealth mission can be arranged with the pro-American Saudi monarchy.
Dhahran and AI Hulul: Dhahran is Saudi Arabia's largest city on the Persian
Gulf, making its airfield an unwise choice for stealth aircraft operations. However, the
Al Hufuf airfield slightly inland is a strategically useful and less public position for
basing missions.
As Salamiyah: This small airbase outside of the capital Riyadh is a nice, quiet
location where clandestine missions can be organized easily.
Bahrain: This small island nation is strongly pro-American, providing large
naval and airbase facilities for US military forces.
Neutral Bases Kuwait City: Iranian threats and attacks have caused Kuwai t to seek US mili tary
support. The Kuwait City airport can be used to stage missions that demonstrate US
support of Kuwait. odor emergency landings, but. fearful of increased Iranian hostility,
Kuwait will not grant US basing rights.
Qatar: This small independent nation works hard at neutrality, probably because
it has strong pro-US and strong pro-Iranian factions. Al though missions aren't regularly
staged from here, it is possible to launch specific clandestine missions or carry out
emergency landings.
Ruweiss and Taril in the United Arab Emirates: These small oil ports of
the UAE are not especially friendly to the American cause. But the UAE is a decentral-
ized government, and US pressure in the right places can permit clandestine missions
or emergency landings.

102
 Abu Dhabi and Khali in the UAE: Abu Dhabi is the major city of the UAE,
where neutrali ty is most important. Staging missions or emergency landings from here
is very difficult. but not impossible. The large airfield at Khafi is the most strategically
useful of all UAE airfields - it is the closest base to south-central Iran. But political
problems make the use of this base difficult to impossible.
Muscat in Oman: Oman is careful to remain neutral in all affairs, but is strongly
pro-Western. For example, much of its army is trained and officered by "retired" British
military personnel. The military portion of the Muscat airfield is available for missions
and emergency landings, provided everything remains secret and politically"deniable."
The North Cape area is shared by four nations: Norway, Sweden, Finland, and the
EUROPE·S Soviet Union. Their political orientations parallel their geographic locations: Norway
NORTH CAPE: belongs to NATO, Sweden is a pro-Western neutral. Finland is a pro-Eastern neutral.
1985 and the USSR, of course, leads the Eastern Bloc.
Introduction Cold War: Because of the threat to the Atlantic posed by the Soviet Northern Fleet,
NATO and Soviet forces are constantly sparring with each other, testing the other's
responses and jockeying for position should hostilities erupt. Officially at peace, the
two sides wage a covert conflict of intelligence gathering and military that could tum
deadly in an instant.
Level of Conflict Limited War: If US-Soviet foreign policy were conducted with greater hostility,
the North Cape would be ideal for raids or retaliations.
Conventional War: If the balloon goes up, the Soviet Northern Fleet would
make sorties into the Atlantic; Soviet troops would cross into Norway; Mainstays and
MiGs would cloud the skies. Getting in and out with your skin intact would be very,
very tricky!
Regional Military In terms of global politics, the North Cape is the single most important military
Forces region in the Soviet Union. Murmansk is its only year-round open-sea access to the
Atlantic Ocean. Soviet SSBNs (ballistic missile nuclear submarines), the heart of
nuclear deterrence, sail from here into the Atlantic and Arctic Oceans. The Soviet
Northern Fleet protects these invaluable weapons, as well as maintaining a credible
threat to NATO's Atlantic lifelines.
Norway fields a large, well-equipped force tailored for a dogged defense of its cold,
mountainous homeland. The northern bases have only token Norwegian garrisons, but
NATO plans to strongly reinforce the lightly defended northern areas with air, naval.
and marine forces should the shooting start.
Sweden's armed force s are designed to make the USSR (or anyone) think twice
about violating its neutrality. Swedish forces are well equipped and well trained, and
boast a nationwide reserve system that makes a large part of the citizenry part-time soldiers.

103
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104
 Finland fields a much smaller and less sophisticated force than its neighbors.
Although fiercely independent. Finland has learned to accommodate the desires of its
powerful neighbor, the Soviet Union. The Soviets maintain this "friendly" attitude by
garrisoning powerful military forces near the Finnish border, and strongly encouraging
Finland to buy Soviet military equipment.
Soviet Air The Kola peninsula is vital to the USSR because it provides access to NATO's lines
Defenses of communications. However, its close proximity to Russia makes it particularly
vulnerable to NATO counterstrokes. Consequently, the Kola peninsula is likely to
prove one of the most challenging anti-aircraft environments in the world.
Long-range SANs: The older SA-2s and SA-5s have been undergoing continual
upgrade to SA-lO and SA-12 quality. The entire system is enhanced by the LPAR early
warning radar system at Kirovsk.
Light SANs: Soviet ground forces in this area are outfitted with the usual
battlefield SAMs, including the older SA-9 and SA-13 IR missiles, as well as the newer
SA-8 and SA-II radar guided ones. Mobile infantry carrying SA-7 and SA-14 shoulder-
launched IR SAMs are a significant threat as well. Check out your Intelligence Briefing
for "enemy troops."

The PVO and Fighters: This region is defended partly by PVO (National Air Defense) units, with
Naval Aviation MiG-25 and MiG-31 interceptors using long-range radar-homing AAMs. Naval aviation
fighters operating from carriers or land strips include the Yak-38 V/STOL jet and the
new Su-27 multi-purpose fighter. During wartime shorter-ranged units may arrive,
including MiG-29 and Su-27 dogfighters with short-range IR missiles as well as long-
range radar weapons.
Reconnaissance Bombers: Many long-range Tu-95D "Bears" are based in this
area, to keep tabs on NATO naval activity in the North Atlantic. A nuisance in
peacetime, these planes pose a more serious threat in war. Eliminating them - and th us
blinding the Soviet high command - is always a high priority in NATO war plans.
Transports: The Soviet Union possesses numerous air transports for its huge
force of airborne units. The most modern of these is the jet propelled An-72 "Coaler,"
which is particularly suited to fast. high priority missions like inserting commando
teams or transporting critical command personnel.
AEW&C Aircraft: The Soviets routinely deploy IL-76 "Mainstay" aircraft in the
region. The 300+ mile radars on these planes may be your most formidable enemy.

105
 The Soviet Red The USSR's Northern Fleet offers both tempting targets and a significant threat. Its
modern Sovremennyy-class destroyers carry SA-N-7 missiles, while Krivak-class frig-
Banner Northern ates sport the SA-N-4. The larger Kiev-class carrier has the powerful SA-N-6, a sea-
Fleet going equivalent of the SA-lO. These warships are more than capable of defending
themselves. Stationed off the northern coast, they significantly extend the Soviet anti-
aircraft umbrella.
In addition to these ships' SAMs, Kiev-class carriers mount a complement of
Yak-38 "jump-jet" fighters. While less capable than ground-based fighters, the
Bri tish Harriers in the Falklands taught the world not to underestimate the capabilities
of such planes.
An upcoming addition to the Northern Fleet is a class of huge aircraft carriers
fitting out in the Crimea. Tentatively titled the Kremlin-class, these ships are expected
to join the fleet soon.

Soviet Cities and Murmansk: This major city is the Soviet Union's only ice-free port with access to
Targets the Atlantic Ocean. Its great piers and depots support not only a steady stream of
merchant shipping, but the powerful Red Banner Northern Fleet. Murmansk is literally
"at the end of the line," in this case a long railway line that runs southward 700 miles
to Leningrad.
Murmansk is the nerve center of the USSR's powerful air forces, including both air
defense planes and naval aviation of the Northern Fleet. Satellite airfields surround
the city, including large bases at Kildenstroy and Kilpyaur. The great Severomorsk
submarine pens are also near Murmansk. This underground base is the home port for
the new Typhoon-class ballistic missile submarine.
The Northern Fleet includes, roughly, one aircraft carrier, 75 other major surface
warships, one marine brigade, 133 submarines, and 446 naval aircraft. The protection
of its bases is the duty of 12 divisions ofthe Red Army {about 300,000 men}and 150 planes
of Frontal Aviation {air force planes supporting the army} and the PVO {air force
interceptors guarding the border}.
Pechenga: This town is the USSR's forward-most military base in the far north
and the inevitable staging point for any invasion into NATO territory. Although it has
an airbase and strong SAM defenses, the Polyarnyy airbase complex to the east is
somewhat larger.
Monchegorsk and Olenegorsk: Near the base of the Kola peninsula, these
two towns are major airbases for long-range naval aviation bombers, as well as
providing fighter and SAM cover to the railroad link between Murmansk and the south.
Kandalaksha: This small port city is the main population center at the base of
the Kola peninsula. South of the city lies the Loukhi air defense complex, including a
large SAM battery that covers this section of the Murmansk-Leningrad rail line.

106
 Arkhangel"sk: Although closed by ice during the winter. Arkhangel'sk (the
USSR's largest city on the Atlantic) has excellent transportation connections to the
interior of Russia. and is almost totally invulnerable to enemy attack. In addition to
large port facilities. the city is surrounded by military defenses. the most notable being
the complexes at Severodvinsk and Kushkushara. and uni ts of the Northern Fleet which
patrol offshore in the White Sea.
Friendly Bases Kaulokeino: Located in the barren tundra of the Finnmarksvidda. the Kautokeino
airfield is well suited for operations across the top of Finland to Murmansk. The
population is very small and the entire area well defended by tundra swamps and bogs
in summer. or sub-zero blizzards in winter.
Lakselv: Located at the base of the Porsangen Fjord. Lakselv has an airfield
ideally suited to operations into Russia. It is far enough from the border to survive the
first few days of fighting. but close enough for easy access.
Cy ~ al Sea: Just recently. the Navy Secretary announced a new wartime
policy of sending aircraft carriers deep into the Norwegian Sea. to challenge the USSR's
fleet near its home. Although considered suicidal by some. this policy is certainly
useful for launching stealth missions. Here CV67. one of the conventional carriers with
the US Atlantic Fleet. makes a quick dash to the North Cape to launch your mission.
Neutral Bases Available neutral bases in this region are all Swedish. Sweden is strictly neutral
in international poli tics. but economically closely tied to the Western bloc. Given recent
events and aggressive Soviet moves. it's not unlikely that a few clandestine stealth
missions. or emergency landings. would be allowed at northern Swedish airbases.
Kiruna: The northernmost airfield in Sweden. this base is located in the nearly
unpopulated foothills of the Esrange Mountains.
Gallivare: Although this airfield is also far north in Sweden. Gallivare is a
junction of rails and roads. In the summer months it is a popular tourist area. with the
Muddus National Park a few miles to the west. Stealth missions operating from this
base must be very discreet.
Lulea: This fairly populous city is the main Swedish military base in the Northern
Region. It is also a port on the Gulf of Bothnia. the northernmost arm of the Baltic Sea.

107
 Cyrenaician
Desert

Sirte Desert

LIBYA
J ahal Zaltan

Idhan Awbari .Sabha

J08
 Libya is ruled by Col. Mu' ammar al-Qadhaffi, leader of the secret army organiza-
LIBYA: 1986 tion that deposed the former king in 1969. The capi tal city is Tripoli and the nation's chief
Introduction source of wealth is oil sold to western nations.
Level of Conflict Cold War: At times Libya has enthusiastically backed international terrorism.
The US has already attacked tactical military targets in retaliation for Libya's role in
numerous incidents of international terrorism in Europe and the Mediterranean.
Limited War: The Libyan army has fought minor border clashes against Egypt.
a US ally, that - so far - has proved considerably superior. Future limited wars between
Libya and any of her neighbors are possible.
Conventional War: In the event of NATO-Warsaw Pact conflict. Libya is expected
to provide bases for Soviet aircraft and warships operating in the Mediterranean. These
bases could become the westernmost outposts of Soviet forces in the Mediterranean.
Libyan Military The Libyan Army has approximately 60,000 men, the Navy has 53 ships and 6,500
Forces men, while the Air Force has about 530 planes, 30 combat helicopters, and 8,500 men.
A paramilitary "Pan-African Legion" of about 10,000 also exists. In addition, Libya has
built and supported a variety of training camps for terrorist groups.
Libya buys most of its armaments from the Soviet Union with money earned from
selling its vast oil reserves to the West. Personnel are trained by Soviet military
advisors, but national pride has prohibited any significant Soviet presence.
Air Defenses: Libyan air defenses use Soviet-built equipment. SA-2"Guideline"
and SA-S "Gammon" SAMs have been the backbone of Libyan air defenses, but are
being replaced by SA-lO "Grumble" and SA-12 "Gladiator" systems.
Local ground forces use the SA-7 and SA-14 shoulder-fired missiles. These are also
popular terrorist weapons, and can be expected in the vicinity of terrorist camps. Libyan
army units also use various medium-range SAMs, including the SA-8, -9, -11 and -13.
Air Forces: The Libyan Air Force is composed of 140 MiG-23MF "Floggers," a
small number of MiG-2S "Foxbats" and old MiG-21s, and various Mirage 5D fighter-
bombers. Your primary opponents will be MiG-23s and 25s, although in Conventional
War, or against higher quality pilots, you may encounter MiG-29 "Fulcrums" flown by
Soviet pilots.
Libya's an tiquated C-130H and C-47 air transports (built in the US) will probably be
replaced by the new Soviet An-72 "Coaler" jet transport.
Naval Forces: The Libyan Navy is primarily composed of missile corvettes and
patrol boats. The largest of these are the 770-ton Russian-built Nanuchka II-class armed
with Styx surface-to-surface missiles, SA-N-4 surface-to-air missiles, and a twin 57mm
gun turret. The other boats include the Soviet Osa-class, Italian-built Wadi M'ragh-
class and the French-built La Combattante II types; these have poorer missiles and SA-
N-5 SAMs, or no SAMs at all.

109
 Libyan Cities Tripoli: The capital city of Libya has a large military-civilian airbase at Idris, and
and Targets is well protected by SAM batteries. Until recently these were long-range SA-S
"Gammons," but there are indications that Soviet military advisors have replaced
them with SA-12 Gladiators. Tripoli is also the si te of a major army HQ, various military
depots, oil storage areas, and terrorist training camps. Missile boats often cruise off
the coast.
Sabha: This southern town is the main military base supporting Libya's southerl y
border expansion. The most important military installations here are the large airbase
and the SAM battery protecting it.
Misratah and Sirt: These two coastal towns harbor low-level military HQs and
oil storage tanks for refueling ships. Sirt is a secondary naval base, supporting missile
boats that cruise the western side of the "Line of Death."
Ras Lanul and Port Brega: Ras Lanufis Libya's largest and newest oilfacility.
Port Brega is an older facility, still in operation despite the completion of Ras Lanuf. A
number of SAM batteries support the Port Brega airfield, west of the town.
Benghazi: This is the site of Libya's second largest military base and the Benina
airfield. It boasts a military HQ and small oil storage facilities. Terrorists train in the
western hills.
AI Badya: This sleepy coastal town in the mountainous Jabal al Akbar has major
military significance. It overlooks the narrow Ionian Sea between Libya and Greece,
making it an ideal site for anti-ship missiles. There is a small airstrip and SAM site as well.
Oil Fields: The great oil fields of Libya are in the southeast. where thousands of
wells pump crude to Ras Lanuf and Port Brega. Most of the great fields have a few
storage tanks on site, to hold crude oil temporarily.

Friendly Bases Sigonella on Sicily: The US maintains a military base at Trapani. The Sigonella
military field in southeastern Sicily is the main staging point for air attacks against the
North African coast.

Neutral Bases CV America at Sea: This 60,OOO-ton "Kitty Hawk" class conventional aircraft
carrier, designated CV66, often serves with the US Sixth Fleet in the Med. A participant
in recent raids against Tripoli and Benghazi, it is ideally positioned for strikes against
Benghazi, the Gulf of Sirte, or targets deep in the Libyan desert.
These airbases are in neutral territory. You should not use these bases unless
specifically so ordered, or if you must make an emergency landing.
Suda Bay on Crete: This airfield, near the city of Khania, is not a US base,
although it has been a major NATO air and naval base.
Hallar on Malta: On the island of Malta, and once a critical position for the
British Commonwealth in the Mediterranean, this base is now a neutral port and
sometime tourist haven.

ItO
 Since World War II Europe has been divided into two hostile blocs. On one side are
CENTRAL the communist East European nations, created in the wake of Soviet armies at the end
EUROPE: 1986 of WWII. On the other side are the democratic Western European nations. Since 1949 the
Introduction West has been linked by NATO; In 1955 the East formalized an equivalen t organization
- the Warsaw Pact - dominated by the USSR. From then to now the two greatest military
organizations on earth have eyed each other along the East-West German border.
Level of Conflict Cold War: This is the situation of the last 40 years. The two sides maintain a wary
posture, generally trying to avoid overt provocations, probing each other to gain
information, stir discontent in the enemy population, and gain psychological advan-
tages. The F -117A, designed for clandestine penetration, is the perfect aircraft for the
secret operations common in this situation.
Limited War: Now the conflict is at the brink of open warfare, but armies have not yet
crossed borders. As hostilities escalate, the opportunity for stealth missions increases.
Conventional War: Warsaw Pact tanks pour over the West German border
while NATO forces scramble to stem the onrushing tide. On one hand lies the specter
of conventional defeat. on the other the disaster of thermonuclear war. Stealth aircraft.
airmobile raiding groups, and long-range "smart" munitions make the dangerous
crossing over the front to hammer Soviet rear echelons. If they can isolate the Pact
spearheads from their base, they may give the politicians an opportunity to avert disaster.
Military Forces The Warsaw Pact can deploy almost three million men, about 80,000 armored
fighting vehicles, and 6,000 combat aircraft. Against this juggernaut, the Western
powers can field around two million men, 40,000 AFVs, and 4,000 combat aircraft. The
numerical imbalance is partially offset by the higher quality of the Western troops and
equipment. presumably along with the traditional advantages of the defense.
Together, the two sides have almost ten thousand battlefield nuclear weapons in
Europe. These range from smalL sub-kiloton shells designed to wipe out troop concen-
trations, to multi-megaton city busters. Artillery, planes, and missiles of all types and
ranges can deliver these weapons. At one time NATO felt it had to use nuclear weapons
to compensate for numerical inferiority. Today it has an alternative plan: "Air-land
battle, 2000." In this NATO uses superior technology, including its stealth planes, to
attack deep in the rear of the Warsaw Pact armies, destroying their logistical support.
If this innovative strategy works, NATO need not use nuclear weapons to stem the Red
tide. However, failure would mean a choice between nuclear holocaust and the loss of
Europe to the Soviet Union.

111
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11 2
 Air Defenses Equipment: Since the "Central Front" forms the focal point of the war, the anti-
aircraft defenses on both sides are the most intensive in the world. The Soviets are
certain to deploy large quanti ties oftheir most modem weapons, SA-lOs and SA-12s, for
area defense. In some areas the older, less effective SA-S long-range systems may still
be in place.
Radar-guided SA-8s and SA-II s are most commonly used for more local defenses,
especially near important military concentrations or objectives. A few are even sited
near larger SAM batteries to provide local defense. The shorter-ranged infrared SA-9s
and especially SA-13s may appear instead if radar-guided weapons are not available.
At sea the Baltic missile boats typically have either SA-N-S or SA-N-7 systems,
although Krivaks and larger ships with SA-N-4s can be expected in wartime.
Pact Air Forces The Soviet Air Force is the largest in the world, and one of the most modem. It
deploys a wide variety of interceptor, bomber, and support aircraft. The Soviets know
the value of air superiority and will give it high priority.
Fighters: With 6,000 combat aircraft to choose from, you can bet the Red Air Force
will find a few to spare for you. If you're lucky, you'll see only second-line MiG-23s, but
more likely quality dogfighters like the MiG-29 and Su-27 will be flying. In rear areas
you're more likely to see long-range interceptors like MiG-2Ss and MiG-31s.
Bombers: One of the most troublesome enemy bombers you'll encounter is the
Tu-95 "Bear" modified to carry cruise missiles. A number of these craft in orbit deep
behind enemy lines gives them an "untouchable" airborne nuclear force.
AEW&C: The Soviet IL-76 "Mainstay" AEW&C was designed for work in this kind
of environment. Flying "racetrack" orbits deep behind friendly lines, its powerful
radars can see NATO air operations develop and radio appropriate orders to various
fighter squadrons. The effort to develop these planes has been long and costly; the size,
weight, and expense of the electronic gear is gigantic. Each plane is precious.
Eliminating them would cripple Soviet air operations .
.Transports: Thousands of air transports will shuttle back and forth on both sides
of the front line, carrying troops, raiding parties, munitions, staff officers, etc. The new
Soviet workhorse that flies anywhere and carries almost anything is the An -72 "Coaler."

11 3
 Nav a l Forces The Soviet Baltic fleet. headquartered at Baltiysk outside of Kaliningrad, controls
4 cruisers, 16 destroyers, 7 Krivak-class large frigates, 22 missile boats and other light
warships, 21 amphibious assault ships, and 45 submarines. It also controls the East
German and Polish navies, which have numerous additional frigates and missile
boats. This force has two goals: to cover the northern flank of the Warsaw Pact from air
attack, and to invade Denmark in the event of war.
Stealth missions will generally deal with the former, your problem being how to
penetrate the warship screen in the Baltic. The SA-N-5 is a first generation IR homer,
and no serious threat. The SA-N-4 uses older pulse radar guidance, but the new SA-N-
7 is a more serious problem. Fortunately very few Baltic warships carry the powerful.
long-ranged SA-N-lO.
Pact Cities and East Germany: During a Limited or Conventional War the main strength of the
Targets Warsaw Pact forces will travel through here, surging into West Germany. The greatest
natural barrier in East Germany is the Elbe River, running from the Czechoslovakian
mountains northward to Hamburg. Destroying its bridges would cut off the Pact's
forward troops from their bases.
Covering the Pact's forward areas are two main air defense complexes, one in the
north near Wittstock and Wittenburg, another in the south just east of Leipzig and
Magdeburg, including the big radars at Mittenwalde and Grossenhaim.
Poland: In a NATO-Pact conflict Poland is the "rear area" through which Soviet
troops and supplies would flow toward the front lines. Many important HQs and depots
are situated in the central and western part of the nation. The Wista-Vistula river
system divides Poland in half, from north to south. Destroying the road and rail bridges
can seriously damage Pact operations. Polish defense complexes include a powerful
system west of Gdansk at Stupsk. and south of Lodz at Radom. In addition, Warsaw
is a major transportation hub, so active SAM batteries can be expected in that area
during wartime.
Czechoslovakia: This Pact nation, separated from Germany by the Ore Moun-
tains and the rugged highlands of the Bohemian Forest. is likely to playa secondary
role in wartime. Czechoslovakian defenses are also somewhat lighter than East
Germany and Poland. Tabor is the most significant installation. Far to the east.
guarding the entrance to Hungary and southern Poland, is another defense complex
at Konmarno.
Kaliningrad: This region of the USSR, named after the major seaport of Kaliningrad
(renamed from Konigsberg in 1945),istheSoviet "front-line" on the Baitic.It includes a major
over-the-horizon (OTH) radar station, as well as the Klaipeda Airbase.

114
Friendly Bases West Germany, Holland, and Denmark are studded with airfields that could serve
as bases for stealth raids into Eastern Europe. They form a gentle, north-south crescent
bulging west in the middle. Which is the most suitable starting point for a particular
airstrike depends mainly on the location of the target. However, the F-1l7A's unique
characteristics will be most effective in the areas only thinly covered by radar to the
north and south of the main arena. Therefore, deep penetration raids will usually start
from Denmark or southern Germany. Shorter tactical strikes, however, must fly directly
into the mouth of the tiger.
Jutland Peninsula - Vandel and Leck: These far northern bases make ideal
jump-off points forraids out across the Baltic. Often it's easier to deal with missile boats
in the Baltic than the heavier SAM defenses in East Germany and Poland.
Northern Germany (Hanover) - Ahlhorn and Gutersloh: These bases,
directly behind British Army Of the Rhine (BAOR), face across the flat. densely
populated North German plain, the most likely axis of advance should the Warsaw Pact
attack NATO. Therefore, they represent the most direct route to one of the greatest
concentrations of hostiles in the world.
Central Germany (Westphalia) -Rhein-Main and Ramstein: These bases
are the great. famous bases of American air power in Europe. Rhein-Main is one of the
largest mili tary bases in the world, while Ramstein is headquarters for the 4th Tactical
Air Force, America's combat air arm in Europe.
Southern Germany (Bavaria) - Neuberg. Leipheim and Memmingen:
These bases are all Luftwaffe (air force of the Federal Republic of Germany), but like
many German bases, are entirely willing to host American aircraft as needed. Any of
these bases makes an excellent jump-off point for missions into Czechoslovakia.

115
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11 6
 The Middle East has been the scene of constant tension and recurring warfare
THE MIDDLE since the United Nations formed the nation of Israel in 1948. In the crucible of this
EAST: 1989 conflict, the Israelis have forged a superior army and air force that has consistently
outmatched its opponents. The threat to Israel today comes from Syria and Iraq,
Introduction although Iraq has been significantly worn down by eight years of warfare with Iran.
The Jordanians have adopted a near-neutral policy and are not expected to take an
active part in any near-future conflict. Lebanon has been torn apart by civil war and
invasions by Israel. Syria, and Palestinian refugees.
The Syrians and Iraqis are supported financially largely by the Saudi Arabians,
but receive their weapons and training from the USSR. Jordan and Saudi Arabia act
independently and have relatively strong ties to the West.

Level of Conflict Cold War: For many years, Syria has engaged in the training and supplying of
various terrorist organizations, including the PLO, which has proved a never-ending
source of annoyance to the Israelis. In addi tion, several Western hostages are rumored
to be held somewhere in Syria.
Iraq is in the process of building the region's most formidable armed force. The
Iraqi military is working furiously to develop nuclear weapons, and already has large
stores of chemical and biological devices. Saddam Hussein, Iraq's leader, ordered the
use of these during the war wi th Iraq and is rumored to have used them against Kurdish
rebels in his own country.
Limited War: An Iraqi-backed Syrian invasion of Israel is underway, and the
Israelis have called upon the US for support. The Jordanians, as expected, are staying
out of this fight for fear of losing what little armed force they have to defend themselves
against their powerful neighbors.
Conventional War: In response to US air intervention in the Middle East, the
USSR has sent air forces into the region to support its Syrian and Iraqi allies. No
superpower can keep its hands off all the oil that comes from this vast desert region.
This war could quickly flare into a global superpower confrontation.

Syrian Forces Air Defenses: The Syrians use Soviet-built equipment and are trained by Soviet
advisers. They possess over 75 batteries of surface-to-air missiles, mostly SA-2
"Guidelines" and SA-5 "Gammons." Ground forces are equipped with SA-7 and SA-14
shoulder-fired missiles, and these can also be expected in the vicinity ofterrorist camps
in Lebanon and Syria.

11 7
 Air Forces: The Syrian Arab Air Force is composed of over 450 combat aircraft
and 50,000 men. The majority of the interceptor aircraft available are MiG-21s and MiG-
23s, with one squadron of MiG-25s. The MiG-25 squadron is reportedly serviced and
manned by East Germans and Russians. Intelligence expects that MiG-21s and MiG-
23s will be your primary opponents, although you may encounter MiG-25s and possibly
new MiG-29s flown by Soviet personnel.

Syrian Cities Damascus: This ancient city, the capital of Syria, is situated east of a gap in the
coastal mountain ranges and was founded on the east-west trade route. Damascus is
and Targets the major military base in Syria and home to a majority of the Syrian Arab Air Force. Sub-
stantial SAM batteries and a major airbase are located west and southwest of the city.
Dayr As Zawr. Hims. and Palmyre: These towns support airbases that guard
Syria's northern and western border with Turkey. Dayr Az Zawr is located at an ancient
crossing point on the Euphrates River. Palmyre is a desert oasis town near the center
of Syria. Hims is northeast of Lebanon, helping to surround that country. All of these
cities are protected by substantial air defense facilities.
Halab: Previously known as Aleppo, this city is located in the northern hills of
Syria near the Turkish border. Aircraft based here cover the Turkish border and can
reach south to Israel or into the Mediterranean.
AI Ladhiqyah: This town north of Lebanon on the Mediterranean coast is near
the Turkish border and supports the air base closest to Cyprus. It is not a shipping port
but is a vacation spot and fishing center.

Iraqi Forces Air Defenses: Iraq is just beginning to invest large resources in air defense, but
curren tly has only 10,000 men assigned to this branch. Largely separated from enemies
to the west and north, and just ending a bloody, protracted war with Iran, it has
concentrated most of its defense against air attacks in the east. SAM batteries deployed
are either SA-2 "Guidelines" or SA-5 "Gammons."
Air Forces: The Iraqi air force has modern equipment. but did not demonstrate
a high degree of training or skill during the war against Iran. The main air defense
aircraft are MiG-21 s and Mirage F -1 s, although a few MiG-25s and MiG-29s are known
to be in service.

Iraqi Cities Baghdad: The capital city of Iraq is located between the Tigris and Euphrates
and Targets Rivers. Although low in strength due to war losses, major elements of the Iraqi air force
are based here. Outside the city is a nuclear power plant that many believe is
producing materials for nuclear weapons.
Nosul: The second largest city in Iraq also has heavy air defenses and a nuclear
facility is thought to be operating nearby. Probably because of this, and the close
proximity to Turkey, Mosul has heavy SAM protection.

118
 Kirkuk, Habbabiyah, and H3: At these locations the Iraqis have airbases
ringing their country. Kirkuk faces Iran and H3 is an outpost at a pumping station in the
desert along a major oil pipeline to Syria.
Jordanian Forces Air Defenses: Jordanian air defense is obsolete, relying primarily upon the
an tiquated MIM -23B "Hawk" missile system, a good weapon for the 1970s, but not for the
late 1980s.
Air Forces: Jordanian air power, too, is limited toacouple oftypes. The main type
of aircraft is the US-built F-5, an inexpensive strike fighter that is obsolete by today's
standards. The other is the French Mirage F-l, an outdated fighter-bomber.
Jordanian Cities Amman: Amman is the capital of Jordan and home for the major elements of the
and Targets Royal Jordanian Air Force.
Ma' An: Outside this ci ty is the Prince Hassan Airbase, where half of the air force's
combat planes are deployed. Planes were placed here to reach the Sinai Peninsula, but
now that the Israelis have made peace with Egypt, air elements here may be moved
further north to cover the West Bank areas.
Friendly Bases Akroliri on Cyprus: Aircraft from this British airbase are capable of reaching
targets along the Mediterranean coast. US or Israeli aircraft would not normally base
here, but would use the facilities in an emergency.
CVR Eisenhower al Sea: This 80,000 ton Nimitz-class nuclear carrier often
serves with the US Sixth Fleet in the Mediterranean. Here it cruises off the coast of
Lebanon, positioned to strike anywhere along the Mediterranean coast. Carrying a
complement of approximately 85 aircraft, the Eisenhower is constantly guarded by a
combat air patrol of fighter planes.
Ramal David, Tel R of, Lod, and Halzerim: These Israeli air bases are home
for the fighters and fighter-bombers of the air force many consider to be the best in the
world. Backed up against the sea by enemies or non-friendly neutrals, the Israelis must
be prepared to launch air defense or attack missions in any of three directions. A long-
standing US ally, Israel's bases would be shared freely with US forces during wartime.
Malalya in Turkey: Turkey is a NATO ally and no friend of Iraq or Syria. This
airbase is home for aircraft assigned to defend Turkey's southeast border, and from
here planes can reach the capitals and other targets within both Iraq and Syria.
Tabuk in Saudi Arabia: This minor airbase serves as a defensive post along
the Saudi Arabian frontier. In any armed conflict in the region, US aircraft would only
be allowed to land here in an emergency, unless circumstances clearly called for
Saudi Arabian support of US interests - or vice versa.

11 9
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120
 The western end of the Persian Gulf protrudes into the center of the map, and
DESERT STORM: around it lie the region's three most powerful nations: Iran, north of the Gulf; to the west,
1991 Iraq; and Saudi Arabia to the south. Between them all, sitting astride the most val uable
Introduction oil fields on Earth, is the tiny Arab sheikdom of Kuwait.
Iran, the successor state to ancient Persia, is ruled by a radical fundamentalist
Shi'ite Moslem regime, a brutal government that has actively tried to spread revolu-
tionary fundamentalism to its neighbors. Iran has a large population and oil revenues
to support a powerful military (though obtaining modern military equipment has been
difficult since 1979, when it basically declared war on the world.)
Iraq is a populous Arab country centered on the fertile Tigris and Euphrates river
valleys. It has a Shi'ite Moslem majority but is ruled by Saddam Hussein's Baath Party,
which is dominated by Sunni Moslems. Wealth from oil revenues has enabled presi-
dent Saddam to build a well-equipped, modern military, outfitted mainly with Soviet-
built equipmen t and trained by Red Army advisers. In 1980, sensing potential weakness
to the east. Saddam ordered an invasion of Iran. For eight long years, the two countries
fought a savage and debilitating war of attrition. When a cease-fire was finally signed
in 1988 neither side had gained anything except the deaths of hundreds of thousands.
The kingdom of Saudi Arabia is a vast. underpopulated desert ruled by a conser-
vative royal family. Like its neighbors, Saudi Arabia has spent much of its considerable
oil wealth on modern arms, purchased mainly from the West. Like other Gulf states,
Saudi Arabia fears Iran's Islamic fundamentalism will incite rebellion among its own
populace. Accordingly, Saudi Arabia lent monetary support to Saddam's Iraq during
the Iran-Iraq war.
Arrogant. oil-rich Kuwait. with the highest per capita income in the world, is
disliked by all three Gulf giants. Kuwait has also spent freely on armaments, but it is
so small that it cannot really rely on arms for protection. Instead, it trusts its staggering
wealth to pay for its troubles. Despite its long-standing border disputes with Iraq (over
ownership of some of the richest oil-producing terrain known), Kuwait also supported
Iraq with cash during the Iran-Iraq war.
1990 found Saddam Hussein in a bind. He had nothing to show for his disastrous
eight-year war with Iran except staggering foreign debt; his economy was depressed
and his personal myth as a great Arab leader in doubt.
To Saddam, it was clear that only a major move on the world stage could recoup
his losses and put his regime back on the road to glory. Kuwait. virtually undefended,
the richest piece of real estate in the world, seemed like an easy mark. Who would come
to the aid of unloved Kuwait? If Iraq absorbed Kuwait in a lightning invasion, Sad dam
was confident that the nations of the world will bluster for a few weeks, take note of his
powerful military, then accept it.
It was to be a costly mistake.

12 1
 Within days following the invasion, US air, ground, and naval forces gathered in
the area, and prepared to meet what was believed to be Saddam's next move: an
invasion of Saudi Arabia. For several weeks the build-up continued and US forces dug-
in to the desert in Operation Desert Shield . Almost unbelievably, the Iraqis did nothing
but wait for the forces opposing them to get stronger. Soon, US forces were joined by
soldiers from Great Britain, France, Egypt, Syria, and a host of others.
While the build-up continued Allied leaders demanded the " .. .complete and
uncondi tiona I withdrawal ofIraqi forces from Kuwai t." Saddam was recalci trant. Soon
the US-led coalition had achieved an irresistible force of men and equipment, airpower
and seapower ... but Saddam refused to move.
On January 16, 1991 US air forces led by F-1l7A stealth fighters began a long
withering bombardment of Iraqi strategic targets ...

Level of Conflict Cold War: During the build-up, the F-1l7A is used to fly reconnaissance sorties
over Iraq and occupied Kuwait to determine the strength and dispositions of Iraqi forces.
Limited War: During the first few weeks of the aerial bombardment, Coalition
forces are very careful to restrict their sorties to surgical strikes. The tense political
environment of the Gulf makes wanton destruction unwise.
Conventional War: As the bombardment continues the target list is expanded
until, when the ground troops finally go in, all military targets are fair game.
Iraqi Military Iraq has the world's fourth largest standing army, deploying around 50 divisions
Forces with nearly a million troops under arms. Many of these soldiers are poorly trained,
poorly motivated, and poorly led, but at the core of the Iraqi army are the eight elite divisions
of the Republican Guard, whose morale is high and whose equipment is first-rate.
Air Defenses: Iraq has invested heavily in surface-to-air missiles, especially
SA-2 "Guidelines," SA-6 "Gainfuls" and SA-9 "Gaskins," but you may face almost any
Soviet-made SAM in the catalog. Older SAMs like the SA-2s have been considerably
improved by Iraq's domestic missile industry, which has added enhancements like
modern infrared terminal guidance systems. Iraq also has a vast array of antiaircraft
artillery ("Triple-A"), but it lacks modern fire control. It offers little threat, and isn't even
represented in the game.
Air Forces: The Al Quwwat al Jawwiya allraquiya, the Iraqi Air Force, has over
500 modem combat planes, including a number of very formidable fighters and
in terceptors. The types you are most likely to encounter are the MiG-29 "Fulcrum," MiG-
23 "Flogger," and the Mirage F-IE. The F-IE is built by the French Dassault Aviation
company, and is a multi-role air superiority/ground attack fighter with modem avion-
ics and the ability to carry Exocet anti-ship missiles. Normally the F-l is configured to
carry French Matra 550 air-to-air missiles, but the Iraqi planes may have been altered
to enable carriage of Soviet AAMs.

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Kuwaiti Cities Kuwait City: At the head of the Gulf is Kuwait City, capital of Kuwait and home
and Targets to nearly all the country's population. Occupying Iraqi troops have made the city an
armed camp, within which the Baathist secret police conduct a reign of terror.
Sea Island: The pumping station here gushes crude oil directly into the Gulf, an
act of Iraqi environmental terrorism.
Kuwait·Saudi Border: Look closely and you'll see Iraqi armored units awai ting
the Coalition invasion, or orders to attack Saudi Arabia to the south.
Iraqi Cities Basra: Iraq's second-largest city boasts an oil refinery and a major airbase. Fixed
and Targets Scud launching sites are located to the west.
Jalibah and Amarah: These are major Iraqi airbases. Capturing Jalibah, west
of Basra, will be a goal of Coalition troops when the ground war gets underway.
Baghdad: Iraq's capital and largest city, Baghdad is also the country's military
command center. Targets here include the Defense Ministry, the Presidential Palace,
a nuclear weapons research plant, an oil refinery and a major airbase.
Samarra and Qaim: Biological weapons plants are located in these towns.
Salman Pak: This is Iraq's most important chemical weapons plant.
Habbaniyah and Hadithah: Iraqi Air Force bases.
Mosul: Targets at this important northern city include a nuclear weapons
research facility and an airbase.
Kirkuk: Another major city, defended by an Iraqi airbase.
Samarra: This town is the home of another major chemical weapons plant.
Irbil: The research facility here is an important part of Saddam's nuclear
weapons project.
Friendly Bases Tabuk, Ha'il, Buraydah, Shagra: These desert airstrips have been ex-
panded for the use of Coalition planes making strikes into Iraq.
Riyadh: The capital of Saudi Arabia, and equipped with a large airbase, Riyadh
is a frequent target of Iraqi Scud missile attacks.
Dhahran and Hulful: Dhahran is perhaps the largest, most modern airbase
serving the Coalition.
CV Constellation in the Gull: Of course, Air Force (Lockheed) F -117As did not
actually fly from Navy carriers in the Gulf War, but naval air played such an important
part in the air campaign that we thought they shouldn't be overlooked. (And, besides,
the MicroProse F -117A is fully equipped to launch from carriers.)

123
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124
 Now roughly 20 years since the end of the Vietnam war, the Vietnamese military
VIETNAM: 1994 is expanding its hold in Southeast Asia, seeking to become a regional superpower.
Introduction Their first move was to officially absorb Laos into Vietnam, and divide it into several
provinces under direct Hanoi control. Secondly, they pushed back into Cambodia
under the pretense of solving the confusing political situation there, and ousting once
and for all Pol Pot's threat of resurfacing as a tyrannical leader.
In the Soviet Union, meanwhile, the conservatives have had enough of reform and
decadence, and have reasserted their dominance over the course of the nation's future.
They are now fueling regional communist states into expansion and inciting revolution
- just like "the good old days." Now, only pro-Western Thailand remains to stand
against Soviet-backed Vietnamese expansion in Southeast Asia - looks like the
"domino theory" should be dusted off again.
Level 01 Conflict Cold War: As soon as it is clear that Vietnam has aggressive designs on her
neighbors, F -117 A sorties are initiated over the area for recon and selective strikes.
Limited War: With the annexation of Laos and invasion of Cambodia, US
response intensifies. Ground troops are sent into the theater and aggressive air activity
is initiated.
Conventional War: The Vietnamese invasion of Thailand initiates outright war
between US forces and the Vietnamese army. The full power of the US mili tary machine
is again in action in Southeast Asia.
Vietnamese Air Defenses: The North Vietnamese use Soviet-built equipment and are trained
Military Forces by Soviet advisors. The majority of the SAMs deployed are SA-lO "Grumble" and SA-ll
"Gadfly." Vietnamese ground forces are also equipped with good Soviet equipment;
they carry SA-7B "Grail" shoulder-launched missiles, and some units are equipped
with SA-9B "Gaskin."
Air Force: The majority of the fighter aircraft in the Vietnamese Air Force are
MiG-21s and and MiG-23s, somewhat outdated but still effective. The Soviets have also
sold a substantial number of MiG-25s, a few MiG-29 "Fulcrums:' and, intelligence
reports sightings of the Su-27 as well; the MiG-29s and Su-27s are probably being
operated by Soviet personnel.
Navy: The Vietnamese Navy consists only of a few torpedo boats transferred to
it from the navies of Communist China and the Soviet Union. From the Soviets came
190-ton SO-I-class boats and from the Chinese came Shanghai-II class" boats. Both
these boats are antiquated compared to a modern navy, but their crews may carry
SA-7B "Grails."

125
 Vietnamese Cities Hanoi: Surrounded by numerous airbases and SAM batteries, the capital city of
Vietnam is one of the most heavily defended air targets in the world. Nearby air bases
and Targets are located at Gia Lam, Phuc Yen, and Kep.
Haiphong: This city is a major Vietnamese port, and it is guarded by SAM
missiles and a fighter airbase nearby at Cat Bi. Located near Haiphong are numerous
military storage dumps and tank farms.
Vinh: This coastal city supports an interceptor airbase that defends the major
bridges to the northwest, the approaches to Vietnam from Thailand, and the supply
routes to the southwest.
Dong Hoi: This city supports a major Vietnamese airbase used for strikes into
Thailand. Although often attacked by friendly forces flying in from the sea, it remains
operational and its interceptors will attack US fighter-bombers heading west.
Da Nang: Formerlyamajor US base during the first Vietnam War, The Vietnamese
have converted it into a major air defense center. Like Dong Hoi, its airfield and
accompanying SAM batteries and radar installations protect the long Vietnamese
coastline from US carrier attacks, and launch strike bombers into Thailand.
Nha Trang: Located to the east of the central highlands, aircraft from this base
form another link in the air defense system that guards Vietnamese coastal waters from
US seaborne air forces.
Ho Chi Minh City: Formerly Saigon, Ho Chi Minh Ci ty is now the chief industrial
center of Vietnam. It is a major port, and is protected by numerous SAM batteries
and security forces .
Tan Sonh Mhut Airbase: Located ou tside of Ho Chi Minh Ci ty, this is the largest
and busiest airport and base in Southeast Asia. Military aircraft based here are used
primarily to support supply operations into Cambodia.

Cambodian and Phnom Penh: The capital city of Cambodia has fallen under the control of the
Laotian Cities Vietnamese. Enemy planes are operating from the airbase outside the city and SAM
batteries have been placed in the area.
and Targets Vientiane: Laos is now officially controlled by the Vietnamese, and enemy
aircraft are based at Wattay, near the Laotian capital of Vientiane.

Friendly Bases CVNs Constellation and Kitty Hawk at Sea: These 80,000 ton carriers have
a complement of approximately 85 aircraft, and are placed in the Gulf of Tonkin to strike
targets deep in Vietnam. The navy concentrates on transportation routes bringing
supplies south and west into Laos.
Each carrier group consists of one carrier and a ring of escort destroyers. A combat
air patrol of fighter planes is continuously overhead to intercept any approaching
Vietnamese aircraft.

126
 Uclorn: Just over the border in Thailand from the former Laotian capital of
Vientiane, aircraft based here reach out to bomb targets in Vietnam and Laos.
Don Muang: Located in the southeast corner of Thailand, this is an important
base for attacks into the southern areas of Vietnam, and the coastal plains.
Korat: Located southeast of Bangkok in central Thailand, aircraft from here
conducted bombing attacks on targets in Cambodia and Laos.
Takhli: This base northeast of Bangkok in Thailand was part of the air defense
of the capital and was not an important base for war missions.
Bangkok: The capital of Thailand, its largest city, and only substantial port, the
air base here is used for staging attacks into Vietnamese-held Cambodia.
For many years the US has watched the tiny island nation of Cuba become more
CUBA: 1995 and more isolated from the West. Since the communist revolution there in 1959 the US
Introduction and Cuba have lived in a constant state of mutual distrust.
In 1961. the US sponsored an abortive coup attempt against Fidel Castro's gov-
ernment. Styled "the Bay of Pigs," Cuban exiles, supported by minor US forces,
attempted an invasion of the island. The l,300-man invasion force landed on the south
coast, but was quickly overwhelmed by Cuban forces led by Castro himself.
After discovering Soviet nuclear missile sites on the island in October 1962,
President Kennedy slapped a naval blockade around Cuba. This action almost led
to a full-blown military confrontation between the two superpowers, but the
Soviet leader, Nikita Kruschev finally agreed to to US demands, averting a possible
nuclear exchange.
Now, encouraged by the recent re-establishment of conservative factions in the
Soviet Union, Fidel Castro has decided to expand his control of the Caribbean.
Level of Conflict Colcl War: Recently, Cuban military exchange with the Soviets has intensified.
Rumors are that the Soviets have increased sales of arms and equipment and are
sending more and more advisers. Terrorism against US-backed governments in
Central America has increased; the flow of illegal drugs into the US through Miami
(only 90 miles from Cuba) has also risen. The US strongly suspects these agitations are
attributable to Castro's regime.
Limitecl War: It is clear that Cuban-sponsored terrorists are training on Cuban
territory, and recently Castro initiated a subversive policy of aggression toward pro-US
Honduras. The US has determined to make limited strikes against the island to force
Castro to rethink some of his recent decisions.
Conventional War: Thinking the new Cold War between the superpowers will
prevent US intervention, Cuba has sent forces into several surrounding island states.
The Soviet Union has promised support should the US intervene.

127
 u.s.

128
Cuban Military The Cuban military has nearly 300,000 men under arms, a sizeable force for such
Fo..ce a small country. By 1990 it was spending nearly $1.5 billion annually on military
concerns, and by now that figure has increased significantly.
Air Defenses: Cuba, of course, uses Soviet-built equipment. Its old SA-2s and
SA-5s are believed to have been phased out in the early 90s and replaced by the newer
SA-lO and SA-12 systems. Local ground forces have acquired SA-14s and SA-ISs.
Air Force: Cuba's rapidly expanding air force is made up primarily of MiG-21s,
MiG-23s, and a few old MiG-17s. However, over the past five years the Soviet Union has
sold Cuba a large number of MiG-29 "Fulcrums" and it is believed the MiG-21s are
being replaced by these far-superior fighters . .
Cuba also flies some of the best Soviet transports and helicopters for its airborne
troops, including the An-72 "Coaler" jet transport.
Navy: Cuba is an island nation and boasts a substantial naval force for its size.
It has 3 Mariel-class Soviet frigates, over 20 Osa I-and II-class missile boats, and a large
number of smaller patrol boats. Additionally, it has several ex-Soviet Foxtrot submarines,
and 15 or more minesweepers.
Cuban Cities San Julian: Located at the westernmost end of Cuba, San Julian is one of the
and Ta..gets major air defense bases on the island. An airbase and powerful SAM battery protect the
facilities here.
Havana: The capital city of Cuba, Havana has a major port and naval base, as
well as an airbase (San Antonio de los Banos) and substantial air defense installations.
Much of the nations sugar exports go to sea from this harbor.
Managua. Guines. and Matanzas: Sou theast of Havana, one of the coun try's
major military base complexes and an important base for fighters and interceptors is
located. This is an extremely dangerous area for air operations because of the
extensive SAM sites and ground forces that are likely to be found here.
Cienfuegos: Due east of the infamous Bahia de Cochinos (Bay of Pigs), Cienfuegos
is a major naval facility and airbase.
Santa Clara. Chambas. and Ciego de Avilla: These locations are home to
airfields and SAM installations.
Camaguey: A major road and rail junction, Camaguey is one of the largest ci ties
in Cuba.
Santiago de Cuba: This old (1514), lovely seaport city is the capital of Santiago
province and second largest city in the country. Scene of Castro's first abortive rebellion
(1953), this city lies close to the US base at Guantanamo Bay. There is a minor military
airbase here and a small SAM battery.
Antonio Maceo: This is one of Cuba's major fighter bases, rumored to house all
the country's best fighter aircraft, most likely a squadron of MiG-29s.

129
 Baracoa: A minor airfield and SAM si te is located at this tiny coastal town. more
importantly, military transports are constantly loading here to take Cuban forces
abroad. It is said that this is the main embarkation point for forces heading to
neighboring war zones.

Friendly Bases Key West Naval Air Station: Located less than 100 miles from Havana, Key
West is a logical location for staging stealth sorties against the Caribbean. Although
a naval base, the new cooperation of the four services guarantees free access of the Air
Force units to Key West.
Guantanamo Bay Naval Base: The US has maintained this base - "Gitmo"
to the Marines and sailors based there - essentially since the Spanish-American War.
It was developed as a US base in 1902 to protect the almost completed Panama Canal.
Top-secret stealth sorties would probably be flown from Guantanamo, at least until a
serious war erupted.
CV America in the Caribbean Sea: This 60,OOO-ton Kitty Hawk-class con-
ventional aircraft carrier, designated CV66, has been transferred to the Second Fleet
and now cruises south of the Cuban archipelago.
Since the end of the Korean War in 1953, the US has kept a large force in the
KOREA: 1997 Republic of Korea (South), defending its border with North Korea against possible
Introduction invasion. China, too, has watched Korea uncomfortably since ending its involvement
in that conflict. It is safe to say that the tension between North and South Korea could
become a flashpoint for a US-Chinese confrontation, rapidly leading to a superpower
conflict and possibly involving the USSR as well.
The Soviet Union and China, both nominally committed to the concept of a
Communist future, have been wary allies for many years, and tensions between these
two nations have been a source of uneasy comfort to the US. Should the two comm unist
giants ever reconcile their differences (an unlikely scenario), the West would face a
monolithic superpower w.ith forces possibly in excess of 30 million, a vast nuclear
arsenal. and some of the best military equipment in the world. This is the West's
nightmare.
The area of the two Koreas represents the junction of three superpowers, the United
States, the Soviet Union, and the People's Republic of China. North Korea is an
extension of Chinese communist philosophy and could be viewed as a geographical
extension as well. The primary base of the Soviet Pacific Fleet is located nearby at
Vladivostok. The US maintains Eighth Army HQ in Seoul with a large contingent of
ground and air forces immediately at hand in nearby Japan.

130
13 1
 Level of Conflict Cold War: Tensions between the North and South have intensified as scattered
firing has erupted along the border. China is on alert status, claiming it has news of a
major South Korean push into the North. The US, denying these claims, has maintained
a policy of staunch resistance to any Chinese move of aggression. The Soviets have
alerted their naval and air defenses for possible incursions into their territory, and are
ready and willing to act. It is very dangerous to fly near Vladivostok.
Limited War: The North Koreans, alleging unacceptable atrocities by the South,
has sent armored forces across the DMZ in the west toward Seoul; the eastern DMZ
areas are still relatively quiet. The Chinese have yet to react, but intelligence reports
indicate they will intervene quickly. The Soviet forces are on active alert and are
waiting for the order to commence hostilities. Stealth missions will provide valuable
information and may well get a point across.
Conventional War: The Chinese have begun supporting North Korean forces
with air power, and the US has responded with open air operations against North
Korean and Chinese targets. Though not officially "in the war," the Soviets are shooting
at anybody that violates their airspace and beyond. This could quickly escalate into a
major superpower confrontation - possibly WWIII.
Korean Military The North Korean People's Army (NKPA) is large compared to the size of the
Forces country, with more than 1.000,000 men actively under arms, another 200,000 security
forces and an additional 2-3 million in the Workers' and Peasants' Militia. North Korea
gets most of its military equipment from Soviet or Chinese sources.
Air Defenses: The Democratic People's Republic of Korea supports 4 SAM
brigades equipped primarily with SA-2 "Guidelines" and SA-5 "Gammons." Units of
these brigades are spread at various areas around the perimeter of the country,
primarily at airbases and other important military sites. Recently, however, reports
have been filed stating that SA-lO "Grumbles" have been delivered. Other ground forces
of the infantry and armored divisions use SA-2s and SA-5s as well, and some deploy
with the newer SA-8 "Gecko."
Air Force: The People's Air Force uses Chinese and Soviet aircraft (although
Chinese fighters and interceptors are themselves essentially clones of Soviet craft),
including MiG-17s, MiG-23s, MiG-25s, and MiG-29s.
Navy: The People's Navy too is equipped with Soviet vessels. Osa-class missile
boats, 20 submarines (again surprising for a country of this size), and at least 3 frigates.

132
 Korean Cities P'yongyang: The capital of the People's Republic of Korea, P'yongyang has a
and Targets population of over one million and is Korea's oldest city (dating from 1122 B.C.). It is the
site of one of the People's Air Force's major bases and has powerful SAM batteries
protecting it.
Wonsan: Almost due east of P'yongyang, Wonsan is the largest city on Korea's
east coast and is one of its two major naval bases. The SAM batteries protecting it also
provide air security for the large military airbase just outside the city.
Sinuiji: On the banks of the Yalu River just across from the Chinese city of
Andong, Sinuiji houses another of North Korea's air force facilities and SAM sites.
Namp'o: Southwest of P'yongyang, Namp'o lies on Korea's western coast and
houses a major naval and air facility.
Sunan and Taechon: North of P'yongyang, these two moderately-sized cities
house airfields and SAM sites. Sunan is part of the complex of air defenses that ring the
capitol of P'yongyang, while Taechon is near the border with China and is part of the
general air defense of the country.
Ch' on gin. Yong.an. and Hamhung: These eastern coastal ci ties have bases
which protect the country from air attack from the sea, forming the first line of defense
against Japan-based US forces. The SAM sites in these areas are part of the country's
general air-defense system.
Chinese Military The People's Liberation Army (PLA) is perhaps the largest armed force in the world.
Forces It has some 3,200,000 men in active armed service and some 20,000,000 security forces
under arms; it also has an estimated 182,000,000 men fit for military service should
mobilization ever be necessary, however it is doubtful whether the economy could
support such a force.
China has had nuclear arms for a number of years with a force substantial enough
to make it a "superpower." It has a large, world-class navy, though it doesn't appear in
this game because Chinese access to the Sea of Japan is limited. Interestingly, China
has some 35,000 marines, which, except for the US, gives it the the largest marine force
in the world (the US has 136,000 and the USSR has around 15,000).
Most of its "high-tech" military equipment was cloned from antiquated Soviet
models. Though it is well-known that China's own arms industry is modernizing, the
pace of modernization is somewhat slow, especially in view ofrecent Western embargoes
on military technology. The sheer size of the organization of the PLA makes it unwieldy
and inefficient. Though, as the US discovered in the Korean War, it can respond quickly
and fight fiercely.
Air Defenses: Chinese SAMs are primarily fixed-site SA-2s which the Chinese
call HY-2.
Air Force: The PLA's primary fighters are MiG-17s and MiG-21s (HISs and J-7s).
Recon planes are usually MiG-17s and they have several antiquated Soviet bombers.

133
 Chinese Cities Tonghua: The major Chinese city in this part of northeast China is Tonghua.
and Targets Located on a tributary of the Yalu River and a major east-west crossroads. this city is
home of a major PLA airbase and air-defense station.
Hunjiang and Fusong: Northeast and north of Tonghua. these small cities are
important air-defense centers in northeast China.
Yanji and Diyingou: These small cities are located in the easternmost areas
of China and form the first line of defense against an attack from the Soviets at
Vladivostok.
Changbai and Changchun: These small cities sport substantial SAM bat-
teries and are a part of the larger air-defense system.
Soviet Military The Soviet Pacific Fleet and large air units are based in and around Vladivostok.
Forces All the most modern Soviet equipment is found in the region.
Long-range SANs: The older SA-2s and SA-5s have been upgraded to SA-lO
and SA-12 quality. The entire system is enhanced by the LPAR early warning radar
system at Poltavka.
Light SANs: Soviet security forces in this area are outfitted with SA-8 and SA-II
radar guided SAMs.
ThePVOand Fighters: This region is defended partly by PVO units. with MiG-25 and MiG-3l
Naval Aviation interceptors using long-range radar-homing AAMs. Naval aviation fighters operating
from carriers or land strips include the Yak-38 V/STOL jet and Su-27 multi-purpose
fighters. During wartime shorter-ranged units may arrive. including MiG-29 and Su-27
dogfighters with short- and long-range weapons.
Reconnaissance Bombers: Many long-range Tu-95D "Bears" are based in this
area. to watch the enlarged US presence. A nuisance in peacetime. these planes pose
a more serious threat in war.
AEW&C Aircraft: The Soviets routinely deploy IL-76 "Mainstay" aircraft in the
region. The 300+ mile radars on these planes may be your most formidable enemy.
Navy: The Soviet Pacific Fleet (based at Vladivostok) offers a significant threat.
Its modern Sovremennyy-class destroyers carry SA-N-7 missiles. while Krivak-class
frigates sport the SA-N-4. The larger Kiev-class carrier has the powerful SA-N-6. a sea-
going equivalent to the SA-lO. These warships are more than capable of defending
themselves. Stationed south of Vladivostok. these units extend the Soviet air defense
umbrella far into the Sea of Japan.
In addition to these ships' SAMs. Kiev-class carriers mount a complement of
Yak-38 "jump-jet" fighters. and the new Kremlin-class nuclear aircraft carriers have
also joined the Pacific fleet.

134
 Soviet Cities Vladivostok: Founded in 1860, Vladivostok is relatively young as Asian cities go.
and Targets It is the home port of the Soviet Pacific Fleet. the chief Soviet port in the Pacific, and
the terminus of the Trans-Siberian Railroad. A powerful contingent of Soviet
Naval Aviation is also based here along with powerful elements of the PVO (National
Air Defense).
Pollavka: This is a smaller city used as a support for Vladivostok. A Long-range
Phased Array Radar (LPAR) system that extends the defense umbrella far into the Sea
of Japan is located here along with an airfield and SAM battery.
Nachodka: This small city is perhaps the southeastern-most city in the Soviet
Union. Its airfield and SAM sites protect the approaches to Vladivostok.
Friendly Bases Ch'unch'on (South Korea): This is one of South Korea's major cities. Located
about 60 miles northeast of the capital at Seoul. it has one of the country's major USAF
airbases in South Korea.
CVN Nimitz and Constellation at Sea: These huge SO,OOO-ton nuclear car-
riers are the the latest and most powerful aircraft carriers available. They now cruise
the Sea of Japan in case the "Korean problem" should tum "hot."

135
136
 ORDNANCE AND WEAPONS DATA
Performance Characteristics
Max Max Guidance Attack Attack
Qty Weapon Range Speed System Altitude Techniques
M61Al 20mm Cannon 6km Historical sight 0' anticipation firing
4 AIM-SM "Sidewinder" 17 km 2,000 kts IR-homing 500'+ fire-and-forget
3 AIM-120A AMRAAM 32km 2.400 kts Radar-homing 500'+ fire-and-forget

2 AGM-65D "Maverick" 32km 700 kts Thermal image 500'+ fire-and-forget

1 AGM-88A HARM 20km 1.400 kts Target-radar 500'+ fire-and-forget
2 Penguin-3 ASM 32km 500 kts IR-homing 500'+ fire-and-forget
AGM-84A "Harpoon" 60km 500 kts Radar-homing 500'+ fire-and-forget

2 GBU-12 Pave way 1+ km glides Laser-homing 500' toss (level)

2 CBU-72FAE 1+ km glides Laser-homing 500' toss (level)
2 Mk 20 "Rockeye" II l+km glides Laser-homing 500' toss (level)

2 Mk 20 "Rockeye" Okm retarded none 500' level

2 Durandal Okm retarded none 500' level
ISC B-1 mine lets Okm retarded none 500' level
3 Mk 82-1 "Snakeye" Okm retarded none 500' level
2 Mk 35 IN cluster Okm retarded none 500' level

3 Mk 82-0 "Slick" Okm free fall none 3,000' level (dive)

2 Mk 122 "Fireye" Okm free fall none 3,000' level (dive)

special equipment Okm retarded none 500' level

135mmlIR cameras - lOkm on plane none 200' level

137
 Key to Qty: The number of weapons of this type you can carry in one of your bay posi tions
Performance (you have 4 weapons positions). The M6lAl cannon is fixed in the nose and always available.
Characteristics Weapon: The name of the weapon
Max Range: Maximum range at which the weapon canbe launched or fired effectively.
A 0 km range means the weapon is a free-fall or retarded bomb that must be
dropped onto the target.
Max Speed: The speed at which the weapon reaches the target. This is given in
knots so you can compare it with your own flight speed.
glides means the weapon 'flies' without power. Therefore your speed, at the time
of launch, becomes the speed of the weapon.
retarded means the weapon is a retarded bomb that falls away behind your craft.
decelerating as it drops. Some retarded weapons even open a parachute during their
descent. to stabilize the fall and line up the warhead(s).
free fall means the weapon is a traditional free-fall bomb that arcs downward to
the target.
Guidance System: The guidance system used to bring the weapon to bear on
the target.
Attack Altitude: The recommended altitude for the typical attack method. The
"500+" entry means any altitude above 500' is fine .
Attack Techniques: This references the appropriate attack technique. Tech-
niques noted in parenthesis are alternate attack methods that are either more danger-
ous or more difficult to learn.

Key to F·117A Target Type Abbreviations

Weapons ac: aircraft in flight.
hgr: airbase hangar, which at military airfields are hardened bunkers.
Effectiveness rwy: airbase runway.
pIn: planes on airbase runways.
twr: airbase tower, including the tower radars and radios.
nuc: nuclear power plant and biological/chemical weapons plants.
brg: bridge over a river.
bId: buildings, including terrorist camps, offices, warehouses, homes, etc.
bnk: bunker, such as fixed army HQ sites, and palaces of dictators.
dep: depot of military fuel and supplies
msl: missile launcher, including both fixed and mobile.
sam: SAM radar station, usually near or among SAM missile launchers
par: LPAR ABM radar station
oth: OTH long-range radar station
pIt: offshore oil platform
rei: oil refinery

138
 tnk: oil tanks
weI: oil wells
Pen: underground submarine pens
shp: all ships, including cargo ships, warships, and surfaced submarines.
Results Abbreviations
The effectiveness of results is rated as follows :
- the weapon is useless against the target.
I the weapon has almost no chance of doing damage to the target.
2 the weapon may do some damage to the target.
3 the weapon does poorly against the target.
4 the weapon is usually effective against the target.
S the weapon is almost always effective against the target.
6 the weapon is very effective against the target.
7 the weapon was designed for use against this target type.

F-1l7A Weapons Effectiveness

Weapon Airbases Structures Military Radars Oil Nav
ac hgr rwy pIn twr nuc brg bId bnk dep msi sam par oth pit ref tnk wei pen shp

M61AI 20mm Cannon 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 3

AIM-9M "Sidewinder" 7
AIM-120A AMRAAM 6

AGM-65D "Maverick" 2 2 3 4 4 3 4 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
Penguin-3 ASM 4
AGM-B4A "Harpoon" 6
AGM-BBA HARM 6 6 6 5

GBU-12 Pave way 4 2 4 5 5 4 5 4 4 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 3

CBU-72 FAE 4 6 5 6 5 4 5 2
Mk 20 "Rockeye" II 4 4 4 5 5 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 4

Mk 20 "Rockeye" 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3
Durandal 7 2
ISC 5-1 minelets 6 3 3 2 3 3 3 3
Mk B2-1 "Snakeye" 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 4 4 4
Mk 35 IN cluster 6 4 4 6 6 3 3 3 6 6 6 6 3

Mk B2-0 "Slick" 3 3 4 I 4 I 4 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 3
Mk 122 "Fireye" 2 4 4 2 4 2 5 3 3 3 3 2 5 5 5 3

139
 Air-to-Air Missiles (AAMs)
System Nation Guidance Effective Max
Name or plane System Range(km) Speed Maneuverability

Long-Range Radar-Homing AAMs

AA-6Acrid MiG-2S SA Pulse SO Mach 4 Poor
AA-7 Apex MiG-23 SA Pulse 34 Mach 3 Poor
AA-9Amos MiG-31 SA Pulse 82 Mach 3.5 Fair
AIM-7E Sparrow F-4. F-lS. F-18 SA Pulse 44 Mach 3.7 Very Good
AA-lO Alamo MiG-29. Su-27 ActiveDop 64 Mach 3+ Good
AIM-120AAMRAAM US Active Dop 32 Mach 4 Very Good

Short-Range Infrared-Homing AAMs

AA-2Atoll USSR IR (1) 14 Mach 2.5 Very Good
AA-6 Acrid (IR) MiG-2S IR (1) SO Mach 4 Poor
AA-7 Apex (IR) MiG-23 IROl 34 Mach 3 Fair
AIM-9H Sidewinder Western IR Ol 12 Mach 3+ Excellent
AA-8Aphid USSR IR (2) 12 Mach 3 Excellent
AA-lO Alamo (IR) MiG-29. Su-27 IR (2) 64 Mach 3+ Good
AIM-9M Sidewinder US IR (2) 17 Mach 3+ Excellent

Key to Air-to-Air System Hame: The name of the missile system.

Missiles (AAMs) Nation or Plane: The type of plane which carries the missile. If a specific plane
is listed, only those planes carry that missile.
US: Any plane of the US Air Force, but not current or former US allies.
Western: Any plane of a western-allied nation, including former American allies
such as Iran, or neutrals such as Sweden.
USSR: Any plane of a USSR-allied nation, including such Soviet allies as Libya,
Finland, Iraq, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Poland, etc.
Guidance System: The method used by the missile to find its target.
SA Pulse: Semi-Active Pulse radar. Requires the launching plane to continue to
"paint" the target with radar until the missile hits.
Active Dop: Active Doppler radar. The missile has its own radar set. allowing the
pilot to fire and forget. In addition, the missile's doppler radar is fooled by chaff only if
the target plane runs perpendicular to the missile's course.
IR (1): First Generation IR-homing. The missile chases the hot engine exhaust only
and is easily fooled by jammers and flares.

140
 IR (2): Second Generation IR -homing. The missile homes on any hot part of a plane,
including the nose, wings, and taiL as well as the engine exhausts. It can recover from
jamming and continue seeking.
Effective Range (km): The maximum range (in kilometers) at which the
missile can lock-on to a target.
Max Speed: The launching speed of the missile. Mach I is about 660 knots.
Maneuverability: The turning ability of the missile in flight.

Surface-to-Air Missiles (SAMs)

Search Search Firing Firing Max Max Maneuver-
Name Mounting Guidance Range(km) Guidance Range Speed Alt ability
Long-Range Radar-Guided SAMs
SA-2 Guideline fixed Poor pulse 200 BRpulse 125 Mach 3+ 55,000' Very poor
SA-4 Ganef fixed/mobile Poor pulse 100 SA pulse 70 Mach 2.5 75,000' Poor
SA-5Gammon fixed Poor pulse 350 BRpulse ISO Mach 3 95,000' Poor
SA-6 Gainful mobile Poor pulse 80 SA pulse 30 Mach 2.8 60,000' Fair
SA-8B Gecko mobile Fair pulse 125 SA pulse 65 Mach 2 25,000' Good
SA-ll Gadfly mobile Fair pulse 200 SA pulse 100 Mach 2.5 45,000' Good
Rapier fixed/mobile Good pulse 75 SA pulse 65 Mach 2+ 24,000' Very good

SA-12 Gladiator mobile GoodOop 290 SA+CGOop 150 Mach 3+ 70,000' Fair
MIM-23B Hawk fixed GoodOop 175 SA pulse 125 Mach 1.5 52,000' Good
SA-lO Grumble fixed/mobile Excellent Oop 320 SA+CGOop 125 Mach 3 70,000' Fair

SA-N-4 warship Pulse 200 SA pulse 30 Mach 2 25,000' Good

SA-N-6 warship Oop 320 SA+CGOop 125 Mach 3 70,000' Fair
SA-N-7 warship Oop 50-200 SA pulse 100 Mach 2.5 45,000' Good
Short-Range IRIVisual-Guided SAMs
SA-7BGrail infantry Eyesight Eyesight IR(l) 10 Mach 1.5 20,000' Good
FIM-43A Redeye infantry Eyesight Eyesight IR(l) 7 Mach 1.5 10,000' Very good
SA-SB Gaskin mobile Eyesight Eyesight IR (I) 30 Mach 1.5 20,000' Very good
SA-14 infantry Eyesight Eyesight IR (2) 16 Mach 1.5+ 20,000' Excellent
FIM-S2A Stinger infantry Eyesight Eyesight IR (2) 10 Mach 2 20,000' Excellent

SA-N-5 warship Poor pulse 50-ISO IR(l) 30 Mach 1.5 20,000' Good
SA-13 Gopher mobile Poor pulse 125 IR (2) 65 Mach 1.5 30,000' Very good
Tigercat fixed Poor pulse 65 Visual 30 Mach 1.5 12,000' Good
Seacat warship Poor pulse 200 Visual 30 Mach 1.5 12,000' Good

141
 Key to Name: The commonly used name of the system.
Surface-to-Air Mounting: How the system appears when seen.
Missiles (SAMs) Fixed: Fixed-site missile launchers. Positioned around a central radar station.
Mobile: Vehicle-mounted launchers and radar, usually parked in an irregular pattern.
Warship: Ship-borne system.The radar and missile launcher are mounted on awarship.
Infantry: Shoulder-launched SAM, carried by infantrymen.
Search Guidance: The type and quality of search radar used by the missile.
Dop: Doppler radar. It is most effective when you fly toward or away from it, least
effective when you arc around it at a constant distance.
Pulse: Pulse radar. It is most effective when you fly sideways to it, least effective
when you fly straight at it.
Search Range (km): The theoretical maximum range (in kilometers) of the
search radar. However, against your F -117, radar performance is greatly reduced. The
quality of the radar and local conditions determine its real. effective range.
Firing Guidance: The way the missile finds your aircraft. Pulse and Doppler
radars have varying effectiveness depending on your flight path in relation to the
missile (see search guidance, above, for details).
BR Pulse: Beam-Rider Pulse radar. The missile uses pulse radar guidance, with the
radar receiver at the launching site; it cannot "burn through" jamming at close range.
SA Pulse: Semi-Active Pulse radar. The missile uses pulse radar guidance, with the
receiver in the missile; it may "burn through" jamming at close range.
SA Dop: Semi-Active Doppler radar. The missile uses Doppler radar guidance,
with the receiver in the missile; it can "burn through" jamming at close range.
SA+CG Dop: Semi-Active Doppler radar with Command Guidance. The missile
uses Doppler radar guidance, with the receiver in the missile. It can "burn through"
jamming at close range and can conduct multiple attacks.
IR (1): First Generation IR-homing. The missile seeks hot exhausts. It is very
vulnerable to jamming and flares.
IR (2): Second Generation IR-homing. The missile seeks any hot surface, including
nose, wing edges, tail. etc. It has logic circuits that help it recover from jamming
or flares.
Visual: The missile is guided by a controller on the ground, who must watch your
plane and react to your maneuvering.
Firing Range: Maximum range (in kilometers) at which the missile is fired.
Max Speed: Maximum speed in flight of the missile. Mach 1 is about 660 kts.
Max All: Maximum altitude the missile can reach.
Maneuverability: The turning ability of the missile in flight.

142

F·117A AIR·TO·AIR
WEAPONS
M61Al 20mm "Vulcan" Cannon
AIM-8M "Sidewinder"
AIM-120A AMRAAM
AIR·TO·AIR WEAPONS
While the Lockheed F-1l7A carries no air-to-air armament. the
MicroProse version does.
M61Al 20MM "VULCAN" CANNON
Very short-range general purpose gun.
Quantity: 1 fixed internally
Effective Range: 3 km
Maximum Range: 6 km
Attack Technique: Tracking camera/laser historical gunsight
AIM·9M "SIDEWINDER"
Short-range air-to-air missile with IR-homing.
Quantity on rack: 4
Guidance: Second generation ("all aspect") IR-seeker
Effective Range: 17 km
Missile Speed: Mach 3+
Maneuverability: Excellent
Attack Technique: Self-guided fire-and-forget
AIM·120A AMRAAM
Medium-range air-to-air missile with active radar-homing.
Quantity on rack: 3
Guidance: Active radar-homing (has its own radar in nose)
Effective Range: 32 km
Missile Speed: Mach 4
Maneuverability: Very good
Attack Technique: Self-guided fire-and-forget
143
 ENEMY CANNONS
M61Al 20mm "Vulcan " Cannon
GSh-23 23mm Cannon
ENEMY 18 AAMS
AIM-SH "Sidewinder"
144
M61AI 20MM "VULCAN" CANNON
Very short-range general purpose gun.
Nation of Manufacture: USA
Effective Range: 3 km
Maximum Range: 6 km
Attack Technique: Radar-predicting gunsight
Rate of Fire: 3000 rds/minute
Nationality: Iranian Fighters
GSH-23 23MM CANNON
Very short-range general purpose gun.
Nation of Manufacture: USSR
Effective Range: 3 km
Maximum Range: 6 km
Attack Technique: Radar-predicting gun sight
Rate of Fire: 3000 rds/minute
Nationality: Soviet-Built Fighters
AIM-9H "SIDEWINDER"
Short-range air-to-air missile with IR-homing.
Nation of Manufacture: USA
Effective Range: 12 km
Missile Speed: Mach 3+
Maneuverability: Excellent
Attack Technique : Locks onto tail exhaust, then fire-and-forget
Nationality: Iranian
 AA·2 "ATOLL"
AA-2 "Atoll " Short-range air-to-air missile with IR-homing.
Nation of Manufacture: USSR
Guidance: First generation IR-seeker
Effective Range: 14 km
Missile Speed: Mach 2.5
Maneuverability: Very good
Attack Technique: Locks onto tail exhaust. then fire-and-forget
Nationality: Soviet-built Fighters

AA·6 "ACRID" (IR)

AA-6 "Acrid" (IR) Medium-range air-to-air missile with IR-homing.
Nation of Manufacture: USSR
Guidance: First generation IR-seeker
Effective Range: 50 km
Missile Speed: Mach 4
Maneuverability: Poor
Attack Technique: Locks onto tail exhaust. then fire-and-forget
Nationality and Aircraft: Soviet MiG-25

AA·7 "APEX" (IR)

AA-7 "Apex" (IR) Medium-range air-to-air missile with IR-homing.
Nation of Manufacture: USSR
Guidance: First generation IR-seeker
Effective Range: 34 km
Missile Speed: Mach 3
Maneuverability: Fair
Attack Technique: Locks onto tail exhaust, then fire-and-forget
Nationality and Aircraft: Soviet MiG-23

AA·8 ••APHID"
AA-8 "Aphid" Short-range air-to-air missile with IR-homing.
Nation of Manufacture: USSR
Guidance: Early second generation IR-seeker
Effective Range: 12 km
Missile Speed: Mach 3
Maneuverability: Excellent
Attack Technique: All-aspect lock on, then fire-and-forget
Nationality a.n d Aircraft: Soviet, most fighters

145
 AA.IO "ALAMO" (IR)
AA-lO "Alamo" (lR) Medium-range air-to-air missile with IR-homing.
Nation of Manufacture: USSR
Guidance: Second generation IR-seeker
. .. ~ Effective Range: about 64 km
Missile Speed: Mach 3+
Maneuverability: Good
Attack Technique: All-aspect lock on, then fire-and-forget
Nationality and Aircraft: Soviet, most fighters

AIM·7E "SPARROW"
ENEMY RADAR AAMS Medium-range air-to-air missile with semi-active radar-homing.
Nation of Manufacture: USA
Guidance: Semi-active radar-homing
AIM-7E "Sparrow" (requires radar guidance from plane)
Effective Range: 44km
Missile Speed: Mach 3.7
Maneuverability: Very good
Attack Technique: Semi-active radar-guided from
launching aircraft
Nationality and Aircraft: Iranian F-4s

AA·6 "ACRID" (RADAR)

AA-6 "Acrid" (Radar) Long-range air-to-air missile with semi-active radar-homing.
Nation of Manufacture: USSR
Guidance: Semi-active radar-homing
(requires radar guidance from plane)
Effective Range: SOkm
Missile Speed: Mach 4
Maneuverabili ty: Poor
Attack Technique: Semi-active radar-guided from
launching aircraft
Nationality and Aircraft: Soviet MiG-2Ss

146
 AA·7 "APEX" (RADAR)
AA-7 "Apex" (Radar) Medium-range air-to-air missile with semi-active radar-homing_
Nation of Manufacture: USSR
Guidance: Semi-active radar-homing
(requires radar guidance from plane)
Effective Range: 34km
Missile Speed: Mach 3
Maneuverability: Poor
Attack Technique: Semi-active radar-guided from
launching aircraft
Nationality and Aircraft: Soviet and Warsaw Pact MiG-23s
AA·9 "AMOS"
AA-9 "Amos" Long-range air-to-air missile with semi-active radar-homing.
Nation of Manufacture: USSR
Guidance: Semi-active radar-homing
(requires radar guidance from plane)
Effective Range: 82km
Missile Speed: Mach 3.5
Maneuverability: Fair
Attack Technique: Semi-active radar-guided from
launching aircraft
Nationality and Aircraft: Soviet MiG-31s

AA·10 " ALAMO"

AA-lD "Alamo" Medium-range air-to-air missile with active radar-homing.
Nation of Manufacture: USSR
Guidance: Active radar-homing (has its own radar in nose)
Effective Range: 64 km
Missile Speed: Mach 3+
Maneuverability: Good
Attack Technique: Active radar-homing independent of
launching aircraft
Nationality and Aircraft: Soviet MiG-29s and SU-27s

147
 F·117A AIR.TO·GROUND WEAPONS
AGM·88A HARM
GUIDED MISSILES High speed Anti-Radiation Missile.
Quantity per bay: 1
Optimum Targets: Ground radar stations
AGM-88A HARM
Acceptable Targets: Warship radars
Effective Range: 20 kilometers
Max Speed: Mach 2+
Attack Technique: Air-to-ground fire-and-forget
Min Launch Altitude: 500'
Max Launch Altitude: 60,000'
Noles: America's most advanced anti-radar missile, the HARM
can lock-on to hostile radars even if they change frequencies or switch
off. US officials have hinted that it can home on radar components that
are still warm, even if the set is turned off! The missile also has a "loiter"
mode where it circles, waiting for a hostile radar to tum on. The "loiter"
attack mode is not available to HARMs carried on the F -117 A.
PENGUIN·3 ASM
Penguin-3 ASM Medium-altitude infrared-homing anti-ship missile.
Quantity per bay: 2
Acceptable Targets: Ships at sea
Effective Range: 32 kilometers
Max Speed: Mach 0.8
Attack Technique: Air-to-ground fire-and-forget launch against
any warship
Min Launch Altitude: 500'
Max Launch Altitude: 40,000'

Noles: Designed in Norway, this modestly sized and priced missile

flies to a designated point. then switches on an infrared homer that
seeks the heat of a ship against the cool ocean background.

148
 AGM·84A "HARPOON"
AGM-84A "Harpoon" Sea-skimming radar- and inertial-guided anti-ship missile.
Quantity per bay: I
Optimum Targets: Ships at sea
Effective Range: 60 kilometers
Max Speed: Mach 0.8
Attack Technique: Air-to-ground fire-and-forget launch against
any warship
Min Launch Altitude: 500'
Max Launch Altitude: 40,000'
Noles: America's standard anti-missile, the Harpoon is more pow-
erful and harder to stop than the Penguin. It is launched under inertial
guidance, flying at sea-skimming altitudes to avoid detection. At a
designated point its radar is activated to find the target. It either pops up
and dives onto the target, or flies straight in.
AGM·65D "MAVERICK"
AGM-6SD "Maverick" IR-imaging air-to-ground guided missile.
Quantity per bay: 2
Acceptable Targe ts: Bridges, bunkers, radar sites, oil facilities, ships
Poor Targets: Hangars, ground planes, buildings, depots,
missile sites
Effective Range: 32 kilometers
Max Speed: Mach 1+
Attack Technique: Air-to-ground fire-and-forget launch
Min Launch Altitude: 500'
Max Launch Altitude: 40,000'
Noles: America's standard air-to-ground guided missile, the Mav-
erick has had a wide variety of guidance systems. Originally, a video
camera in the missile's nose stored an image of the target in the missile's
"brain." Once in flight it steered itself toward the image. Later versions
added zoom lenses, PAVE TACK lasers, and ultimately, a FLIR imaging
system that can "see" through clouds, smoke, and night.

149
 GBU·12 PAVEWAY
LASER·GUIDED BOMBS Laser-guided glide bomb.
Quantity per bay: 2
Acceptable Targets: Almost any
GBU-12 Paveway Ships
Poor Targets:
Effective Range: 2 kilometers per lK' of altitude
Max Speed: Glide bomb
Attack Technique: Toss bombing or level bombing
Toss Release Altitude: 500' and climb
Level Release Altitude: 2,000' and turn away
Noles: The GBU-12 is a standard in US inventory. Large fighter-
bombers like the F-lll favor heavier 1.000 Ib and 2,000 Ib models (GBU
15s. for example. that F-ilis used to destroy the oil pumping manifolds
during the Iraqi War), but the F-117A must carry lighter munitions in its
small bays. The PAVE TACK laser guidance system is probably the most
accurate precision bombing system in the world.
CBU·72 rAE
CBU-72FAE Laser-guided triple luel-air explosive bomb.
Quantity per bay: 2
Optimum Targets: Buildings
Acceptable Targets: Submarine pens, hangars. bunkers, oil
platforms
Poor Targets: Ships
Effective Range: 2 kilometers per lK' of altitude
Max Speed: Glide bomb
Attack Technique: Toss bombing or level bombing
Toss Release Altitude: 500' and climb
Level Release Altitude: 2,000' and turn away
Noles: This weapon contains a mixture of three gases, which are
released into the air. forming an explosive mixture. A delayed-action
fuse ignites the mixture, causing the contaminated air to expand and
bum. The sudden expansion sets off mines and flattens soft objects. (US
warplanes dropped FAEs on Iraqi mine fields during the Gulf War to
render them less deadly, in preparation for the ground attack.)

150
 MK 20 "ROCKEYE" II
Mk 20 "Rockeye" II Laser-guided high-explosive cluster bomb.
Quantity per bay: 2
Acceptable Targets: Almost anything
Effective Range: 2 kilometer per lK' of altitude
Max Speed: Glide bomb
Attack Technique: Toss bombing or level bombing
Toss Release Altitude: 500' and climb
Level Release Altitude: 2,000' and tum away
Hotes: This weapon marries a laser-guided glide-bomb system to
a Mk 20 Rockeye cluster munition. The laser guidance allows for earlier
release and greater bomb let release accuracy.
MK 20 "ROCKEYE"
RETARDED BOMBS Retarded fragmentation cluster bomb.
Quantity per bay: 2
Acceptable Targets: Most anything
Mk 20 "Rockeye" Poor Targets: Ships
Effective Range: Nil
Max Speed: Retarded bomb
Attack Technique: Low-altitude level bombing
Min Release Altitude: 500'
Hotes: This cluster bomb breaks open at a predesignated altitude,
spinning out 247 shaped-charge bomblets that can destroy buildings,
armored vehicles, and people. (The U.S. Navy discovered these bombs
were enormously effective against small warships when a single cluster
bomb wrecked a Libyan Nanuchka-class missile boat in 1986.)

151
 DURAHDALBOMB
Durando! Bomb Parachute-deployed runway-penetration bomb.
Quantity per bay: 2
Optimum Targets: Runways
Poor Targets: Bridges
Effective Range: Nil
Max Speed: Retarded bomb
Attack Technique: Low-altitude level bombing
Min Release Altitude: 500'
Noles: This French-made weapon is the standard anti-runway
weapon in the USAF arsenal. Durandal deploys a parachute. causing it
to float nose-down over a runway. A rocket motor suddenly ignites.
blasting the warhead straight down through the concrete. where it
explodes. The result is a thoroughly ruined surlace and tons of wreckage.
ISC B·l MIHELETS
ISC B-! Mine!ets Parachute-deployed minelet dispenser.
Quantity per bay: 1
Optimum Targets: Runways
Poor Targets: Buildings, depots, missile sites. oil facilities
on land
Effective Range: Nil
Max Speed: Retarded bomb
Attack Technique: Low-altitude level bombing
Min Release Altitude: 500'

Noles: This extremely new weapon dispenses a variety of small

anti-personnel. anti-vehicle. and delayed fuse mines. Used on airfields.
it prevents flight operations until cleared. Clearing the mines is compli-
cated by the variety of types. as well as random delayed-fuse bombs. and
magnetic fuses that ignite when metal gets too close to them.

152
 MK 82.1 "SNAKEYE"
Mk 82-1 "Snakeye" Retarded high-explosive "iron" bomb.
Quantity per bay: 3
Acceptable Targets: Grounded planes, buildings, depots, oil
facilities on land
Poor Targets: Radar sites
Effective Range: Nil
Max Speed: Retarded bomb
Attack Technique: Low-altitude level bombing
Min Release Altitude: SOD'
Noles: The Snakeye is the standard vane-type retarder unit for
many US bombs, here attached to the Mk 82 500 lb high-explosive bomb.
MK 35 IN CLUSTER
Mk 35 IN Cluster Retarded incendiary cluster bomb.
Quantity per bay: 2
Optimum Targets: Grounded planes, depots, missile sites, oil
facilities
Acceptable Targets: Buildings
Poor Targets: Radar sites, ships
Effective Range: Nil
Max Speed: Retarded bomb
Attack Technique: Low-altitude level bombing
Min Release Altitude: SOD'
Noles: Similar to the Rockeye, but filled with 57 incendiary bomblets,
this cluster bomb spreads bomblets over an area of several hundred
yards. Each bomblet in tum spreads burning liquid wherever it lands,
resulting in a wide-ranging, raging fire.

153
 MK 82·0 "SLICK"
FREE·FALL BOMBS Free-fall high-explosive "iron" bomb.
Quantity per bay: 3
Mk 82-0 "Slick" Acceptable Targets: Buildings, depots, oil facilities on land
Poor Targets: Almost anything else
Effective Range: Nil
Max Speed: Free-fall bomb
Attack Technique: Level bombing or dive bombing
Level Release Altitude: 3,000'
Dive Release Altitude: Dive from 8,000', release at 3,000'
Noles: A traditional 500 lb high explosive, virtually unchunged
since WWII.
MK 122 "FIREYE"
Mk 122 "Fireye" Free-fall incendiary "fire" bomb.
Quantity per bay: 2
Acceptable Targets: Grounded planes, buildings, depots, oil
facilities on land
Poor Targets: Hangars, bunkers, missile sites, radar sites,
oil platforms, ships
Effective Range: Nil
Max Speed: Free-fall bomb
Attack Technique: Level bombing or dive bombing
Level Release Altitude: 3,000'
Dive Release Altitude: Dive from 8,000', release at 3,000'
Noles: This weapon contains incendiary liquid that spreads over
a wide area and can flow into vents, grates, weapon slits, etc., making
it effective against vehicles and fortifications as well as open -air targets.

154
 135MMIIR CAMERA
OTHER EQUIPMENT Visual and FLIR photographic reconnaissance camera.
Quantity per bay: 1
135mmlIR Camera
Targets: Any
Effective Range: Nil
Max Speed: Remains internal
Attack Technique: Level low-altitude photographic run
Photo Run Altitude: 200'
Noles: This pallet contains a l3Smm high-resolution camera for
use in visible light. and a second camera for infrared (IR) thermal
photography. Both photographs are taken simultaneously, under pilot
control and the pilot can view through either. When in use the F-1l7A's
tracking camera is "frozen" into a pre-programmed position, allowing it
to function as a viewer for the big l3Smm lens.

155
 SURFACE·TO·AIR MISSILE SYSTEMS
Radar Ratings: Pulse radar is generally less effective than Doppler. and
SAM TECHNICAL obsolete radar of either type is greatly inferior to modem radar. As a result. modem
SPECIFICATIONS Doppler radar is the most dangerous. while obsolete pulse radar is the least dangerous.
Ranges: The maximum firing range is often less than the maximum search
range. due to the limited fuel carried by most missiles.
Guidance Systems: Radar-guided missiles. with or without command guid-
ance. are confused by the ECM jammer unless they are very close. If they are close. chaff
is needed instead. Infrared-guided missiles are confused by your IR jammer unless
very close. where flares are used instead. A decoy is effective against both types of
missiles.
Visually-guided missiles cannot be fooled. but are slow reacting. allowing you to
outmaneuver them easily.
Maximum speed is a useful measure of whether you can outrun a missile. and
how much reaction time you have after one is fired. Speeds of Mach 1 or 2 are considered
to be slow by modern standards. Mach 3 or faster missiles are much more formidable
opponents.
Maximum altitude is also a useful measure. since in some cases you can fly
above the missile's ceiling.
Maneuverability indicates how easy it is to outmaneuver the missile. The less
maneuverable the missile. the better your chance of turning perpendicular to its course
and outmaneuvering it.

156
 RADAR-GUIDED SANS
SA·2 GUIDELINE
SA-2 Guideline Long-range. fixed-site. radar-homing SAM. Radar bunker with missile em-
placements.
Search System: Obsolete pulse radar
Max Search Range: 200 kilometers
Guidance System: Obsolete pulse radar "beam rider"
Max Firing Range: 125 kilometers
Max Speed: Mach 3+
Max Altitude: 55,000'
Maneuverability: Very poor

SA·5 GAMMON
SA-SGammon Long-range. fixed-site. radar-homing SAM. Radar bunker with missile em-
placements.
Search System: Obsolete pulse radar
Max Search Range: 350 kilometers
Guidance System: Obsolete pulse radar "beam rider"
Max Firing Range: 150 kilometers
Max Speed: Mach 3
Max Altitude: 95,000'
Maneuverability: Poor

SA.IO GRUMBLE
SA-lO Grumble Long-range. fixed-site or mobile. radar-homing SAM. Radar bunker or armored
vehicle with missile emplacements or armored vehicle missile launchers.
Search System: Phased-array Doppler radar
Max Search Range: 320 kilometers
Guidance System: Modern Doppler radar and command guidance
Max Firing Range: 125 kilometers
Max Speed: Mach 3
Max Altitude: 70,000'+
Maneuverability: Fair

157
 SA·4 GANEF
SA-4 Ganef Medium-range. fixed -site or mobile. radar-homing SAM. Radar bunker with
missile emplacements. or radar and launcher on tracked vehicles.
Search System: Obsole te pulse radar
Max Search Range: 100 kilometers
Guidance System: Obsolete pulse radar & semi-active radar-homing
Max Firing Range: 70 kilometers
Max Speed: Mach 2.5
Max Altitude: 75.000'
Maneuverability: Very poor

SA·12 GLADIATOR
SA-12 Gladiator Medium -Ilong-range. fixed-site or mobile. radar-homing SAM. Temporary site
with radar and missile launchers. or dispersed radar and launcher vehicles.
Search System: Phased-array Doppler radar
no illustration available Max Search Range: 290 kilometers
Guidance System: Modem Doppler radar =d comm=d guid=ce
Max Firing Range: 150 kilometers
Max Speed: Mach 3+
Max Altitude: 70,000'+
Maneuverability: Fair

SA·6 GAINFUL
SA-6 Gainful Medium-range. mobile. radar-homing SAM. Radar and launcher on tracked
vehicles.
Search System: Obsolete pulse radar
Max Search Range: 80 kilometers
no illustration available Guidance System: Obsolete pulse radar and command guidance
Max Firing Range: 30 kilometers
Max Speed: Mach 2.8
Max Altitude: 60,000'
Maneuverability: Fair

SA·8GECKO
SA-8 Gecko Medium-range. mobile. radar-homing SAM. Radar and launcher on a same
vehicle.
Search System: Modern pulse radar
Max Search Range: 125 kilometers
Guidance System: Modem pulseradar,semi-activewith video backup
Max Speed: Mach 2
Max Firing Range: 65 kilometers
Max Altitude: 25,000'
Maneuverabili ty: Good

158
 SA· 1 1 GADFLY
SA-ll Gadfly Medium-range, mobile, radar-homing SAM. Radar and launcher on same
vehicle.
Search System: Modern Doppler radar
Max Search Range: 200 kilometers
Guidance System: Modern pulse radar, backup unknown
Max Firing Range: 100 kilometers
Max Speed: Mach 2.5
Max Altitude: 45,000'
Maneuverability: Good

MIM·23B HAWK
MIM-23B Hawk Medium-range, fixed-site, radar-homing SAM. Radar bunker or trailer with
missile launcher emplacements or trailers.
Search System: Modern pulse radar
Max Search Range: 175 kilometers
Guidance System: Modern pulse radar and command guidance
Max Firing Range: 125 kilometers
Max Speed: Mach 1.5
Max Altitude: 52,000'
Maneuverability: Good

RAPIER
Rapier Short-range, fixed-site, visual/radar-homing SAM. Combined radar and launcher
pedestal, or on tracked vehicle.
Search System: Modern pulse radar
Max Search Range: 75 km
Guidance System: Optical command guidance with semi-active
pulse radar backup
Max Firing Range: 65km
Max Speed: Mach 2+
Max Altitude: 24,000'
Maneuverability: Very good

SA-N-4 SA·N·4
Medium-range, area-defense naval SAM. Integral to warship.
Search System: Depends on the ship, usually pulse radar
Max Search Range: typically 100-200 km
Guidance System: Modern pulse radar with video backup
Max Firing Range: 30 kilometers
Max Speed: Mach 2
Max Altitude: 25,000'
Maneuverability: Good

159
 SA.N·6
SA-N-6 Medium-range. area-defense naval SAM. Integral to warship.
Search System: Phased-array Doppler radar
Max Search Range: 300+ kilometers
Guidance System: Modern Doppler radar and command guidance
Max Firing Range: 125 kilometers
Max Speed: Mach 3
Max Altitude: over 70,000'
Maneuverability: Average

SA·N·7
SA-N-7 Medium-range. area-defense naval SAM. Integral to warship.
Search System: Depends on ship, usually modem Doppler radar
Max Search Range: Depends on the ship, 50-200 kilometers
Guidance System: Modern pulse radar, backup unknown
Max Firing Range: 100 kilometers
Max Speed: Mach 2.5
Max Altitude: 45,000'
Maneuverability: Good

SA.7B GRAIL
18 AND VISUAL SANS Short-range. shoulder-launched. IR-homing SAM. Carried by infantrymen or
any light vehicle.
Search System: Eyesight
SA-7B Grail
Max Search Range: Eyesight
Guidance System: IR-homing (lst generation)
Max Firing Range: 10 kilometers
SfTUpl rC' WTSTT ' rrCTlr 'Trrr-{ Max Speed: Mach 1.5
Max Altitude: 20,000'+
Maneuverability: Good

160
 FIM·43A REDEYE
FIM-43A Redeye Short-range. shoulder-launched. IR-homing SAM. Carried by infantrymen. or
any light vehicle.
Search System: Eyesight
Max Search Range: Eyesight
Guidance System: IR-homing (1st generation)
Max Firing Range: no more than 7 kilometers
Max Speed: Mach 1.5
Max Altitude: About 10,000'
Maneuverability: Very good

SA·14
SA-14 Short-range. shoulder-launched. IR-homing SAM. Carried by infantrymen or
any light vehicle.
Search System: Eyesight
Max Search Range: Eyesight
no illustration available Guidance System: IR-homing (2nd generation all-aspect)
Max Firing Range: About 16 kilometers
Max Speed: Mach 1.5+
Max Altitude: 20,000'+
Maneuverability: Excellent

FIM·92A STINGER
FIM-92A Stinger Short-range. shoulder-launched. IR-homing SAM. Carried by infantrymen or
any light vehicle.
Search System: Eyesight

I• Max Search Range:

Guidance System:
Max Firing Range:
Max Speed:
Max Altitude:
Eyesight
IR-homing (2nd generation all-aspect)
About 10 kilometers
Mach 2
About 20,000'
Maneuverability: Excellent

SA.9B GASKIN
SA-9B Gaskin Short-range. vehicle-mounted. IR-homing SAM. Radar and launcher carried on
same armored vehicle.
Search System: Eyesight
Max Search Range: Eyesight
Guidance System: Pulse radar aiming and IR-homing
Max Firing Range: 30 kilometers
Max Speed: Mach 1.5
Max Altitude: 20,000'
Maneuverability: Very good

161
 SA·13 GOPHER
SA-13 Gopher Short-range, vehicle-mounted, IR -homing SAM. Radar and launcher carried on
same armored vehicle.
Search System: Obsolete pulse radars or eyesight
Max Search Range: Visual or 30-60 kilometer pulse radar
Guidance System: Pulse radar aiming and IR-homing
Max Firing Range: 65 kilometers
Max Speed: Mach 1.5
Max Altitude: 30,000'
Maneuverability: Very good

TIGERCAT
Short-range, fixed-site, visual SAM. Emplaced controller position: trailer
launcher(s).
Search System: Visual or obsolete pulse radar
Max Search Range: Eyesight or 65 kilometer pulse radar
Guidance System: Joystick (visual) command guidance
Max Firing Range: 30 kilometers
Max Speed: Mach 1.5
Max Altitude: 12,000'
Maneuverabili ty: Good

SA.N·S
SA-N-5 Short-range, point defense, naval SAM. Integral to warship.
, Search System: Naval pulse radar of varying quality
Max Search Range: Varies with ship, 50-ISO kilometers
Guidance System: IR-homing
Max Firing Range: 30 kilometers
Max Speed: Mach 1.5
Max Altitude: 20,000'
Maneuverability: Very good

SEACAT ON VOSPER MK S FRIGATES

Sea cat on Vosper Mk 5 Frigates Shori-range, point defense, naval SAM. Integral to warship.
Search System: Obsolete pulse radar
Max Search Range: 200 kilometers
Guidance System: Joystick (visual) command guidance
Max Firing Range: 30 kilometers
Max Speed: Mach 1.5
Max Altitude: 12,000'
Maneuverability: Good

162
 WARPLANES
Fighter: A fighter plane specializes in air-to-air combat. where the objective is
KEY TO destroying enemy aircraft.
AIRCRAFT DATA Interceptor : An interceptor is a fighter designed to fly long distances and attack
Roles distant enemy aircraft. Many interceptors are poor dogfighters.
Strike: A strike plane is designed to hit surface targets in enemy territory.
• Close support strikes are against enemy front-line troops.
• Interdiction strikes are against military targets in rear areas.
• Deep strikes attack enemy installations far behind the front line.
• Attack aircraft are designed to strike warships.
Bombers: Bombers are designed for interdiction, deep strike, and/or naval attack.
as well as carrying nuclear weapons and/or reconnaissance gear.
Transports: Transports carry personnel and equipment. They are not designed to
fight. and almost never carry any armament.
AEW&C: These planes carry powerful search radars and communications gear,
designed to watch friendly and hostile aircraft while simultaneously controlling
friendly air operations.
Mission Weight This is the typical total weight of the plane, with fuel and weapons, at takeoff. If the
plane can serve in both fighter and strike roles, the fighter weight is given. In a strike
role a plane often carries 15-35% additional weight in bombs and AGMs.
Engines The total thrust of an engine {on afterburners if available} is important. Airplanes
wi th greater thrust than weight can fly "ballistically," a useful advantage in air combat.
A high thrust/weight ratio is desired by all fighter pilots.
Range and Range is the approximate combat radius of a plane when loaded for action, but
Ceiling using only internal tanks {no extra fuel tanks}. Ceiling is the maximum altitude of the
plane, using afterburners if available.
Maximum Speed This is the plane's maximum speed at 36,000', an important benchmark altitude,
because above it Mach 1 is 573 knots. Although this speed is important. the optimum
turning speed for most aircraft is Mach 0.75 to 0.90; higher speeds are good only for
chasing or escaping from opponents, and quick dashes in enemy airspace.
Armament Often weapons pylons can be fitted to carry various bombs or ligh tweight missiles.
The number of pylons need not limit the number of ordnance items.
Radar Quality As a stealth pilot. you are naturally interested in the range and quality of enemy
airborne search radar. These refer to air-to-air search radars only.

163
 US-BUILT WARPLANES
F·4E "PHANTOM II"
F -4E "Phantom II" Designer: McDonnell Douglas, USA
Role: Two-seat fighter and
strike fighter
Weight: 27 tons
Engine(s): Two GE J79-17 turbojets;
35,800 Ibs thrust
Range: 830 kilometers
Ceiling: 58,750'
Max Speed: 1260 kts
Armament: 20mm cannon, 4 missile
recesses, 5 weapon pylons
Radar Quality: Fair quality and range
pulse radar

F·SE "TIGER II"

F-5E "Tiger II" Designer: Northrop, USA
Role: Single-seat fighter and
strike fighter
Weight: 12 tons
Engine(s): Two GE J85-GE-2IB turbojets;
10,000 Ibs thrust
Range: 220 kilometers
Ceiling: 51.000'
Max Speed: 950 kts
Armament: Two 20mm cannon, 5
weapon pylons
Radar Quality: Poor quality and range
pulse radar

164
 F . 14D "TOMCAT"
F-l4D "Tomcat" Designer: Grumman, USA
Role: Two-seat fighter and
interceptor
Weight: 35 tons
Engine(s): two GE FllO-400 turbofans;
54-58,000 Ibs thrust
Range: 1280 kilometers
Ceiling: 56,000'+
Max Speed: 1350 kts with TF30, higher
withFllO
Armament: 20mm cannon, 4 weapons
pallets, 2 weapon pylons
Radar Quality: Excellent range, high
quality Doppler radar

F·ISC "EAGLE"
F-lSC "Eagle" Designer: McDonnell Douglas, USA
Role: Single-seat fighter
Weight: 22 tons
Engine(s): Two Pratt and Whitney F 100-100
turbofans; 47,660 Ibs thrust
Range: 1200 kilometers
Ceiling: 63,000'
Max Speed: 1260 kts or greater
Armament: 20mm cannon, 4 missile ejectors,
4 weapon pylons, 2 FAST pallet
points
Radar Quality: Medium-range, high quality
Doppler radar

F · 16C "FALCON"
F-l6C "Falcon" Designer: General Dynamics, USA
Role: Single-seat fighter and
strike fighter
Weight: 12.5 tons
Engine(s): One Pratt and Whitney FlOO-200
turbofan; 23,830 Ibs thrust
Range: 540 kilometers
Ceiling: 50,000'+
Max Speed: 1190 kts
Armament: 20mm cannon, 7 weapon pylons
Radar Quality: Medium-range, high-quality
Doppler radar

165
 F/A·18A "HORNET"
F/A-lBA "Hornet" Designer: McDonnell Douglasl
Northrop, USA
Role: Single-seat fighter and
strike fighter
Weight: 18 tons
Engine(s): Two GE F404-400 turbofans;
32,000 Ibs thrust
Range: 740 kilometers
Ceiling: 50,000'
Max Speed: 1050 kts
Armament: 20mm cannon, 9 weapon
pylons
Radar Quality: Medium-range, high quality
Doppler radar

A·6E "INTRUDER"
A-SE "Intruder" Designer: Grumman, USA
Role: Two-seat attack and interdiction
bomber
Weight: 13 tons
Engine(s): Two Pratt & Whitney J52-8A
turbojets; 18,SOO Ibs thrust
Range: 870 kilometers
Ceiling: 44,SOO'
Max Speed: 540 kts
Armament: 5 weapon pylons
Radar Quality: Poor, but superb air-to-ground
weapons radars

AV.8B "HARRIER II"

AV-BB "Harrier II" Designer: British Aerospace, UK and
McDonnell Douglas, USA
Role: Single-seat SNTOL fighter
and strike fighter
Weight: 15 tons STOVL, 10 tons VTOL
Engine(s): One Rolls Royce/Pegasus
11-2IE 22,000 Ibs vectored thrust
Range: 240 kilometers
Ceiling: 55,000'
Max Speed: 520 kts
Armament: 25mm cannon, 7 weapon pylons
Radar Quality: Poor, target acquisition is
usually visual

166
 A·IOA "THUNDERBOLT II"
A-IDA "Thunderbolt II" Designer: Fairchild Republic. USA
Role: Single-seat close ground
support aircraft
Weight: 20 tons
Engine(s): Two GE TF34-100 turbofans;
18.130 Ibs thrust
Range: 960 kilometers
Ceiling: probably under 40.000'
Max Speed: Unknown. probably less
than 370 kts
Armament: 7-barre130mm cannon.
11 weapon pylons
Radar Quality: Poor. air-to-ground avionics
quite basic

EF·IIIA "RAVEN"
EF-lllA "Raven" Designer: General Dynamics, USA
Role: Two-seat electronic warfare
escort
Weight: 43.5 tons
Engine(s): Two Pratt & Whitney TF30-3
turbofans; 37.000 lbs thrust
Range: 1.900 kilometers
Ceiling: 54.700'
Max Speed: 1020 kts
Armament: ALQ-99E electronic warfare
system. no other weapons
Radar Quality: Medium/long-range. high
quality pulse and Doppler

B·IB BOMBER
B-IB Bomber Designer: Rockwell International. USA
Role: Four-man strategic bomber
Weight: 225 tons with internal load only
Engine(s): Four GE FlOl-102 turbofans;
120 Ibs thrust
Range: 5.900 kilometers
Ceiling: Unknown. probably under 50.000'
Max Speed: 725 kts
Armament: 37.5 ton capacity bomb bay.
29.5 tons on external mounts
Radar Quality: Medium-range. high quality
Doppler radar

167
 E·3C SENTRY" A WACS"
E-3C Sentry "AWACS" Designer: Boeing. USA
Role: 15 to 17-man AEW&C
Weight: 162.5 tons
Engine(s): Four Pratt & Whitney TF33-100/
100A turbofans; 84.000 Ibs thrust
Range: 3.000 kilometers (II hours
unrefueled endurance)
Ceiling: 29.000'+
Cruise Speed: over 350 kts
Maximum Speed: 460 kts
Armament: Surveillance radar.
communications. air traffic
control. and electronic defenses;
weapon pylons may be added.
Radar Quality: Excellent range and
quality radars.

SOVIET.BUILT WARPLANES
MIG·2 1 "FISHBED"
MiG-21 "Fishbed" Designer: Mikoyan-Gurevich. USSR
Role: Single-seat fighter
Weight: 9 tons
Engine(s): One Tumansky R-IIF2S-300
turbofan;14.550 Ibs thrust
Range: 630 kilometers
Ceiling: 59.000' (often only 50.000')
Max Speed: 1220 kts
Armament: Two 23mm cannon. 4 weapon
pylons. I fuel tank pylon
Radar Quality: Very short-range. low quality
pulse radar

168
 MIG·23 "FLOGGER"
MiG-23 "Flogger" Designer: Mikoyan-Gurevich, USSR
Role: Single-seat fighter
Weight: 16 tons
Engine(s): One Tumansky R-29B turbofan;
27,500 Ibs thrust
Range: 900 kilometers
Ceiling: 61.000'
Max Speed: ll90 kts
Armament: Two 23mm cannon, 4 weapon
pylons, 1 fuel tank pylon
Radar Quality: Very poor, short-range range
pulse radar

MIG·27 "FLOGGER"
MiG-27 "Flogger" Designer: Mikoyan-Gurevich, USSR
Role: Single-seat strike fighter
Weight: 22 tons
Engine(s): One Tumansky R-29 turbofan;
25,353 lbs thrust
Range: 400 kilometers
Ceiling: 52,500'
Max Speed: 925 kts
Armament: One 23mm cannon,S weapon
pylons, 2 bomb racks
Radar Quality: Very poor, very short-range
pulse radar

MIG·25 "FOXBAT"
MiG-25 "Foxbat" Designer: Mikoyan-Gurevich, USSR
Role: Single-seat interceptor
Weight: 40 tons
Engine(s): Two Tumansky R-31 turbofans;
48,500 lbs thrust
Range: 1.l00 kilometers
Ceiling: 80,000'
Max Speed: 1860 kts
Armament: 4 weapon pylons
Radar Quality: Medium quality, medium-range
pulse radar

169
 MIG·29 "FULCRUM"
MiG-29 "Fulcrum" Designer: Mikoyan-Gurevich, USSR
Role: Single-seat fighter
Weight: 18 tons
Engine(s): Two Tumansky R-33D turbofans;
36,600 Ibs thrust
Range: 650 kilometers
Ceiling: Probably 55-65,000'
Max Speed: 1260 kts
Armament: One multi-barrel cannon, 6
weapon pylons
Radar Quality: Medium quality and range
Doppler radar

MIG·31 "FOXHOUND"
MiG-31 "Foxhound" Designer: Mikoyan -Gurevich, USSR
Role: Single-seat interceptor
Weight: 45 tons
Engine(s): Two turbofans or turbojets,
estimated thrust 50-60,000 lbs
Range: 1,500 kilometers
Ceiling: 75,500'
Max Speed: 1400 kts
Armament: Cannon possible, 4 missile
recesses, 4 weapon pylons
Radar Quality: Superior quality and range
Doppler radar

5U·24 "FENCER"
Su-24 "Fencer" Designer: Sukhoi. USSR
Role: Double-seat strike fighter
and interceptor
Weight: 43.5 tons
Engine(s): Two Tumansky R-29B turbofans;
50,700 lbs thrust
Range: 300 to 1,800 kilometers (varies
with mission profile and load)
Ceiling: 57,400'
Max Speed: 1400 kts
Armament: 23mm cannon, 8 weapon pylons
Radar Quality: NiL avionics designed purely
for air-to-ground role

170
 5U·27 "FLANKER"
Su-27 "Flanker" Designer: Sukhoi, USSR
Role: Single-seat fighter
Weight: 25 tons
Engine(s): Two unknown turbojets;
estimated 60,000 Ibs thrust
Range: 1.150 kilometers
Ceiling: Unknown, probably 60,000'
or more
Max Speed: 1350 kts
Armament: Probably a cannon, 6
weapon pylons
Radar Quality: Above average quality
and range Doppler radar

YAK·38 "FORGER"
Yak-38 "Forger" Designer: Yakovlev, USSR
Role: Single-seat fighter
Weight: 12 tons
Engine(s): One Lyulka AL-21 vectored-
thrust turbojet; 17,985lbs thrust.
plus two Koliesov lift jet engines
Range: 370 kilometers
Ceiling: 39,370'
Max Speed: 550 kts
Armament: 4 weapon pylons
Radar Quality: Poor quality and range
pulse radar

TU·26 "BACKFIRE"
Tu-26 "Backfire" Designer: Tupolev, USSR
Role: Four-man bomber
Weight: 61 tons
En gin e(s): Two upgraded Kuznetsov NK-144
turbofans; 88.180 lbs thrust
Range: 5,500 kilometers
Ceiling: 55,000'
Max Speed: 970 kts
Armament: Three heavy air-to-surface
missiles or 13 tons of bombs
Radar Quality: Fair, with excellent air-
surface avionics

171
 TU·9SD "BEAR"
Tu-95D "Bear" Designer: Tupolev. USSR
Role: 7-12 man reconnaissance
bomber
Weight: unknown. about 145-165 tons
Engine(s): four Kuznetsov NK-12MV
turbo props
Range: 8.250 kilometers (7 hours
endurance)
Ceiling: 41.000'
Max Speed: 475 kts
Armament: Unarmed
Radar Quality: Very good long-range
pulse radars

IL·76 "MAINSTAY"
11-76 "Mainstay" Designer: Ilyushin. USSR
Role: 15-20 man AEW&C
Weight: About 150 tons
Engine(s): four Soloview D-30KP turbofans;
106.000 Ibs thrust
Range: About 6.400 kilometers
(7 hours endurance)
Ceiling: About 40-50.000'
Max Speed: 460 kts
Armament: Possibly twin 23mm tail cannon,
2-4 weapon pylons
Radar Quality: Excellent long-range
Doppler radars

AN·72 "COALER"
An-72 "Coaler"I Designer: Antonov. USSR
Role: Three-seat air transport
Weight: 28 tons
Engine(s): Two Lotarev D-36 turbofans;
28.660 lbs thrust
Range: 1000 kilometers (max cargo) to
3.800 kilometers (no cargo)
Ceiling: 36.100'
Max Speed: 410 kts
Armament: Unarmed; can carry 32
passengers or 11 tons cargo
Radar Quality: Navigational only

172
 APPENDIX
Controller Joystick. mouse, arrow keys, or numeric keypad
KEY CONTROLS Selector joystick button L left mouse button, or return key
SUMMARY
Aclion desired Joyslick Cursor Keys keypad
pitch down forward up-arrow 8
roll right right right-arrow 6
roll left left left-arrow 4
pitch up back down-arrow 2
dive right forward/right 9
dive left forward/left 7
climb right back/right 3
climb left back/left 1
stick sensitivity Ins key (tiny, small, and medium stick movement)
max stick movement fast double-press of the key
Throttle Maximum power Shift +
Increase throttle
Decrease throttle
No power Shift -
Weapons Controls Select Weapon space bar
Fire Weapon RetumlEnter or joystick button 2
Fire Cannon Backspace or joystick button 1
Defenses Drop Flare I
Drop Chaff 2
IR Jammer on/off 3
ECM on/off 4
Drop Decoy 5

Equipment Gear up/down 6

Controls Autopilot on/off 7
Bay open/closed 8
Flaps in/out 9
Brakes on/off o
Eject Shift FlO

173
 Display Controls HUDModes F2
HUD De-clutter V
Maps F3
Day/Night HUD F4
Ordnance F5
FLIR On/Off F6
ILS On/Off F9
Mission Orders FlO
Tracking Camera Cam Ahead /
Controls (right Cam Rear >
MFD) Cam Right <
Cam Left M
Designate New Target N
Select Target B
INS (Inertial Select Waypoint F7
Navigation Change Waypoint F8
System) Reset Waypoint Shift F8
PgUp'
Last Waypoint
Next Waypoint PgDn'
Move Waypoint Up Up-arrow or numeric keypad 8'
Move Waypoint Down Down-arrow or numeric keypad 2'
Move Waypoint Left Left-arrow or numeric keypad 4'
Move Waypoint Right Right-arrow or numeric keypad 6'
, shift if not using joystick
From.the.Cockpit Cockpit View Fl
Viewing View Ahead Shift /
View Rear Shift>
View Left Shift <
View Right Shift M
Out·of·Plane Slot View Shift Fl
Viewing Chase Plane Shift F2
Side View Shift F3
Missile View Shift F4
Tactical View Shift F5
Inverse Tactical view Shift F6

174
View Control Keys Zoom view Z
UnZoom view X
View Angle view C
Other Controls Accel Time Shift Z
Norm Time Shift X
Pause AltIP
UnPause Any Key
"Boss" hide game AltIB
Quit AltIQ
Resupply (training) AltIR
Volume Adjust AltN cycles through all 4 levels
sound level 3 = all sounds
sound level 2 = all sounds except engine background noise
sound level I = firing and explosions only(nowaming sounds)
sound level 0 = no sound
Detail Adjust AltID cycles through all 4 levels
detail level 3 = exceptional detail (for average 386 and above)
detail level 2 = moderate detail (for slow 386 and fast 286)
detail level 1 = limited detail (for average 286)
detail level 0 = limited detail (foranything else)
Special Controls Go 10 Training (AIIIT): Tapping this key converts your current mission into a
training mission. This means that henceforth enemy weapons do no damage, and that
Resupply (Alt/R) is now available. A mission is coverted to training it cannot be
converted back. Note that you score nothing for a training mission.
Teleport (AII/c::ursor keys): These keys function only in training. Tapping the
key "teleports" your aircraft in that direction. The distance you're "teleported" varies
with the current ZoomlUnZoom scale of the satellite map.
DayINighl (AllIN): This key functions only in training. Tapping it will swi tch the
current time of day from night to day, or day to night. Once this key is used, time ceases
to pass, so that it will be permanently day or night for the duration of the mission.
Resupply (AIIIR): This key functions only in training. Tapping it will re-fill your
fuel tanks and weapon bays.

175
 Black Rectangle Ineffective weapon (day)
DISPLAY COLORS Maroon Rectangle Ineffective weapon (night)
SUMMARY White Rectangle Effective weapon
White Oval Effective weapon, locked on target
HUD Colors Red Oval Highly effective weapon, locked on target

EMV Scale Colors Red Bar Enemy Ground Radar

Pink Bar Enemy Ground Radar - poor detection
Yellow Bar Enemy Ground Radar - good detection
Light Blue Bar Enemy Aircraft Radar
White Bar Enemy Aircraft Radar - good detection

Satellite Map Flashing White Dot Your aircraft

(Left MFD) Red Dot Other aircraft
Black Dot Ground Radar
Yellow Dot Missile
Dotted Line Pulse Radar (the color matches EMV colors)
Solid Line Doppler Radar (the color matches EMV colors)

Tactical Display Gray squares 16 km grid

(Left MFD) Green radar dish Ground Radar
Blue boat Warship Radar
Solid gray rectangle Airfield
Red crossed circle Other ground targets
Blue airplane Your F -117A / other friendly aircraft
Gray outline Decoy
White dots Chaff
RedlYellow burst Flare
Yellow plane Enemy plane - higher altitude
Light red plane Enemy plane - similar altitude
Dark red plane Enemy plane -lower altitude
Yellow line Radar-guided Missile
Red line IR-guided Missile
White line Visually guided Missile
Flashing item Your objective
Gray-boxed item Current target
Color-boxed item Source of enemy radar signal
INS Waypoints Black region Fuel consumed
Fuel Bar White region Fuel for flight to current waypoint
Blue regions Fuel for flight to other waypoints
Green region Reserve Fuel
176
 GLOSSARY OF ABBREVIATIONS
AAA: Anti-Aircraft Artillery (also called "Triple-A")
AAM: Air-to-Air Missile
AEW&C: Airborne Early Warning and Control
AEW5: Airborne Early Warning System
AFC: Air Force Cross '.
AFV: Armored Fighting Vehicle
AGM: Air-to-Ground Missile
AIR: Air-to-Air HUD mode
AM: Airman's Medal
AMRAAM: Advanced Medium Range Air-to-Air Missile
AOA: Angle of Attack
AV: Avionics damage light
AWACS: Airborne Warning and Control System
BAOR: British Army Of the Rhine
BD: Bay Door damage light
CMOH: Congressional Medal of Honor
DFC: Distinguished Flying Cross
DLIR: Downward-Looking Infrared
EAR: Enemy Airborne Radar
ECM: Electronic Counter Measures
EGR: Enemy Ground Radar
EMV: Electromagnetic Visibility
ENG: Engine damage light
ETA: Estimated time of arrival
FC: Flight Control damage light
FIRE: Fire Control damage light
FLIR: Forward-Looking Infrared
FUEL: Fuel Tanks damage light
GND: Air-to-Ground
HARM: High Speed Anti-Radiation
HUD: Heads-Up Display
ILS: Instrument Landing System
INS: Inertial Navigation System
IR: Incoming IR-guided missile warning light
IR: Infrared
IRST: Infrared Search and Track
JAM: Jammers damage light
km: Kilometer
kts: Knots
LADAR: Laser Detection and Ranging
LPAR: Long-range Phased Array Radar
MFD: Multi-Function Display
MTI: Moving Target Indication
MW: Missile Warning damage light
NAY: Navigation HUD mode
ORD: Mission Orders (right MFD)
OTH: Over the Horizon
PLO: Palestine Liberation Organization
RAD: Incoming Radar-guided missile warning light
RAM: Radar-Absorbent Material
RCS: Radar Cross Section
ROE: Rules of Engagement
SAM: Surface-to-Air Missile
S5: Silver Star
TAC: Tactical Display (left MFD)
TRAK: Radar Tracking warning light
VVI: Vertical Velocity Indicator
WPN: Weapons Display (right MFD)
177
 DESIGNERS· NOTES
Background F-l17A Stealth Fighter 2.0 is the result of lots and lots of people working closely
together over a long period of time. It really goes all the way back to 1987 when the first
game on the topic was done.
Project Stealth Fighter (for the Commodore 64) was the first effort at a stealth game,
and it worked remarkably well given its limited 8-bit. 1 MHz environment - Arnold
Hendrick and Jim Synoski had set the stage for the next try at a stealth game.
When Sid Meier and Andy Hollis teamed up to do the same game for a 16-bit IBM
machine, a large team was quickly assembled to work on what we knew would be a
great game. Four and a half man years later, when MicroProse finally released F-19
Stealth Fighter for the IBM in the fall of 1988, the US Air Force finally unveiled its much-
rumored stealth fighter, the F-1l7A.
We thought F -19 would be a winner because it was the most realistic combat flight
game to date for the commercial marketplace, but we had no idea of the magnitude of
its success. It sold LOTS of copies fast and won just about every conceivable award
in the first year it was on the shelves. It was proclaimed" . ..possibly the best computer game
ever made ..... The Software Publisher's Association voted it the best game of the year, and
the accolades go on and on. Even now it continues to be one of our best-selling titles.
The Air Force had managed to keep the look of the F-1l7A a secret for nearly 10
years, fooling everyone, including various model makers, about the shape and the
name of their stealth plane. As soon as we got a good look at theF-117A, we knew that
sooner or later, we'd update F-19 to match the look of that aircraft.
In the fall of 1990, MicroProse president. Bill Stealey suggested the time had come
for us to do it. and we had until the summer of 1991.
Design Team Since 1988, MicroProse has done four new games using state-of-the-art 3-D technol-
ogy. Andy Hollis came out with F-15 Strike Eagle II, for the fall of 1989, which used the
same core system as F-19 but pushed the boundaries farther and faster. In 1990, he used
a related 3-D system to produce Lightspeed. In both these products the 3-D was im-
proved and modified to render more colorful. faster code. Meanwhile, Scott Spanburg
had developed a different but related system, first for M1 Tank Platoon, then in the
following year for Knights of the Sky. So we've gained lots of experience with 3-D
systems, and it is fair to say that the 3-D system you see in F-l17A is the product of all
the 3-D work that MicroProse has done since 1988.
Lead programmer Joe Hellesen was given the unenviable task of taking a great
game, F-19, and improving it. We were able to enlist Max Remington (3-D artist for
virtually all of MicroProse's games) to do the new objects we needed. Bruce Shelley was
charged with overseeing the development of the new worlds that would have to be

178
constructed, and Bruce Milligan (a recently hired game designer) was charged with
constructing them. Veteran computer artists Kim Biscoe and Barbara Bents were
brought on-board to provide art for opening and closing screens, andEd Fletcher, a new
hot-shot addition to MPS Labs, was brought on to do the front and end game programming.
From the ou tset, Joe and I agreed not to tamper wi th the basic gameplay - F -19 was
a real winner which had enjoyed phenomenal success, the basic gameplay is solid .. .
"if it ain't broke don't fix it. " We decided that, given time constraints, the best course was
to concentrate on graphics to see if we could make it more realistic, fun and set a new
standard for future flight sims in terms of graphic presentation of the world in which
you fly.
Already, we had a system that allowed a great deal of detail but we wanted to
enhance it, make it more believable, more colorful. The original game had been done
with 16-color 3-D worlds (at that time 16-color EGA was pushing the limits of the
technology), so the first step was to adapt the game to 256-color graphics. This meant
a lot of work for Max and Joe. All the objects had to be recolored, and in some cases
rebuilt to accommodate 256-color graphics.
To make sure players have plenty of areas in which to fly, we included all four
worlds from the 01dF-19, and added five more -two from F-15 II and three new ones.
The night world took on new significance because the real F-1l7A never flies
combat sorties during the day. Joe and Kim came up with a striking night horizon. Then
we added lights to the ground objects which switch on an off according to where you
are (enemy or friendly territory), the level of tension, and what time of day it is. Next, we
added a sky that lightens and darkens dynamically according to the time of day.
Finally, we added the FLIR camera view, partly because it was" cool" and partly out of
necessity: in the deepest, darkest night, it is imperative to use the FLIR so you can tell
what you're looking at. These combine to give a very strong feeling of realism.
To go wi th these addi tions, we also needed a real-looking F -117 aircraft. Max spent
several long weekends building the most complex object ever to appear in a home
computer game, and Joe and Andy came up with a way to make all those surfaces and
lines sort correctly.
During the development period, US forces were involved in a war in Iraq and
Kuwait which showed just how effective precision bombing can be. Joe immediately
began to work on a new view through the tracking camera - one that would show the
"real" world outside your aircraft, like the video tape shown at briefings during the war.
He linked this view to the nose view of the Maverick missile, because this weapon
actually has a camera in its nose. (Other weapons that have nose cameras, like the
GBU-15s that F-Ill's knocked out the pumping manifolds at Sea Island, are not represented
in the game because they are probably too heavy for the F-117A).

179
 The front and end of the game were completely redesigned to make it easier to
navigate through options and to give a chance for some beautiful 256-color graphics to
adorn your CRT. We added a feature that allows you (if you're the type) to quickly
generate a bunch of missions until you get one you really want. Also, for those of you
who want to know what it might be like to fly the real F -117, we included the "Lockheed
F -117A" option that essentially cuts out some of the capabilities to make it more like the
real plane.
There are a lot of other enhancements: a more intelligent and realistic cockpit
improved enemy AI. new targets, new missions, and on and on.
For those of you that have enjoyed the original F-19, we hope you'll like this one
even more. For those who are playing our Stealth Fighter game for the first time, hold
on to your seats and get ready for an experience of a lifetime.

CREDITS
IBM Programming Joe Hellesen and Ed Fletcher
with David McKibbin, Gregg Kreafle, and Andy Hollis
Project Directionl Jeffery L. Briggs
Game Design Based on the original F-19 Stealth Fighter by Sid Meier
Computer Graphics Kim Biscoe, Barbara Bents, and Max Remington III
with Chris Soares and Todd Brizzi
World Database B. C . Milligan
with Bruce Shelley
Music Jeffery L. Briggs
Sound Programing Ken Lagace, Jim McConkey, and Scott Patterson
Quality Assurance Alan Roireau, Chris Taormino, and Dave Shaefer
Manual Written by Jeffery L. Briggs
Introduction by Sean Gallager
Edited by B. C. Milligan
Direction and design by Iris Idokogi with Susan Ullrich
Layout by Susan Ullrich, Cheri Glover-Phipps, Stacey Clark, and Iris Idokogi
Graphics by Barbara Bents, Stacey Clark, and Susan Ullrich
Chapter Head Illustrations by Stuart Stein
Package Design Creative Direction by Moshe Milich

180
 NIGHTHAWK

F-II7.14
STEALTH FIGHTER 2.0
TECHNICAL SUPPLEMENT
for IBM &compatible computers

Copyright © 1991. MicroProse Entertainment Software. Inc.

 Contents Your F-l17A Stealth Fighter 2.0 should contain a manual. this technical
supplement folder, two high density 5114" disks or three 720K 3112" disks,
keyboard overlays, a registration card, and a backup disks order card.
Required Computer: This simulation runs best on 16 MHz (or better) machines
Equipment (usually a 386) or a computer 100% compatible. The machine must have at
least 640K of RAM.
Controls: The game can be run entirely from the keyboard, or with a
joystick and keyboard. A MicroSoft mouse (or compatible) may also be used
for various functions. A joystick greatly improves the realism of the simula-
tion, and is highly recommended; a mouse is also very convenient.
Display: The simulation requires a VGA monitor with an MCGA or
VGA graphics system.
DOS: You must have IBM or MicroSoft DOS, version 3.0 or higher.
Copy F -117A has no disk copy protection. This means you can install the
Protection game files from the original disks however you like: onto other floppy disks
or onto a hard drive. The game will start and run from any of these.
However, the program will ask you to identify a combat aircraft after
you boot up; use the illustrations in the back of the manual to answer this
question.
We regret that continued software piracy necessitates this hindrance
to you, but we've done our best to design the protection to minimize intrusion
upon legitimate owners.
InslaUalion Before you play the game we strongly recommend that you install the
game onto other floppies or onto your hard drive. You may play from the
original disks if you want, but no information will be saved onto them.
You can install the game files in any way you see fit: you may simply
use the DOS COPY command to move the files from one location to another
(see your DOS manual for details), or you can use the INSTALL program
provided on disk" A", which transfers all game files from the original disks
onto other floppies or onto a hard drive.
Using the INSTALL Program: Place disk" A" into your floppy drive
A and type "A:" followed by the return/enter key. Then type "INSTALL"
followed by return/enter. After this, just follow the prompts.
If you are installing onto a hard drive the program creates a directory
entitled "MPS" (if one already exists, a new one is not created, but used
instead). It also creates a subdirectory called "FllT'. Finally, it creates a
batch file called "Fl17.BAT" in the MPS directory. Feel free to move or modify
this batch file as you see fit. None of the files are copy protected and may be
erased, moved, backed up, or reinstalled as desired.

2
 Loading from I.Bool your machine using DOS (version 3.0 or higher).
Floppy Disks 2.lnsert Disks: When the ">" prompt appears, insert the F-l17A disk
"A" into the A drive.
3. Load Program: Type "A:" followed by the return/enter key. Then
type "FllT'; the game should begin loading.
4. Other disks: During loading you may be asked to insert additional
disks; follow the screen instructions.
Loading from 1. Bool your machine: Tum on the computer and wait for the ">".
a Hard Disk 2. Load the game: go to the "MPS" directory (or wherever you have
put the game files), using the DOS "CD" command. Then type "flIT' to start
the game.
Memory Like many recent simulations, F-l17A requires large amounts of RAM.
Considerations VGAlMCGA graphics use the most memory. Of the sound options, IBM
sound requires the least while AdLib and Roland use significantly more.
Joystick control requires no additional memory.
DOS 4 operating systems require significantly more RAM than DOS 3;
version 5 requires the least, if you have at least 1 meg of RAM and it is
set properly.
Never use terminate and stay resident (TSR) programs, such as RAM
disks, notepads, network drivers, and so on, while running F-117A.

:00 Don'~raSh!:
I
I
I Your Official Proof-of-Purchase is
I
I
I
I located on the reverse side. I
I Th e offic ial proof-of-purchase is I
required when ordering a backup copy I
I of your game, and w hen participating
I in most MicroProse promotions! I
'--- _________ J
3
 Problems? The latest notes regarding this program can be found on disk, in an
ASCII file named "READ.ME" You can read this file using standard DOS
commands, such as "TYPE".
If the program does not load or run correctly, tum off your entire
machine and restart it. Make sure DOS and F-117A are the only programs
loaded into memory.
If you continue to have trouble, try the original F -117A disks. Your copies
may be bad. If the originals don't work, try the original F-I17A disks in an-
other machine. If the disks work in another machine, then your machine has
compatibility problems (i.e., some aspect is not entirely mM compatible).
If you have trouble loading on other machines as well as your own, you
may be one of the tiny percentage with a defective disk. In such cases,
contact MicroProse Customer Service in Maryland at (301) 771-1151. Monday
through Friday, 9am-5pm Eastern Time. Please have a pencil and paper
handy when you call.

MicroSoft is a trademark 01 MicroSoft Corporation.

IBM is a registered trade mark 01 International Business Machines. Inc.
AdLib is a registered trademark 01 AdLib Incorporated.
Roland is a registered trademark 01 RolandCorp. USA.

r This Official Proof-of-Purchase

can earn you a free backup disk!
'\
Details on Backup Order Form.
NIGHTHAWK

F-IIZIS.
STfAlJH RGHTER 20 ~

Official Proof-of-Purchase
Please check game format here.
o IBM 3.5 0 HID
o IBM 5.25 0 DID
,'---------------------
731TI
4